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Witchcraft, Wicca, Witches & Paganism

Witch, spells, hex, sorcery, magic, magick
1998 By John R. Milam
This page is dedicated to the broad subjects of witchcraft and witches, both from a religious
and magical perspective.
~ Table Of Contents ~
Introduction
Paganism And Neo-Paganism>
Witchcraft & Wicca - The Religion(s)
Witchcraft - The Practice
Links, Etc. Etc.
~~~~~~~
Introduction To The World
Of
Pagans And Witches
Paganism And Neo-Paganism
Paganism And Pagans
What is paganism and what is a pagan? If one reads various Neo-Pagan publications or goes
in one of the "pagan" chat rooms, one might get the idea that paganism is a single religion or,
at least a group of similar religions. There are even some dogmatic souls who would have us
believe that there is a pagan orthodoxy, eg. environmentalism, pacifism, etc. Nothing could be
further from the truth.
So, what is paganism? I believe that there are two definiions that would apply. Pagan comes
from the Latin word, paganus/-a , which means a villager, peasant, yokel - or the adjective
meaning: of a village, rustic, ignorant, untaught. The word, heathen has similar root meanings
in English.
This was the meaning of paganus/a until the arrival of Christianity as a major, and later, the
official religion in the Roman Empire. Christianity initially came to Rome and the other cities in
the Empire. Those people in the country or rural areas (the yokels, peasants, etc.) were among
the last to be converted to the new religion. Therefore, the term pagan meant one who clung to
the "out-of-date", pre-Christian religion(s) of his/her ancestors.
The second, and more modern, application of the term paganism refers to religions which
are not Abramaic, eg. Judaism, Christianity and Islam. So. in theory, a pagan might be one who
worships a goddess of war, a god of strip mining or the spirits of nuclear waste dumps - so
much for "pc" paganism!
Neo-Pagan Renaissance
Since the late 60's and early 70's, there seems to a Neo-Pagan renaissance in the West which
consists of an attempt to return to the earlier pre-Christian religions of our ancestors - more or
less. A close examination of many of the neo-pagan religions often claim an orthodxy of the
past while clearly throwing-in many modern, pc adaptations that probably never occurred to

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their forefathers/mothers. This may not be a bad thing in itself. if the revisions were
acknowledged as such and not cloaked in supposed ancient traditions.
~~~~~~
Witchcraft Or "Wicca"
The Neo-Pagan Religion
Definition Of Terms
If the reader will notice, I have divided the subject of witchcraft into two parts. When we
speak of witches and witchcraft, we must consider both generic (lower case "w") and a proper
noun (upper case "W") definitions of these terms. In this section, the latter terms will be
considered. I will use Witch to mean a person (male or female) who follows the religion of
Witchcraft or Wicca (more about this usage later). The terms: Witchcraft, Wicca, The Craft
will all refer to the religion, as opposed the practice (discussed in the next section).
Wicca, Wicce & Wiccan
Before going on into the religion, I should make some comments on the terms: Wicca, Wicce
& Wiccan. These terms came into vogue only very recently, possibly to avoid the negative
connotations of the "w" word (witch). The only problem I have with the new terms is that their
use is more often than not grammatically incorrect. Wicca is Anglo-Saxon or Old Englsh for a
male witch (feminist practitioners, please note) and Wicce is a female witch. Wiccan is plural.
"Wiccans" is incorrect, like "geeses", "womens", "mices", etc.
~~~~~~~~~
Witchcraft/Wicca - Origins
Similar to Neo-Paganism (of which Wicca is a part), Wicca or Witchcraft is a relatively new
religion which has dubious claims to ancient origins. This is not to say that there is not an "Old
Religion" (actually more than one religion) whose adherents are witches.
G.B.Gardner & D.Valiente
Much of what passes for Witchcraft today owes its origins to Gerald Brosseau Gardner
(1884-1964) and Doreen Valiente. Modern Witchcraft began no earlier than 1939 and it
developed into the modern pagan religion from that time until Gardner's death in 1964. Even
though Gardner may have exaggerated The Craft's origins in antiquity, he must be credited
with the beginning of not only modern Craft, but also the Pagan Renaissance itself. We are all
indebted to him and Valiente.
The above Craft mini history, that does not mean to imply that there were no Witches before
Gardner & Valiente. Quite the contrary, but those Pre-Gardner Witches did not contribute
significantly to the modern Craft movement. Most were either individuals, families or small
groups who worked in private. They generally avoided revealing their practices to the outside
world. Often their knowledge was passed on to only one other person. After Gardner, many of
these older tradition Witches did graft some of Gardner's contributions onto their own
practices.
If one is interested in further study of modern Witchcraft (the religion), read:

Aidan A. Kelly's CRAFTING THE ART OF MAGIC: BOOK 1.

C.G.Leland & ARADIA: GOSPEL OF THE WITCHES

To study an earlier, documented, practice of Witchcraft as a religion, then one should read
Charles G. Leland's ARADIA:. This was about Leland's findings of a witch-cult through his

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interaction with a Tuscany strega, or witch, named Madellana. His Vangelo or Gospel describe
the beliefs and practices of a group of people still adhering to La Vecchia Religione or "The Old
Religion". Leland's book was first publised in 1890 and it shows the remnants of a pagan and
magical religion, existing in 19th Century Italy.
While this religion was devoted to the ancient Roman goddess, Diana, and Her daughter
Aradia, it does show the influence, even if negative, of Christianity. It contains references to
Cain, The Church, Lucifer (including the Christian connotation of that name), Mary, etc.
Furthermore, it can be readily seen that the theology of "La Vecchia Religione" is incomplete in
the sense of a fully developed religion. Gardner was well aware of Leland's finding (which can
be seen in his "Book Of Shadows") and perhaps he was attempting the "fill-in" the theological
holes.
One of the two most interesting things about La Vecchia Religione, is the blend of magic
working and religious devotion (see witchcraft in next section). The other interesting thing is
it's understanding of "class struggle" and The Goddess's preference for the oppressed class. She
(Diana) commissioned Her daughter (Aradia) to teach the oppressed the arts of poisoning and
magical working against their oppressors. Even the practice of skyclad, or nude worship,
(which Gardner adopted) has an earlier connection to class stuggle. Gardner conveniently
omitted this reference in his version of "The Charge Of The Goddess".
To buy of the books mentioned above, visit our Bayou Saint John Catalog Page
~~~~~~~~~
What Is A Witch?
In recent years the answer to the above question has become more confusing as the number
of popular books on "Wicca" increases. There was a time, in the 60's, 70s' that the question
could be more easily answered. There was more or less a standard of beliefs held or aspired to
by most Witches.
These beliefs consisted of three basic ideas or "laws" about the universe - the Witch's
cosmology, so to speak. The Laws are:

Cause and Effect - every act has its consequences;

Retribution - that which is sent is returned threefold or payback is a bitch; and
Reincarnation - those who love will be reunited both in the Summerland (an
intermediate state between incarnations) and again on earth, to love again (an interest
twist on Eastern reincarnation theory).

To paraphrase (very loosly) Jo Dixon, a High Priestess and early American Craft theologian,
subscribing to all three of the above laws and the primary devotion to the Goddess are the
defining factors of a Witch.
Aside from subscribing to the three Laws, Witches also had the Goddess as their primary
focus of devotion. Some, even older Witches, will argue here that the God is equal. And so be it,
but, on both sides of the issue, the Goddess is never less than equal. Even where Witches fell on
the equality side of the issue, there was still a focus on the Goddess - if only to restore Her
position after so many years of patriarchy.

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The Witches' Rede

Witch Rede - Audio
The principal of the Witches' Rede is the basis of morality and ethics in Witchcraft. It states:
"An' it harm none, do as ye will."
This may need a little clarification, because some have taken it to mean, "do as you damn well
please.", while others fall on the side of extreme pacifism and/or vegetarianism (both of which
may be very commendable). Well folks, we cannot always avoid causing harm to someone or
something. As we can see from Leland's ARADIA, Witches have not always been pacifists. On
the contrary, the Witches in ARADIA are taught by the Goddesses, Diana and Adradia, to
practice class warfare against their oppressors. While we are liberated from many of the
senseless taboos of the Judio-Christian tradition, we still must take responsibility for our deeds.
Witchcraft is not a religion for the irresponsible hedonist nor the lawless sociopath.
~~~~~~
Witchcraft - The Magical Craft
Now we come to witchcraft and witches (lower case "w") alluded to earlier. Dictionary
definitions do not serve well our purpose here. I have chosen to look at common meaning of
the term, sans the prejudice, its meaning in the Craft and the generic meaning implied by
Leland. The first thought that often comes to mind in association with "witch" is magical work
and spells. However, ceremonial magicians, wizards, etc. also have this association. There is
the religious practice, eg. Witchcraft & Wicca, and also described by Leland. But, does that
mean that priests and priestess are necessarily witches? - and, of course, the answer is no.
Although, within the religion of Wicca its devotees are considered, at some point, to become
such (more on this later).
A witch (again, lower case "w") does practice magic, as does a magician. A witch also adheres
to a religion and often acts as intercessary on behlf of others, as does a priest/ess. So, it appears
that a witch may be something between a magician and a priest/ess. A "witch" is a person who
practices magic in tandum with his/her relationship with the divine. A further distinction
between the relationship of the priest/ess and the witch with their deity is the nature of that
relationship. The priest/ess is the agent of the god/s and defender of the religion's teachings.
The witch, on the otherhand, is either the agent of his/her client or acting on his/her own
behalf. This can be readily seen in some of the conjurations by the Tuscany witches, in
ARADIA.
In the religion, Witchcraft/Wicca, the devotees would seem to wear two hats - that of
priest/ess and that of the witch. That is assuming, of course, that the witch religion being
practiced is closer to Leland's witches than to weird church in the woods or a getting together
to do spells group. Therefore, we might arrive at a definition where Witchcraft and witchcraft
converge by stating that, Witchcraft is a religion whose adherents are also witches.
Other Witches & Witch Religions
I realize that the above definitions of a witch and of witchcraft may exclude some very
religious and devoted pagans. It may also include some who may worship gods of the Christian
pantheon as well as other non-Euro ethnic religions. I can think of the followers of Santera
and Voodoo, to name two examples. And by the definition set forth here, one might say that
Marie Laveau was America's greatest witch - even if she wasn't a Witch or Wicce.