Results 3 D

User Guide
Results 3D
Version 2013
Computer Modelling Group Ltd.
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E-mail: cmgl@cmgl.ca
Contents
Using Results 3D
Overview....................................................................................................................... 1
Whats New in Results 3D............................................................................................ 1
Whats New in Results 3D 2013...................................................................... 1
Starting Results 3D ....................................................................................................... 3
Customizing Toolbars, Menus and Theme ................................................................... 4
Opening a Simulation Result, Template or Workspace File ......................................... 4
Periodically Rereading the Simulator Output ............................................................... 5
Invoking Results Graph from Results 3D ..................................................................... 6
Interaction between Results Graph and Results 3D ......................................... 6
Opening Results Graph from the File Menu .................................................... 7
Plot Property versus Distance .......................................................................... 7
Plot Flow Property versus Depth (PLT) ........................................................ 10
Quick Plot Well ............................................................................................. 14
Quick Plot Property (or Special History on the Fly) .................................. 15
Closing Open Files...................................................................................................... 15
Saving Files................................................................................................................. 15
Saving a Template File .................................................................................. 15
Saving a Workspace File ............................................................................... 16
Exporting Data ............................................................................................................ 16
Exporting Grid Coordinates and Property Values ......................................... 16
Exporting to Meraks PEEP ........................................................................... 17
Exporting Tables of Well Summary .............................................................. 18
Exporting Properties to a RESCUE Model.................................................... 20
Exporting a Work-over List ........................................................................... 21
Comparing Files.......................................................................................................... 21
Opening and Displaying Map Files ............................................................................ 22
Well Trajectories......................................................................................................... 23
Importing Well Trajectories........................................................................... 24
Trajectory Perforations .................................................................................. 25
Importing Well Logs ................................................................................................... 27
Streamlines.................................................................................................................. 28
Generating and Displaying Streamlines......................................................... 28
Viewing the Streamlines Allocation Summary Report .................................. 30
Results 3D User Guide
Contents i
Other Results 3D Operations ...................................................................................... 30

Calculating Synthetic Properties ................................................................... 30
Calculating Grid and Property Statistics ....................................................... 31
Finding Isolated Regions of a Grid ............................................................... 31
Closing Results 3D ..................................................................................................... 32
Changing Display Content and Setting
33
Overview .................................................................................................................... 33
Understanding the Parts of the Main Window ........................................................... 34
Displaying the X,Y Coordinates of a Point in the Reservoir......................... 35
Displaying Crosshairs Centered on the Cursor ............................................. 35
Displaying the IJK Grid Block Address, Well and Sector Names ................ 35
Controlling the Contents of the Probe Display.............................................. 36
Viewing Properties ..................................................................................................... 37
Selecting a Property....................................................................................... 37
Showing both the Matrix and Fracture Values for Dual Porosity Systems ..... 37
Selecting the View Type and Plane Number ................................................. 38
Selecting Plane Number within a Refined Grid ............................................ 38
Selecting Block Fill, Contour Lines or Contour Fill ..................................... 39
Showing a Property as an Isosurface ............................................................. 39
A Quick Way to Change to 3D View with Annotations Removed ............... 40
Full Screen View ........................................................................................... 40
Selecting a Time Display Format .................................................................. 41
Selecting a Time ............................................................................................ 42
Animating a Property for a Series of Times .................................................. 42
Changing Display Settings ......................................................................................... 43
Properties Dialog Box ................................................................................... 43
Selecting a Font Name, Style, Size and Color............................................... 44
Selecting a Line Style, Thickness and Color ................................................. 45
Changing Displayed Titles ............................................................................ 45
Toggling the Display of the Grid, Map, and Wells ....................................... 46
Showing Well Status ..................................................................................... 46
Showing Bubble Plots of Well Values .......................................................... 47
Displaying Difference Bubble Plots .............................................................. 47
Showing Flux or Velocity Vectors ................................................................ 49
Selecting Wells for Display........................................................................................ 49
Advanced Selection of Wells for Display ..................................................... 49
Results 3D & Builder User Preferences ..................................................................... 51
Moving and Resizing Display Objects ....................................................................... 52
Moving the Title, Info Box, Color Legend, and Map Scale .......................... 52
Resizing the Titles and Info Box ................................................................... 52
Resizing the Color Legend ............................................................................ 52
ii Contents
Resizing the Map Scale.................................................................................. 52

Resizing the Reservoir Viewport ................................................................... 52
Changing the Color Gradient Background .................................................... 53
Changing the Aspect Ratio and Scale ......................................................................... 54
Zooming, Panning, and Rotating the Reservoir .......................................................... 55
Zooming ......................................................................................................... 55
Panning (Moving) the Reservoir.................................................................... 55
Undoing a Zoom or Pan ................................................................................. 56
Rotating, Panning and Zooming the Reservoir in 3D .................................... 56
Improving 3D Graphics Performance ......................................................................... 57
Using Stereoscopic 3D................................................................................................ 57
Selecting IJK Slabs and Regions ................................................................................ 59
Cutting Away Part of a Reservoir in 3D ..................................................................... 64
Modifying the Color Scale .......................................................................................... 66
Modifying a Linear or Logarithmic Color Scale ........................................... 66
Setting or Modifying a General Color Scale.................................................. 68
Saving Color Scale settings in preferences .................................................... 69
Modifying Ternary Color Scale ..................................................................... 70
Printing and Saving Images ........................................................................................ 70
Changing the Selected Printer and Paper Size ............................................... 71
Printing the Current View .............................................................................. 71
Specifying Bitmap Resolution in 3D Printing ............................................... 72
Saving the Current View as an Image File .................................................... 72
Saving a Time Animation Sequence of Image Files ...................................... 73
Improving the Quality of Saved Images ........................................................ 74
Creating AVI Movie Files .......................................................................................... 74
Working With Multiple Views and Documents ......................................................... 75
Opening a Second View ................................................................................ 75
Switching Between Views ............................................................................. 76
Synchronizing Views ..................................................................................... 76
Opening Additional Simulation Result (SR2) Files....................................... 76
Interactive Block Selection (3D only) ........................................................................ 77
Docking Tools (3D only) ............................................................................................ 78
Selection ........................................................................................................ 78
3D Properties ................................................................................................. 78
Wells .............................................................................................................. 79
Statistics ......................................................................................................... 80
Opening and Closing Docking Tools............................................................. 80
Formula Manager
81
Overview..................................................................................................................... 81
Formula Manager Dialog Box .................................................................................... 82
Contents iii
General Rules and Guidelines .................................................................................... 83

Terms ............................................................................................................. 83
Operators ....................................................................................................... 84
Formula Syntax ............................................................................................. 86
IF Blocks ....................................................................................................... 86
Other .............................................................................................................. 86
Using Formula Manager ............................................................................................. 87
To create a formula........................................................................................ 87
To view a formula ......................................................................................... 89
To edit a formula ........................................................................................... 89
To copy a formula ......................................................................................... 90
To delete a formula........................................................................................ 91
Creating Maps
93
Overview .................................................................................................................... 93
Points Tab ................................................................................................................... 94
Faults Tab ................................................................................................................... 95
Methods Tab ............................................................................................................... 95
Inverse Distance Estimation .......................................................................... 96
Ordinary Kriging (OK) Estimation ............................................................... 96
Ordinary Kriging with Secondary Variable .................................................. 97
Trend Method ................................................................................................ 99
Gaussian Geostatistical Simulations ............................................................. 99
Gaussian Geostatistics with Secondary Variable ........................................ 100
Mesh Tab .................................................................................................................. 100
Variogram Matching ................................................................................................ 101
Lack of Sufficient Pairs ............................................................................... 101
Number of Pairs .......................................................................................... 102
Lag Tolerance .............................................................................................. 102
Instability..................................................................................................... 105
Trend ........................................................................................................... 106
Search Radius .............................................................................................. 106
Normal Score Transform ............................................................................. 107
Adjusting Variogram Parameters ................................................................ 107
Weighting Examples ................................................................................................ 109
Inverse Distance Method ............................................................................. 109
Trend Estimation Method............................................................................ 110
Variogram Range (Kriging Method) ........................................................... 111
Variogram Anisotropy (Kriging Method) ................................................... 112
Variogram Nugget (Gaussian Geostatistical Method) ................................ 113
Search Radius (Gaussian Geostatistical Method)........................................ 114
References ................................................................................................................ 114
iv Contents
Appendix A: Field History File Formats
115
Overview................................................................................................................... 115
Creating a Field History File..................................................................................... 115
Examples of Field History Files ............................................................................... 121
Notes about Field History Files ................................................................................ 126
Contents v
Using Results 3D
Overview
Results 3D lets you select either a two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) view of a
reservoir simulation grid for onscreen viewing and printing. You can display any of the grid
properties output by the simulator at any output time. You can also overlay a contour map on
the grid property display.
Results Graph can be invoked directly from Results 3D. You can have several 2D or 3D
views and one Results Graph view open. Methods for invoking Results Graph from Results
3D are discussed in Invoking Results Graph from Results 3D. For more information on
changing the Results Graph display, refer to the Using Results Graph section in the Results
Graph User Guide.
Display and printing control features, common to both Results 3D and Builder, are explained
in Changing Display Content and Setting.
Whats New in Results 3D

Whats New in Results 3D 2013
New 3D View (beta)
Results 3D 2013 comes with a beta version of a new 3D view which has the following
features and improvements:
OpenGL-based full-function, high performance 3D graphics

Easy toolbar access to 3D view functions and operations.
Simple entry of 3D view properties through dockable property panes.
Tabbed 2D and 3D displays, so users can switch easily between 2D and 3D views,
to aid in performing side-by-side comparisons.
Easy-to-use 3D View toolbar provides simple control of key 3D display properties,
including the ability to quickly turn on or off grid lines, property values, wells, and
faults.
Color Scale/Histogram, through which users can select a range of property values
for quick display.
For experienced users, shortcut keys to speed up operations.
Using Results 3D 1
Users can easily configure then use a cutting dragger to expose areas of the
reservoir then run an animation to see what happens to property values over time in
the exposed cells.
Easy control over display settings such as background color, lighting, and
annotations (title, information text, and 3D compass settings), through
conveniently accessible property panes.
Property filtering allows users to define property value ranges for viewing only
those blocks that have values within the specified range.
Animated 3D rotation allows users to start, stop, and change the direction and axis
of rotation of the reservoir while it is rotating.
Home display allows users to define a home view and then, through the context
menu or by pressing the HOME key, return to the home view after making display
changes.
Seek option allows users to zoom to a desired area of the reservoir model with a
single click in that area.
Ability to show property values on gridlines.
Easy-to-use transparency slider allows users to see features and expose details
inside the reservoir.
To open your reservoir in the new 3D View (beta), select New 3D View (Beta) in the view
selection box:
Note: Users who need access to the following features will need to use the previous 3D view
until these features are available in the new 3D view:
Contour fill mode
Streamlines
Flow vectors
Contour plots
Custom color scale
Viewing multilateral wells
Viewing geomechanical phenomena, such as subsidence
Radial grids
For further information about the new 3D view, click F1 with the new 3D view open, to open
an online version of the new 3D view user guide, or open a PDF of Results 3D New 3D View
(beta) through the Launcher Documentation Browser in the Builder & Results folder.
2 Using Results 3D
Tabbed 2D/2D Views

Tabbed 2D and 3D displays allows users to switch easily between 2D and 3D views, to aid in
performing side-by-side comparisons.
User Documentation Improvements

Appendix A: Field History File Formats has been added to the Results 3D User Guide, and
revised to provide clearer instructions for creating field history files, and additional examples.

1. A new Formula Manager allows you to:
Create, edit and delete a formula.
View and interact with all formulas from all open .3tp files.
Copy a Spatial-Property formula within or between Results 3D .3tp files.
Refer to Formula Manager for further information.

There are no new features in the 2011 Release.
Starting Results 3D
To start the Results 3D module:
Click the Results 3D icon in the CMG Technologies Launcher, or drag and drop a file with
the extension .irf or .3tp (.grid for CHEARS output) onto the Results 3D icon.
The main Results 3D window appears. The features that you will use most often are available
on the toolbar in the upper section of this screen. At the bottom of the screen is a status bar. A
dockable Mode toolbar is on the left-hand side.
Using Results 3D 3
Customizing Toolbars, Menus and Theme

Results 3D allows you some customization of the work environment. You can drag toolbars
and menus and position them anywhere within your working environment. This permits you to
have more screen space when viewing your reservoir. Results 3D will remember the locations
of the toolbars and menus between sessions. So next time you open Results 3D, the different
items will appear in their last position when Results 3D was closed.
You are also able to change the theme used to color the Results 3D main window. Click
View | Theme to select a new theme. The selected theme is also remembered between sessions.
Opening a Simulation Result, Template or Workspace File

To open a binary simulation output file or template file:
1. Select File | Open on the main menu. The standard file selection dialog box
appears with the filter *.irf and *.3tp in place. (If you are using Chevrons
CHEARS simulator, change the Files of Type selection box to show *.grid files.)
Files with the extension *.irf are the index results file (one of the two files
comprising an SR2 output file from the simulator). Files with the extension *.3tp
are template files produced during a previous run of Results 3D.
4 Using Results 3D
2. In the directory tree view, select a directory.

3. In the file list, select a file. Your selection appears in the File name box. You can
also open multiple files by multi-selecting them with the CTRL key.
4. Click Open to accept your selections, or click Cancel to cancel your selections.
5. If you open a template file, a dialog box will appear asking you to confirm the SR2
file to use with the template:
6. Click OK to use the same SR2 file as was used to create the template, or click the
Change button to change the SR2 file.
With Results 3D, you can open more than one SR2 file or template file at the same time. A
second or subsequent file may be opened following the above procedure. Refer to Working
With Multiple Views and Documents for more information.
A workspace file is a convenient file which holds multiple 3tp files and optionally one Graph
session file. You can create this file after opening several irf or 3tp files and selecting
File | Save Workspace or Save Workspace As. If you open a workspace file, step 5 will be
repeated multiple times. Only one workspace file can be opened at any one time. You have to
close the current workspace file to open another one.
When the SR2 file is opened, a file with the same base file name and the extension of tsdata
will be created automatically if the file loading time is longer than the default of 10 seconds.
This file will significantly reduce the subsequent loading time of the same SR2 file. However,
this option slightly increases the loading time the first time you open the file and it occupies
additional disk space. If you never open the same SR2 twice, then this option is not beneficial
and can be disabled through File | Results 3D & Builder Preferences (refer to Results 3D &
Builder User Preferences for more information). You can also change the minimum loading
time required to create the tsdata file in the Results 3D & Builder Preferences dialog box.
Periodically Rereading the Simulator Output

If the SR2 files you are viewing are still being updated by the simulator, you can choose to let
Results periodically re-read the SR2 files automatically by selecting Periodically Re-Read
Simulator Output from the File menu. This option allows you to see the current state of the
reservoir when the simulator is running so that you can decide whether to stop the simulator
or not.
Using Results 3D 5
If you do not want the updates to occur on a periodic basis, it is also possible to update the
results of a simulation file being run by selecting File | Re-read Simulator Output Now.
After the update has been performed, you will see the time scale slider update to include any
new dates or times that have been simulated.
Note: Periodic update is not available when a session (.ses) and template (.3tp) file are open
at the same time.
Invoking Results Graph from Results 3D

Once you have opened a Results 3D view, you can directly open a Results Graph view of the
same simulation output file. There are a number of convenient plotting features available from
Results 3D:
Select File | Open Results Graph.
Select View | Plot Property vs. Distance.
Select View | Plot Flow Property vs. Depth (PLT). This option can also be
selected by right-clicking in the view area and selecting the same option from the
context menu.
Right-click a well and then select Quick Plot Well from the context menu (a
convenient method of plotting typical properties for a specific well).
Right-click in the view area and then select Quick Plot Property from the context
menu (a convenient way to plot the currently displayed Results 3D property for a
specific block).
Each option will present you with the choice of loading an existing session file if one exists
whose base name matches the current template document. If none exists or you do not want
to load an existing session file, a blank Results Graph view will be created. For more
information, refer to Interaction between Results Graph and Results 3D.
Interaction between Results Graph and Results 3D

While working in Results 3D, you can launch Results Graph by selecting File | Open Results
Graph. Similarly, while working in Results Graph, you can launch Results 3D by selecting
File | Open Results 3D.
6 Using Results 3D
To facilitate working on projects, Results will search the current directory to see if a session
or template file matches the name of the active document. If one exists, you will be presented
with the option of loading it. If you choose not to load it, a blank session or template will be
created with a default name based on the simulation results file. If no matching file is found, a
blank session or template with the same base name as the current document will be created.
For example, if you are working in a template called MyProject.3tp which is based on the
CMG Simulation Results file simulation.irf, and then select File | Open Results Graph:
If MyProject.ses exists and you choose to load it, MyProject.ses will load.
If MyProject.ses exists and you choose not to load it, a blank simulation00.ses will
be created
If MyProject.ses does not exist, a blank MyProject.ses will be created

By establishing this link between template and session files, you can create a Spatial-Property
formula in Results 3D and plot it as a Property Versus Distance curve in Results Graph. If
you then save both the template and the session with the same base name and in the same
location, when you reload the session in Results Graph, the associated template will
automatically load so that the corresponding spatial-property formula is restored.
Alternatively, if you start in Results 3D and select File | Open Results Graph, the associated
session file can be loaded when necessary.
Opening Results Graph from the File Menu

Select File | Open Results Graph. If an existing session file exists whose base name matches
the current template document, you will be given the choice of loading it. If you choose not to
load it or none exists, a blank session file will be created.
Plot Property versus Distance

This feature allows you to produce a plot (in Results Graph) of spatial property versus distance
for a specified property along a specified path. To do this:
1. Select View | Plot Property Versus Distance.
2. If an existing session file exists whose base name matches the current template
document, you will be given the choice of loading it. If you choose not to load it or
none exists, a blank session file will be created.
Using Results 3D 7
3. The Property Versus Distance Plots dialog box is displayed:
4. Select a file from the Data File list. All the simulation results files and field
history files that you have opened should appear on the list. If a trajectory file is
open (which you can do through File | Open Well Trajectory File), then the
associated trajectory file will appear in the Trajectory File box.
5. Define a path through the grid. Five options are available.
Trajectory: This option is available if the data file and trajectory file are
open. You can select to use measured depth (MD) or true vertical depth
(TVDSS).
8 Using Results 3D
Well Path: This option is available if the data file contains well
perforations. If LAYERXYZ well data is available, a well path is defined
by joining perf block entry and exit points. Alternatively, if LAYERXYZ
is not available, a well path is defined by joining each perf from block
center to block center. Distances will be relative to depth value of the
first perf. The Distance to first well perf may be modified in this dialog
box.
Linear Path: When this option is selected, a three-dimensional linear

path is defined from the center of the first block to the center of the
second block.
FlexWell Path: This option is available if the data file contains one or
more FlexWells. If data is available, the FlexWell Path is defined as the
distance along all the perf segments along the wellbore path or tubing
string (Stream) inside the FlexWell. You can specify the distance to the
first well perf so that distances in the graph are relative to the surface.
Average sector property vs. grid depth: This option is available if

sectors exist in the simulation results file. Based on the property selected
for the curve, the property value will be averaged within the sector
region and plotted against the available grid depth values.
6. In the Specify Curves area, you can select the following curve property options:
Property (Simulator Data): The reservoir property and property time

must be selected.
Note: For spatial-property formulas, a time is available for plotting only
if the selected Well Path contains a perforation that exists on or before
the earliest time used in the formula.
Flow Property (Production Logging plots): Choose this option to plot

simulated flow property values (for example, fluid rates) from individual
perforations versus depth along the path selected in step 5 above. For
trajectory path, a value is assigned to each depth in the trajectory file.
The assigned value may be the interpolated value between two layers
Note: This option is enabled only if layer information is available in the
simulator output file (SR2 file).
Select Plot fraction of total well flow if you want to view the flow
property as a fraction of the total well flow.
Log Data: This option is available if the associated trajectory file

contains well log data.
Using Results 3D 9
7. Once the path and properties have been chosen, click the Add Curve button to add
the curve to the list of curves to be added.
8. Repeat steps 1 through 7 as required to define multiple curves for the plot.
9. Click Delete Curve to remove a curve from the list of curves for this plot.
10. In the Distance Axis area, select Distance on X to plot distance on the X axis, or
select Distance on Y to plot distance on the Y axis.
11. In the Distance Axis area, select Distance Increasing to plot the distance axis
increasing from the origin, or select Distance Decreasing to plot the distance axis
decreasing from the origin.
12. Click OK. A Graph view will appear with a plot of the requested curves for the
specified path. Note that both a Graph view and your original Results 3D view are
now present (although one may be hidden behind the other). See Working With
Multiple Views and Documents.
Plot Flow Property versus Depth (PLT)

Note: To use this feature, simulator output for layers must be enabled.
With this feature, you can create the following plots:
1. A plot containing Oil Rate, Water Rate and Total Fluid Rate at reservoir conditions
(RC) versus depth
2. A plot containing Gas Rate RC versus depth
On each plot you can also plot Log values for comparison.
The plots can be in the following formats:
1. Fluid volumes are accumulated as you travel upwards from the deepest point in the
well path.
2. Fluid volumes are accumulated and then normalized with the total value as you
travel upwards from the deepest point in the well path.
3. Raw simulated flow rates are plotted along the depth.
Note: The log values in the log files are expected to be accumulated along the well path.
10 Using Results 3D
In the following plot, volumes are accumulated along the well path:
SPE5 : SPE5 COMPOSITIONAL RUN 1
PCC-SBC-112 gmgro005_CrtRelPerm.irf
15,000
Distance (ft)
15,500
16,000
16,500
17,000
0
5,000
10,000
Oil Rate RC - accumulated
15,000
20,000
Oil Rate RC 1989-01-21 (1116.00 day)

Log Data: Rates 1989-01-06 (1101.00 day)
In the following plot, volumes are normalized with respect to the total flow:
15,000
Distance (ft)
15,500
16,000
16,500
17,000
-0.20
-0.00
0.20
0.40
Oil Rate RC - Fraction of Well
0.60
0.80
1.00
Oil Rate RC 1989-01-21 (1116.00 day)

Log Data: Rates 1989-01-06 (1101.00 day)
Using Results 3D 11
The following plot shows raw simulated values for Oil Rate RC:
15,000
Distance (ft)
15,500
16,000
16,500
17,000
0
200
400
600
Oil Rate RC (bbl/day)
800
1,000
To create a PLT plot, select View | Plot Flow Property vs. Depth (PLT). This menu is also
available in the context menu, by right-clicking in the view area. If an existing session file
exists whose base name matches the current template document, you will be given the choice
of loading it. If you choose not to load it or none exists, a blank session file will be created.
If you right-clicked on a grid block containing a well, the well automatically gets selected and
the Select a Well dialog box will not launch.
12 Using Results 3D
If not, the Select a Well dialog box will be displayed, as shown in the following example:
Select a well and then click OK. The PLT (rates) plot dialog box is displayed:
Using Results 3D 13
Select the property time and trajectory time. This feature will also work if you do not have
trajectory information. In this case, Graph will use LAYERXYZ information to create a
trajectory, if available; otherwise, it will use the model perf (*PERF keyword in the simulator
dataset) information to create the trajectory.
Select one or more curves in the Simulated property column by selecting the check box. If
logs are available, the cells in the Log Property and Log time columns are replaced by dropdown boxes listing the names and times of the logs. Select the log name and time if you want
to plot logs on the plot.
Check the Plot normalized flow check box for normalized volumes.
To plot raw simulator data, select Turn off accumulation of values with depth.
When you click OK, Graph view will become active and the plot(s) will be displayed.
Quick Plot Well

This feature allows you to produce a Quick Plot (in Results Graph) of predefined well
variables versus time for a specified well. To do this:
1. Find the desired well in any 2D or 3D view. Move the cursor to the grid block
containing the well or to a well bubble in 3D and right-click.
2. Select Quick Plot Well from the context menu. If an existing session file exists
whose base name matches the current template document, you will be given the
choice of loading it. If you choose not to load it or none exists, a blank session file
will be created. After the session has loaded, the Select Wells for Quick Well Plot
dialog box will be displayed, as shown in the following example:
The dialog lists pre-defined Quick Plot types for the specified well. Each plot type
contains pre-defined curves.
3. Select the type of Quick Plot.
4. Click OK. The selected plots will be added to the session file.
14 Using Results 3D
Quick Plot Property (or Special History on the Fly)

This feature allows you to produce a Quick Plot (in Results Graph) of spatial property versus
time for a specified block. To do this:
1. Change the currently displayed property in Results 3D to the desired property. If
you want to simultaneously plot several properties for the same grid block, select
View | Probe Display to add additional properties to the probe display. Any
additional properties on the probe display will also be plotted (until the maximum
number of four axes in Results Graph is reached).
2. Find the block in question in any 2D or 3D view.
3. Move the cursor to the desired grid block and right-click.
4. Select Quick Plot Property from the context menu. If an existing session file
exists whose base name matches the current template document, you will be given
the choice of loading it. If you choose not to load it or none exists, a blank session
file will be created. A plot of the property values for the specified block will be
added to the session. There may be a small delay as property values for all times
are being read.
Closing Open Files

To close an open file:
Select File | Close.
The open file is immediately closed and all Results 3D values returned to their defaults. If a
3D view was opened, it remains open.
To close an open workspace:
Select File | Close Workspace.
All open irf, 3tp and ses files will be closed.
Saving Files
Saving a Template File
Results 3D allows you to save a template file, which describes the current state of display
settings, property and time selection, view type, number of open views, and so on.
To save a template file:
1. Select File | Save Template As. The Save As dialog box is displayed.
2. Enter the name of the template file.
3. Click OK to save, or Cancel.
Using Results 3D 15
Saving a Workspace File

Results 3D allows you to save a workspace file, which contains all the template files you
have opened on the screen. The file extension is .rws.
Exporting Data
Grid coordinates, and the value of the currently displayed property, can be exported to ASCII
text files. The grid coordinates and property values exported in this fashion can be used directly
in the simulator input file (dataset file) for CMG simulators. The exported property values can
be used as initial values in the dataset. Alternatively, you could use them as map files for
property calculations. For this purpose, export the properties in the Mesh or XYZ formats.
You could also optionally export well perforation locations in terms of x and y along with the
property values in the Mesh and XYZ formats. If you exported Grid Top with the well
information, Builder will add the well names and perforations within the grid to the dataset
when the property is calculated.
Exporting Grid Coordinates and Property Values

Exporting grid coordinates:
1. Select Tools | Export Grid Coordinates. The Export Grid Coordinates As
Simulator Input File dialog box is displayed:
2. Select the desired options. Results will write the depth values with the
*PAYDEPTH keyword (depth specified for more than one layers). To output
*DTOP (depth for only one layer) select the Force use of DTOP keyword option.
3. Specify a file name. You can change the file name and/or path with the Browse
button.
4. Click OK.
16 Using Results 3D
Exporting property values:

1. Select Tools | Export Property Values. The Export Reservoir Property Values
dialog box is displayed:
2. Select the times in the SR2 file for which you want to export the property. You can
use the CTRL and SHIFT keys to select multiple times.
3. Select the export format. Use SIF Format to include the property directly in a
CMG dataset. Use Mesh Format or XYZ Format to export the data in map
formats. Select one the options under Well Locations and Well Time.
4. Specify a file name. You can change the file name and/or path with the Browse
button.
5. Click OK.
Exporting to Meraks PEEP

To export a file to Meraks PEEP:
1. Select Tools | Export as Merak PEEP.
2. The file browser appears requesting the name and destination of the file to which
you want to write. Once you have selected the file, click Save.
Using Results 3D 17
Exporting Tables of Well Summary

Using this feature, you can export preset or custom data from all or selected wells in the file.
This is in contrast to the To ASCII and To Tab Separated options in Graph, where only the
data from the curves are exported. The preset properties include cumulative volumes, rates,
gas-oil ratio, water cut, and so on. The feature also offers flexibility in formatting the tabular
output. Select Tools | Export Well Summary. The Well Summary dialog box is displayed:
The available formatting options are as follows:
Report Times: Monthly, Quarterly, Yearly or every record from the file.
18 Using Results 3D
Export Table Style has two major options. Single table style creates a continuous
table with properties in columns, and name and time values in rows similar to
database output. With Multiple Table style you can choose from six options. Each
option fixes the independent variable and contents of each row and column. For
example, if you selected Table:Time,Row:Well,Column:Property for Groups and
Wells, at each reporting period, the data for all the Groups and wells will be printed
out with one well in each row and one property in each column.
Text Format: You can choose from three options:

-
Fixed column width: You can specify the column width and the
position of the decimal. The file is output to a text file.
Tab separated: Outputs the file with columns tab-separated to a text file
that you can open in a text editor.
Send to MS Excel immediately: Launch Excel with the file. This
option lets you do your own formatting (width, decimal places, etc.) of
the data in Excel.
Report Data provides selection for data origins: Wells, Groups, Sectors, and so
on. In the Default mode, all data names are exported. You can set the Custom
check box ON to changes the selection of data names and override the preset list of
exported properties.
Click
beside a name or property to open a dialog box for changing the Report
Data settings from the default values. For example, if you click
beside Wells
row, Names column, the Advanced Well Selection will be displayed:
Using Results 3D 19
To export well summary tables:

1. Select Tools | Export Well Summary. The Well Summary dialog box is displayed
(as shown above).
2. Select the options, and then click OK.
Exporting Properties to a RESCUE Model

RESCUE is a joint industry project managed by the Petrotechnical Open Software
Corporation (POSC). The acronym RESCUE stands for REServoir Characterization Using
Epicentre. At its inception the purpose was to provide a forum for the development of an
open standard for the transfer of data from geomodels to upscalers. A RESCUE format model
can define block units (formed by 3D surfaces representing horizons, boundaries and fault
surfaces), 3D grids, and properties such as porosity and permeability. Fault surfaces, wellbore
trajectories, and well logs can also be included in the model.
Using Builder, you can import a global grid from a RESCUE model, or the all the units of a
single RESCUE block. Once you have built a complete dataset using this imported grid, and
run the simulation, you can export (or append) simulation calculated properties (such as
saturations changing with time) back to the RESCUE model. Some geological modelling
software packages can then use this data for well planning or 4D seismic applications.
To export properties back to a RESCUE model:
1. Select Tools | Export Properties to RESCUE model. The Export properties to
RESCUE dialog box is displayed:
2. To append data to an existing RESCUE model, click the Browse button in the topright of the dialog box, and then select the RESCUE model. Results will verify that
the simulation grid and the RESCUE model grid match.
20 Using Results 3D
3. Select properties from the list of available properties and times in the left pane, and
then add them to the Properties to add to RESCUE pane on the right by clicking
the right-arrow button.
4. Click OK to add the selected properties.
Exporting a Work-over List

Results can export, to Excel, a list of the auto-recompletions and auto-drills shown in an
ASCII simulation output file (*.out). This is useful when producing a field development plan
from a simulator forecast run. To produce a workover list from a forecast run, select
Tools | Export Workover List. The Workover List dialog box is displayed. Click the
Browse buttons to select the simulation output file to read, and enter the name of a comma
separated file (*.csv) to write the output into, and then click OK. If you have Excel installed
on your computer, Excel will be started and the *.csv file read.
Comparing Files
You can compare files by selecting Tools | Compare Files. This option is used to compare
TimeSeries properties in a reference file with the same property in one or more comparison
files. It is especially useful for history matching. Files can be in one of the following formats:
Field History (*.fhf) or Simulation Results (*.irf). The files are added to the dialog list and you
select one of the files as the reference file against which to compare.
Note: You can only load one Field History file and if you do, it will automatically be set as the
reference file.
The following shows an example in which a Field History file is selected as the reference and a
Simulation Results file is added to the list for comparison:
Using Results 3D 21
The dynamic properties available in the reference file will be listed in the Select Properties list.
You can select properties from this list for comparison. The selected properties are added to the
Selected Properties list. The next step consists of selecting a comparison method. Four
comparison methods are available:
1. % Area Between: Computed as the ratio of area between the two time series over
the area under the time series of the selected property in the reference file.
2. % of Normalized Area Between: Computed similarly as %Area Between but
the ratio is over the average area for the time series of the selected property in the
reference file. The average is computed over all origins (for example, all wells).
3. Cumulative Differences: Computed as the cumulative differences, over time,
between the two time series.
4. Cumulative Relative Differences: Computed similarly as Cumulative
Differences, but the differences are divided by the value of the reference time series.
A time derivative or a time integral transform can be applied to the selected dynamic properties
before doing the comparison.
The comparison results can be ranked from Worst to Best or vice versa. The ranking will be
based on the first selected property. The comparison results can also be sorted by their origins
(Groups, Layers, and Wells).
Click OK. The output can be saved to a single file or to multiple files in the case of multiple
comparison files. Text and CSV files can be generated for reporting.
Opening and Displaying Map Files

The supported contour map and mesh map file formats are discussed in the Importing
geological and well trajectory data chapter of the Builder User Guide.
To open a contour map or mesh map file:
1. Select File | Open Map File. The Open Map Files dialog box is displayed:
22 Using Results 3D
2. From the Map Type drop-down list, select the format corresponding to your files.
For a description of the supported formats, see the Importing Geological and Well
Trajectory Data chapter of the Builder User Guide.
3. Depending on the Map Type, one or more file name text boxes will be displayed.
Some formats require separate files for fault and well information, for example.
Click the Browse button next to the file name box, and a standard Open File
dialog box will be displayed. Select the file to open, and then click OK or Cancel.
4. If the format for the Map Type contains unit information, the units used in the file
will be selected; otherwise, you will need to select the Units for x,y coordinates
in the files.
5. Click OK to open the map, or Cancel.
You can open as many maps as you like and view all or some of them in 2D or 3D view. The
display attributes, such as line color, line width or map height, can be adjusted in
Model View | Maps tab of the Property dialog box, which can be opened by selecting
View | Properties in the menu bar, or by right-clicking on the main view then selecting
Properties.
Well Trajectories
A well trajectory is a description of a well path through the earth. It is a list of nodes (vertices)
which each give a location of the well path in space. Each node has xyz coordinates and measured
depth from the well top (KB elevation). A trajectory can include multiple perforation intervals,
each defined by the measured depth of the start and the end or the perforated interval and the date
of the perforation. Results 3D supports multilateral trajectories with several levels of branching
for one well. We recommend that you use well trajectory data, whenever it is available, to create
well completions in your dataset, for more accurate completions and better visual representation.
Using Results 3D 23
Importing Well Trajectories

Results 3D supports a number of file formats for reading in well trajectory data, and provides
automatic unit conversion.
1. Select the menu item File | Open Well Trajectories File to open step 1 of the
Import Well Trajectory Wizard:
2. Select the appropriate file format, units and location.

3. Click Next. Step 2 of the Import Well Trajectory Wizard is displayed:
24 Using Results 3D
4. Select the trajectory names that you wish to import. Select or clear the option to
remove all existing trajectories. We recommend you use automatic reduction of
trajectory data points (the default) to speed up well calculations and to avoid
inflating the data file. The trajectory names that already exist in the dataset are
highlighted in gray color and can be overwritten.
5. Click Finish to complete and return to the main view or click Go to Perfs to
complete the trajectory import and immediately open the Trajectory Perforation
Intervals dialog box, through which you can set or import perforation intervals.
The imported well trajectories are saved as part of the session (*.3tp) file.
Trajectory Perforations
A trajectory perforation is a set of perforation intervals with a measured depth starting and
ending at a particular date. A well trajectory must be imported or created before perforations
can be added. It is important to understand the difference between trajectory perforations and
the well completions used by simulators. A trajectory perforation is part of the raw data used
by Builder to create the grid based well completions (PERF card) for simulator input.
To open the Trajectory Perforation Intervals dialog box, select File | Well Trajectory
Perforations:
Using Results 3D 25
Tool bar commands:

Adds new perforation date for selected well
Changes perforation date
Deletes perforation date
Inserts new perforation interval above the marker
Inserts new perforation interval below the marker
Deletes selected perforation intervals
Right-click in the grid area to open a context menu with the same commands as the toolbar.
The menu has extra commands for managing the table.
Reading a perforation file
Select the well trajectories for which you want to read new perforations. Click Read File to
browse to the file location and select the file depth units. The format of the perforation file is
described in the Well Perforation File Format section of the Importing Geological and
Well Trajectory Data chapter of the Builder User Guide.
Saving a perforation file
Select the well trajectories for which you want to save perforations. Click Save File to
browse to the file location. The format of the perforation file is described in the Well
Perforation File Format section of the Importing Geological and Well Trajectory Data
chapter of the Builder User Guide.
Quick Perforation
Click Quick Perf to open the Quick Perforation dialog box. Through this dialog box, you
can create new perforation intervals in selected grid layers, either the entire grid, or a list or
range of grid layers.
26 Using Results 3D
Importing Well Logs

Results 3D supports the option to import well log files. Currently log information can be
displayed only in Probe mode when moving cursor along a well trajectory in 2D or 3D view.
Well logs can also be used when creating contour maps.
To import well logs:
1. Select File | Import Well Logs to open the Import Well Logs dialog box:
2. Select type of the well log file and depth units.

3. Use the Open File button to browse and read log files. Multiple log files can be
opened at once. You can repeat this step a number of times to read in different
files.
4. Select the names of the well logs you want to import in the left table.
5. Select the names of the trajectories that you want to receive the imported logs.
6. Press OK.
Note: The supported file formats for well log information are described in the Well Log
Formats section in the Importing Geological and Well Trajectory Data chapter of the
Builder User Guide.
Using Results 3D 27
Streamlines
Generating and Displaying Streamlines
Streamlines can be generated and displayed in Results 3D if the SR2 file contains the blockface-based phase velocities calculated by the CMG simulator. They are currently not available
for simulations that use a radial grid type, but are available with Cartesian or corner point grids.
Refer to the appropriate CMG simulator user guide for instructions on how to output this data to
SR2 files. Before streamlines can be displayed, they have to be computed. To do this, click
Tools | Generate Streamlines to open the Generate Streamlines dialog box:
The Streamline Density slider controls the number of streamlines that will be generated. The
number of streamlines around a well is proportional to the total fluid flux to and from that well.
You can select multiple time steps at which you want the streamlines to be computed by using
the SHIFT and CTRL keys. Streamline generations can be time-consuming, so you may want to
select Save streamline data to disk file. If you save the streamline data in the file, you will be
28 Using Results 3D
able to display them in subsequent sessions without having to generate them first. Once the
streamlines are generated, they should be displayed on the screen automatically. If not, select a
property that has more than one time step and go to the time step that has streamline data.
To change the viewing properties for the streamlines, select View | Properties and then select
Model View | Streamline from the tree view to open the Results 3D Properties dialog box:
Select Always show lines from last available time if you always want to see streamlines,
even when the selected time step does not have streamline data. You can control the colors of
streamlines by choosing one of three options: Originating injectors, Arriving producers or
Producer-injector pairs. For example, if you choose Arriving producers, then all the
streamlines around a producer well will have the same color and the streamlines around a
different producer well will have a different color. Alternatively, you can choose to display
streamline colors according to Time of flight, Drainage time or Phase velocities. Time of
flight is defined as the time for a fluid particle to travel from the origin (for example,
injector) to the current position. Drainage time is defined as the time for a fluid particle to
travel from the current position to its final destination (for example, producer). If you choose
Phase velocities, then the color of the streamline at a certain point will depend on the
dominating phase velocity. For example, if there is more oil flow at a certain point along the
Using Results 3D 29
streamline, then the color at that point will be green. The selections in the Color scale within
a streamline area allow you to control the color variation along a streamline by entering the
minimum and maximum values, and colors for the values. You can select all or some of the
streamlines to be displayed. The colors for selected wells can also be changed. You can
display the streamlines in 3D view, as a 3D tube, or as a simple line drawing.
Viewing the Streamlines Allocation Summary Report

To view the Streamline Allocation Summary Report, click Tools | Streamline Allocation
and then select one or more dates in the Select Dates/Times dialog box. A text box will be
displayed showing the available streamline allocation information. The report is ordered by
date/time. Within each time step, it shows allocation factors for all the producers and
injectors. For each producer, it shows the fraction of the fluid coming from the contributing
injectors or primary depletion or aquifers. For each injector, it shows the fraction of the fluid
from this injector to all the receiving producers.
Other Results 3D Operations

Calculating Synthetic Properties
Results 3D will calculate some synthetic properties from the data in the SR2 file according to
the formulas given in the following table. (You can also create your own custom formulas, as
outlined in Formula Manager.)
Note: Oil flow capability is an inexact quantity calculated from pressure, permeabilities,
net pay, relative permeability, and viscosity. These properties must be output to the SR2 file
for oil flow rate capability to be calculated. If net pay is not available, it will be calculated
from the gross thickness and net-to-gross ratio (if available), or just set to the gross thickness.
This synthetic property
Uses this formula
Grid Top
Calculated from the grid information in the SR2 file.
Grid Bottom
Grid Paydepth
Grid Thickness
Grid Connection Group Number
Calculated from the connection information in the SR2 file.
Porosity - Effective Ref.
Input Porosity * Net to Gross Ratio
Net pore volume
Gross Block Volume * Effective Porosity
Oil Per Unit Area
S 0 * Input Porosity * Net Pay
Gas Per Unit Area
S g * Input Porosity * Net Pay
Oil Production Potential RC
(Oil Flow Rate Capability)*(Oil Per Unit Area)
Gas Production Potential RC
(Gas Flow Rate Capability)*(Gas Per Unit Area)
30 Using Results 3D
This synthetic property
Uses this formula
Oil(Gas) Flow Rate Capability
K*Grid Thickness*Net-to-gross*Oil(Gas) phase mobility*grid

block pressure
SQRT(PERMI*PERMI + PERMJ*PERMJ)
Oil(Gas) phase mobility
Kro(Krg) / oil(gas) viscosity
Calculating Grid and Property Statistics

Results 3D can calculate pore volumes, property averages, and sums over all blocks, and
histograms for the currently displayed properties. A report is generated and displayed in a
dialog box, and the report can be saved to a text file.
To view statistics for the current property:
1. Select Tools | Grid and Property Statistics from the menu bar. The status bar
will indicate the progress of the calculations. When the calculations are complete,
the Property Statistics report will be displayed.
2. To save the report, click Save to file. A save file dialog box will be displayed.
Enter or confirm the file name, and then click OK.
3. Click OK to close the Property Statistics dialog box.
Note: The histogram of the property uses the property ranges of the color scale divisions for
categories. If you wish a logarithmic histogram for permeability, change the color scale to
logarithmic before running the property statistics.
Finding Isolated Regions of a Grid

Results 3D can use the connection information from the simulator to group grid blocks into
connected flow units. Each group contains all blocks connected to each other, exclusive of
well connections. Any connection group that does not have at least one well completion in it
will not be drained.
To find the connection group number of each grid block, select Grid Connection Group
Number from the property list:
The initial grouping computation may take a few seconds, with progress reported on the
status bar.
To view a report on connection groups:
1. Select Tools | Grid Connections from the menu bar. A Connections Groups
report will be displayed when the computations are complete.
2. To save the report, click Save to file.
3. Click OK to close the report.
Using Results 3D 31
Closing Results 3D
To end a Results 3D session:
Select File | Exit from the menu bar.
32 Using Results 3D
Changing Display Content and

Setting
Overview
Both Builder and Results 3D let you select either a two-dimensional (2D) or threedimensional (3D) view of a reservoir for onscreen viewing and printing. Both of these
programs have the same capabilities and user interface to control the display. Builder and
Results 3D can display grid, reservoir property, simulation wells, and geological map
information. In addition, Results 3D can show bubble plots of well values, well status (shutin, injecting or producing), and velocity or flux vectors if the information is available in the
simulator output (SR2) file. Information on file opening is discussed in the Builder or Results
3D specific parts of the user guide. This current section discusses the parts of the interface
that are common to the two programs.
You can view any reservoir property for which there is data in the open file. Builder and
Results 3D each begin with a default property selection the first property in your file. You
can alter the current property, and, in Results 3D, select a different time for the displayed
data, and animate the data for a series of times see Viewing Properties.
You can control a large number of display properties, such as the font and size used for text
information, the colors of grid lines, and the position of titles. The Properties dialog box controls
these see Changing Display Settings. There is also an interactive method for moving the titles,
color scale, info box and map scale see Moving and Resizing Display Objects.
You can alter the Y/X and Z/X aspect ratios and the map scale if desired see Changing the
Aspect Ratio and Scale.
In the 2D views, you can choose which layer and cross-section to view. You can zoom in to
view only part of the reservoir. In the 3D view, you can interactively zoom, pan, and rotate to
display the region of interest see Zooming, Panning, and Rotating the Reservoir. In
addition, you can remove portions of the reservoir to see the interior region see Selecting
IJK Slabs and Regions, and Cutting Away Part of a Reservoir in 3D.
Changing Display Content and Setting 33
In 2D and 3D, you can also use color to distinguish between ranges of data values in your
reservoir view see Modifying the Color Scale.
In addition to those capabilities in common with Builder, Results 3D lets you display a
number of items only available in the simulation output. Specifically, you can display
bubble plots showing well properties, such as Cumulative Oil Production, as circles
surrounding a well, and vectors giving phase velocities or fluxes at grid block centers. Refer
to Showing Bubble Plots of Well Values and Showing Flux or Velocity Vectors, respectively.
Results 3D also lets you change the display units for properties like pressure. The unit display
can be changed through the Properties dialog box see Changing Display Settings to see
how to access the information.
You can print or save all on-screen views as image files (in a number of formats) that you can
later insert into word processor or presentation software see Printing and Saving Images.
Finally, you can simultaneously view different properties for the same file, or look at
properties from different files. Refer to Working With Multiple Views and Documents.
Understanding the Parts of the Main Window

The Results 3D toolbar is shown below:
IJK Slabs
Quick 3D Full
View
Paper Zoom
Cutting Plane
Selection List
Properties
(Display Settings)
Button
Time Selection
Slider
Animation
Delay Button
Repeat Animation
Plot Type
Selection List
Property
Selection List
View Type
Selection List
Plane Selection
Slider
3D Rotate
Toggle Button
Rewind to
the Start
Animate
Time Selection Backwards
Button
Button
Skip to End
Animate
Forwards
Button
Animate Stop
Button
34 Changing Display Content and Setting
Zoom
Reservoir
Create/Edit
Mode
Aquifers Mode
Rotate
Move
Move Object (3D View)
Mode
Pattern
Mode
Edit Reservoir
Property Mode
Select
Mode
Probe
Mode
Edit Well
Perforations
Mode
Edit Grid
Mode
Pan
Reservoir
Mode
Resize
Viewport
Mode
Create/Edit
Lease Planes
Mode
Create/Edit
Sectors
Mode
Rotate
Pattern
Displaying the X,Y Coordinates of a Point in the Reservoir

To display the X,Y coordinates of a point in the reservoir:
When in IJ-2D Areal view type, move the cursor over the reservoir. The X,Y coordinates (in
map units) of the cursor hot spot are displayed on the left side of status bar at the bottom of
the main window.
When in IK-2D X-Sec or JK-2D X-Sec view types, move the cursor over the reservoir. The X,Z or
Y,Z coordinates are displayed on the left side of the status bar at the bottom of the main window.
Displaying Crosshairs Centered on the Cursor

It is also possible to turn on crosshairs that draw lines vertically and horizontally from the
cursor hot spot.
To toggle the display of crosshairs in 2D views:
1. While pointing at the reservoir, click using the rightmost mouse button. A pop up
(context) menu will appear.
2. Click with the leftmost mouse button on Show X-hair in Probe Mode to toggle
the display of crosshairs on or off.
Displaying the IJK Grid Block Address, Well and Sector Names
To display the IJK block address:
Click and hold the mouse cursor anywhere in the drawing area over an active reservoir
image. The IJK grid block address of the grid block and the current property value is
displayed in a probe window. If there is a well completion in the current grid block, the
well name will be displayed. If the block is part of one or more sectors, the sector name(s)
will be displayed.
Controlling the Contents of the Probe Display

You can alter the contents and font of the probe display.
1. Select View | Probe Display in the menu bar. The Results 3D Properties dialog
box will be displayed, open to Model View | Probe Display:
2. Select the items you want to display by selecting the check box next to each item.
3. To show values for several grid properties at once, check Other spatial property
values and then select properties to display from the list. To select multiple
properties, hold down the CTRL key when selecting the properties.
4. Click the Probe Font button to change the probe font.
5. Click on Use Auto Probe for a continuous probe where the probe panel is
displayed whenever the cursor is over a grid block, without having to press the
mouse button.
6. If you are using stereoscopic 3D, you may wish to try the Show 3D Cursor when
probing in 3D, or Show 3D probe panel when probing in 3D.
7. Click OK to apply the changes or Cancel.
Viewing Properties
Selecting a Property
All the properties present in the current file are available for viewing. The default selection is
always the first property in the list. In Results 3D, the available properties can vary with time,
but all the properties are always shown in the property selection list regardless of the selected
time.
To select a reservoir property to use:
1. Click on the drop-down button of the properties selection list. A list of available
properties appears, with a scroll bar, if the list is longer than the list-box length:
2. Click the property you want to view.
Showing both the Matrix and Fracture Values for Dual Porosity Systems
For dual-porosity systems, you can display the matrix and fracture properties at the same
time. To do this, select Properties from the View menu, and then select Spatial
Properties. In this tab of the properties dialog, there is now a frame Fracture Values. Each
grid block will be outlined with the color of the fracture value, while the interior of the grid
block will be colored with the matrix value. The probe will show both the matrix and fracture
values of the property
Selecting the View Type and Plane Number

The default view type is IJ-2D Areal with the K layer set to 1. You can select any layer in
the K direction from all K layers in the file.
To view another plane:
Move the Plane slider.
You can move the Plane slider by clicking and dragging it. Once you have clicked on the
slider (and thus made it the selected control), you can also move through the planes using the
right and left arrow keys on the keyboard.
To select another view type:
1. Open the drop-down button of the view type selection list:
2. Click the desired view type.

The available 2D view types are areal or map view (IJ-2D Areal) and two cross-sectional
views (IK-2D X-Sec and JK-2D X-Sec). The last choice is 3D view (3D View).
Selecting Plane Number within a Refined Grid

The default for refined grids is to show the middle plane of the refined grid. For example,
suppose you are looking at an IJ-2D Areal view of plane K=3. If block 1,1,3 contains a
Cartesian refined grid with 3x3x3 refinement, probing a refined grid block will show that
plane K=2, within the refined grid is being displayed.
To change the displayed plane with a refined grid:
1. In probe mode, right-click on the refined grid of interest.
2. From the pop-up menu, click Select Refinement Level. The Select Layer of
Refined Grid to View dialog box appears:
3. Choose a layer to view and then click Apply.

4. To close the dialog box, click Cancel.
Selecting Block Fill, Contour Lines or Contour Fill

The plot type selection list allows you to choose from Block Fill, Contour Lines and
Contour Fill. To select a plot type, click
to open the plot type selection list, and then click
the desired type of plot:
Block Fill colors each grid block with the color associated with the value of the property at
the center of the block.
Contour Lines are calculated for block centered properties by first interpolating the values
for block corners from the block center property values. The corner values are then
contoured. The number and value of contour lines is controlled by the settings for the color
scale for the property being displayed.
Contour Fill uses data interpolation, between grid block centers values, to smooth data. First,
values for block corners are interpolated from the block center property values and then the
corner values are contoured. For Cartesian (Variable depth and thickness) grids, the corners
of the grid blocks are also smoothed (in cross-section and 3D views) to better show the flow
connections and reservoir shape.
By default, Contour Fill also shows the contour lines. Select View | Properties to open the
Results 3D Properties dialog box. In Model View | Spatial Properties, in the Property
Contours area, there are controls to Draw lines in Color Fill mode and Show Values in
Color Fill mode which control whether lines and values are shown in Contour Fill mode.
Some properties, such as Ternary, cannot be contoured. They will only be displayed in Block
Fill mode.
Showing a Property as an Isosurface

An isosurface is a surface of constant value. Results can create isosurfaces for any grid
property.
To create an isosurface for a property:
1. Select View | Properties or click the Set/Modify Properties
toolbar.
button on the
2. The Results 3D Properties dialog box is displayed. Select Model

View | Isosurfaces:
3. As shown above, select a parameter from the drop-down list in the grid. Select a
specific fixed property time for the isosurface, or select Synchronize with the time
animation slider. Enter the property value for the isosurface, and select a color.
4. Once you have added one or more isosurfaces, click OK.
Note: Isosurfaces take some time to calculate, and may slow down the time animation if a
number of parameters are added.
A Quick Way to Change to 3D View with Annotations Removed

Click the Quick 3D Full View button on the toolbar to quickly change to 3D View and
Contour Fill, remove the title, color scale, and simulation grid display, and expand the view
port to full page,.
Full Screen View

You can view Results 3D window in full-screen view by selecting View | Full Screen on the
menu bar. Alternatively, click the Full Screen
button on the toolbar. The window title bar,
menu bar, all toolbars and the status bar are hidden from view. A small toolbar with the Full
Screen button is displayed in the top corner. Click the
button or press the ESC key to
revert to the previous view.
For maximum effect, select View | Paper Zoom | Full Window. All menu items are still
available in the Full Screen mode. To activate a menu item, press ALT+ the short-cut key for the
top-level menu item. This will bring up all the sub menu items for the main menu. For example, if
you click ALT+V, the View menu is displayed.
Clicking the Show 3D Display Dialog
button will display the Full Screen dialog box:
This dialog box allows you to control animation and time selection, and to change properties.
Selecting a Time Display Format

Times can be displayed as:
Date
Time: Time since simulation start, in days, hours, and so on, as determined by the
simulation output units of the open file.
Time Step: Simulator time step

The default time format is Date.
To change the time format:

1. Select View | Properties in the menu bar, or right-click in the reservoir viewport
and then select Properties from the pop-up menu. The Results 3D Properties
dialog box is displayed.
2. Click General in the tree view.
3. Select the desired time format in the Preferred Time Display area:
Selecting a Time
The simulation output file (SR2) may contain property data for several simulation times. In
Builder, the time selection list gives a list of all times with well perforation changes.
To view a property at a different time, either:
1. Click the drop-down button of the time selection list. A list of the times for which
the selected property is available will appear.
2. Click the desired time or date to select it, or adjust the Time slider in the
Animation area.
Animating a Property for a Series of Times

To display a property for a series of times:
1. Use the Animation section of the Results 3D window:
2. Adjust the settings to meet your needs. The scale below the slider indicates the
current time period being displayed. You can adjust the period displayed by moving
the slider.
3. Click the arrow buttons to move backward
4. Click
or forward
in time.
to stop the animation.
Click on the Repeat Animation

animation sequence on and off.
button to toggle the continuous repetition of the
To slow down the animation, click the Delay button. Enter a delay time (in milliseconds) in
the Animation Delay Time dialog box:
If the simulation output contains data at many times, you can speed up the animation by
showing the value every nth time step (for example, every 5th time step). Click the Delay
button, and then change the value under Enter the number of timesteps to move each
animation display.
Changing Display Settings

Display settings control the view display in Results 3D; for example, the font type, size and
color used for the first title. Each view window within the main Results 3D window has its
own set of display settings.
Properties Dialog Box

You can open the Results 3D Properties dialog box in one of the following ways:
Select View | Properties from menu bar.
Right-click in the current view, then select Properties in the pop-up menu.
Click the Set/Modify Properties
button on the toolbar.
The Results 3D Properties dialog box is displayed open to General:
The Results 3D Properties dialog box is organized by a tree view on the left, with each
branch controlling one aspect of the overall display. To select a branch, click it. Each branch
contains controls that allow you to customize the display of a particular item.
Selecting a Font Name, Style, Size and Color

Many of the Results 3D Properties dialog box sections contain buttons to set the correct font
for particular text output. For example, the Titles page contains a Line 1 Font button and the
Geological Maps page contains a Values Font button. Clicking one of these buttons will open
the common Font dialog box:
The Font dialog box allows you to select a font, font style, size and effect from the fonts that
are installed on your computer.
Selecting a Line Style, Thickness and Color

Many of the Results 3D Properties dialog box pages contain buttons to set a custom line
type. For example, the Grid and Wells pages contain a custom Line button. Clicking one of
these buttons will open the Set Custom Line dialog box:
This dialog box allows you to select a style, color and weight for a line.
Note: Only a solid style can have a weight greater than 1.
Changing Displayed Titles

To change titles that appear in the view:
1. Select View | Properties from the menu.
2. Click the General | Titles branch.
3. In Line 1 and Line 2, specify the title. You can enter the following fields to
automate specific entries in titles, or select automatic codes by clicking the
button to the right of the entry line:
Enter:
To include this in the titles:
$file
$prop
$title1
$title2
$title3
$date
$time
$layer
Current data filename

Current grid property
String specified by *Title1 keyword in the simulator dataset
Todays date
Current simulation time, date, or time step of the data being displayed
Current layer info (this is empty if you are in 3D mode)
4. Click OK to accept your changes, and then close the dialog box.
5. Click Cancel to close the dialog box. If you click Cancel before you click OK,
you will lose all your changes.
Toggling the Display of the Grid, Map, and Wells

The options in the Results 3D Properties dialog box allow you to turn on and turn off the
display of all the items in the view. For example, on the Info Box page, the Show Info Box
check box can be used to turn the Info Box display on or off.
To turn the display of grid lines and axes on and off:
1. Select View | Properties from the menu bar. The Results 3D Properties dialog box
is displayed.
2. Select the Model View | Grid section of the tree view.
3. Select the Show Grid checkbox to turn the grid display on or off.
4. Click OK or Apply All to apply your change. Click Cancel to cancel your change.
Showing Well Status

You can show the status of wells in Results 3D. Well status can be one of the following:
Shut-in: Well perforation location will appear as an empty circle.
On production: Well perforation will appear as a filled circle.
On injection: Well perforation will appear as an empty circle with an arrow.
In a 3D View, on production will be shown as an upward pointing cone above the well
location, and on injection as a downward pointing cone above the well location.
Note: When you first turn on the well status, Results 3D must read the well status for all
wells at all times from the simulation output file. If you have a large number of wells and a
large number of time steps, this may take some time (the progress of the read will be shown
on the status bar). Once this data is retrieved, showing the well status will not noticeably
affect Results 3D performance.
To turn the display of well status on or off:

1. Select View | Properties from the menu bar, by right-clicking to open the context
menu then selecting Properties, or by clicking on the Set/Modify Properties
button. The Results 3D Properties dialog box is displayed.
2. Select the Wells | Well Bubbles section of the tree view.
3. Select Show well status to turn the well status display on or off.
4. If you want to see the well status at the end of the simulation run (instead of the
status at the displayed reservoir property time), click Well perfs, status and
bubbles at simulation end time.
Showing Bubble Plots of Well Values

Bubble plots show a well quantity, such as cumulative production or well block pressure, as a
circle drawn around a perforation symbol. They can be used to show the wells in a field with
the greatest production, for example. The value of the selected well property is used to
determine the area of the drawn circle. Some multi-phase properties are available such as
cumulative oil, water and gas, in which case a pie chart is drawn instead of a circle. As the
gas volume is substantially greater in absolute terms than the water or oil volume, the gas
volume (in multi-phase cases) is divided by 1000 scf/bbl.
Note: When you first choose a well property for bubble plots, Results must read the well
property for all wells at all times from the simulation output file. If you have a large number
of wells and a large number of time steps, this may take some time (the progress of the read
will be shown on the status bar).
To display bubble plots:
3. Select the Show Bubble Plots checkbox to turn the bubble plot display on or off.
4. To display bubble plots for all producers and/or all injectors, check the Producers
and/or Injectors check boxes.
5. Select a well property from the Property list.
6. Use the other controls to adjust the size, color or annotation of the bubble.
Displaying Difference Bubble Plots

You can compute the difference in a parameter (for example, Cumulative Oil) in two files.
The difference is calculated for a well at each time record that the selected property is
available in the second file. The difference is calculated for each well with an identical name
in both the files. This difference is displayed as bubbles in 2D and 3D views.
To display difference bubble plots:

3. Select the Show Bubble Plots checkbox to turn the bubble plot display on or off.
4. Click the Add Difference Bubble button. The File Comparison dialog box is
displayed:
5. Select the second file from the drop-down list box. Select the property for which
the difference is to be computed. Select the type of difference (absolute or
relative). Click OK.
6. The Results 3D Properties dialog box is active, opened to the Wells | Well
Bubbles section of the tree view. Format the bubbles as explained in Showing
Bubble Plots of Well Values.
7. Click Apply All or OK.
Showing Flux or Velocity Vectors

CMG simulators can output phase flux or velocity information, which Results 3D can display
as vector plots. Refer to the Input/Output Control chapter of the appropriate simulator users
guide for information about turning this output on (see *WSRF and *OUTSRF), or use the
Input/Output Control section of Builder to select these output variables. If the entire Flow
Vectors page of the Results 3D Properties dialog box is unavailable, then the simulation
output file that you opened does not contain any vector information.
To toggle the display of velocity or flux vectors:
2. Select the Model View | Flow Vectors section of the tree view.
3. Select the Show Vectors checkbox to turn the vector display on or off.
4. Select the vector property that you want to display from the Vector Property
selection list.
5. Use the other controls to adjust the size, color and annotation of the vector.
Selecting Wells for Display

By default, Results 3D will display all the wells that are defined at the property time, that is,
the time at which the property is being displayed in the view. You can choose to display
selected wells only.
To display selected wells only:
1. Open the Results 3D Properties dialog box as described earlier.
2. Select the Wells section in the tree view.
3. In the Displayed Wells area, select Show Selected Wells Only.
4. Select the wells from the Well table. You can use the SHIFT and CTRL keys to
define the well selection.
Advanced Selection of Wells for Display

2. Select the Wells section of the tree view. Click the Advanced Selection button.
The Advanced Well Selection dialog box is displayed:
3. Select wells from the Well Choices list. You can also add all producers and/or all
injectors to the Selected Wells list by clicking the Producers and Injectors
buttons.
4. To add or remove wells from the Selected Wells list with names containing a wild card:
a. Select the Select by name.
b. Type in the text string.
c. Click Add to Selection or Remove from Selection.
5. To select wells (to add or remove) based on well variable values less than or equal
to (or greater than or equal to) some value:
a. Check Select by property.
b. Select the property from the property drop-down list.
c. Select the time criterion from the time drop-down list.
d. Select the comparison, <= or >=.
e. Enter a value in the value text box.
f.
Click Add to Selection or Remove from Selection.
6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 above as many times as needed.

7. Click OK.
Results 3D & Builder User Preferences

User preference settings can be saved as default values, for both Results 3D and Builder, in
Windows registry, under the current user name. Select File | Results 3D & Builder
Preferences in the menu bar to open the Results 3D & Builder Preferences dialog box:
Select desired plot layouts, fonts, lines, colors, and so on, and then click OK to save your
preferences to the registry. Use the Reset Page button to return factory defaults on the current
preference page.
Note: User preferences apply to newly created plots and do not change the existing ones.
Under the General page of the dialog box, there is a Time Series Index (tsdata) File area.
Use this section to manage how to deal with large files when opening them in Results 3D.
When the SR2 file is opened, a file with the same base file name and the extension .tsdata
will be created automatically if the file loading time is longer than the default of 10 seconds,
and Create this file when SR2 file opening takes more than is selected. This file will
significantly reduce the subsequent loading time of the same SR2 file; however, this option
slightly increases the loading time the first time you open the file and it occupies additional
disk space. If you never have to open the same SR2 twice, then this option is not beneficial
and can be disabled through File | Results 3D & Builder Preferences. You can also change
the minimum loading time required to create the .tsdata file in the same preference dialog.
Moving and Resizing Display Objects

A view consists of a number of items: title block, info box, color scale, map scale, and
reservoir viewport. These items can be moved about on the view.
Moving the Title, Info Box, Color Legend, and Map Scale
To move an item:
1. Right-click inside the view. A pop-up menu is displayed.
2. Select Move Object. The cursor will change to the Move
cursor.
3. Click the item to move it. While holding the mouse button down, drag it to the
desired location. An outline of the items shape will move as you drag, then the
item will be redrawn at the new location when you release the mouse button. Note
that you cannot drag an item outside the view margins.
Resizing the Titles and Info Box

The sizes of the titles and info box are determined by the fonts used by these items and the
length of the text to be displayed. To increase or decrease the size, use the Results 3D
Properties dialog box, and the Titles and Info Box pages, to change the font size.
Resizing the Color Legend

The Results 3D Properties | General | Color Legend page contains text entry fields for
Color Bar Width and Color Bar Height. The width of the color scale is determined by the
value of Color Bar Width, the Color Legend Font, and the Numeric Format used. The
height is determined by the Color Bar Height.
Resizing the Map Scale

The Results 3D Properties | General | Map Scale page contains a text entry field for
Approximate Width (% page). This controls the width of the Map Scale. The number of
scale bars displayed and the Map Scale Font sets the height of the map scale box.
Resizing the Reservoir Viewport

To resize the reservoir viewport:
1. Right-click on the reservoir viewport. A pop-up menu appears.
2. Click Resize Viewport. The cursor will change to the resize cursor, and small
square handles will appear at the corners and sides of the viewport.
3. Move the cursor over a handle, and the cursor will change shape to indicate the
direction that the handle can be dragged in.
4. Click and drag the handle to the desired position.
5. Release the left mouse button. The reservoir viewport will be redrawn in the new
size.
Changing the Color Gradient Background

To change the color gradient background of the reservoir viewport:
2. Click on the Model View section of the tree view.
3. Select Color Gradient.

4. Click Top Color to open the color selection dialog box.
5. Select the desired color of the reservoir viewport top.
6. Click Bottom Color and repeat the steps to select the reservoir viewport bottom
color.
The specified color gradation is displayed over the reservoir viewport background, as shown
in the following example:
Refer to Results 3D & Builder User Preferences for instructions on saving the color gradient
settings as default values.
Note: Color gradient background is currently implemented for 3D view only.
Changing the Aspect Ratio and Scale

To change the aspect ratio or scale used to draw the reservoir:
1. Select View | Aspect Ratios and Scale in the menu bar. The Aspect Ratios &
Scaling dialog appears:
2. Enter new values for Z/X Aspect Ratio and/or Y/X Aspect Ratio to change the
aspect ratios.
3. To set a fixed scale, click on the checkbox for Fix X axis scale as given, and then
enter a value for the scale.
4. Click OK to commit your changes or Cancel.
Zooming, Panning, and Rotating the Reservoir

Zooming
To zoom in on a part of the reservoir:
1. Click the reservoir viewport. A pop-up menu will appear.
2. Click Zoom Reservoir. The cursor will change to a magnifying glass.
3. Move the cursor to the top left corner of the area to be zoomed in on, and drag out
a rectangle of the zoom area. The height to width aspect ratio of the zoom
rectangle will always match the height to width ratio of the viewport.
Panning (Moving) the Reservoir

Once you have zoomed in on a portion of the reservoir, you may no longer see the entire
reservoir in the reservoir viewport part of the view.
To pan the reservoir within the reservoir viewport:
1. Right-click the reservoir viewport. A pop-up menu will appear.
2. Click Pan Reservoir. The cursor will change to a hand.
3. Click a point in the reservoir, and drag it to a different position within the
viewport. Release the mouse and the reservoir will redraw at the new position.
Undoing a Zoom or Pan

To undo your last zoom or pan:
2. Click Undo Zoom or Pan.
Your view will change back to showing the reservoir as it was prior to the last zoom or pan
operation that you preformed.
To return to viewing the entire reservoir:
2. Click Full Reservoir View.
Rotating, Panning and Zooming the Reservoir in 3D

When you are in a 3D view, you can use the zoom and pan features as discussed above. In
addition, you can rotate, pan and zoom the reservoir interactively by direct manipulation of
the mouse. If you have a large and complex reservoir, you may require a fast graphics card to
have good control while doing these operations.
To rotate the reservoir in 3D:
2. Click Rotate (3D View). The cursor will change to the rotate cursor.
3. Click in the reservoir viewport, and drag the mouse left or right, up or down to
rotate the reservoir.
4. Hold down the Ctrl key, click in the reservoir viewport and drag the mouse up or
down to move the reservoir towards you (zoom) or away from you (unzoom).
5. Hold down the Shift key, click in the reservoir viewport and drag the mouse to pan
the reservoir.
Note: Panning the reservoir may also change the center of rotation. While you are panning the
reservoir, a small cross-hair will appear in the center of the screen. When you finish the pan
operation, the grid block under the cross-hair will become the new center of rotation.
If you have a complex reservoir, and/or a slow (non-OpenGL) graphics card, you may wish to
rotate in bounding box mode.
To rotate in bounding box mode:
2. Click 3D Settings. The 3D page of the Properties dialog box will appear.
3. Select Rotate Bounding Box only.
4. Click OK to apply the change, or Cancel.
Improving 3D Graphics Performance

One way to improve 3D graphics performance is to have a graphics card that supports OpenGL
in hardware. The card must come with OpenGL ICD files and have enough memory to support
double buffering. Video Card performance has improved significantly in the past few years, and
most cards currently for sale include OpenGL support. A professional OpenGL graphics card
can significantly improve 3D performance for large simulation models.
There are two ways to command Results 3D and Builder to use hardware OpenGL
acceleration. The first is in Launcher, by using a command line option of -s. This is
normally set automatically by the installation program. The second method is to check the
Hardware acceleration for 3D checkbox on the 3D tab of the tabbed property sheet.
To add or remove the Hardware acceleration for 3D option:
1. In the CMG Technologies Launcher, select the Results 3D icon.
2. Select Modify Icon from the Setup menu.
3. In the Additional command line switches box, add or remove a -s after the 3. The entire line should read -3 -s.
4. Click OK to save the modified settings.
5. Start up Results 3D, open a simulation output file (SR2) and change to a 3D view.
6. If adding the s command line option does not improve performance, or if your display
is now incorrect, remove the s using the Technologies Launcher Modify Icon dialog
box.
Other tips for improving 3D graphics performance include:
Turn off the display of the grid prior to switching to 3D View.
For Cartesian (variable depth and thickness) grids, switch to Contour Fill mode
prior to switching to 3D view.
Both of these steps are done automatically if you use the Quick 3D Full View button on the
toolbar.
Using Stereoscopic 3D
Stereoscopic 3D works by alternately displaying left eye and right eye images, with
slightly different perspectives, while a pair of shutter glasses cover or uncover the appropriate
eye in sync with the images being displayed. Your minds vision center will use the different
perspective information from the two images to compose a 3D composite the image will
pop out of the screen and will appear to be a true 3D object.
To use stereoscopic 3D, you must have a graphics cards that supports OpenGL stereo buffers,
a pair of shutter glasses, and a display that is capable of a high refresh rate (>100 Hz). The
normal CMG software installation procedure should set Results and Builder to use
Stereoscopic 3D if the graphics card is capable.
To add or remove stereoscopic 3D display:

1. In the CMG Technologies Launcher, select the Results 3D icon.
2. Select Modify Icon from the Programs menu.
3. You must be using hardware acceleration (-s) in the Additional command line
switches text box to use stereoscopic 3D. The entire line should read -3 -s.
4. Click OK to save the modified settings.
5. Start up Results 3D, open a simulation output file (SR2) and change to a 3D view.
6. You can set stereoscopic 3D default value enabled or disabled through Results 3D
Preferences | Stereoscopic page.
Note: If you are not wearing shutter glasses, or if they are not working correctly, you will
see two superimposed images on the screen when in Stereoscopic 3D mode.
To change the setting options for stereoscopic 3D:
1. Select View | Stereoscopic View Settings from the menu bar. The Stereoscopic
page of the Results 3D Properties dialog box appears:
2. Check Stereoscopic 3D Viewing to enable stereoscopic 3D, or clear to disable.

3. Move the Fraction in front slider to pull the image more out of the screen.
4. If you significantly change the Fraction in front setting, you may need to adjust
the Offset adjust and Balance adjust to get a comfortable image. We suggest that
you start with small changes.
5. Click Apply or OK to apply your changes. Click Cancel to close the dialog box
without saving.
Selecting IJK Slabs and Regions

You can define rectilinear volumes of grid blocks in IJK coordinates so that only those volumes
selected will be displayed in 2D and 3D. There are four different methods for defining slabs. All
of these methods can be selected at the same time to have a combined effect on the view.
Select View | IJK Slabs and Regions from the menu bar or click the IJK Slabs
the toolbar. The IJK Slabs and Regions dialog box is displayed:
button on
At the top of the dialog box, select Show slabs or regions. Selecting Apply changes instantly
at the bottom of the dialog box makes the 3D view update immediately without clicking the
Apply button.
In addition to its use for visualization, IJK slabs can be used to obtain grid and properties
statistics for selected grid blocks through Tools | Grid and Property Statistics in the menu
bar. To find this information scroll through the results for the sector named User selected
IJK slabs, as shown in the following example:
Simple slabs tab - IJK slices

The IJK slices table on the left contains three columns with check boxes for each of the IJK
coordinates. Selecting a check box adds the corresponding slice of the grid to the view. The top
row has three buttons next to I, J, K names. Clicking these buttons opens a dialog box for
setting up regular slabs. Through the dialog box, you can set slices with constant thickness and
step along one of the axes, as shown in the following example:
Right-click in the IJK slices table to open the following context menu. Table cells can be selected
as in any spread sheet.
The Animate IJK slices area contains options for starting continuous shifting of selected IJK
slices along one of the axes. Click the Loop
button and then click the Up
or Down
button to start the animation. The Delay button controls the time break in milliseconds
between the animation steps. To stop the animation, click the Loop
button once again or
close the dialog box.
Sectors and regions
The Sectors and regions table in the Simple slabs tab contains the names of available
sectors in regions that have been used in the simulation run and saved to the SRF file. If none
have been created in the dataset then the table is empty:
Custom slabs
The Custom slabs tab, shown below, allows you to cut a part of the grid model in terms of
IJK ranges and show or hide it on display:
To illustrate the use of the Custom slabs tab:

1. Select the Custom slabs check box.
2. Click Add New to append a new slab covering the entire grid size.
3. Use the IJK range sliders to adjust the boundaries of the current slab. The current
slab is shown in red in the diagram on this tab. The current slab can be changed by
clicking on a different row number in the table.
Note: The order of the slabs in the table affects the display since slabs are shown
or hidden in the order they appear.
4. Clearing the Show / hide slab check box at the top of the dialog box hides or makes a
hole in the grid. The feature can be used to create cutoffs around wells. Make sure that
some visible slabs are added otherwise the screen will be empty.
5. Use the Reset button to restore the maximum range for the current slab and the
Delete button to remove the current slab from the view.
Well Locations
The Well Location tab, shown below, provides controls for displaying fundamental grid
blocks around well completions. The Show/hide check boxes allow you to add or hide these
grid blocks from viewing:
To illustrate the use of the Well Locations tab:

1. Select the Well locations check box.
2. Click the Add wells to the list
button to select new well names.
3. Adjust Number of blocks around wells to show a larger or smaller region around
well completions.
4. Select Use current view date to synchronize well locations with the current view date
(in case well completions are changing with time) otherwise completed grid blocks
from all times are shown together.
5. Click the Remove selected wells
and then view the display.
button to delete selected names from the table
Cutting Away Part of a Reservoir in 3D

You can use a cutting plane to remove part of the reservoir while in 3D view. This allows you
to see the interior of the reservoir. Cutting planes are particularly useful when using nonorthogonal corner point grids, where IJK slabs do not give you planar surfaces. Cutting
planes can also be used between wells, and through refined grids.
To use a cutting plane:
1. Select View | Cut Plane from the menu bar or click the Cut Plane
toolbar. The Specify Cutting Plane dialog box is displayed:
button in the
2. Select Use Cutting Plane.

3. Above the Select Cut Plane Type area are options for specifying which blocks
and other items will not be displayed once the cutting plane is defined.
4. In the Select Cut Plane Type area, five options are presented for specifying the
cutting plane. The first three options specify vertical or horizontal cutting planes,
where you enter one value to specify the plane location (this value is defaulted to
pass through the center of the reservoir until you change the Value For X, Y or Z).
Click OK to set the cutting plane.
5. If you select Vertical Cut Plane Between Well Perfs, the dialog changes as
follows:
6. Select two well perforations of interest, and then click OK to set the cutting plane.
7. For a General Cut Plane, you must enter a point and a normal direction to specify
the cutting plane. For example, a value of NX = 0.5 and NZ = 0.5 will give you a
plane at a 45 angle from the horizontal if your Z/X aspect ratio is 1/1. If you have a
high Z/X aspect ratio, the cutting plane may appear more vertical than you expect.
To view the Z/X aspect ratio, select View | Aspect Ratios and Scaling from the
menu bar.
8. Once you have set the initial cutting plane, and the dialog box has closed, you can
move the cutting plane as follows. Make sure you are in Probe mode by clicking the
Probe mode button on the toolbar. Hold down the SHIFT key, click on the view,
and then drag the mouse to move the cutting plane back and forth along its normal
direction. For vertical cutting planes, you can rotate the cutting plane by holding
down the CTRL key, and then clicking and dragging the mouse left and right.
9. To turn off the cutting plane, clear Use Cutting Plane and then click OK.
Modifying the Color Scale

Color is used to represent ranges of values. The color scale is only available (active) when a
property is displayed. You can select from three types of color scales: Linear, Logarithmic,
and General and three types of color systems: RGB (red, green, blue), HSV (hue, saturation,
value) and Gray (black and white).
Modifying a Linear or Logarithmic Color Scale

The Color Scale shows you the value of a reservoir property in a specific grid block in both
the 2D and 3D views. You can change the colors used, whether the scale is linear or
logarithmic, and what the range of values covered by the scale is. Grid blocks whose values
are outside the range are not displayed.
To set a linear or logarithmic color scale for each reservoir property (3-D View):
1. Select View | Color Scale from the menu bar. The following menu items appear
for a 3-D view:
2. Selecting Set to the Range of the Whole Grid sets the color scale minimum and
maximum values to the range of whole grid for the current reservoir property.
3. Selecting Set to the Range of the Cutting Plane sets the color scale minimum
and maximum values to the minimum and maximum value of the current reservoir
property on the cutting plane.
4. Selecting Set to the Range of the Slabs sets the color scale minimum and
maximum values to the minimum and maximum value of the current reservoir
property on all the selected slabs.
5. Selecting Set to the Range of the User Selections sets the color scale minimum
and maximum values to the minimum and maximum value of the current reservoir
property on all the selected grid blocks.
To set a linear or logarithmic color scale for each reservoir property (2-D View):
1. Select View | Color Scale from the menu bar. The following menu items appear
for a 2-D view:
2. Selecting Set to the Range of the Whole Grid sets the color scale minimum and
maximum values to the range of whole grid for current reservoir property.
3. Selecting Set to the Range of the Current Plane sets the color scale minimum
and maximum values to the minimum and maximum value of current reservoir
property in the current plane.
4. Selecting Set Color Scale opens the Color Scale dialog box through which you
can set specific values for the minimum and maximum, or change other aspects of
the color scale (Linear is the default).
5. Min Value and Max Value default to the current selected lowest and highest
values for the current reservoir property. You can change these values here to
specific values.
6. In the Scale Intervals area, you can set the range of the scale to the range of the
whole grid, to the range of the current cutting plane, or to the range covered by the
currently selected blocks.
7. In Number of scale intervals, click and drag the slider to the right to get more
intervals or to the left to get fewer intervals.
8. In Color System, select the system you want to use: HSV (Hue, Saturation,
Value), RGB (Red-Green-Blue), or GRAY (gray scale).
9. You can move the sliders to change the endpoints of the color components on the
scale.
10. Click OK or Apply to accept your selections and to redraw the image with your
specifications.
Note: In the Logarithmic scale, interval division is done logarithmically and Min
value must be greater than zero.
Setting or Modifying a General Color Scale

To set a general color scale for each reservoir property:
1. Select Color Scale from the View menu to open the Color Scale dialog box and
then click General in the top-left corner. Adjust the width of the dialog box to see
all table columns. The General Color Scale allows customizing color and MinMax values for each interval in the scale.
2. The Number of sale intervals slider is disabled for General color scale to avoid
accidental resetting the color and interval division to defaults. There are a number
of commands available from the context menu (open by right-clicking on the grid)
to change the number of General scale intervals (as described below) without
resetting the defaults. If you still prefer to use this slider then switch to Linear or
Logarithmic scale type, adjust the slider and switch back to the General scale.
3. In Color System, select the system you want to use: HSV (Hue, Saturation,
Value), RGB (Red-Green-Blue), or GRAY (gray scale).
4. Each row in the table represents a color scale interval. You can edit the Min and Max
values and select any color you want by changing data in the cells. Make sure that
Max value is always greater than Min and that scale intervals do not overlap.
5. Right-click in the table to open a context menu with commands for modifying
current settings:
Add Interval: Adds a new interval at the top of the table (end of color scale).
Insert interval: Inserts a new interval above the select grid row.
Delete interval(s): Deletes selected table rows and scale intervals.
Split interval(s): Splits the selected intervals into a number of smaller ones.
Combine intervals: Combines selected adjacent intervals into a single inheriting
the color of the lower one.
Interpolate intervals: Recalculates colors for all intervals using linear interpolation
between the first and last colors on the scale to get even color spread. With this
command you can set only the top and bottom colors and interpolate the rest.
6. Click OK or Apply to accept your selections and redraw the image with your
specifications.
Saving Color Scale settings in preferences

You can save the settings for a property in the preferences by clicking the Save as Preferences
button. You can restore the default settings by clicking the Restore Default button.
Modifying Ternary Color Scale

To set a color scale for reservoir Ternary property:
1. With the Ternary property selected, click View | Color Scale | Set Color Scale
from the menu bar. The Ternary Color Scale dialog box is displayed:
2. By default, the scale covers the complete range of values for SW, SO, and SG.
You can change this by entering new numbers in the Maximum Values boxes, or
by clicking and dragging with the mouse on the triangle.
3. In Color Range, select the number of colors you want to use: 6 Color or 3 Color.
4. In Three Phase Colors, select the different colors to represent Oil, Water and
Gas (two choices are available: Gas = red, Oil=green and Water=blue or
Gas=green, Oil=red and Water=blue).
5. Clicking on the Save as Preference button saves the current settings for the
maximum Water, Oil and Gas ratios. Clicking the Restore Preferences button
restores the saved values.
6. Click OK or Apply to accept your selections and redraw the image with your
specifications.
Printing and Saving Images

In general, all views are in what you see is what you get mode; that is, the printed output
should look just like the screen display, except that the paper margin will be added. This is true
for both 2D and 3D displays. Prior to printing, you should set the display to look the way you
want your printed output to look (that is, select fonts, change or move titles, and so on). Prior to
printing, you should make any necessary changes to your page setup and printer selection.
If you are printing to a printer that does not support color (that is, black and white only), you
may wish to change your color scale to use a gray shade scale. See Modifying the Color Scale
for more information.
You can save the current view as an image file in one or a number of supported formats.
Many office applications such as Microsoft Word and PowerPoint can import and display
images. Using this facility, you can include images produced by Results 3D directly into
reports or presentations.
The supported image formats include Enhanced Windows Metafile (*.emf), bitmap (*.bmp),
JPEG file interchange format (*.jpg), tagged image format (*.tif), and portable network
graphics (*.png).
Changing the Selected Printer and Paper Size

To change the selected printer or plotter and paper size:
1. Select File | Page Setup from the menu bar. The Page Setup dialog box will be
displayed:
2. In the Page Setup dialog, select the Size and Source from the drop-down selection
lists in the Paper frame.
3. In the Orientation frame, choose Portrait or Landscape.
4. Enter new values to the Margins if you want to change these.
5. Click OK to confirm your changes, or Cancel.
Printing the Current View

To print the current view:
1. Select File | Print from the menu bar. The Print dialog box appears.
2. The Print dialog box will allow you to change printers; however, if you would
also like to change the paper size, you should use the Page Setup dialog box prior
to using the Print dialog box.
3. Click OK to print, or Cancel.
Specifying Bitmap Resolution in 3D Printing

Printing 3D views is done by rendering (displaying) the 3D image to a bitmap, then copying the
image to the printer. For small paper sizes, the bitmap can have the same resolution as the
printer, yielding the best image possible; however, for larger plots at full plotter resolution, a
full resolution bitmap would require a significant amount of memory and the drawing routines
would take significant time to complete. To reduce this resource requirement, the maximum
bitmap size is limited by default. If you need to improve the print quality for a large 3D
printout, you will have to increase the maximum bitmap size.
To increase the maximum 3D bitmap size:
1. Right-click over the view to be printed. A pop-up menu is displayed.
2. Click 3D Settings. The 3D Settings page of the Properties dialog box appears.
3. In the Print Resolution area, enter a value for Maximum Pixels in X. For a value of
2000, and using 16 bit color, 8MB (2000 2000 2) of RAM are required to store
the bitmap. Increasing this to a value of 4000 results in 32 MB of RAM being
required.
4. Click OK to confirm your changes or Cancel.
5. Select File | Print from the menu bar to print with the new resolution, and confirm
whether the printed image is improved.
Saving the Current View as an Image File

To save the current image in Results 3D to the Windows clipboard, use a CTRL+C to save
the active window to the clipboard as an Enhanced Windows Metafile. Make the application
that you would like to insert the image into (for example, MS Word or PowerPoint) the active
application (by clicking on it) and then use CTRL+V to paste the image.
To save the image to a file, use the Export Images dialog box.
To save the current view as an image file:
1. Display the view you want to capture.
2. Select Tools | Save Image from the menu bar. The Export Screen Images dialog
box appears.
Note: To save files for multiple times, select Tools | Export Images for Many
Times.
3. Enter the file name for the saved image. Select the image format that you want
from the Image File Format selection list.
4. You can change the size of the saved image if you need a particular size.
5. Click OK to save the image, or Cancel.
Saving a Time Animation Sequence of Image Files

You can save a time animation sequence of image files. These can be used by a program such
as QuickTime (from Apple Computers) to create a movie file.
To save the current view as an image file:
1. Display the view you want to capture.
2. Select Tools | Export Images for Many Times from the menu bar. The Export
Screen Images dialog box is displayed.
3. Select the image format that you want from the Image File Format list.
4. Change the directory and base filename as necessary. The sequence of images will
be saved in filenames created by adding a sequence of numbers to the base filename.
5. You can export a limited range of times by clearing For All Times, then selecting
a beginning and ending date or time.
6. Click OK to save the images, or Cancel.
Improving the Quality of Saved Images

Images are created at the current screen resolution of the view, and then scaled to the size
specified in the Export Screen Images dialog box. To produce higher-quality saved images,
increase the view size. The quickest way to do this is to make the Results 3D main window
full screen. The view to be saved should also be full screen. In addition, you can select
View | Paper Zoom | 200% from the menu bar to increase the resolution of the view, prior to
saving the image. The size of the saved image file will also increase.
Creating AVI Movie Files

Results 3D has a feature which allows you to create AVI movie files showing a time
animation and/or rotation sequence.
AVI files can be played on Microsoft Windows systems, and players may be available for other
operating systems. If you want to create a QuickTime or MPEG movie, you will need to save a
time animation sequence of images (see above) then use other software to create the file.
To create an AVI movie file:
1. Select Tools | Export to AVI Movie File. The Export AVI (motion picture) file
dialog box will be displayed.
2. Enter the file name for the movie.
3. Change the size of the movie image, by changing the Width and Height of the
Video Frame.
4. Change the Play Rate, as required.
5. You can produce a rotation movie, a time animation movie, or a combination of
the two. When you have both a rotation and a time animation, you can control the
order of the two parts, or do both at the same time. Select a choice from the
Synchronize Rotation and Time selection list:
6. If you select Use video file compression, you will be asked to select one of the
video compression codecs installed on your system. You may need to try the
different codecs to determine which gives the best image. You will also need to
ensure that whatever system will be playing the movie file has the same codec. In
our experience, the Cinepak codec from Radius appears to work well and is usually
installed on Windows systems.
7. Click OK to start the movie creation process. A progress bar will appear. If you
specified the use of video compression, the Video Compression dialog box will
prompt you to enter the compressor that you want to use.
Working With Multiple Views and Documents

Opening a Second View
To create and control a second or subsequent view:
1. Select View | New View from the menu bar. A second view window will appear
within the main Results 3D window.
2. To see both windows at once, select Tile Horizontally or Tile Vertically from the
Window menu.
3. To change the Display Settings, property, or time of one of the views, click on the
view to make it the current view, then use the menus and dialogs as you would if
you only had one view. The changes you make will only affect the current view
unless you have synchronized the views (see Synchronizing Views for more
information).
Switching Between Views

To switch between views:
Hold down the CTRL key and press the TAB key or
Select a view from the list under the Window menu.
Synchronizing Views
You can open two or more views, and then synchronize the views so that certain types of
changes made in one view will also be made in other views.
To synchronize views:
1. Select View | Synchronize Views from the menu bar, or right-click to open the
context menu, and then select Synchronize Views. The View Synchronization
dialog box is displayed:
2. Click the items you want to synchronize between views. For example, if you want
all views to show properties and wells at the same time, click Time.
3. Click OK to confirm your changes, or Cancel.
Opening Additional Simulation Result (SR2) Files

In Results 3D you can open more than one SR2 file at the same time. Select Open from the File
menu, and using the CTRL key, multi-select the files you wish to open. Each file will open in a
separate view. Use options under the Window menu to tile the views so that two or more are
visible at once and can be compared.
Interactive Block Selection (3D only)

Select mode can be set from the Modes Tools toolbar or the 3D context menu by clicking
Select:
When this mode is set you can select a single block or various block combinations. Use the
selections in the Selection docking tool to define the combination of block(s) you want to
select (refer to Docking Tools (3D only) in the next section for more information). The
options include selection by Block, Pillar, Layer, Slab_I, Slab_J, Stripe_I, Stripe_J and
Region. Click on a block and then drag the mouse, as illustrated in the following example:
After grid blocks have been selected you can click the Hide Selected or Hide Unselected
buttons on the Selection docking tool to define the blocks that you want visible for analysis.
Subsequent sets of blocks can be selected from the current selection following the same steps.
To cancel the current selection, press the ESC key. The highlighting will disappear from any
blocks that were selected. To show all grid blocks click the Show All button in the Selection
docking tool. The following shows the above example with the unselected pillars hidden:
Docking Tools (3D only)

You can use the docking tools to quickly access commonly used parameter settings. You can
show or hide different parts of the grid, change property settings or display well/trajectory
information.
There are four docking tools: Selection, 3D Properties, Wells and Statistics.
Selection
The Selection docking tool is used to set the grid block selection type and also to hide
selected or unselected blocks. The Show All option can be used to undo the selections.
3D Properties
The 3D Properties docking tool allows you to show or hide different parts of a grid and
change 3D graphics properties:
Wells
The Wells docking tool is used to show or hide wells and well trajectories, and to set
different controls related to wells. This feature allows you to turn off wells in large models to
make Results 3D more responsive.
Statistics
The Statistics docking tool shows histogram and summary information for all of the blocks
displayed for the current property. The histogram displays the number of blocks for each
property value range. Colors of histogram bars correspond to colors of the color scale. When
a grid property is changed, Statistics can be updated manually by clicking the Update button.
The Auto Update check box can be selected to update Statistics information automatically
each time a new block selection has been made, or when the property shown has changed.
Opening and Closing Docking Tools

All of the docking tools can be opened or closed through View | Panes in the menu bar:
Formula Manager
Overview
Using Formula Manager, you can calculate and display property values derived from other
properties within the same Results 3D template, from other templates, from different
simulation runs, or at different times. The following simulation output formats are supported:
CMG Simulation (*.irf), Field History (*.fhf), PA Load Format (*.paf) and CHEARS
Simulation Results (*.smspec).
Results 3D provides a dialog box (refer to Formula Manager Dialog Box) through which you
can input formulae that describe functional relationships. Refer to To create a formula and To
edit a formula.
If you delete a formula, outstanding references to it will be highlighted as errors. Refer to To
delete a formula.
You can copy formulae from one Results 3D template to another. In these cases, the formulae
are maintained independently. Refer to To copy a formula for more information.
Once you have entered a formula, you can select and view it in the Results 3D view, as shown
in the following example:
Formula Manager 81
Formula Manager Dialog Box

Open the Formula Manager dialog box through Tools | Formula Manager in the menu bar:
Formula
Name
Formula
Tree View
Independent
Variables
Formula
Operators
Formula Tree View: Shows the Results 3D templates (*.3tp files) that are currently open
and, for each template, the formulae that have been created. A check mark indicates that a
formula is ready for use, and a
indicates that it is not.
Formula Name: The default name is SchemeN (Scheme1, for example), where N is
chronologically assigned. The formula name has to be unique within a template, but does not
need to be unique across templates. You can change the formula name to one that is suitable
for your analysis.
Independent Variables: This table shows a list of the independent variables selected for use
in the formula. You can add, edit and delete independent variables from the list. For each
independent variable, the table includes the following:
Variable: Indicates the variable symbol, X0 for example.

Name: This name is assigned from the source file containing the independent
variable.
Component: If the source file contains components for the independent variable,
these will be displayed in the column.
Time: The time at which the independent variable is calculated.

File: This is the folder and name of the file containing the independent variable
data used in the formula.
Note: In the above example, the data used for X0, referred to as Oil Saturation in the source
file, is taken at time 1988-01-01 in the defined file.
Formula: The formula is entered by typing the formula directly or by using the buttons
below the Formula area.
82 Formula Manager
Operators: Operators that can be used to define the formula. For further details, refer
to General Rules and Guidelines.
The Options tab displays several formula option settings:
Time
Synchronization
Tolerance
Is matrix
property
check box
Substituted
Error Value
NBR
(Neighbor)
Functions
Help
The following options are available:
Time Synchronization Tolerance: Enter the tolerance required for time

synchronization of source properties. A new property will be calculated only if all
the source properties can be found at a given time. The default value is 1 day. In
this case, if a derived property D is a function of independent variables A, B and C,
then D will be calculated at time t = t n if and only if there are values for A, B and C
within 1 day of t n .
Substituted Error Value: Set the value that will be assigned to calculations that
generate mathematical errors, such as division by zero or logarithm arguments less
than or equal to zero. The default is 0.
Is matrix property: This check box is available if you are working on a

DUALPOR or DUALPERM model, and it determines whether a MATRIX or
FRACTURE property is calculated.
NBR Functions Help: Click this button for information about the Neighbor
Functions option. Also refer to Neighbor functions in this manual for further
information.
General Rules and Guidelines

Terms
Formula: The functional relationship expressed using symbols representing arithmetic,
logical and logarithmic operators and other special quantities, and independent variables.
Formula Manager 83
Source property: An existing property in the current or other simulation output file. It can
be a property previously defined and calculated using Formula Manager.
Independent variable: Representation of the source property in the formula, denoted by Xn,
n = 0 99
Dependent variable: A calculation which results in the creation of a temporary property with
the name you input for the formula.
Operators
Arithmetic operators:
+, -, / (divide), * (multiply), ** (power), SQRT (square root)
Logarithmic operators:
LOG, LN, EXP10 (10**x), EXP (e**x)
Logical operators:
IF, THEN (as a delimiter), ELSE, ENDIF (as a delimiter), AND, OR, <, <=, >, >=, = =
Neighbor functions:
These are functions that operate on spatial properties, such as oil saturation or pressure, to
produce new properties that are the average, sum, minimum or maximum values of the
neighboring grid blocks. The function names and required arguments are as follows:
Average value function
Minimum value function
Maximum value function
Sum value function
X
Method
Weight
i1,i2
j1,j2
k1,k2
NI,NJ,NK
ARI
GEO
HAR
BVW
PVW
NW
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
NBRAVG(
NBRMIN(
NBRMAX(
NBRSUM(
X,
X,
X,
X,
Method,
i1, i2,
i1, i2,
i1, i2,
any spatial property or term

ARI | GEO | HAR
NW | BVW | PVW
range in negative/positive I
range in negative/positive J
range in negative/positive K
number of fundamental blocks
arithmetic average
geometric average
harmonic average
block volume weighted
pore volume weighted
no weight
Weight,
j1, j2,
j1, j2,
j1, j2,
i1,
k1,
k1,
k1,
i2, j1, j2, k1, k2 )

k2 )
k2 )
k2 )
evaluated to a spatial property
direction (any integer or NI)

direction (any integer or NJ)
direction (any integer or NK)
in I/J/K direction
If the function name has a suffix of S, for example NBRAVGS, then the function is in stride
mode, meaning the property values of all the grid blocks within the requested range are the
same. This is equivalent to property upscale without grid upscale. If stride mode is used to
calculate a property value, the resulting reservoir will typically look like a coarser quilt as a
number of blocks will have the same value.
84 Formula Manager
To illustrate, consider the following example. The original property values are shown below:
The Stride mode option could use these property values (X0) for calculating a new reservoir
property which looks like the following:
Formula used: NBRAVGS ( X0 , ARI , BVW , 1 , 2 , 1 , 2 , 0 , 0)
Formula Manager 85
Other Functions:
( and ) as delimiters for function arguments
INT (rounding of floats to ints; values up to and including i.5 will be rounded to i, those
greater than i.5 to [i+1])
MAX, MIN, ABS (absolute value)
Xn (n = 0 99) for independent variable
Formula Syntax
Only enter the right side of an equation as the formula. For example, if the formula is:
PERMK = PERMI * 0.01
enter it as:
X0 * 0.01
where X0 is the independent variable Permeability I.
Precedence and order of evaluation
Calculations are always carried out from left to right.
Precedence is defined as follows: * and / have equal precedence but are higher than + and which have equal precedence. An expression within parentheses is evaluated completely and
the result is treated as the single value in a binary operation.
The following have equal precedence
<, <=, >, >=, = =
IF Blocks
A formula can have only one IF block. An IF block completely defines a formula; that is, a
formula containing an IF block can only have the IF THEN (ELSEIF THEN)
ELSE ( ENDIF) statements.
An IF block must have an ELSE statement. An IF statement must be terminated by THEN.
An ELSE statement may be terminated by ENDIF. An ELSE, ELSEIF, AND and OR
statements cannot be present without an IF statement.
Other
The following operators must be followed by an expression enclosed in parentheses:

LOG, LN, EXP10, EXP, SQRT, INT, ABS, IF, ELSE, ELSEIF, AND, and OR.
MAX and MIN operators are followed by two expressions in parentheses,

separated by a comma, for example, MAX (A, B).
Spaces can be inserted between operators, functions and parentheses to make the
formula easier to read and understand.
A formula can span more than one line.
86 Formula Manager
Using Formula Manager

To create a formula
1. Select Tools | Formula Manager from the menu bar. The Formula Manager
dialog box is displayed for the active template:
2. Click New in the lower left. The controls in the Formula Manager dialog box are
activated and a default Formula Name entered (Scheme1 in the following example):
Formula Manager 87
3. As desired, change the name of the formula in the Formula Name box.
4. Click Add Independent Variables. The Select a Property as a Source Property
dialog box, listing available properties, is displayed. Through this dialog box, you
add the properties that you want to use in the formula:
Specify the property as follows:
File: Select the source file containing the property that you want to
assign to the independent variable. Use the
button to browse to and
select an additional file, if desired.
Select Property: Select the property that you want to use as an independent
variable.
Select Time: For each property, the times at which data values are
available are displayed. Select the desired time.
5. After you have specified the required property, click OK. The independent
variable will be assigned a symbol (X0, X1, Xn) and will be displayed in the
Independent Variables table of the Formula Manager dialog box as shown in
the following example:
6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 for other independent variables, as necessary.
88 Formula Manager
7. Once you have entered the necessary independent variables, enter the formula, as
shown in the following example:
You can add source properties to the formula any number of times by either typing
its variable symbol (X0, X1, and so on) or by selecting the property in the list and
clicking Insert Selected into Formula. You cannot delete a source property from
the list unless you remove all references to it in the formula. You can edit the
source property (change from one property to another) without removing
references to it in the formula.
Examples of formulae
Example 1:
1.23 * ( X0 ** 0.2 )
Example 2:
IF ( ( X0 < 0.1 ) AND ( X1 < 623 ) ) THEN ( INT ( X1 / 10) )
ELSEIF ( ( X0 < 0.1 ) AND ( X1 < 1200 ) ) THEN ( INT ( X1/100 ) )
ELSE ( INT ( X0 * X1 ) )
Example 3:
MAX ( ( LOG (X0 * X1 *X2 ) ) , ABS ( X0 ( X1 / X2 ) ) )
8. Click OK or Apply to apply the formula to the template. You will be prompted if
you do not use all of the independent variables in the formula. If you proceed, the
unused independent variables will be deleted from the table. You will be prompted
with additional messages if criteria for creating the formula are not met.
To view a formula
To view a formula select Tools | Formula Manager from the menu bar. The Formula
Manager dialog box will be displayed. In the tree view, click the formula name.
To edit a formula
To edit a formula select Tools | Formula Manager from the menu bar. The Formula
Manager dialog box will be displayed. In the tree view, click the formula name. Make the
necessary changes and then click OK or Apply. All variables and graphs in open Results
Graph sessions and Results 3D templates that use the formula will be updated immediately.
Formula Manager 89
To copy a formula
Note: Formula Manager will not allow you to copy formulae from one .3tp file to another
unless the associated properties exist in both files.
You can copy a formula within a Results 3D template or from one Results 3D template to
another. To copy a formula from one template to another, you must have both templates open
in the same Results 3D session. In the following example, templates watfld00_CJ1.3tp and
watfld00_CJ2.3tp are open:
1. In the tree view, select the formula that you want to copy, Scheme3 in the above
example.
2. Click Copy at the bottom of the tree view. The Copy Spatial Property Formula
dialog box will be displayed:
3. Select the open template to which you want to copy the formula.
90 Formula Manager
4. Click OK. The formula is copied into the target template. If the formula name is
not used in the target template, the name will remain the same as it is in the source
template. If the formula name is already used in the target template, the name will
be appended with - Copy, as shown in the following example:
The formula in the target template can be modified (its name can be changed, for
example) without changing the formula in the source template and vice versa.
To delete a formula
1. In the Formula Manager tree view, select the formula you want to delete.
2. Click Delete at the bottom of the tree view. You will be asked to confirm the
deletion.
3. If you click Yes, the formula will be deleted and removed from the tree view.
Orphaned formulas (formulas that use properties calculated from deleted
formulas) will be indicated with a in the tree view.
If you do not resolve the problem, a message will be displayed when you save the
template, reminding you that there are outstanding orphaned formulas. If you click
Yes in this message, the template will be saved with outstanding orphaned
formulas. When you re-open the template, a message will inform you that an
independent variable used in a formula could not be restored. When you open
Formula Manager, the orphaned formula will be denoted with a in the tree
view. Resolve the problem and save.
Formula Manager 91
Creating Maps
Overview
This feature is designed to help you create quick maps or grids and geostatistical realizations.
The input to this feature is well and/or fault data points (tops, thickness, porosity,
permeability, and so on), and the program will use one of the calculation methods to calculate
values at other locations. Select File | Create Map File in the menu bar to access a quick tool
for creating reservoir maps (from well marker points) which can be used in building grids.
The Create Map dialog box is shown below:
The Create Map dialog box has an input field for entering the name of the file to which you
want to save the results of your calculations. The filename is defaulted to MeshMap.msh and
the results are written in the Builder mesh ASCII format (see Creating a Simulation Grid
Using Structure Maps in the Reservoir Description chapter of the Builder Users Guide).
The tabs displayed in the dialog box are described in the following sections.
Creating Maps 93
Points Tab
The table on the Points tab is used to input data points. The table displays four predetermined
columns. The Well column is reserved for an optional well name. The X and Y columns are
reserved for the data point coordinates, and the Value column is reserved for the parameter
value at the corresponding location. The data can be copied from other documents and
directly pasted into the cells of the table or alternatively, the Tools button can be used. The
Tools button provides five methods for inputting well locations and parameters:
1. The first method is to extract them from an existing map file. The Import wells and
faults from a contour map option is available on the Points tab. If a map is
available that contains well locations and fault points, this map can be opened with
this button, and the well locations and fault points will be extracted from this map
and placed in the appropriate tables for this option. Then, you can input parameter
values for these well locations to create a new map.
2. The second option is to extract the well locations from the simulator data file. These
well locations may be different from the actual locations because the simulator data
file well locations have been moved into the center of a grid block. The parameter
values will be extracted from the currently displayed grid property in the main view.
They will be added into the table at the currently selected cell. Thus, existing values in
these cells in the table may be overwritten. Only data from the main view selected
layer (K-plane) will be imported.
3. The third method is to input well X,Y coordinates and values from logs and
trajectories. If this option is chosen, then if more than one log point is located within a
particular grid block, these log points will be averaged (simple average method) and
only one value will be imported for each block. If the option to import all points is
selected, then when the log values are imported from the view, all log points will be
imported.
4. The fourth method is to input points by clicking the mouse on the currently displayed
grid property. This method will add locations and parameters into the table after the
selected cell in the table, but well names will not be provided. Therefore, these points
will be used in the calculation, but will not appear as wells on the view.
5. The fifth method is to import values from the trajectory top data that was loaded
from an LAS V3.0 or CMG formation top file (.tdb).
94 Creating Maps
Faults Tab
There are three methods for inputting fault points.
1. The first method is to extract them from an existing map file. This option is
available on the Points tab.
2. The second method is to input points by clicking on the currently displayed grid.
This method will add fault points for the particular fault that is selected, and will
place them into the table after the currently selected cell. Note that this method will
overwrite any existing data points in the cell.
3. The third method is to paste values in the table from a spreadsheet such as Excel.
The use of faults in the generation of maps can be disabled by selecting Ignore faults on the
Methods tab. If Ignore faults is not selected, the calculation of maps will be based on nearby
points that do not cross any fault lines.
Methods Tab
Geostatistical methods can be divided into two categories, estimation and simulation, for
continuous data only (for example, porosity). Use estimation when you need a smooth
interpolation across the data. In contrast, use simulation when you need to reproduce the
variability actually seen in the data. As opposed to estimation methods which generate only
one result, simulation methods can generate multiple cases. For this reason, simulations are
important for uncertainty analysis. Normally, estimation methods require at least two wells
for data input. There are currently six estimation and simulation methods available for
creating maps, as shown below:
The parameters used in the calculations will vary with the method selected. These methods
are described in the following sections.
Creating Maps 95
Inverse Distance Estimation

The first and default method is to use an inverse distance calculation:
This calculation method uses the following procedure for calculating values at mesh cells that do
not contain a well point:
For a mesh cell (i,j), a search for the Number of nearest points will be carried
out. The default value of 10 can be changed on the Methods tab.
The value at mesh cell (i,j) is calculated by:
Vi
1
exp
1
i di
d iexp
where:
V
Nearby data value
D
Distance from data to mesh cell
exp
Exponent value
The Write Wells/Points to File option can be used to save the data with the results.
The Assign data to cells option can be used to force a data value at a grid node as
oppose to an estimated value. The data point closest to the node will be used.
Ordinary Kriging (OK) Estimation

The Kriging method is used when it is important to account for spatial correlation and anisotropy
among the data. The Kriging method requires the use of variograms and search areas. The
variogram is a function of the data variance against the distance between data locations. It
describes the spatial structure and is used to model the spatial correlation in the data. Each
dataset is characterized by its own spatial structure, and thus has its own variogram. This option
has an automatic variogram matching utility that creates and matches the variogram using a nonlinear least squares type of fitting routine. This makes map creation very easy. Usually, the map
is substantially improved when compared to the inverse distance or trend methods. The map can
be improved further by improving the variogram match, or by changing the anisotropy
parameters. More information on variograms can be found in Adjusting Variogram Parameters.
96 Creating Maps
As with inverse distance, the Kriging estimator is also a linear combination of the nearest
data points: w i Vi with w i = 1 . The weights w depend on the variogram used.
i
Ordinary Kriging estimation has additional controls such as Use De-clustering Algorithm
and Use Normal Scores Transformation of the data.
Declustering is used to reduce possible bias in the data histogram. For example, declustering
will help to reduce the influence of over-sampling in sweet spots. The clustered data will have
lesser weights than isolated data points. If not used, the data are all equally weighted (1/n where
n is the number of the data points). The declustering option is used in conjunction with the
normal scores transformation. A normal scores transformation is usually used when the data
histogram is strongly skewed. Normalizing the data histogram may help you obtain a better
estimation because Kriging algorithms are optimum when the data histogram is normal
(experience has shown that Kriging is robust against departure from normality). The results are
transformed back into the original histogram or into the declustered histogram after estimation.
Ordinary Kriging with Secondary Variable

This option can be used when you have a secondary attribute for estimating the primary
variable. The values of the secondary attribute will be combined with the data input values
for a particular property. Note that the secondary attribute needs to be known at the grid cells.
The Kriging estimator is a linear combination of the nearest data points of the primary
variable V and the secondary variable U at the grid cell or grid block being estimated:
w i Vi + w 0 (U 0 m U + m V )
i =1
wi = 1
where
i =0
Creating Maps 97
The weights w i depend on the variogram used and on the correlation between variables V and
U. To avoid bias, the values of the secondary variable U are shifted so that they have the
same mean (m) as the values of the primary variable V. An example of the use of this option
would be to calculate structure top from well and seismic data together.
The following show the options for Ordinary Kriging with Secondary Variable:
In the above example, the secondary variable input is from a mesh file.
A Correlation Coefficient must be specified. Its value can range from -1 to +1. Using a
correlation coefficient of 1 (or -1) will give all the Kriging weights to the secondary variable
and none to the primary attribute. Conversely, using a correlation of 0.0 will give all the
Kriging weights to the primary variable and none to the secondary attribute. Therefore, the
coefficient of correlation is used to give more or less weight to the secondary variable.
Usually, the coefficient of correlation is obtained by cross plotting the collocated values of
the primary and the secondary variable.
The Variance Reduction parameter is used to reduce the variance of the secondary variable.
This is sometimes necessary when the variance of the secondary variable is much larger than
the variance of the primary variable. This situation may lead to an overestimation of the
Kriging variance. The variance reduction parameter is generally used in conjunction with the
Normal Scores Transformation option. The Normal Scores Transformation always
creates transformed variables with a variance equal to 1.0. It may be necessary to adjust the
variance of the transformed secondary variable so that it is smaller than the transformed
variance of the primary variable (1.0).
The work flow required to do this is very similar to the work flow example given in the
section Gaussian Geostatistics with Secondary Variable.
98 Creating Maps
Trend Method
Another estimation method is the trend method, where the trend between two data points
(wells) is calculated and applied at different locations. The default is to calculate four such
trends, and then to average the trends based on an inverse distance calculation (the exponent
for this inverse distance calculation is calculated from the values input on the Methods tab:
1st Coefficient For Averaging Trends, 2nd Coefficient For Averaging Trends, and the
mesh cell sizes).
The trend method requires you to input Number of trends, Weighting Factor X Direction,
Weighting Factor Y Direction, 1st Coefficient For Averaging Trends, and 2nd
Coefficient For Averaging Trends.
The trend method usually predicts smooth contours which follow field trends properly.
However, if two data points which are close to each other have parameter values that are very
different, the trend method will predict a very sharp trend which rises or falls very rapidly. In
this case, a zone of high or low values will be predicted in a region where no data exists. If
you want to remove this region of high or low values, you can input a pseudo well close to
the other two wells to prevent the sharp trend from being predicted.
Gaussian Geostatistical Simulations

The implementation of these simulation options is based on GsLib2, enhanced to handle rotated
grids, and variable grid sizes, including non-orthogonal corner point grids. Gaussian simulations
are used to generate multiple versions (called realizations) of grid values that all reproduce the
data, reproduce the histogram of the data, and reproduce the variogram of the data. Contrary to the
Kriging routines described earlier, they add an element of randomness to account for the
uncertainty associated with some reservoir properties. If you average multiple realizations, you
would obtain results that are very close to those obtained with the Kriging estimation methods.
These simulation methods are generally used for calculation of properties such as porosity and
permeability. They can also be used for the calculation of integer indicator type properties such as
rock type because allowances have been made to handle integer properties.
Creating Maps 99
If Number of Realizations is set to be greater than 1, Results 3D calculates and writes mesh
maps (*.msh) using the input base file name, appended with a number that corresponds to the
realization number.
Gaussian Geostatistics with Secondary Variable

This option is similar to Kriging using a secondary variable. The most common use of this
option is to calculate permeability from core permeability and log porosity. The primary
variable would be the core permeability. Since permeability is related to porosity in some
fashion, porosity would be the secondary variable. If seismic data was available, it could also
be used as a secondary variable.
Mesh Tab
The Mesh tab is shown below:
100 Creating Maps
There are two ways to specify the mesh for map creation:
1. Specify the number of mesh cells between data points. With this option, the
program will calculate the average distance between data points (wells), then
divide by the user input value of the number of mesh cells between data points to
result in the mesh size. The program will center this mesh over the input data
points and faults before calculation of the map will commence.
2. Specify the number and size of mesh cells. You must input both the number of mesh
cells and the size in both the X and Y directions. The program will center this mesh
over the input data points and faults before calculation of the map will commence.
Values entered in the Extend by boxes will result in maps that extend outwards from the
limits defined by the input data points (wells). If the entered values are zero, then the
resulting map will be limited to the area defined by the data points (wells). There is no limit
to the maximum value for these parameters, but you should be cautious when using values
outside of the data point region because of extrapolation errors.
If you want to limit the map to some range, then you can input a range in the Map Value
Limits boxes. If this option is not used, the maximum and minimum values calculated from
the input data points will be used.
Variogram Matching
If the Export Variogram Data File option is selected on the Methods tab, then if you click
the Click to match variogram button or when the map is created, the automatic variogram
matching routine is started. You can take the data in this file and load it into Excel and plot
the actual versus the model variogram data. The following description of variograms has been
extracted from reference #2.
In practice, several difficulties are encountered in estimating the variogram. The goal is to
capture the spatial relationship in the best way possible, so the original variogram equation is
modified to capture the spatial relationship. This section discusses common problems
encountered in variogram estimation and the proposed solutions implemented in practice.
While many of these proposed solutions may not have a strong theoretical foundation, they
have been proven to work in practice.
Lack of Sufficient Pairs

As defined, the variogram is a statistical property. We calculate the average squared difference
between two values located a certain lag distance apart. For this average to be truly representative
of a given lag distance, sufficient data pairs are needed for that lag distance. Although defining a
precise number of pairs as sufficient is difficult, at least 25 to 30 pairs are needed for a reliable
estimate of the variogram for a given lag distance. Obviously, the more pairs you have for a given
lag distance, the more precise the estimate of the variogram. Also, it is important to remember that
the minimum number of pairs is only relevant to the extent that a reliable, interpretable
experimental variogram can be observed. For example, if 25 pairs do not provide an interpretable
structure, alternative means of obtaining a more reliable variogram need to be explored.
Creating Maps 101
Number of Pairs
A commonly used method to ensure sufficient pairs for a given lag distance is to restrict the
maximum distance at which the variogram is computed. For a given region of stationarity, the
possible number of pairs decreases as lag distance increases. Eventually, as the lag distance
corresponds to the maximum possible distance between any two sample points, only one data
pair may be available at that lag distance. Obviously, we may not be able to obtain a reliable
estimate of the variogram at that lag distance. To avoid this problem, a rule of thumb used in
the geostatistical literature is to use half the maximum possible distance within a region of
interest as the maximum lag distance at which the variogram is calculated. For example, if
10,000 ft is the maximum distance between any two sample points within the region of interest,
the variogram estimation is restricted to a maximum lag distance of 5,000 ft.
This rule of half the maximum distance also serves another important purpose. Recall the
definition of the estimated variogram. Because the variogram is computed as the average of
the squared difference, it is symmetric about the lag distance. That is, the following squared
differences as [x(u) -x(u + L)] 2 or [x(u + L) -x(u)]2 or [x(u) -x(u - L)] 2 or [x(u - L) -x(u)]2 are
all combined to provide a variogram estimate for lag distance L. Using the half- themaximum-distance rule effectively ensures that representative pairs are collected on both
sides of a given location.
Lag Tolerance
The second alternative to ensure sufficient pairs for a given lag distance is to define the
tolerance with respect to the distance as well as with respect to the direction. This is
especially useful for areal data sets. Typically, examination of areally distributed data shows
that the samples are not distributed at uniform intervals; therefore, a sufficient number of
pairs for a precise lag distance cannot be obtained. For example, to estimate the variogram at
a lag distance of 330 ft, we may have one data pair at precisely 330 ft. However, we may
have three additional pairs between 310 and 330 ft and five additional pairs between 330 and
350 ft. Obviously, one pair, precisely at 330 ft, does not provide a reasonable estimate of the
variogram. However, we can capture additional pairs for a better estimate of the variogram by
defining a tolerance with respect to the lag distance.
To estimate the variogram at a lag distance of L, we collect all the pairs within LL lag
distance. The following figure illustrates tolerance with respect to distance for an isotropic
search, which is concerned only with distance for all the angles. When searching for sample
points away from x(u) at a given distance L, we can search for all the data points within
LL distance. In the following figure, no sample point is precisely at a distance L; however,
by using a tolerance of L, we can obtain two pairs at that lag distance.
102 Creating Maps
In a similar fashion, the next figure shows a tolerance with respect to distance and direction in
a 2D domain. A tolerance of L is defined with respect to distance, and is defined with
respect to direction, or the tolerance angle.
In addition to tolerance with respect to direction, another restriction can be placed on picking
appropriate pairs. We can define a bandwidth, which is a distance perpendicular to the
direction in which we are computing the variogram. This distance defines the maximum
width of the area to be used to select the data pairs. As the following figure shows, at higher
lag distances, once the area reaches the maximum width, the same width is used to select
appropriate pairs for a given lag distance and to select the direction. In the absence of the
bandwidth restriction, the width of the areal coverage increases as the lag distance increases.
Bandwidth allows better control of the directionality of the estimated variogram.
Creating Maps 103
In 3D data sets, if we define tolerances with respect to distance and two directions, the tolerance
volume looks like a flattened cone. The bandwidth has to be defined for both directions.
The tolerance that is appropriate with respect to distance and direction is a subjective
decision. The guiding principle should be to use the tolerance that is appropriate to achieve a
clearly interpretable variogram structure. As Deutsch and Joumel1 state, in general, the spatial
structure cannot be created by manipulating the tolerance and direction if it does not exist
within the data. However, a poor choice of tolerance may mask the existing spatial structure.
Therefore, a tolerance should be chosen so that the most interpretable variogram is obtained.
In practice, estimation of the variogram should begin with a small tolerance. If the variogram
does not exhibit a clearly defined structure or shows too many fluctuations, the tolerance should
be increased. The smallest possible tolerance at which an interpretable structure can be
observed should be used to estimate the variogram. This technique applies whether the
tolerance is defined with respect to distance or direction. If the tolerance is too large, the
estimated variogram may not be as crisp as desired; that is, some details in structures may be
lost that may be important from a spatial relationship point of view. Specifically, if the spatial
structure indicates anisotropy (different spatial relationships in different directions) then a large
tolerance with respect to direction may camouflage the anisotropic structure. For example, if the
ratio of the range in the variogram in the x direction to the range of the variogram in the y
direction (which is perpendicular to the x direction) is 5, using a tolerance of 45 with respect to
the angle, may reduce the ratio to 2.41 It is, therefore, important to use the smallest possible
tolerance to capture both the true structure and the anisotropy, if present.
104 Creating Maps
From an estimation point of view, it is always preferable to start with an isotropic variogram
structure before investigating the presence of anisotropy. The isotropic variogram structure
assumes that the variogram structure is a function only of distance, not of direction. Estimation of
the isotropic variogram allows adjustment of some of the parameters (such as tolerance with
respect to distance) before proceeding with estimation of the anisotropic variogram. Also, in
almost all instances, some type of spatial structure should be evident in the isotropic variogram. If
no apparent structure is observed in an estimated isotropic behavior, it is difficult to imagine that
some type of structure can be captured by investigating the anisotropic behavior. It is important to
remember that the isotropic variogram, by considering all the pairs at a given lag distance
independent of direction, uses a lot more pairs at a given lag distance compared with the
anisotropic estimated variograms, which are restricted by direction as well as distance. Therefore,
the isotropic variogram should provide a more stable structure than any of the anisotropic
variograms. If interpretable structure cannot be captured with an isotropic variogram, it is almost
impossible to observe an interpretable structure in anisotropic variograms.
Instability
The estimated variogram represents the arithmetic average of the squared differences of variable
pair values at a particular lag distance. Because it uses the square of the difference, any large
difference between a given pair is magnified. If pairs exhibit a large difference, the squared
difference may have a significant impact on the arithmetically averaged variogram value. This
effect may change the variogram value disproportionately at a particular lag distance, resulting in
instability of the estimated variogram. This instability may prevent capturing the underlying
variogram structure that may be present and also causes fluctuations in the estimated variogram
as lag distance increases. The instability must be minimized to model the variogram. A normal
scores transform (see Normal Score Transform below) can help to reduce large fluctuations in
the variogram.
The two methods commonly used to minimize fluctuations are to increase the possible number
of pairs for a given lag distance. The previous section discussed the first possibility: increasing
the possible number of pairs for a given lag distance by use of appropriate tolerance values with
respect to the distance and the direction. That discussion showed that increasing the number of
pairs for a given lag distance does improve stability of the variogram.
An alternative for improving the stability of the estimated variogram is to examine the possible
pairs used for estimation of the variogram for a given lag distance. The difference between the
two point values in a pair is what affects the variogram. If the difference is very large, the squared
difference can have a significant impact on the estimated variogram. If we can eliminate certain
"extreme" pairs that have a significant impact on the variogram computations, we may be able to
obtain a better estimate of the variogram that is less affected by these extreme pairs.
Creating Maps 105
Scatter plots are one way to examine these extreme pairs. Plotting one data point of a pair
versus the other data point from the same pair may reveal the differences between the two data
points. If the match between the two points is exact, the point falls on a line. On the basis of the
scatter plots, certain pairs can be removed, and the variogram can be recomputed for a given lag
distance. Alternatively, a certain percentage of the pairs showing the maximum deviation can
be removed to create more uniformity in the analysis and to eliminate subjectivity in deciding
which pairs should be removed. For example, for every lag distance, 10% of all pairs in the
order of showing the maximum deviations can be removed. Under these circumstances, the
variogram represents a truncated mean of the differences squared for a particular lag distance.
Such truncated means are often used in statistics to reduce the adverse effect of erratic values
(for example, in figure skating in the Olympic games, the two extreme scores are removed from
the final tally). This procedure also has the advantage of being objective.
Trend
The variogram should level off at the data variance for large lag distances. Sometimes it keeps
increasing a way above the data variance line. This is often symptomatic of a trend in the data
and should be investigated. Note that trends can be present in the local average of the data and/or
in their local variance. If a trend is present, it should be removed before proceeding with
estimation or simulation. If the trend is not too pronounced, it might still be possible to use the
raw data if the search window (see Search Radius below) is small enough that only the
beginning of the variogram will be used in any of the Kriging systems.
Search Radius
When a mesh cell value is to be calculated using either the Kriging or Gaussian Geostatistical
methods, a search is done on nearby mesh cells to determine if the cell already has a value
assigned to it (mesh cells that contain wells always have values assigned to them). If the
neighbor mesh cell has a value, then this cell is used for the conditioning of the mesh cell to be
calculated. The size of the search neighborhood is determined by the user input search radius in
each direction, and is limited by the Maximum Nearby Cells For Search. Generally, if the
search neighborhood is small, the resulting map or geostatistical realization will be more
disconnected than if the search neighborhood is large because the mesh values will be more
independent of the neighboring mesh values. If the search radius is set to be very large, the
problem may require a large amount of memory and long execution times to establish the
search neighborhood for each mesh cell. If Auto is checked next to the input for maximum
nearby cells for search, then the program will estimate the number of nearby cells using the
input search radius and the current cell size.
After the search neighborhood for a particular mesh cell is calculated, the program will sort the
neighbors by variogram closeness (covariance) to this mesh cell. When the search
neighborhood is actually used for assigning values, only the first of the Number of Nearest
Points will be used for the calculations. If the number of nearest points is large, the resulting
realization will appear more averaged than if this value is small. See the Weighting Examples
section for an illustration of this effect.
106 Creating Maps
If Geological Units are defined (see the Defining/Editing Geological Units in the in the
Reservoir Description chapter of the Builder Users Guide), the search will be limited within the
geological unit of the estimated/simulated grid block.
Normal Score Transform

The normal score transform allows transformation of sample data into equivalent data that
follows a normal (Gaussian) distribution. The following figure shows this transformation
schematically.
1
F(x NS )
F(x)
x
Original
0
-3
xNS
+3
Normal Score
A cumulative distribution function can be constructed for any sample data. The cumulative
distribution function has a minimum value of zero and a maximum value of one. For the normal
distribution function, the cumulative distribution function has the same range. Each sample
value is associated with a corresponding cumulative distribution function. For the same value of
the cumulative distribution function, we can define an equivalent normal-score-transformed
value. Typically, the normal-score-transformed values have a mean of zero and a variance of
one; therefore, they range from -3 to + 3. Using such a transform for every sample value allows
transformation of all the sample values to a corresponding normal score. There is a one-to-one
correspondence between the sample value and the transformed value; that is, if we know the
transformed value, we can back-calculate the corresponding sample value.
With transformation of the sample data to a normal score, the variability of the data set is
restricted to -3 to + 3. Effectively, there are no order-of-magnitude variations within the
transformed data set. The effect of extreme data on the variogram should be minimized with the
transformation. Another advantage of the normal-score transform is that certain estimation
techniques work better with normal-score-transformed data. After obtaining the estimation with
the transformed data, we can back transform the data to original variable values.
Adjusting Variogram Parameters

Where the method uses a variogram, you can manually adjust the variogram, as illustrated in
the following example:
Creating Maps 107
Sill
Range
Nugget
You adjust the variogram parameters either directly on the graph or through the Variogram
Data dialog box which you can open by clicking the Click to edit variogram data button on
the Methods tab. There is a dialog box for the horizontal variogram and one for the vertical
variogram:
108 Creating Maps
To adjust a variogram parameter, you must first cancel Auto beside the parameter name. You
can also adjust the model fitting parameters directly through the variogram curve, by clicking
the Click to match variogram button on the Methods tab, then dragging the parameters for
the desired fit using your mouse. The values in the Variogram Data dialog box will be
adjusted appropriately.
Weighting Examples
Inverse Distance Method
The following is an example of a map created with the inverse distance method. Note that the
map has many circles (or bulls eyes) that indicate an area that has a value much different
from its neighbors. This behavior is typical of the inverse distance method, and is frequently
the reason why other methods may be preferable.
Creating Maps 109
Trend Estimation Method

An example of a map created using the trend estimation method is shown below:
As shown in the above map, the bulls eyes evident in the map created using the Inverse
Distance method have been eliminated.
110 Creating Maps
Variogram Range (Kriging Method)

The following maps were created with the same data except the variogram range was set to
500 m for the top map then to 2000 m for the bottom map.
By increasing the range, more points are used in the calculation. Increasing the range
increases the relative weight assigned to points that are further out.
Creating Maps 111
Variogram Anisotropy (Kriging Method)

If the variogram is changed to be anisotropic (Bi-Directional option on the Methods tab) and
the ranges are 2000 m and 500 m in the principal and minor directions respectively, the maps
are shown for azimuth angle = 0.0 (top) and for azimuth angle = 45 (bottom):
2000 m
Range
500 m
Azimuth = 0
degrees
2000 m
Range
500 m
Azimuth = 45 degrees
The above maps show the effect of forcing a stronger relationship with points in the
azimuthal direction. In general, this method is appropriate when the geologic structure is
directional.
112 Creating Maps
Variogram Nugget (Gaussian Geostatistical Method)

As the nugget value increases greater than zero, the amount of short-wavelength randomness
increases. Examples of geostatistical realizations with nuggets of 0.1 (top) and 0.7 (bottom)
are shown below (in both cases, the sill is 0.95 and the range is 2000 m):
In the above example, increasing the size of the nugget has increased the noisiness of the
contour map.
Creating Maps 113
Search Radius (Gaussian Geostatistical Method)

With the Gaussian Geostatistical method, the size of the search neighborhood can be
increased by rejecting data outside a radius (using ) or by limiting the number of points used
in the calculation (using Number of Nearest Points).
References
1. Deutsch, C.V. and Journel, A.G.: Geostatistical Software Library and Users
Guide, Oxford U. Press, New York City, (1992) Chap 3.
2. Mohan Kelkar and Godofredo Perez, Applied Geostatistics for Reservoir
Characterization, Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc., Richardson, Texas 2002.
114 Creating Maps
Appendix A: Field History File

Formats
Overview
Field history information is data, such as well production data, that is obtained from field
measurements rather than from simulator output. Field history is used as an input (for
example, oil rates) to compare simulation results with actual field measurements. In Results
Graph, you can produce plots that compare field history with simulation results.
Refer to Examples of Field History Files at the end of the appendix for representative
examples.
The information in the beginning of the FHF is shown below:
Date format. If it is not lab data, you will be specifying year,
month and day, and your table should be similar to this format.
Number of data columns
List of parameters you are going to plot. Parameter names
should match simulator output names.
Parameter units
Number of tables. If you have 50 wells, you may have 50
tables.
Creating a Field History File

To create a field history file:
1. Download the field data into a text file.
2. Edit the file into the correct format. Start all input in the first column. Enter the
data for each date/time on separate lines. You can enter comments in the file,
unless otherwise indicated, but they must be preceded by an asterisk (*) in the
first column and a space in the second column.
Appendix A: Field History File Formats 115
The following describes the entries and edits you should make to the field history file.
1. Enter todays date or the date on which the field history file was created. This date
is not actually used by Results, but it is required for backward compatibility with
old field history files. Use one of the following formats:
Format
1
Date Format
YYYY-MM-DD
YYYY MM DD
YYYY/MM/DD
ISO 8601Date
Format
Description
A string enclosed in single
quotation marks. YYYY is
the year, MM is the month,
DD is the day.
A three-integer format with
no quotation marks. YYYY
is the year, MM is the
month, DD is the day.
slashes between the elements.
YYYY is the year, MM is the
Date and time are separated
by the letter T. The time
portion is optional and, if it is
missing, it is interpreted as
00:00:00.
Example
1994-01-18 is
January 18,
1994
1994 01 18 is
January 18,
1994
1994/01/18 is
January 18,
1994
2006-0130T23:12:02.2
2. Enter the project title (up to 40 characters) and enclose it in single quotation marks,
for example, POOL A WATERFLOOD.
116 Appendix A: Field History File Formats
3. Enter the reference date for the start of the data (time zero date). Use one of the
date formats described below:
Format
1
Date Format
YYYY-MM-DD
YYYY MM DD
YYYY/MM/DD
ISO 8601 Date

Format
Description
A string enclosed in single
quotation marks. YYYY is
the year, MM is the month,
DD is the day.
no quotation marks. YYYY
is the year, MM is the
slashes between the
elements. YYYY is the year,
MM is the month, DD is the
day.
Valid ISO date string, as
described above.
Example
1994-01-18 is
January 18,
1994
1994 01 18 is
January 18,
1994
1994/01/18 is
January 18,
1994
2006-0130T23:12:00
4. Enter the time units as a string in single quotation marks. To enable the unit
conversion capabilities of Results, the string should be one of days, day, years,
yr, hr, or min. These strings are case sensitive. Although other strings are
allowed, if they are used, time unit conversion is not possible.
If you want to input a date in the first column of your well data tables (instead of a
time since the simulation start date), enter a date format string instead of a time
unit string. The allowed date format strings are:
Date Format
YYYY/MM/DD
Description
Subsequent dates are entered
in the format YYYY/MM/DD.
YYYY MM

in the format YYYY MM.
ISO_DATE_FORMAT

in the ISO 8601 date format.
Example
1995/09/27 for
September 27,
1995.
1995 09 for the
last day of
September 1995.
2006-0131T18:01:30
The ISO_DATE_FORMAT specifies an exact date/time, while the other formats

specify a date only. Since the time information is missing, the FHF reader assumes
it is at the end of the day.
5. Enter the number of desired data columns for each well. The number must be an
integer greater than 0, and the date column is not included in this number. There is
no restriction on the number of data items for Results, and it is the same for each
well. Therefore, when you enter the data for a particular well, you must enter a
zero for a data item that does not apply to that well. Alternatively, you can create
two or more field history files for a field (for example, one with oil rates for
production wells and another with water rates for injection wells).
6. Enter the names of the data columns. They must be entered on the same line or on
consecutive lines. The maximum character length is thirty (30) and the strings are
case sensitive. A complete list of simulator outputs can be found in
timeseriesnames.txt in cmg\br\version_number\doc\. The following is a shortened
list of the available outputs (strings) you can enter.
Enter this property name
For
Cumulative Gas SC
Gas phase volume accumulation - surface
conditions.
Cumulative Oil SC
Oil phase volume accumulation - surface
conditions.
Cumulative Polymer Mass
Polymer mass accumulation - surface
conditions.
Cumulative Polymer SC
Polymer volume accumulation - surface
conditions.
Cumulative Solvent SC
Solvent phase volume accumulation - surface
conditions.
Cumulative Water SC
Water phase volume accumulation - surface
conditions.
Gas Oil Ratio SC
Gas oil ratio - surface conditions.
Gas Rate SC
Gas phase volume rate - surface conditions.
Gas+Solvent Oil Ratio SC
Gas plus solvent oil ratio - surface conditions.
Oil Rate SC
Oil phase volume rate - surface conditions.
Oil Cut SC
Oil cut - surface conditions.
Period Gas Production SC
Total gas produced during preceding period.
Period Oil Production SC
Total oil produced during preceding period.
Period Water Production SC Total water produced during preceding
period.
Polymer Mass Rate
Polymer mass rate.
Solvent Oil Ratio SC
Solvent oil ratio - surface conditions.
Solvent Rate SC
Solvent phase volume rate - surface
conditions.
Water Rate SC
Water phase volume rate - surface conditions.
Enter this property name

Water Cut SC
Water Oil Ratio SC
Well Block Pressure
Well Head Pressure
Well Pressure
For
Water cut - surface conditions.
Water oil ratio - surface conditions.
Pressure in well block.
Well head pressure.
Pressure in wellbore.
7. Enter the names of the units for each data item. You can enter the names on the same
line or on consecutive lines. The unit strings must be in the same order as the data item
names. There is no maximum string length in Results. To allow the full capabilities of
Results, use the unit strings given in the following table (these strings are case
sensitive):
For this unit type
Mass
Pressure
Well gas volume
Well liquid volume
Well rate time
Enter one of
kg lb g
kPa psi atm
m3 ft3 cm3
m3 ft3 cm3
day hr min
bar kg/cm2
Mcf
bbl
yr
Construct rates by combining a well liquid volume or well gas volume and a well
rate time. For example:
'm3/day'
'ft3/hr'
'cm3/min'
'bbl/day'
These entries are case sensitive. Do not enter spaces before or after the backslash (/).
8. Enter the number of wells as an integer.
9. Enter the name of the first well, enclosed in single quotation marks. There is no
restriction on the well name length in Results; however, you should use the same
character string (including upper and lower case) in both the simulation input data
file and the field history file when referring to the same well. If the data is for a
group instead of a well, then append the word GROUP after the name (for
example, Pattern4 GROUP). You can also bring in data for LAYER, FIELD,
SECTOR, LEASE and special variables (SPECIAL).
10. Enter the input data for the first well. In the first column, enter time in the units
you indicated earlier. Enter data in the same order as the data item names on the
previous line. If you have different types of wells (for example, injectors and
producers) that use different data items, assign zeros to data item columns that do
not apply to a particular well. For example, if one of the data items is Cumulative
Oil SC, an injector well must have a zero as a placeholder in this column, as
shown in the following example:
'Cumulative Water SC'
'm3' 'm3'
2
'INJECTOR-1'
2007-01-01
2007-02-01
2007-03-01
2007-04-01
2007-05-01
2007-06-01
2007-07-01
...
...
'PRODUCER-1'
2007-01-01
2007-02-01
2007-03-01
2007-04-01
2007-05-01
2007-06-01
2007-07-01
...
'Cumulative Oil SC'
0.000000
3.44471
42.1581
91.0653
138.333
187.152
234.961
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
2.70105
39.5375
87.3907
133.316
181.122
228.039
0.000000
4.22459
13.7229
29.7886
43.5856
58.6880
74.6091
If you are using the YYYY/MM/DD date format and a simulation start date of
1994/01/01, then the data will appear as shown in the following example:
1994/01/01
1994/01/30
1994/03/01
210.0
205.0
206.0
1.2e3
1.5e3
104e3
10.4
11.0
10.5
2034
2020
2015
If you are using the YYYY MM date format, then you can only input data for
month-ends. If you had data for December 31 and January 31, the data will appear
as shown in the following example:
1993 12
1994 01
210.0
205.0
1.2e3
1.5e3
10.4
11.0
2034
2020
11. Enter the name of the second well and the corresponding data, followed by the
name and data for each of the remaining wells, for example:
2010 02 16
'Production Data Well History File'
2001 01 01
'ISO_DATE_FORMAT'
3
'Cumulative Gas SC' 'Cumulative Oil SC'
'ft3'
'bbl'
2
'Injector'
2001-01-26
2001-03-17
2001-05-31
2001-08-14
2001-10-28
2001-12-17
2002-02-05
...
...

'bbl'
6153.58
18460.74
36921.48
55382.23
73842.97
86150.13
98457.29
4.48953e-015
1.45691e-012
4.12067e-012
4.59446e-012
4.59446e-012
4.59446e-012
4.59446e-012
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.34
6.06
10.81
15.61
20.43
25.32
924.03
4134.23
7365.37
10622.03
13888.47
17192.98
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
'Producer'
2001-01-26
2001-04-11
2001-06-25
2001-09-08
2001-11-22
2002-02-05
...
...
Examples of Field History Files

Example 1: General Layout of FHF
1995 11 10
'FIELD HISTORY (WELLS AND TOTAL FIELD)'
1988 01 01
'days'
8
'Oil Rate SC'
'Gas Rate SC'
'Water Rate SC'
'Cumulative Oil SC'
'Cumulative Gas SC'
'Gas Oil Ratio SC'
'Water Cut SC'
'm3/day' 'm3/day' 'm3/day' 'm3' 'm3' 'm3' 'm3/m3' 'fraction'
12
'W-10'
181.0 23.70 2553. 0.0002215 4164. 4.485e+05 0.02016 107.7
273.0 21.50 2316. 0.006748
6142. 6.616e+05 0.6410
107.7
365.0 18.00 1939. 0.03496
7798. 8.399e+05 3.858
107.7
9.346e-06
0.0003138
0.001939
Example 2: General Layout of FHF

* This data was entered by John Doe, Reservoir Eng.Dept. and was
* obtained from Sue Smith, Prod. Dept. The data was entered on:
'1987-02-15'
'POOLA WATER FLOOD PROJECT'
* Data start from May 6, 1979
'1979-05-06'
* The simulations will be done with time in DAYS, so the field
* data were converted to time in DAYS.
'days'
* There are four data items per well (plus time):
4
'Oil Volume Rate SC' 'Gas Volume Rate SC'
'Well Pres'
'bbl/day'
'ft3/day'
'bbl/day'
*
*
*
*
*
'Water Volume Rate SC'

'psi'
Data are available for two wells. The first column is the time
in DAYS. The next columns contain the data items in the order
given above. All the data for the first well are given, then
the well name and the data for the second well. Note that data
for all the wells must be given at the same times.
2
'PRODUCER-1'
0.0
210.0
30.0
205.0
60.0
206.0
90.0
202.4
120.0
195.0
150.0
193.0
'PRODUCER-2'
0.0
153.0
30.0
145.0
60.0
120.0
90.0
50.0
120.0
0.0
150.0
152.0
1.2e3
1.5e3
1.4e3
1.7e3
2.3e3
3.2e3
10.4
11.0
10.5
13.0
14.0
16.0
2034
2020
2015
1984
1990
1905
2.3e3
2.6e3
1.2e4
5.6e3
0.0
1.1e3
12.0
14.0
12.0
13.0
0.0
15.0
2100
2034
1845
1503
0
2050
Example 3: Period Production Totals and the YYYY/MM/DD Date Format

*
*
*
*
This example shows how to use the 'YYYY/MM/DD' date format for the
first column of the data tables, and also gives an example of how
to enter the total monthly production. The single producer maintains
a constant production rate of 100 bbl/D.
1995/10/18
'test'
1993/01/01
'YYYY/MM/DD'
2
'Period Oil Production SC' 'Period Water Production SC'
'bbl'
'bbl'
1
'PROD 1'
1992/12/31
0.0
0.0
1992/01/31
3100.0
0.0
1993/02/28
2800.0
0.0
1993/03/31
3100.0
0.0
Example 4: Period Production Totals and the YYYY MM Date Format

* This is the same as the example above, but using the 'YYYY MM'
* date format
1995/10/18
'test'
1993/01/01
'YYYY MM'
2
'Period Oil
'bbl' 'bbl'
1
'PROD 1'
1992
12
1993
01
1993
02
1993
03
Production SC' 'Period Water Production SC'
0.0
3100.0
2800.0
3100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Example 6: Rate Production and the ISO_DATE_FORMAT Date Format

* Rate values (e.g. oil rate) apply to the previous period.
values (e.g. pressure) are instantaneous.
2011-10-24
'Production Data Field History File'
1999 8 1
'ISO_DATE_FORMAT'
4
'Fluid Rate SC - Instantaneous On-time' 'Gas
Instantaneous On-time' 'Liquid Rate SC'
'bbl/day' 'ft3/day' 'ft3/day' 'bbl/day'
1
'Well-1'
1999-08-01T00:00:00
0
0
1999-09-01T00:00:00
674448
507038
1999-10-01T00:00:00
816381
2.44158e+006
Non-Rate
Rate SC' 'Gas Rate SC -
0
2.2134e+006
3.9399e+006
0
2088.74
6870.45
Example 7: Including GROUP, SECTOR, and SPECIAL Information in the FHF

Group, Sector, and Special information is inserted at the end of the FHF, as shown in the
following examples. In the following example, GROUP data has been added:
'W-8'
1095.
1185.
1276.
...
...
2646.
2737.
'W-3'
181.0
273.0
365.0
...
...
2646.
2737.
16.00
13.30
13.90
1723.
1433.
1497.
1.389e-07
2.249e-07
1.848e-06
2935.
4132.
5397.
3.161e+05
4.451e+05
5.813e+05
6.900
5.700
743.0
614.1
12.10
12.32
2.329e+04
2.381e+04
2.509e+06
2.565e+06
31.70
17.40
16.30
3415.
1874.
1756.
7.716e-08
3.588e-08
3.772e-08
5927.
7528.
9027.
6.384e+05
8.108e+05
9.724e+05
6.000
4.500
645.0
485.5
7.783
7.243
3.423e+04
3.464e+04
3.687e+06
3.731e+06
0.0002228
0.006800
0.03566
2.727e+04
4.203e+04
5.621e+04
2.938e+06
4.527e+06
6.054e+06
103.7
97.60
4.493e+05
4.577e+05
4.837e+07
4.928e+07
'All-WELLS-PRO' GROUP
181.0
154.2
1.661e+04
273.0
160.4
1.728e+04
365.0
154.1
1.660e+04
...
...
2646.
105.0
1.134e+04
2737.
92.72
9909.
The following example illustrates the inclusion of SECTOR data in an FHF:

2008-07-14
'5-SPOT PATTERN'
1983-01-01
'ISO_DATE_FORMAT'
6
'Ave Pres HC POVO SCTR' 'Gas Oil Ratio SCTR' 'Gas Prod Cum SCTR'
'Gas Prod Rate SCTR' 'Oil Prod Cum SCTR' 'Oil Prod Rate SCTR'
'kPa' 'm3/m3' 'm3' 'm3/day' 'm3' 'm3/day'
1
'Field Sector 03' SECTOR
1983-01-01
10982.5
0
0
0
0
0
1983-01-31
10779.2
32.6194
12134400
391433
371880
11996.1
1983-02-28
10599.8
32.6299
23098100
391559
707880
12000
1983-03-31
10404.6
32.6299
35236400
391559
1079880
12000
1983-04-30
10218.7
32.6299
46983200
391559
1439880
12000
1983-05-31
10029.8
32.6299
59121500
391559
1811880
12000
...
...
The following example illustrates the inclusion of SPECIAL data (temperature for a
particular grid block) in the FHF:
2008-10-07
'Grid property match sample
2000-01-01
'day'
1
'Temperature'
'F'
1
'TEMP 1,1,10' SPECIAL
0.0000000000
0.0020833334
0.0041924417
0.0063458458
0.0085431505
...
...
field history file'
100.00
100.05
100.22
100.66
101.45
Notes about Field History Files

1. If no group is specified in an FHF created in Builder, Builder will add a
DEFAULT-GROUP section as shown in the following example:
'Default-Field-PRO' GROUP
181.0
154.2
1.661e+04
273.0
160.4
1.728e+04
365.0
154.1
1.660e+04
...
...
2646.
105.0
1.134e+04
2737.
92.72
9909.
0.0002228
0.006800
0.03566
2.727e+04
4.203e+04
5.621e+04
2.938e+06
4.527e+06
6.054e+06
103.7
97.60
4.493e+05
4.577e+05
4.837e+07
4.928e+07
2. Special number -99999 can be used to represent missing data in any column except
the time column. Results will simply ignore any point that contains this value.
3. When the FHF file is used with Production Data Wizard in the Builder program, the
meaning of date/time is different for different properties. For production properties
such as oil, water and gas rates, the date/time means the end of a period and the
associated value is applied to the period from the end of the previous period to this
date/time. Therefore, a valid production history data should start with a data/time
with a property value of zero to establish the first period. For non-production
properties such as pressure and temperature, the value corresponding to the date/time
is considered an instantaneous value at this point in time.
4. All FHF files generated by Builder use the ISO date format.
5. Specifying Entire Field for Sectors is equivalent to Default-Field for Groups.

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User Guide

Computer Modelling Group Ltd.

Copyright 1987-2013 Computer Modelling Group Ltd.

The license management portion of this program is based on:

Tel: (403) 531-1300

Fax: (403) 289-8502

Other Results 3D Operations ...................................................................................... 30

Changing Display Content and Setting

Results 3D User Guide

Resizing the Map Scale.................................................................................. 52

Results 3D User Guide

General Rules and Guidelines .................................................................................... 83

Results 3D User Guide

Appendix A: Field History File Formats

Results 3D User Guide

Whats New in Results 3D

OpenGL-based full-function, high performance 3D graphics

Simple entry of 3D view properties through dockable property panes.

For experienced users, shortcut keys to speed up operations.

Results 3D User Guide

Ability to show property values on gridlines.

Contour fill mode

Custom color scale

Viewing multilateral wells

Viewing geomechanical phenomena, such as subsidence

Results 3D User Guide

Tabbed 2D/2D Views

User Documentation Improvements

Whats New in Results 3D 2012

Create, edit and delete a formula.

Copy a Spatial-Property formula within or between Results 3D .3tp files.

Refer to Formula Manager for further information.

Whats New in Results 3D 2011

Results 3D User Guide

Customizing Toolbars, Menus and Theme

Opening a Simulation Result, Template or Workspace File

Results 3D User Guide

2. In the directory tree view, select a directory.

Periodically Rereading the Simulator Output

Results 3D User Guide

Invoking Results Graph from Results 3D

Select File | Open Results Graph.

Select View | Plot Property vs. Distance.

Interaction between Results Graph and Results 3D

Results 3D User Guide

If MyProject.ses does not exist, a blank MyProject.ses will be created

Opening Results Graph from the File Menu

Plot Property versus Distance

Results 3D User Guide

3. The Property Versus Distance Plots dialog box is displayed:

Results 3D User Guide

Linear Path: When this option is selected, a three-dimensional linear

Average sector property vs. grid depth: This option is available if

Property (Simulator Data): The reservoir property and property time

Flow Property (Production Logging plots): Choose this option to plot

Log Data: This option is available if the associated trajectory file

Results 3D User Guide

Plot Flow Property versus Depth (PLT)

Results 3D User Guide

Oil Rate RC 1989-01-21 (1116.00 day)

Oil Rate RC 1989-01-21 (1116.00 day)

Results 3D User Guide

Results 3D User Guide

KGrid ThicknessNet-to-grossOil(Gas) phase mobilitygrid