PHIL230StudyGuide

Anyonehaveanyideawhattermscouldbeonthis?

Fortheartwork,areanyoftheWOAinthereadingfairgame,orjusttheonesheshowedus
inclass?AlexeysaidThereare9artworksontheexamlist,andnotallofthemwere
discussedinclass.You'llbeaskedtoidentifyandexplainatleasttwoofthem.lllll
Brainstormtime!Whatcouldthoseartworksbe?
VanGoghPeasantShoes
MatisseTheJoyofLife
PicassoLesDemoisellesdAvignon//Guernica
JasperJohnsTargetwithFourFaces
DuchampTheFountain
WarholBrilloBoxes
RembrandtChristBeforePilate
Brueghel"Carry"
RembrandtBelShazz
Thosetwobeds
Thewhitecanvaswiththegrayishborder
TraceyEminMybed
PietMondrian(squares)
PaddingtonstationFrith
PoussinUlyssesdiscoveringAchillesamongthedaughterofLycomedon
DaumierGareSt.Lazare
Twombley(thecurlylineguy)Coldstream

Theseareallthebasic/mainideas,idkiftherewillbemoreonthetest.Alexeysaidthatthe
artworksmentionedinsomeofthereadingswillbeonthetestsoifsomeonecouldexplain
thosealittlemore,itwouldbeverymuchappreciated!
IammakingnotecardsonKoofersaswell...enjoy(HowcanwefindthemonKoofers?)Goto
koofersthenphil230notecards
willthefinalhavetheinfofromthefirstmidterm?noright?maybeintheconcepts/theories
section?Nope
TheKooferslink:https://www.koofers.com/flashcards/philfinalvocab/review
Imadeanotherset,theyincludetheinfofromthisguide
Ifsomeoneputsupnotesonalltheartworksthatwewentover,iwillputupaworddocwith
notesforthereadingsthatwillbeonthefinal.
Ithinktheartworksareinthereadingsno?Imnotsure..

Doesanyoneknowifthisexamwillbeformattedlikethemidterm?mcandshortanswer?

Yeahhesaid34or35MCand10shortanswersandthenwehavetoidentify2artworksand
explainthem?
HementionedthattheexamsMCwillbebrokenlikethis:
6QuestionsonBell/FrylolBelfry?Thatseasywaytorememberthemtogether
6QuestionsonTolstoy
6QuestionsonCollingwood
4QuestionsforDewey(thingofDoing)
1Questionperremainingtext
Wehavetoidentify10concepts/theories.Muchlikewhatwedidonthemidterm
Alexeysaidwedhavetoidentify8conceptslikeonthelastexamand2artworks(identify
them,theconceptsbehindthem,whatpapertheywerementionedin&thesignificance
behindthem)
Alexyalsomentionedthattherewillbesomequestionswhereaworkofartwillbementioned
andwehavetoexplaininwhichtheoryitisusedasanexampleandhowitfitswithinthat
theory.

CliveBellArtFormalism:SignificantFormpredominatesasthemainevaluative
componenttostudyingart,notAestheticEmotion.AestheticEmotionisevokedbyart,
notnature.
Representationisatconflictwithpureperceptionofsignificantformmostofthetime.One
cantfocusonbothatthesametime.Oneperceivesemotionsintheforms.
The3Dimensionalelementofrepresentationistheonlypertinentrepresentationalelement
importantinstudyingSignificantForm.
Notesfromclass:
Formalism:themostimportantthinginart(toBell)
Isolationism:Youdontneedcontext,historyofcreation.Justviewtheartworkandfocuson
itsform
Significantform:Whatstirsaestheticemotions.Whatmakesart,art
Significantform=acombinationoflinesandcolorsthatstirouraestheticemotion
Toappreciateart,wedontneedemotionorexternalfactors
Worksofartaretheonlythingsthatstiraestheticemotions
Aestheticemotionsareemotionalresponsestothepurelyformalfeaturesofathing
Significantform=art
Significantformisapparent/nothindered=goodart
Technicalmasterycanalsocontributetoaestheticvalue
The3Dspaceofapaintingisdependentontheobjectsinthepicture
Ifyouignoretherepresentations,youwouldn'tbeabletograspthespace(3D)
ExWhenyoulistentolanguage,youjustpayattentiontothesoundsandnotwhatthe
soundsmean
2typesofreactions/appreciations(notaesthetic):
Humanbeauty
Naturalthings/nature

PaddingtonStationFrith(contendednottobeartbyBell)(wastalkedaboutinclass)

RogerFryArtasFormArtCritic:Formalisminapplication:Workssuchasby
Breughel,Daumier,PoussinandRembrandtarestudiedforbalance,shape,andother
elementshavingnothingtodowiththepsychologicalelementoftheworks(i.e.
representation,content,emotions).
BrueghelCarryingoftheCrossIllustration,notart,becauseitstooclutteredformally
DaumierSt.LazareStationMoreartfulbecauseitinspirescuriosityaboutscene,life
emotions
PoussinFormallycorrectbutboring!Noaestheticinspiration,nocuriosityintothescene
RembrantSomespatialdisharmony,butpsychologicallycompelling
(whenrereadingthisworkitseemedlikehepraisedbothpoussinandrembranttoacertain
extent)

BrueghelCarryingoftheCross

DaumierGareSt.Lazare


PoussinUlyssesdiscoveringAchillesamongthedaughterofLycomedon

RembrandtChristbeforePilate

TolstoyWhatisArt?
aesthetic experience is one you get from emotion pleasure, happiness satisfaction, not
distinctivelyanaestheticfeeling
definitionofart: anobject is anwork orartifandonlyifitiscreatedbyanartistwhohasa
particular emotion or feeling and second successfully made a person feel thesameway
they did then the object is a work ofart if ithas notinfectedanyonewiththeemotion
thenitcannotbeconsideredaworkofartuntilithasinfectedsomeonewithit..
2)definitionofgoodart:infectiousness?dependson3things,onthegreaterorlesserfeeling
thatistransmitted,unique,individualityofthefeeling.clarityofthefeeling(youknow
whatitistryingtosay)withwhichthefeelingistransmitted,easytoapprehendit,and
finallythesincerityoftheauthor.andthebindofemotion,cantransmit2kindsof

emotions,emotionsthatareaccessibletoeveryone,emotionsthateveryonecan
understandandthesecondChristianemotions,why?contributestotheunityof
mankind
Notesfromclass:
Emotionalistartsmainbusinessistoconveystatesofmind,emotion
Beautyissubjectiveandvariesfrompersontoperson
Saysthatpeoplewithouteducationandpleasuredonttakepleasureinthingsparticularto
class
Artisahumanactivityinwhichonepurposeconsciouslyhangsonto,transmitsfeelings,that
hehasexperiences
Formal:howintenseorhowmanypeopleaffected
Material:Whatemotionstransmittedmustbefeelingthatunite
Goodintentionsarenotenoughneedstobeacompletepass
Bestart:Religiousart.Universalart.Artthatisgoodincontent/emotion.Brotherlylove
Whatinfectsthem:
Individualityoffeelings
Claritywithwhichthefeelingistransmitted
Sincerityofartist
Yougetaestheticexperiencethroughclarifyingyouremotion
Transmitsafeelingthatisunique,clear,andsincere
Art:createdbyanartistwhohasaparticularemotionorfeelingandithastransmittedthat
emotiontoatleastoneperson

IfeellikeitwasntaddressedthatTolstoyclearlydisagreedwiththesentimentofartinhis
time,andbasicallycalledoutnumerousworksofartascounterfeit.Anditwasbymeans
ofinfectiousnessbywhichwecouldseparatethetwo(beforereferencedasgoodorbad
art).Healsoplacesahugeemphasisonreligionandreligiousperceptionbeingthemeans
bywhichpeopleofcertainsocietiesviewcertainartasgoodvsbadreligiousperceptionis
alignedwiththemeaningtolifeandthatartthatexpressesthismeaningtolife(according
tothereligionadoptedbythatsociety)isjudgedasgoodbythosethatarewithinthat
society.

CollingwoodThePrinciplesofArt
Thisoneismissingsomepointsofthemainideabuthereissomebasicinfo
difference between craft and art 1. art there is no distinction between start and end
(classified vsindividualized, craftlooks towardsanend andproducessomethingtomake
thatend,which isgeneral, whileartisexpressedand individualizedaseveryexperienceis
common only to that one experience) 2. no distinction between 3.arthasnodistinction
betweenformandmatter?ithink...

how an artworkiscreated, atfirst an artist experiences someemotion, buttheartist cannot

identify the emotionhedoesn'tknowwhat it is andthefacthedoesn'tknowmakes him

unhappy so this giveshimmotivation toexpress it >tryingtoexpressit he generates

anobjectorseveralthatheusestoapprehend the sensorydatain order to> generate
animaginaryexperienceoftotalactivity=workofart
example painter has an emotion, he then creates a painting, uses itandgetscertainvisual
data,=andthatishowtheworkofartiscreated
the physical objects are byproducts of the actual work of art, the art is the imaginary
experience oftotalactivity,hethinks youmust create thisin orderto getthevisualdata
orotherdata,insomecasesitisn'tnecessarytogenerateaphysicalentity
Howwe (ordinarypeople)appreciate aworkofart, he believes thatordinarypeoplearealso
artistsbecausewe areabletorecreateworksofartfromthebyproductsthatare made by
the artist. we use the byproductsto recreatean imaginary experienceandifitissimilar
thanwecansaywehavethenwehavemanagedtosuccessfullyappreciatetheworkofart
Notesfromclass:
6themes:
1. Artvs.craft
2. Artconceivedofanexpressionproper
3. Creatingvs.fabricating
4. Artworkisanimaginaryobject(atune)
5. Theworkofartisanimaginativeexperienceoftotalactivity
6. Theexternalizationoftheartworkisthephysicalobject
ArtvsCraft
Craftinvolvesmakingthingsthathaveaclearpurposeforpracticaluse.
Artdoesnthaveapracticalpurposeandisntaimedasutilitarianism(hasameaning
andexpressessomething).Nodistinctionbetweenstartandend.nobetweenplanningand
execution.nobetweenformandmanner.
Marksofcraft
Planningisdistinctfromexecution
Rawmaterialisdistinctfromfinalproduct
Thereisanendorfinalswork(meansvs.end)
Expoetry
End(producinganemotionaleffect)
Means(comfychair,goodlighting,dogatyourfeet)
Planning(notnecessaryunlessitislong)
Rawmaterials(none)
Somethingcanbeacraftobjectandanartwork,thoughanartworkdoesntexistinphysical
form
Inthecourseofmakingacraft,youmayendupmakinganartwork
Artisamentalentity
Youcancreatemusicwithoutactuallycreatingacanvasorscore
Theexperienceofcreatingandexperiencingtheartworkfuses
Totalimaginativeexperience:
Whentheproductisvisual,thatdoesntmeanthattheexperienceispurelyvisual
Anawarenessofwarmth,stillness,strengthinamultisensoryway

Therearetwoexperiencesthatareinseparableandformasingleexperience
Externalizationisrequiredtocommunicatewithanaudience
Wecanneverabsolutelyknowtheimaginativeexperience
Howanartworkiscreated
a. anartistexperiencesanemotion
b. Theartistcannotidentifyit
c. Hasafeelingofdissatisfaction
d. Motivateshimtotrytoexpresstheemotion
e. Heproducesanentitythatheusestoapprehendparticularsensorydata
f. Usesthistoproduceanimaginaryexperienceoftotalactivity
g. Itisthisexperiencethatisaworkofart(notthephysicalobject)

DeweyHavinganExperience(Couldthisexplanationbesimplifiedabitmore?)
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/deweyaesthetics/#HavExpfoundagoodexplanation
anexperiencethatisunified,startedandisendingataparticulartime,thatisanexperience
andunifiedbyvirtueofaestheticquality(emotional)
aninteractionofdoingandundergoing
DoingChangingtheenvironment
UndergoingReactiontothatchange
** are not very different is what he thinks about the aesthetic and the artistic usually we
apply the term artistic to the act of production and we apply aesthetic to the act of
perceptionbothartisticandaestheticsinceanycreationofartincludebothoftheacts
as a result we cannot say that it is just artistic or aesthetic he thinks thatsincethereisno
such term we can call out act of creating works of art they can be both artistic and
aestheticcreationofart
whenweperceiveaworkofartweshouldreconstructtheexperiencethattheartisthadwhile
hewascreatingit
Anexperience:narrativequalitywithfixedplacementsoftime:beginning,middleandend.
Unified,standsout.Theendisaconclusionandisnotabruptorincompleteinfeeling.
Andinteractionofpersonwithenvironment.
NOTanexperience:Reallife,autonomouslycontrolledaction/reaction,loosesuccession.
Bestaestheticexperience:DoingandUndergoingareinproperbalance.
Agoodartistactuallygoesthroughdoingandundergoinginordertocreatethefinalproduct.
Notesfromclass:
Essentialideas
Anexperiencevsexperienceingeneral
Acertainkindofunitywithinastretchoftimeorexperience
Doingandundergoing
Expenentiality(more=moreartistic)o999999999999999
Experience2q
Involvesinteractionsbetweenpersonandenvironment
Noevidencethattheartworkisamentalactivity

Anexperience:experiencethatisunified(hasabeginning,middle,end)
Ex:abikeride,aclassoverasemester
Hasaparticularaestheticquality(emotional)
Anexperienceresultsfromaninteractionbetweendoingandundergoing
Theaesthetic:theactofperception
Theartistic:theactofproduction
Actofcreatingworksofart=artistic/aesthetic
Whenweperceiveaworkofartweshouldreconstructtheexperiencethatwasexperienced
byitsartist

MonroeBeardsleyTheCreationofArtOpposed3preexistingtheories:Divine
InspirationTheory,PropulsiveTheory(Collingwood),FinalisticTheory.Heruleseach
oneoutbygivingexceptionsthatdisqualifythem.
BeardsleyTheoryontheCreationofArt:
1BeginswiththeIncept(whateveridea/emotion/imagetheartistoriginallystartswith),
2RealizationoftheIncept,
3EvaluationofRealizationX,
4ChangeofXinlightofEvaluationthuscreatingX*,
5RepeatEvaluationandChangestepsuntilsatisfied.

Inotherwords,theartworkiscontinuouslybeingtransformedbyevaluation,andhasthe
abilitytobecompletelydifferentfinishedproductfromtheoriginalIncept.

Thecreativeprocessiscontrolledbydivineinspirationtheoryandgods
Propulsivetheory:controlledbyaninitialimpulse
Finalistictheory:Controlledbytheideaofthefinalgoal
Theartistdoesntknowhisfinalgoal
1. Anartisthasaninceptiveelement,germ,cell,seed,nucleus(invective)
2. Realizationoftheincept,someentityiscreatedX(invective)
3. TheartistevaluatesX(selective)
4. ArtistchangesXinlightofhiscriticalevaluation,hecreatesanimprovedversion
(inventive)
5. EvaluationofX(selective)
6. Continuesuntilheseesthattheproductcannotbeimproved
7. Finishedworkofart

MartinHeideggerTheOriginoftheWorkofArtThingsthingsandthings
MereThingsnatureswayofformingmatter,nopracticalfunction(ex.cloudsandrocks)
ArtifactsTools,manmade,formdeterminesitsdispositionandfunction
ArtHasastrongForm,butToolmediatesbetweenArtandMereThings
VanGoghPeasantShoesmakesareadytohandobject(objectinuse)intoa
presenttohandobject(objectnotinuse).Thedetachmentfromtheobjectmakesit
betterthantheactualthingwhileitsbeingfunction

PurposeofArtToopenupaworldintoexistence(ex.theworldofthepeasantsshoewhich
istakenforgranted),andrevealTruth
Notesfromclass:
Missionofartwork:Ananalysisorpracticalfunctionthatisintendedtorevealtruth
Characterofequipment:
Readytohand(youareusingthetoolandawareofitassomethingyouareusing)
Presenttohand(youexaminethetoolinamoredetachedwayintermofits
characteristics)
Artworkinvolvesthemissionoftheworkandtorevealthetruthwhichitdepicts
Itgivesyouinsightintotheworld
Worldsomethingthatconnectstoasentientbeing(onlyhumanshaveworlds)

LeoSteinbergContemporaryArtandthePlightofItsPublicArtCritic
MatisseJoyofLifeMessyinform!

JasperJohnsFlatPicturesannoying,becausethereisnoexceptionalform,butalmost
purelyconceptual.Couldntunderstandthem.Johnspicturesalsohad3Delement.
Absenceofhumannature.
Maitssesjoyoflife
notaftergivinginterestingdetailsthatarefinelypolishedandexact,wanttogivea
senseofmotionloosenessandindefinitenessofofthefigures,makeseye
continuecirclingaroundthewholeratherthanfocusingonaparticulardetail
ensembleofvagueimagesgivingthepaintingarhythm
firststatediscomfortb/cawareofwhatnotbeinggiven


Twombley(thecurlylineguy)Equallyabsurd,devoidofhumannature

FrankSibleyAestheticConceptsAesthetictermsarenotconditiongoverned.This
meansthatatermsuchaselegantlivelymoroseetc.donthaveasetnumberof
elementswhichaworkneedstoreachamaximumlevelinordertogaintheterm.
Formshavestrictdefinitions(ex.Square,Circle),butpersonalities,ideas,and
psychologicalfeaturesdonot.Wegiveaesthetictermsthroughinference,notcondition.
Someexamplesofaesthetictermsincludemetaphors,originalterms(ex.delicate),and
dead(cliche)metaphors.
Notesfromclass:
Levels:
Terms(words)
Conceptthattermsexpress(metaphors)
Propertiesthattermsreferto(deadmetaphors)
Taste:tonoticeaestheticfeaturesofthings
Somethingthatrequiresmorethanthefivesenses
Aesthetictermsarenotconditiongoverned

JorgeLuisBorgesPierreMenard,AuthoroftheQuixoteTwoexactlysimilarworks
withdifferentcontextswilltherebybeconsidereddifferentworks,becausethecontextis
justasimportantasthecontent.Contextmakessomethingoriginal.

KendallWaltonCategoriesofArt

Notesfromclass:
Ifyouhavetaste,aestheticpropertiesarepresentornot
Thereisnoruletojustifyyourimpression
Nomeaningbetweenred,square,balance,etc.
Categoricalframing:Framesyouusetofocusyourattentiononartwork.Thewayyouframe
itcategoricallydetermineshowitappearstoyou.Peoplecanberightorwrongwhenthey
explainartworksinanaestheticsense.
Contrastandards:havingsomethingstickoutinthemiddle(holesinthecanvas).Features
thattendtomakeyouthinkthatmaybethisisntapainting(colorisavariablefeature)
Exasymphonyhasmanycontrastandardscomparedtoastatue

JerroldLevinsonAestheticContextualism
Artworksareessentiallyhistoricallyembeddedentities
Thenatureofanartworkdepends,inpart,onthehistoricalcontext

MorrisWeitzTheRoleofTheoryinAesthetics
Notesfromclass:
Artcommunicatesanemotionthroughameans
Anartworkisconsideredgoodartifitisveryinfectious
Claimsthatitisnotpossibletodefineart
Exwecannotdefineallgamesinsufficientterms.Notallgamesarefunorinvolve
winningorlosing
Werelyonstrandsofsimilaritiestocategorizeart
ExMembersofaclassdonotsharecommonpropertiesbytheyoverlapinqualities
Conceptsofartareflexibleandchangeable
Exphotographyneverusedtobeconsideredart
Artisresistanttodefinitionsinceitvaluesnoveltyandiseverchanging

ArthurDantoTheArtworld
Realtheory:Theideathatanartworkcanjustbearealobject.Itdoesnthavetobean
imitationofanotherartwork
Suggeststhattheoldtheoryisnolongeradequate
Artisticidentificationsomethingisanartworkifitappliestheisofartisticidentification
Proposal:Toseesomethingasartrequiressomethingtheeyecannotdescry.AnArtworld
Somethingisartifitisappropriatetohaveanartistictheoryaboutorhasacertainposition
intheArtworld
Artworld:asocialstructureinvolvingpeoplewhotransmit,receive,perceiveart.Painteers,
sculptors,curators,purchasers,admirers,etc.

GeorgeDickieWhatisArt?AnInstitutionalAnalysis
Mostbasically,thisisanexpansionuponDantosArtworldtheory.Hespecifieswhatthe
Artworldisandwhatitconsistsofsomemainpoints:
Hewilltrytocomeupwithadirectdefinitionofart

 Heclaimsthattraditionaldefinitionswerealwaysstuckononeparticularfeaturesuch
astheparticularrelationalpropertiesofartsothesedefinitionsobviouslywouldnt
workbecausetheywerestuckinacertainperiodofhistory(maybesomeoneelsecan
describethisbettersorrylolz)
Aworkofartisanartifact
Artcanbedefinedifonefocusesonthenonexhibitedfeaturesofart
Threesensesofaworkofartprimary/classificatorysense,secondary/derivative,and
evaluative
artifactualityisanecessarycondition(callitthegenus)oftheprimarysenseof
art
2conditionsforsomethingtobeaworkofart(intheclassificatorysense):
itneedstobeanartifact
asetoftheaspectsofwhichhashadconferreduponitthestatusofcandidatefor
appreciationbysomepersonorpersonsactingonbehalfofacertainsocial
institution(theartworld)BASICALLY:youneedapprovalfromtheartworld
andyougetthisapprovalwhentheydiscussit(andcertainaspectsofit)and
decideitsworthyofbeingappreciatedasart.
4keypartsof2ndcondition:1.actingonbehalfofaninstitution2.conferringof
status3.beingacandidate4.appreciation
Theartworldisabroadsocialinstitution&anestablishedpracticewhereartcanbe
conferredupon
Theartworldisabunchofsystemseachdesignatedtothespecifictypeofart(literature,
sculpture,etc.)
conferringonthestatusofobjectshappenwithinitsrespectivedomain/system
Artworldconsistsofartists(painters,composers,writers,etc.),producers,museum
directors,museumgoers,theatergoers,reporters,critics,arthistorians,arttheorists,art
philosophers,etc.
literallyanyonewhoseeshim/herselfasamemberoftheartworldistherebya
member
Essentialcore(Presentationgroup)=theartistwhocreatetheworks,
presenterspresenttheworks,andgoersappreciatetheworks
Noguaranteethatonecantellwhenthestatusofanartworkhasbeenconferred.Visible
confirmationcanbegivenbythehangingofworksinmuseums
Artworksonlyneedonepersontoactonbehalfoftheartworldandconferthestatusof
candidateforappreciation(usuallyonlyonepersonwhoconfersformostworks)
anobject/artifactdoesnotneedatitletogainthestatusofbeingart,butatitlemakesit
moreclearthatitisaworkofartlikeabadgeofstatus
Sinceamemberoftheartworldneedonlyconferthestatusofcandidateforappreciation,
thisdoesnotrequirethattheartactuallybeappreciated,evenbyoneperson.most
artworksgounappreciated
Beingaworkofartdoesnotmeanthateveryaspectoftheworkisincludedwithinthe
candidacyforappreciation
TedCohenclaimsthatifsomethingcannotbeappreciated,itcannotbecomeart

 ex:DuchampsFountaininitselfisnotappreciable,onlyDuchampsgesture
behindtheartworkhassignificanceTothisDickieagrees,butsaysthatevery
workofartneedonlysomeminimalpotentialvalueorworthiness
Naturalobjectscangainartifactualitythroughconferring(sowithouttheuseoftools)
yettheconferringisadifferentact,sotwoseparatethingshappensimultaneously
beinganartifactandbeingacandidateforappreciationareseparateinstances
Alotdependsonthestatusofanobjectasanartworkontheinstitutionalsettingsoan
objectisnotartinahistorymuseum,butisartinanartmuseum.
Artisaconceptwhichnecessarilyinvolveshumanintentionality
Artinherentlyneedstobeoriginalinordertobeconsideredartinthefirstplaceso
whenafakeisdiscoveredtobefake,itdoesntlosethestatusofartbecauseitnever
haditinthefirstplace
Theinstitutionaltheoryconsiderstheimitationtheoryandtheexpressiontheoryas
wrong.
ThisisallIgotfromreadingthearticledirectlyfeelfreetoaddwhateverelseyouguysfind
important,especiallyfromclass.
Notesfromclass:
Anobjectisanartworkif
a)itisanartifact
b)someofitsaspectshaveconferreduponitthestatusofbeingacandidatefor
appreciationbytheartworldpublic
Theobjectmustbeembeddedintheartworldbysomepeople(generallyartists)
Bygivinganobjectatitleandhangingitonthewall,itcanbegiventhecandidacyofartwork
ExDuchampbroughtaurinaltoagalleryandexhibitedit,makingitacandidateforthe
artworldpublicandmakingitaworkofart

JerroldLevinsonRefiningArtHistoricallyIsntthisactuallyDefiningArtHistorically?
norefiningarthistoricallyisanotheressayhewrotethatweresupposedtoread.but
apparentlyitsverysimilartodefiningarthistorically.
Quotefromhisessay:Anartworkisathing(item,etc.)thathasbeenseriouslyintendedfor
regardasaworkofarti.e.,regard(treatment,etc.)inanywaypreexistingartworks
areorwerecorrectlyregarded,sothatanexperienceofsomevaluebetherebyobtained.
Anobjectisaworkofartifandonlyifitisintendedbyitsauthortoberegardedinoneofthe
waysinwhichsomeexistentworksareorwerecorrectlyregarded.
Everythingcanbeaworkofart
Noteverythingisaworkofart
regardandwayofregardinginthedefinitionofartshouldbeunderstoodbroadly

NoelCarrollIdentifyingArt
Carroll'sproposalisnotadefinitionofart,butratheramethodofidentifyingsomethingas
art.AndthemethodthatCarrollproposesisthatofhistoricalnarration,whereby

somethingisidentifiedasanartworkifasatisfyingnarrativecanbeconstructedthat
accountsforitscreationandcharacterinrelationtopreexistingartworksandart
traditions.Butwhatmakessuchaconstructednarrativesatisfying?Andisthatthesame
asthenarrativebeingtrue?Mightsuchanarrativebesatisfyingbutnotactuallysquare
withhowtheobjectinquestionwasconceivedorprojectedbyitsmaker?Andsowhatis
therelationbetweenbeingplausiblynarrativelyidentifiedasartandactuallybeingart?
Carrollclaimsthatworksofartshouldbeaccompaniedbyahistoricalnarrative.Nota
definition.Amethodofidentifyingsomethingasart.

weclassifyasartworkbyplacingitintotradition
artdevelopscantmakeastaticdefinition
whenartworkchallengedprovideexplanationnotdefintionwhichtakestheformof
historicalnarrativeandifitsreasonablesufficestoestablishcandidateisanartwork
historicalnarrativeestablishesstatusofcandidatebyconnectingworkinquestion
withpreviouslyacknowledgedworks
wherenarrativebeginsathistoricaljuncturewhereeveryoneagreesweknowartistic
practicesareinvolved
howdoweknowwithalientraditionsthatnarrativemodelisavailable?willneedtolook
forotherthannarrativereasonsforbeingartistictracehistoricallineage
sometimesmustresorttofunctionalanalysishistnarrationisnottheonlywayto
identifyart

GeorgeDickieTheNewInstitutionalTheoryofArt
Aworkofartintheclassificatorysenseis(1)anartifact(2)asetoftheaspectsofwhichhas
conferreduponitthestatusofcandidateforappreciationbysomepersonorpersons
actingonbehalfofacertainsocialinstitution(theartworld)
Acting/Conferring:theartworldismadeupofartists,producers,museumdirectors,people
whoenjoyart,etc.
Candidate/Appreciation:
Anumberofpersonsarerequiredtomakeupthesocialinstitutionoftheartworldbut
onlyonepersonisrequiredtoactonbehalfoftheartworldtoconferthestatusof
candidateforappreciation
alltheyhavetodoistreattheartifactasifitwereacandidateforappreciation
Thedefinitiondoesnotrequirethataworkofartactuallybeappreciated,evenbyone
person
thereareworksofartthatarentseenbyanyonebesidestheartist
Itisimportantnottobuildintothedefinition...valuepropertiessuchasactual
appreciationtodosowouldmakeitimpossibletospeakofunappreciatedworksofart
Appreciation
isntsynonymouswithaestheticappreciation
Inexperiencingthequalitiesofathingonefindsthemworthyorvaluable
ifsomethingcannotbeappreciated,canitnotbeart?

 isthereanythingwhichisimpossibletoappreciate?
plasticforksfromrestaurants?thumbtacks?
DuchampsFountainisartb/cofhisgesturethatishas
significance
heappreciateditandconferredthatitwasacandidatefor
appreciation,makingitart(despiteitbeingaurinal)
Anobjectisanartworkif
a. itisanartifact
b. itisintendedtobepresentedtoanartworldpublic(takesintoaccountaparticular
intention)
Artifactmadebyahumanbeingorgroupofhumans.Canbearesultofmodificationofsome
material,orusinganaturalobjectinaparticularway(Usingastickasaweapon)
Artworld:informal,socialinstitutionthatinvolvesgalleries,theatres,journal,activityof
peoplewhocreate/appreciateart
Tocreateaworkofart,youshouldhaveanintentiontopresentthearttoanartworldpublic