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BACTERIOLOGY (PROKARYOTES)

Two prokaryotic domains: Archaea, Bacteria

A few general characteristics (consult text for others!):
No _____________________________________
_____________________________________
reproduce via ___________________________________
Extremely successful: live in a wide range of habitats

Interesting facts according to Freeman (your text):

About _____ bacterial cells live on our skin
About 1_____ bacterial and archaeal cells live in our stomach and
intestines
Its estimated that the total number of individual archaea and
bacteria alive on earth is about __________________

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Domain Bacteria:
Diverse in metabolism and morphology: some autotrophic, some
heterotrophic

Are ecologically and economically important, e.g.:

Some are pathogenic (cause disease)
Together with the fungi, bacteria are the main decomposers on
the planet
Bacteria are used in antibiotic and food production
Bacteria are important in genetic engineering
Some are photosynthetic, produce oxygen (the cyanobacteria):
responsible for putting the first oxygen in the atmosphere;

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Bacteria exhibit three basic cell

shapes:
1. Coccus (pl. cocci): spherical,
ovoid
2. _________(pl. _________):
cylindrical or rod-shaped
3. _________: helically coiled

Fig. 29.8

The most common shapes of prokaryotes (taken from Campbell 2007)

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Organization of bacterial cells:

_________ organisms; or
cells arranged in clusters or filaments (see pictures in text and
photo atlas)
Related terminology:
1. _________= two (e.g. diplococcus = cluster of two cocci)
2. _________= chain
3. _________= grapelike clusters

Bacterial cell wall:

Surrounds _________
Protects cell from ___________________________
Made of _________: polysaccharide chains cross-linked by small
peptides (not found in Archaean cell walls)

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Gram staining:
Differential staining technique based on composition of bacterial
cell wall:

Fig. 29.9

Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria differ in

amount of peptidoglycan found
in cell walls:
Gram + :
thick peptidoglycan layer
cell wall traps crystal violet dye
____________________________
Gram - :
less peptidoglycan
cell wall surrounded by outer membrane, crystal violet is not
retained
____________________________

Fig. 29.9

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TODAYS EXERCISES
NOTE: Be able to recognize todays organisms as belonging to
domain Bacteria; in addition, be able to recognize the
organisms from exercise 6 today as Cyanobacteriasee the ID
sheet for practical #1
Exercise 1: Review of Compound Microscope Use:
Read p. 148, through Proper Focusing Technique
Practice focusing using the technique described

Exercise 2. Investigation of Bacterial Colonies and Cell

Morphology
Part A: Work in groups of 2-3 for observation of colony
morphology
Part B: Work individually when looking at cell morphology
Part C: Work individually when observing dental plaque

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Exercise 3: Identifying Bacteria by the Gram Stain Procedure

A. View prepared slides; work individually
B. Preparation of a Gram stain: SKIP

Exercise 4: Investigation of Bacteria in the Environment

Break into groups and decide upon an environment to
investigate
follow instructions on pp. 11-12
You will record and analyze results next week

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Exercise 5: Investigation of the Effects of Antibiotics on Bacterial

Growth
work in the groups you were in for exercise 4; each group should
prepare two plates: one with a bacterial lawn of
Stapylococcus epidermidis and one with a bacterial lawn of
E. coli (swab entire plate with culturesee procedure)
please be cautious when handling these cultures. Always wear
gloves, and do not place used swabs on the bench topplace
in waste at your bench and empty into biohazard container on
side of room.
place one of each of the following antibiotic disks on your lawn:
vancomycin
erythromycin
penicillin
tetracycline
please use clean forceps to do this aseptically!!!
you will record and analyze results next week

Exercise 6. Observation of Cyanobacteria

Aquatic, photosynthetic
Possess chlorophyll a and ___________________________
Sometimes called blue-green algae (but they are not
algae!)
First organisms to ___________________________

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Todays live cyanobacteria:

Anabaena:

Oscillatoria:

Spirulina:

Additional notes and reminders:

Today:
Show drawings prior to leaving lab (see list of drawings)
Due next week at beginning of lab:
p. 19, questions 1-5 (be sure to write down questions 6-7 on p.
20 before turning in #1-5 (#6-7 are due the following week)
WEAR GLOVES at all times
Wipe any bacterial spills with disinfectant and paper towel
Place all plates to be incubated in the area designated by
your lab instructor