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Computational Fluid Dynamics : Pressure Poisson Equation Solution for Lid Driven
Cavity Flow at Re=1000
DECEMBER 4, 2014
SHASHANK MISHRA
University of Cincinnati
ABSTRACT
The project deals with Pressure Poisson equation solution for Lid driven cavity flow. Simulation
results
are
for
Reynolds
no
1000.
Cavity
dimension
is
0.2MX0.2M.
Two different approaches are used for pressure calculation namely Multi-path Integration and
Pressure Poisson Equation. Since a Collocated grid is used for evaluating pressure at each node
instead of staggered grid, correspondingly an error term is introduced in the second order FDM
formulation to account for constraint introduced due to Divergence theorem for pressure field.
For multi path integration technique, integration along x direction across the bottom wall and
then evaluating pressure values at each vertical node is used for first result and then same was
redone with integration base line being vertical left wall and evaluating pressure at each node
along the horizontal line. Variation of pressure along the vertical and horizontal center line and
also along the walls is studied. The governing equation and boundary conditions are established
for the pressure distribution p. Next using the pressure Poisson equation obtained by the
analytical divergence and finite differenced divergence pressure is obtained. The results are
compared with the literature available and since pressure field values for Re= 1000 were not
available, results obtained are also compared with commercial Ansys Fluent software. Pressure
Poisson equation and Multi path integration method is solved using Finite Difference Method.
Stream Vorticity formulation is used to calculate velocity distribution using Implicit ADI
technique. Matlab codes are attached in the Appendix.
CHAPTER-1
1. PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION GOVERNING EQUATION SET UP
In order to set up the governing equation for the pressure distribution, the momentum equations
in two dimensions will be considered:
2 2
+
+
=
+ ( 2 + 2 )
2 2
+
+
=
+ ( 2 + 2 )
From these expression the partial derivative with respect to x for equation 1 will be taken and
the partial derivative with respect to y for equation 2 will be taken yielding the following
expression (Note that the transient term will be neglected for the project since a converged
solution has already been determined):
2
2
2
2
3
3
+
(
)
+
+
=
+
(
+
)
2
2
3 2
2
2
2
2
3
3
+ 2+( ) +
= 2 + ( 2 + 3 )
These two expressions will now be added to each other to yield the following expression:
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
+
+
(
+
)
+
(
+
)
+
(
)
+
(
) + 2(
)
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
= ( 3 +
+
+
)
2 2 3
The continuity states the following:
+
=0
This means that the derivatives with respect to x and y are also equal to 0 as follows:
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
(&)
( ) + ( ) = 0 (&)
+ 2 = 0 (&)
+
=
0
+
= 0 (&)
2
3 2
3
3
+
=0
2 3
After applying these variations of continuity to the pressure equation, the pressure expression
simplifies to the following:
2 2
+ 2 = 2 (
)
2
Applying the gradient term to the expression above and simplifying the right hand expression,
the finalized pressure expression is as follows:
=
CHAPTER 2
2. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
to have a pressure of zero. From this starting point, the pressures along the wall of the cavity
can be calculated as we traverse counter clockwise.
As we traverse along the lower wall of the cavity, the change in pressure with respect to the ycoordinate will be zero. This simplifies the pressure expression that was determined in the
previous section to the following equation:
2 2
=
+
( 2 + 2)
And since there is no variation in u with respect to the the y-direction, the expression can be
simplified further. The simplified term will be referred to as F.
This means that the pressure can be calculated by taking the integral of F with respect to the xcoordinate as follows:
= (, 1) = 1
2
=2
Since the del p / del x term can be calculated using the converged solution for each point in the
grid, the pressure along the x-direction can easily be calculated. Once this is completed, the right
hand wall can be calculated in a similar fashion. The expression for the right wall can be
represented as follows:
= ( , ) =
=2
+
1
2
2 2
=
+
( 2 + 2)
Once the process of calculating the pressures along the right had wall are completed, the top and
the left and hand wall pressures should be calculated in the counter clockwise manner as
mentioned before. At the completion of this process, the boundary condition for the cavity will
be initialized and the pressure within the rest of the cavity can be calculated.
Multipath integration scheme is used to calculate the values of pressure in the lid driven cavity.
The governing equation for multipath integration scheme is the x and y momentum equation.
The procedure it follows described below:
CHAPTER- 3
MULTIPATH INTEGRATION SCHEME
GOVERNING EQUATIONS
BOUNDARY CONDITION
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
10
RESULTS
PRESSURE FIELD
PRESSURE- POISSON EUQATION
Discussion: The contour plot of Pressure field using Pressure Poisson equation shows minimum
pressure region along the center line region. The minimum pressure core is shifted towards left
wall due to high value of Reynolds number. Given, a high value of Reynolds number, convective
terms predominates over diffusion terms. Diffusion terms are Elliptic in nature and information
flows equally in all the direction giving a circular core region characteristic to the pressure field,
11
but convective terms are Parabolic in nature and Characteristic line is parallel to the fluid velocity,
thus stretching the core. The end result is that minimum pressure core region is not circular, but
resembles elliptical profile and is tilted towards the left wall due to positive u velocity along the
horizontal direction.
Explanation of Local high region of Pressure at the Wall Corners: We see locally high region of
pressure at top wall corners (fig: 6). Reason for such distribution of pressure field is due to
singular points present at the corner. Corner points are shared by vertical and horizontal wall
and we can use either x- momentum equation or y- momentum equation. This ambiguity is
resulting into Numerical error and physically we dont have localized high region of pressure.
This error can be eliminated but that is not the scope of this project.
6
x 10
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
10
15
20
25
Nodal Coordinate
30
35
40
12
45
Pressure in N/M2
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
10
15
20
25
Nodal Coordinate
30
35
40
45
40
45
Pressure in N/M2
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
10
15
20
25
Nodal Coordinate
30
35
13
Pressure in N/M2
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
10
15
20
25
Nodal Coordinate
30
35
40
45
40
45
5000
Pressure in N/M2
4000
3000
2000
1000
-1000
10
15
20
25
Nodal Coordinate
30
35
14
Discussion: The fluid is expected to recirculate along the center line twice that is the velocity of
the fluid will change from positive to negative. Pressure variation depicts this phenomena since
we have a maxima peak and a minima peak at the vertical center line. Similar behavior is observed
at the Left wall. Since we assumed a zero pressure at the origin which is coinciding with the
bottom most corner of the cavity, pressure variation at the bottom wall rises steadily till the end.
Solution 5: The value of Maximum Epsilon = -0.000001 and Average value of Epsilon = -0.000013
Comparison of Pressure Field from Pressure Poisson Equation & Multi Path Integration Method
15
16
Discussion: The behavior of pressure field when evaluated from Multi path integration technique
follows the same pattern. Although the values and some differences can also be observed. There
is peaks along the bottom center line pressure variation which should not be present. The reason
for the difference is while evaluating pressure field from Multi path integration technique, we
are not considering the constraint imposed on pressure field in accordance with Divergence
theorem. Therefore Multi path integration technique is similar to solving Poisson equation
without modified source term. Also the accuracy of Multi path integration technique is highly
susceptible to initial path of integration selected. Different pressure values and distribution
across the domain is observed while selecting x direction and y direction as initial path of
integration.
18
19
The mesh contains 40000 cells and 80400 faces. Convergence achieved after 1300 iterations for
laminar flow steady state solver.
Results:
20
Fig 20: Pressure variation along the top wall from Numerical Simulation
Fig 21: Pressure variation along the top wall from Fluent
21
Fig 22: Pressure variation along the bottom wall from Numerical Simulation
Fig 23: Pressure variation along the bottom wall from Fluent
22
Fig 24: Pressure variation along the Horizontal Center line from Numerical Simulation
Fig 25: Pressure variation along the Horizontal Center line from Fluent
23