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by John Buckley
GLOBAL wheat markets have spent most of 2015 to date in retreat from a steep run-up in
prices in the final weeks of last year. Many readers may be aware that the main element in
that upturn was the decision by fourth largest exporter Russia to curb the too-rapid flow of its
once-plentiful milling wheat onto world markets at a time when doubts were rising about the
size of its next harvest. As the rouble nosedived with the collapse in value of Russias crude oil
exports and Western sanctions keeping Russian exports cheap - there did seem a real risk, as
the year turned, that too much of its wheat would be snapped up by foreign buyers, leaving its
domestic market short and at risk of escalating costs for that most basic staple, bread. Russia is
also thought to need more wheat and other cereals for animal feed this seaso as it tries to boost
domestic livestock output to replace embargoed meat imports from Europe and the USA.
Mindful that it couldnt simply embargo exports without reneging on its WTO obligations,
Russia initially used various indirect measures to slow them down, led by stricter phytosanitary
(plant health and other rd tape. These certainly put the brakes on trade during the late December/
early January timeslot. However, theyve now been overtaken by the introduction of a more
direct instrument in the form of an export duty, recently equal to around E30/$40 per tonne,
applying from February 1. This has been effective in cutting off further Russian sales in recent
weeks, yet seems to have been absorbed by the markets without less fuss than the earlier indirect
measures.
Prior to the export curbs, Russia was expected to supply about 22m tonnes or 14% of the
worlds wheat import needs in 2014/15. The lions share of this, about 17-18m tonnes, has
already been shipped, already more or less matching Russias bumper 2013/14 exports - with half
the current season still to run.
That partly explains the muted market reaction, despite the latest news that neighbouring
Ukraines government had also agreed voluntary curbs with its exporters on its Feb/Mar wheat
sales. These could be loosened up somewhat if its own winter wheat crop emerges in reasonable
condition from what (for both countries) has been a fairly challenging winter to date (dry start,
poor crop establishment, some snow cover issues raising greater than usual risk of winterkill
etc). However, like Russia, Ukraine has already shipped out the bulk of what it intended to
export during 2014/15 so this doesnt leave a huge gap in the market. At worst, the CIS absence
means the floor price of wheat on world markets is a bit higher than it would have been, had both
continued selling freely (i.e. no longer rock-bottom).
Even if Russian sales fall 2m to 4m tonnes
short of the target 22m this season, there is
no shortage of contenders to take its place.
Top of the list has been the EU, which
has recently seen some of its best weekly
export sales of the season and now seems on
course to match, if not exceed last seasons
record 30m tonne total. It could sell even
more without leaving EU consumers short.
Even after consuming an extra 9m tonnes
in animal feeds, Europe is still expected to
finish with carryover stocks of about 17m
tonnes compared with just 10m when the
season started, thanks to last years massive
domestic crop.
However, what this good clearance of EU
wheat supplies has done, along with the
weakest euro/dollar exchange rate for 11-
years has been to lift internal wheat prices
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February 2015 | 57
tonnes below last years record 108m but far more than the
normal 85m/90m tonnes of recent years.
Of course, we have yet to see what weather will accompany
the US sowing and growing season up to September. But if
conditions are normal, it is hard to see how this supply outlook
can point to anything but flat to weaker prices. The futures
markets currently show only small discounts on forward soya
beans and meal. However, some analysts see leeway for bean
prices (already down 37% from last summers highs) to drop by a
further 10-15% under this scenario, As soya is so protein-rich and
usually a reliable quality leader, pricing of other oilmeals will, as
usual, have to broadly follow the soya price trend.
The European feed industry is expected to use about 1m tonnes
more soya meal this season. The rest of the increase is spread
over China (+5m), the USA (+1m), Brazil (+0.4m) and a number
of small/moderate-sized consuming countries.
WHEAT
Concern persists over the state of Russian winter sown wheat
crops, a larger percentage than normal described as in poor
condition. A better picture will be available when plants
emerge from dormancy in the spring. The outcome could have
considerable influence on wheat prices going forward at this
stage seen more bullish than bearish.
Ukraine has also had some over-wintering problems tha will
become clearer in a few weeks time. Its massive currency
devaluation during February (in addition to an earlier long
slide) augurs ill for spring crop finance and yields although
maybe it will get some financial help fro western aid packages.
Russia also faces problems of spring crop finance at a time
when it needs to boost sowings on failed winter crop lands.
Crop ratings have continued to deteriorate for US winter wheat
for harvest 2015 but some timely rains could yet allow some
recovery. This has not emerged as a major factor yet because
60 | Milling and Grain
the most affected crop has been soft red wheat, for which
export demand remains poor amid hefty foreign competition
for this class.
European crops have had a generally unchallenging, mild
winter but lack of hardening off leaves them exposed to frost
damage from late cold snaps.
World stocks of wheat carried into 2015/16 remain hefty, a
cushion against any crop weather problems in the months ahead.
The drop in wheat values close to or, for some farmers below,
cost of production remains an issue that may affect future
sowing plans.
Decent quality premiums will continue to merited for milling/
bread wheats as feed wheat prices remain under pressure from
large, cheap supplies of coarse grains.
Global feed consumption of wheat is still expected to rise by
about 10m tonnes this season but remain below the high levels
of three years ago. But will ethanol use of wheat hold up at
expected levels in Europe under the low oil-price scenario?
COARSE GRAINS
How much maize will the US sow in 2015? Current forecasts
suggest a cutback but still enough for another large crop which,
with large carryover stocks from this season, will keep this
market well-supplied.
Ukrainian and Russia spring sowing of maize may face
financing challenges caused by their lack of access to credit,
weak currencies pushing up imported input prices. A clearer
picrure may be available on this factor within the next couple
of months
Ample maize supplies from Latin America and the CIS
countries will continue to compete at discounts to US exports
in Asia, Europe and other markets, restraining CBOT maize
futures prices and global prices.
The EU has been well supplied with its own maize crop this
season, enabling it to slash imports the main factor in a lower
global maize trade. Will it sow as much for 2015?
Competition for coarse grain customers continues from larger
than usual feed wheat and adequate barley supplies, helping to
contain livestock feeders costs
Will the US ethanol industry continue to use as much maize if
the price of conventional petrol stays down/gets cheaper still?
Declaring its policy to move to a more market-oriented plan,
China could draw down more of its own massive reserve stocks
rather than imports - to fill its ongoing annual gap between
domestic crops and growing consumption. That would removes
a potential bullish influence for world maize export markets
OILMEALS/PROTEINS
Large US and Lat-Am soyabean crop surpluses continue
to offer potential for cheaper global oilmeal costs as 2015
progresses
Lower oilmeal costs and ample supplies may yet spur greater
than expected demand in countries developing livestock
production systems China, India, Indonesia etc. Developed
consumers like the USA may also use more as high meat prices
contribute to profitability.
Rapeseed and sunflower expansions have slowed down or
reversed in the past year but as oil-rich oilseeds these will
have less impact on the meal sector.
One result is that soya will raise its already dominant share
of the protein market. As the high-protein, reliable quality
and most voluminous product, its price trend will have to be
followed across the meal sector.
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