Compact Fluorescent Light Bulb

A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), also called compact fluorescent light, energy-saving light,
and compact fluorescent tube, is a fluorescent lamp designed to replace an incandescent lamp;
some types fit into light fixtures formerly used for incandescent lamps. The lamps use a tube which is
curved or folded to fit into the space of an incandescent bulb, and a compact electronic ballast in the
base of the lamp.
Compared to general-service incandescent lamps giving the same amount of visible light, CFLs use
one-fifth to one-third the electric power, and last eight to fifteen times longer. A CFL has a higher
purchase price than an incandescent lamp, but can save over five times its purchase price in
electricity costs over the lamp's lifetime. Like all fluorescent lamps, CFLs contain
toxic mercury which complicates their disposal. In many countries, governments have established
recycling schemes for CFLs and glass generally.
The principle of operation in a CFL bulb remains the same as in other fluorescent lighting: electrons
that are bound to mercury atoms are excited to states where they will radiate ultraviolet light as they
return to a lower energy level; this emitted ultraviolet light is converted into visible light as it strikes
the fluorescent coating on the bulb (as well as into heat when absorbed by other materials such as
glass).
CFLs radiate a spectral power distribution that is different from that of incandescent lamps.
Improved phosphor formulations have improved the perceived color of the light emitted by CFLs,
such that some sources rate the best "soft white" CFLs as subjectively similar in color to standard
incandescent lamps.
CFLs typically have a rated service life of 6,00015,000 hours, whereas standard incandescent
lamps have a service life of 750 or 1,000 hours. However, the actual lifetime of any lamp depends
on many factors, including operating voltage, manufacturing defects, exposure to voltage spikes,
mechanical shock, frequency of cycling on and off, lamp orientation, and ambient operating
temperature, among other factors.
The life of a CFL is significantly shorter if it is turned on and off frequently. In the case of a 5-minute
on/off cycle the lifespan of some CFLs may be reduced to that of incandescent light bulbs. The
U.S. Energy Star program suggests that fluorescent lamps be left on when leaving a room for less
than 15 minutes to mitigate this problem. CFLs produce less light later in their lives than when they
are new. The light output decay is exponential, with the fastest losses being soon after the lamp is
first used. By the end of their lives, CFLs can be expected to produce 7080% of their original light
output. The response of the human eye to light is logarithmic. That is, while the human eye is highly
sensitive to changes in the intensity of faint light sources, it is less sensitive to changes in the
intensity of brighter light sources since the pupils compensate by dilating or constricting. So,
presuming the illumination provided by the lamp was ample at the beginning of its life, and the light
output of a bulb gradually decreases by 25%, viewers will perceive a much smaller change in light
intensity.