INDEX

SL NO

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

COMPONENTS LIST

RESISTORS

CAPACITORS

VARIABLE RESISTORS

COIL

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

WORKING

CONCLUSION

10

BIBLOGRAPHY

METAL DETECTOR
Introduction:A metal detector is a device which responds to metal that may not be
readily apparent. The simplest form of a metal detector consists of
an oscillator producing an alternating current that passes through a coil
producing an alternating magnetic field. If a piece of electrically conductive
metal is close to the coil, eddy currents will be induced in the metal, and this
produces a magnetic field of its own. If another coil is used to measure the
magnetic field (acting as a magnetometer), the change in the magnetic field
due to the metallic object can be detected.
The first industrial metal detectors were developed in the 1960s and were used
extensively for mining and other industrial applications. Uses include demining (the detection of land mines), the detection of weapons such as knives
and
guns
(especially
in airport
security),geophysical
prospecting, archaeology and treasure hunting. Metal detectors are also used to
detect foreign bodies in food, and in the construction industry to detect steel
reinforcing bars in concrete and pipes and wires buried in walls and floors.
The fact is that all of these scenarios are valid. Metal-detector technology is a
huge part of our lives, with a range of uses that spans from leisure to work to
safety. The metal detectors in airports, office buildings, schools, government
agencies and prisons help ensure that no one is bringing a weapon onto the
premises. Consumer-oriented metal detectors provide millions of people
around the world with an opportunity to discover hidden treasures (along with
lots of junk).

COMPONENTS LIST
1

Components name

Specification

No of units

Resistors

56k

3.3k

22k

2.7k

2.2k

680E

15k

Variable resistor

5K3386Trim

Capacitors

1PF

1KPF

220PF

270PF

12KPF/100V

100/25V

Transistors

BC 547 PH

Diode

IN 4148

LED

5MM Red Led

Coil

Metal Detector

Buzzer

VK 27 CT (S)

Power supply

9V Snapper

Coil

10

PCB

VK 557 PCB

RESISTORS
A resistor is a component of an circuit that resists the flow of electrical
current. It has two terminals across which electricity must pass, and it is
designed to drop the voltage of the current as it flows from one terminal to the
other. Resistors are primarily used to create and maintain known safe currents
within electrical components
The amount of resistance offered by a resistor is determined by its physical
construction. A carbon composition resistor has resistive carbon packed into a
ceramic cylinder, while a carbon film resistor consists of a similar ceramic
tube, but has conductive carbon film wrapped around the outside. Metal film or
metal oxide resistors are made much the same way, but with metal instead of
carbon. A wire wound resistor, made with metal wire wrapped around clay,
plastic, or fiberglass tubing, offers resistance at higher power levels. Those
used for applications that must withstand high temperatures are typically made
of materials such as cermets, a ceramic-metal composite, or tantalum, a rare
metal, so that they can endure the heat.

The unit for measuring resistance is the OHM. (The Greek letter - called
Omega). Higher resistance values are represented by "k" (kilo-ohms) and M
(Meg ohms).

Fig: Resistor symbols

CAPACITORS
A capacitor is a passive electronic component that stores energy
in the form of an electrostatic field. In its simplest form, a capacitor consists of
two conducting plates separated by an insulating material called the dielectric.
The capacitance is directly proportional to the surface areas of the plates, and
is inversely proportional to the separation between the plates. Capacitance also
depends on the dielectric constant of the substance separating the plates.
Electrolytic capacitors are polarized which means they have a positive and
negative lead and must be positioned in a circuit the right way round
They also have a much higher capacitance than non-electrolytic capacitors.
Non-electrolytic capacitors usually have a lower capacitance. They are
not polarized and can be placed anyway round in a circuit
They are normally used to smooth a current in a circuit.

Fig: Capacitor symbol

WORKING
Metal detectors work on the principle of transmitting a magnetic field and
analyzing a return signal from the target and environment. The transmitted
magnetic field varies in time, usually at rates of fairly high-pitched audio
signals. The magnetic transmitter is in the form of a transmit coil with a
varying electric current fl owing through it produced by transmit electronics.
The receiver is in the form of a receive coil connected to receive and signal
processing electronics. The transmit coil and receive coil are sometimes the
same coil. The coils are within a coil housing which is usually simply called
the coil, and all the electronics are within the electronics housing attached to
the coil via an electric cable and commonly called the control box. This
changing transmitted magnetic field causes electric currents to flow in metal
targets. These electric currents are called eddy currents, which in turn generate
a weak magnetic field, but their generated magnetic field is different from the
transmitted magnetic field in shape and strength. It is the altered shape of this
regenerated magnetic field that metal detectors use to detect metal targets. (The
different shape may be in the form of a time delay.)The regenerated
magnetic field from the eddy currents causes an alternating voltage signal at
the receive coil. This is amplified by the electronics because relatively deeply
buried targets produce signals in the receive coil which can be millions of
times weaker than the signal in the transmit coil, and thus need to be amplified
to a reasonable level for the electronics to be able to process. In summary:
1. Transmit signal from the electronics causes transmit electrical current in
transmit coil.
2. Electrical current in the transmit coil causes a transmitted magnetic field.
3. Transmitted magnetic field causes electrical currents to flow in metal targets
(called eddy currents.)
4. Eddy currents generate a magnetic field. This field is altered compared to
the transmitted field.
5. Receive coil detects the magnetic field generated by eddy currents as a very
small voltage.

6. Signal from receive coil is amplified by receive electronics, then processed

to extract signal from the target, rather than signals from other environment
magnetic sources such as earths magnetic field. As with most introductions,
the above brief description is over-simplified. The signal induced in the receive
coil, by the magnetic field of the eddy current, can be thought of as made up of
two simultaneous components, not just an altered component:
One component is the same shape as the transmit signal. This is called the
reactive signal (X). Because it is the same shape as the transmit field, the
signal, by definition, responds immediately to whatever the transmit signal is
doing.
When this X component is subtracted from the eddy current induced signal in
the receive coil, the shape of the remaining Signal depends only upon the
history of the transmitted field, and not the instantaneous value. This signal is
called the resistive or loss component (R).Both the target X and R signals
vary depending on the distance of the target from the coil; the further away, the
weaker the transmitted magnetic field at the object, and the weaker the
received signal from the eddy currents; thus the weaker the receive coil R and
X signals which, as stated, may be very weak for deep targets.
The received signal is usually processed by the electronics to produce at least 2
signals: the strength of one signal is proportional to the R signal strength or
magnitude, but is no longer an alternating signal. Similarly, the other signal is
also not an alternating signal, but rather a signal simply related to X signal
strength or magnitude only. Unfortunately, both the terms X signal and R
signal may refer to both these two different meanings: the one meaning
referring to the alternating receive signal at the transmit frequency, and the
other meaning to the strength of the received signals or magnitude (how big
they are). So the term X signal may refer to the alternating X signal
waveform at the transmit frequency, or just the X signal strength or magnitude,
which of course changes as the coil is moved about over different areas of
ground. The same applies to the R signal.

This dual meaning of the same term is common in electronics. For example,
when referring to a received medium-wave signal, it is not always clear if an
engineer is referring to the signal at the medium-wave frequency, or its varying
magnitude; namely, the information transmitted regardless of the transmit
frequency. In metal detectors, the terms X and R signal, usually refer to
their magnitudes, not the alternating signals. These X and R signals
(magnitudes) are further processed to give an output signal which may be
reported to an operator in a number of different ways, the two most common
being:
1. A ground balanced audio signal, whose loudness is usually proportional to
the received signal strength from the eddy currents in metal targets.
2. A discriminated signal which only makes an audio beep when a target with
selected properties is detected. These properties may be varied by a metal
detector operator varying the controls of the metal detector. Most
discriminating metal detectors also have a visual display which indicates
properties of a detected metal target.

The operation of metal detectors is based upon the principles of

electromagnetic induction.
The single-coil detector is the one used in a real metal detector.
A pulsing current is applied to the coil, which then induces a magnetic field.
When the magnetic field of the coil moves across metal, such as the coin, the
field induces eddy currents in the coin.
The eddy currents induce their own magnetic field, which generates an
opposite current in the coil, which induces a signal indicating the presence of
metal.

 A metal detector circuit is used that uses a tuned circuit comprising of a coil.
Two capacitors C2 and C3 determining a specific resonant frequency of
oscillator by Q4. The sensitivity of which is adjusted by a potentiometer of 5k.
The output of this resonant circuit is fed to Q2 which quarter in emitter
follower configuration with appropriate filtering to forward bias Q3 that
forces Q4 to be not in condition stage thus the buzzer connected from positive
supply to the collector of Q4 does not get any power so doesnt sound.
While any metal object is encountered by the coil the resonance frequency
drifts away that removes the drive voltage to Q3 which in turn switches on
the Q4 for the buzzer to get power and sound accordingly together with the L,
LED growing to indicate the presence of the metallic object.

VARIABLE RESISTORS

Variable resistors consist of a resistance track with connections at both ends

and a wiper which moves along the track as you turn the spindle. The track
may be made from carbon, cermets (ceramic and metal mixture) or a coil of
wire (for low resistances). The track is usually rotary but straight track
versions, usually called sliders, are also available.
Variable resistors may be used as a rheostat with two connections (the wiper
and just one end of the track) or as a potentiometer with all three connections
in use. Miniature versions called presets are made for setting up circuits which
will not require further adjustment.
Variable resistors are often called potentiometers in books and catalogues.
They are specified by their maximum resistance, linear or logarithmic track,
and their physical size. The standard spindle diameter is 6mm

SYMBOL:

COIL
An electromagnetic coil (or simply a "coil") is formed when a
conductor (usually an insulated solid copper wire) is wound around a core or
form to create an inductor or electromagnet. When electricity is passed through
a coil, it generates heat. One loop of wire is usually referred to as a turn, and a
coil consists of one or more turns. For use in an electronic circuit, electrical
connection terminals called taps are often connected to a coil. Coils are often
coated with varnish or wrapped with insulating tape to provide
additional insulation and secure them in place. A completed coil assembly with
taps is often called a winding. A transformer is an electromagnetic device that
has a primary winding and a secondary winding that transfers energy from one
electrical circuit to another by inductive coupling without moving parts. The
term tickler coil usually refers to a feedback coil, which is often the third coil
placed in relation to a primary coil and secondary coil. A coil tap is a wiring
feature found on some electrical transformers, inductors and coil pickups, all of
which are sets of wire coils. The coil tap(s) are points in a wire coil where a
conductive patch has been exposed (usually on a loop of wire that extends out
of the main coil body). As self induction is larger for larger coil diameter the
current in a thick wire tries to flow on the inside. The ideal use of copper is
achieved by foils. Sometimes this means that a spiral is a better alternative.
Multilayer coils have the problem of interlayer capacitance, so when multiple
layers are needed the shape needs to be radically changed to a short coil with
many layers so that the voltage between consecutive layers is smaller

DC MOTOR
DC Motor has two leads. It has bidirectional motion
If we apply +ve to one lead and ground to another motor will rotate in
one direction, if we reverse the connection the motor will rotate in
opposite direction.

If we keep both leads open or both leads ground it will not rotate (but
some inertia will be there).

If we apply +ve voltage to both leads then braking will occurs.

H-BRIDGE

This circuit is known as H-Bridge because it looks like H Working principle

of H-Bridge.
If switch (A1 and A2 )are on and switch (B1 and B2) are off
then motor rotates in clockwise direction
If switch (B1 and B2 )are on and switch (A1 and A2) are off
then motor rotates in Anti clockwise direction
we can use Transistor, mosfets as a switch ( Study the transistor
as a a switch)

Conclusion
After designing, simulating, assembling, soldering and testing the circuit,
we came to the conclusion that our circuit of the metal detector is working
satisfactorily and has negligible amount of unexpected functioning.

BIBLOGRAPHY

www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com