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Author:
Michael Ritter
ADVA Optical Networking
ADVA Optical Networking All rights reserved.
With rising demand for mobile broadband services, operators are seeing a sharp
increase in bandwidth requirements. To keep pace with demand, operators must
evolve to new packet backhaul networks that offer increased capacity at lower
cost while providing the necessary service reliability and quality of experience
that users expect. This white paper focuses on the challenges operators face
when migrating to LTE and LTE Advanced radio access and the solutions they
need to protably benet from packet backhaul.
Introduction
The rising tide of data trafc experienced in mobile networks is putting the
backhaul infrastructure under more pressure than ever before. Data intensive
applications on powerful smartphone and tablet devices are popular with
many users and the arrival of LTE and LTE Advanced will only accelerate
this process. Infonetics Research reports that the number of mobile broadband
subscribers passed xed broadband subscriptions in 2010 and is estimated to
reach 2.1 billion by 2015.
WHITE PAPER
LTE-Capable Mobile Backhaul
will enable mobile network operators to efciently use available spectrum while
offering differentiated services with a superior quality of experience to their
customers.
However, this new, xed network-like performance can only be experienced
when supported by the backhaul network. There is general consensus in the
industry that only packet-based Carrier Ethernet backhaul will be able to meet
the challenges. Carrier Ethernet networks provide the bandwidth and exibility
required to dynamically adapt to capacity and connectivity demand originating
from mobile services at cost points attractive to network operators.
While efciency and reduced cost per bit are important metrics, reliability of
the mobile backhaul network is essential for efcient network operations and
providing a superior user experience. With the introduction of LTE and LTE
Advanced, the architecture of the backhaul network becomes more diverse
and has many more dimensions. Connectivity between the mobile core and
the base stations is no longer strictly hub-and-spoke as with 2G and 3G
radio access technology. Base stations now communicate directly with each
other, exchanging signaling and user data without involving the mobile core.
They also use different anchoring points for signaling and data trafc in the
mobile core. Data plane and signaling plane are now completely separated.
Furthermore, the concept of small cells introduces another level of complexity.
Small cells are an important component of LTE to provide substantially increased
access capacity to a large number of users and enable a more efcient utilization
of the available spectrum.
Backhaul Fundamentals
Mobile networks are growing. In many countries, radio access network
installations have evolved from 2G to 3G and are now evolving to 4G while
maintaining a large portion of the legacy radio equipment. The diversity of radio
equipment installed at cell sites poses a challenge especially to the backhaul
network. While the IP-based architecture of the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) is
designed to replace former 2G and 3G core networks, this migration is a slow
process for many operators. Seamless handovers for both voice and data to
cell towers with older network technology such as GSM, UMTS and CDMA2000
WHITE PAPER
LTE-Capable Mobile Backhaul
WHITE PAPER
LTE-Capable Mobile Backhaul
WHITE PAPER
LTE-Capable Mobile Backhaul
LTE Interface
Delay Budget
S1 User Plane
50 300 ms
S1 Control Plane
10 ms
X2 User Plane
1 ms (recommended)
X2 Control Plane
10 ms
Air Interface
Frequency
Time/Phase
LTE (FDD)
50 ppb
LTE (TDD)
50 ppb
3 s
LTE MBMS
50 ppb
5 s
WHITE PAPER
LTE-Capable Mobile Backhaul
control plane signaling is prioritized over trafc from applications that are
less sensitive to delay or loss performance. Carrier Ethernet allows prioritizing
services by assigning to each service a specic QoS class, which is based on a
number of parameters. These parameters include packet delay, delay variation
and packet loss and are specied for the service across the entire backhaul
network.
QoS must be managed consistently end-to-end. The QoS dened for the LTE
radio interface has to be aligned with the QoS experienced across the
backhaul network. Classication and tagging is therefore carried out by the
base stations and the gateways in the mobile core, based on the information
collected from policy servers. The 3GPP collaboration has dened a number
of QoS Class Identiers (QCI) for LTE, each referring to a certain type of
application. The identier is used as a reference for controlling packet
forwarding and treatment across the radio access network and is translated
into a packet priority marking to control packet forwarding across the Carrier
Ethernet backhaul network.
To meet the required QoS levels and simultaneously maintain cost efciency,
Carrier Ethernet supports sophisticated trafc management capabilities. QoS
management in Carrier Ethernet networks enables better service to certain
selected ows, therefore signicantly reducing overall bandwidth requirements
while still maintaining the QoS required for each individual ow. Figure 5
illustrates the architecture and the main building blocks of a generic trafc
management implementation that is compliant to Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF)
recommendations. The main functionalities include trafc classication, policing,
queuing and scheduling.
In order to meet the level of scalability and exibility imposed on the backhaul
network by LTE and LTE Advanced in particular, the Carrier Ethernet mobile
backhaul must support QoS management for a large number of trafc streams
also called Ethernet Virtual Connections (EVC) in a hierarchical queuing
architecture. The combination of multiple QoS proles and the potentially
large number of connections between individual base stations referred to as
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WHITE PAPER
LTE-Capable Mobile Backhaul
WHITE PAPER
LTE-Capable Mobile Backhaul
WHITE PAPER
LTE-Capable Mobile Backhaul
Attribute
SyncE
IEEE 1588v2
Capability
Frequency
Layer
Physical
Ethernet, UDP
Distribution
Physical Layer
In-Band Packets
Sensitivity
Asynchronous
Switches
SyncE and 1588v2 are complementary technologies that can co-exist in the
network and can be used on the same path. Both technologies have distinct
advantages and disadvantages over each other. SyncE is deterministic and
the performance is independent of the network load. 1588v2 can function
SyncE and 1588v2 are complementary
over asynchronous switches and additionally distributes phase and timetechnologies that can co-exist in the
of-day information. Slaves that support both can converge on accurate
network.
timing information quickly by using the SyncE frequency to discipline the
1588v2 local oscillator. SyncE in conjunction with 1588v2 also provides an
alternative holdover capability in case of failure at the packet layer. A combined
implementation promises to deliver the best overall performance.
The ability to consistently monitor and accurately test and troubleshoot the
synchronization infrastructure when delivering timing information via SyncE
and 1588v2 is mandatory for assuring clock accuracy and therefore the
quality of the delivered timing service. Assured delivery with guaranteed
QoS metrics is a necessity not only for data trafc streams but also for timing
services. As 1588v2 packet ows potentially traverse different technologies
and operator networks, service assurance mechanisms as implemented in
Carrier Ethernet OAM are required.
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WHITE PAPER
LTE-Capable Mobile Backhaul
ADVA Optical Networking has a comprehensive FSP 150 Carrier Ethernet access
and backhaul portfolio that offers a complete solution including scalable QoS
management, end-to-end service assurance and accurate delivery of timing
information for mobile backhaul networks of any size. Our Etherjack and
Syncjack suite, which are fully integrated into the FSP 150 platform, enable
mobile backhaul network operators to deliver reliable, high-performance
data and synchronization services supported by a rich and complete set of
tools for end-to-end service monitoring and assurance.
Our FSP 150 Carrier Ethernet solution provides operators with the capability
to evolve their mobile backhaul network without constraints and supports
seamless migration of radio access networks to LTE and later LTE Advanced.
It is architected to deliver 99.999% availability, supports end-to-end SLA
management per trafc ow and scales with your radio access network: a
complete and uniform solution for demarcation and aggregation applications in
mobile backhaul networks.
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WHITE PAPER
LTE-Capable Mobile Backhaul
Product
FSP 150
Version 07 / 2012
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