Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
worldwide
WHO Global Database
on Iodine Deficiency
ISBN 92 4 159200 1
Iodine status
worldwide
WHO Global Database
on Iodine Deficiency
Editors
Bruno de Benoist
Maria Andersson
Ines Egli
Bahi Takkouche
Henrietta Allen
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
1. Introduction
1.1 Iodine deficiency disorders: a public health problem
1.1.1 Etiology
1.1.2 Health consequences
1.1.3 Indicators for assessment and monitoring
1.2 Control of IDD
1.2.1 Correcting iodine deficiency
1.2.2 Monitoring and evaluating the IDD control programmes
1.2.3 Increasing awareness of public health authorities and the general public
1.2.4 Reinforcing the collaboration between sectors
1.2.5 Sustaining IDD control programmes
2. Methods
2.1 Data sources The WHO Global Database on Iodine Deficiency
2.2 Selection of survey data
2.2.1 Administrative level
2.2.2 Population groups
2.3 Classification of iodine nutrition
2.4 Population coverage, proportion of population and the number of individuals with insufficient iodine intake
2.4.1 Population coverage
2.4.2 Proportion of population and the number of individuals with insufficient iodine intake
2.5 TGP
3. Results and discussion
3.1 Results
3.1.1 Population coverage
3.1.2 Classification of countries by degree of public health significance of iodine nutrition
based on median UI
3.1.3 Proportion of population and number of individuals with insufficient iodine intake
3.1.4 TGP
3.2 Discussion
3.2.1 Population coverage
3.2.2 Limitations of data sources
3.2.3 Classification of countries by degree of public health significance of iodine nutrition
based on median UI
3.2.4 Proportion of population and the number of individuals with insufficient iodine intake
3.2.5 TGP
3.3
Conclusion
References
CONTENTS
v
vi
vii
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
7
7
7
8
9
9
9
10
12
12
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
16
iii
Annexes
Annex 1.
Annex 2.
Annex 3.
Tables
Table 1.1
Table 1.2
Table 2.1
Table 3.1
Table 3.2
Table 3.3
Table 3.4
Table 3.5
Table 3.6
Table 3.7
Figures
Figure 2.1 Relation between median UI (g/l) and mean UI (g/l) with linear regression line
Figure 2.2 Relation between median UI (g/l) and proportion (%) of UI values below 100 g/l with
quadratic regression curve
Figure 2.3 Relation between general population TGP and school-age children TGP with linear
regression line
Figure 3.1 Type of UI survey data
Figure 3.2 Type of TGP survey data
Figure 3.3 Degree of public health significance of iodine nutrition based on median UI
iv
17
17
17
18
20
20
20
21
21
22
23
23
25
26
33
1
4
6
9
9
10
10
12
12
12
7
7
8
9
10
11
Preface
In 1960, the World Health Organization (WHO) published the first global review on the extent of endemic
goitre. This review, covering 115 countries, was instrumental in focusing attention on the scale of the public health
problem of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD). It was only
in the mid 1980s that the international community committed themselves to the elimination of IDD, through a
number of declarations and resolutions.
WHO subsequently established a global database on
iodine deficiency which now holds surveys dating back
from the 1940s to the present day. Its objective is to assess
the global magnitude of iodine deficiency, to evaluate the
strategies for its control and to monitor each countrys
progress towards achieving the international communitys
goal of IDD elimination.
In 1993, WHO published the first version of the WHO
Global Database on Iodine Deficiency with global estimates on the prevalence of iodine deficiency based on total
goitre prevalence (TGP), using data from 121 countries.
Since then the international community and the authorities in most countries where IDD was identified as a public
health problem have taken measures to control iodine deficiency, in particular through salt iodization programmes
the WHO recommended strategy to prevent and control
IDD. As a result, it is assumed that the iodine status of
populations throughout the world has improved over the
past decade. The WHO Global Database on Iodine Deficiency is therefore being revised and updated to reflect the
current situation of iodine deficiency worldwide.
Until the 1990s TGP was the recommended indicator
for assessing iodine status. However, goitre responds slowly
to a change in iodine status and today urinary iodine (UI)
PREFACE
Acknowledgements
vi
deceased
Abbreviations
CDC
FAO
ICCIDD
IDD
IIH
MI
ppm
SAC
TGP
TSH
UI
UL
UN
UNICEF
USI
WHO
ABBREVIATIONS
vii
1. Introduction
1.1.1 Etiology
The main factor responsible for iodine deficiency is a low
dietary supply of iodine (1). It occurs in populations living in areas where the soil has a low iodine content as a
result of past glaciation or the repeated leaching effects of
snow, water and heavy rainfall. Crops grown in this soil,
therefore, do not provide adequate amounts of iodine when
consumed.
1. INTRODUCTION
Abortions
Stillbirths
Congenital anomalies
Increased perinatal mortality
Endemic cretinism
Deaf mutism
Neonate
Neonatal goitre
Neonatal hypothyroidism
Endemic mental retardation
Increased susceptibility of the thyroid gland to
nuclear radiation
Child and
adolescent
Goitre
(Subclinical) hypothyroidism
(Subclinical) hyperthyroidism
Impaired mental function
Retarded physical development
Increased susceptibility of the thyroid gland to
nuclear radiation
Adult
Source: Adapted with permission of the publisher, from Hetzel (2), Laurberg et al. (3)
Stanbury et al. (4).
Until the 1990s total goitre prevalence (TGP)1 was recommended as the main indicator to assess IDD prevalence.
However, TGP is of limited utility in assessing the impact
of salt iodization. In endemic areas, TGP may not return to
normal for months or years after correction of iodine deficiency. During this period, TGP is a poor indicator because
it reflects a populations history of iodine nutrition but not
its present iodine status. TGP is still useful to assess the
severity of IDD at baseline and has a role in evaluating the
long term impact of control programmes.
As UI is a more sensitive indicator to recent changes
in iodine intake, it is now recommended over TGP (12 ).
Most countries have started to implement IDD control
programmes, and a growing number of countries are consequently monitoring iodine status using UI .
TSH levels in neonates are particularly sensitive to
iodine deficiency however difficulties in interpretation
remain and the cost of implementing a TSH screening programme is high. The value of thyroglobulin as an indicator
of global IDD status has yet to be fully explored.
While IDD affects the entire population, a school-based
sampling method is recommended for UI and TGP as the
most efficient and practical approach to monitor IDD as
this group is usually easily accessible and can be used as a
proxy for the general population (12 ). School-age refers to
children aged 612 years, hereafter referred to as schoolage children unless otherwise noted. Iodine deficiency is
considered to be a public health problem in populations of
school-age children where the median UI is below 100 g/l
(see table 2.1) or goitre prevalence is above 5% (12 ).
Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism (IIH) is the most common complication of iodine prophylaxis and it has been reported in almost all iodine supplementation programmes
in their early phases (4 ). For programmes using iodized
salt, there is less information. IIH occurs in the early
phase of the iodine intervention and primarily affects the
elderly who have longstanding thyroid nodules. However,
it is transient and its incidence reverts to normal after one
to ten years. Monitoring of salt quality and iodine status of
populations, and training of health staff in identification
and treatment of IIH are the most effective means for preventing IIH and its health consequences (19 ).
1. INTRODUCTION
In order to achieve the global goal set for 2005, IDD control programmes and monitoring need to be constantly
Table 1.2 Criteria for monitoring progress towards sustainable IDD elimination
Indicators
Goals
>90%
Urinary iodine
Proportion of population with urinary iodine levels below 100 g/l
Proportion of population with urinary iodine levels below 50 g/l
<50%
<20%
Programmatic indicators
National body responsible to the government for IDD elimination. It should be multidisciplinary, involving the relevant fields
of nutrition, medicine, education, the salt industry, the media, and consumers, with a chairman appointed by the
Minister of Health;
Evidence of political commitment to USI and elimination of IDD;
Appointment of a responsible executive officer for the IDD elimination programme;
Legislation or regulation of USI;
Commitment to regular progress in IDD elimination, with access to laboratories able to provide accurate data on salt and
urinary iodine;
A programme of public education and social mobilization on the importance of IDD and the consumption of iodized salt;
Regular data on iodized salt at the factory, retail and household levels;
Regular laboratory data on urinary iodine in school-age children, with appropriate sampling for higher-risk areas;
Co-operation from the salt industry in maintenance of quality control; and
A database for recording results or regular monitoring procedures particularly for salt iodine, urinary iodine and, if available,
neonatal thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), with mandatory public reporting.
At least 8
of the 10
2. Methods
2. METHODS
the full report obtained, all data are checked for consistency as part of routine quality control. When necessary,
the authors are contacted for clarification or additional
information. Final data are extracted and entered into a
standard data form. The full archived documentation and
correspondence are available on request.
As of June 2003, the database contained 389 UI surveys
and 409 goitre surveys. Surveys received at WHO after
this date were not included in this analysis but are available in the online database and will be included in future
analysis.
This equation was obtained from a model based on surveys available in the database which presented both median UI and mean UI. To perform this linear regression,
disaggregated data were introduced for each survey, i.e.
sub-samples of the same survey stratified by age, sex or
region. A total of 351 regression points were identified.
The relation is shown in Figure 2.1.
2. When only disaggregated UI medians were presented
(e.g. UI medians for each age, sex or region), aggregated
total median UI was estimated using the following procedure:
Step 1: disaggregated UI means from disaggregated UI
medians were derived, assuming linearity through linear
regression using the equation:
Mean = 7.447 + 1.081 * Median
These were obtained from the 351 pairs of points used in
paragraph 1.
Step 2: the average of the means thus obtained was computed, weighted by the sample size of each group.
1. When UI means were the only available data, UI medians were derived through simple linear regression using
the equation:
Table 2.1 Epidemiological criteria for assessing iodine nutrition based on median UI concentrations in school-age children
Median UI (g/l)
Iodine intake
Iodine nutrition
< 20
Insufficient
2049
Insufficient
5099
Insufficient
100199
Adequate
200299
300
Excessive
Note that when the equation above is used, a proportion of UI values below 100 g/l of 50% yield a median
figure of 102 g/l, instead of the expected value of 100
g/l. In this case, no attempt to modify the intercept or
the slope of the equation was made in order to make it fit
predicted values. Instead, this caveat is mentioned in the
notes section of Table 4.1, where applicable.
Countries with high medians (>300 g/l) were given
zero per cent as a proportion of UI values below 100
g/l, and not the value predicted by the equation.
2. METHODS
700
r 2 = 0.93
600
500
Median UI (g/l)
400
300
200
100
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Mean UI (g/l)
r 2 = 0.83
400
Median UI (g/l)
300
200
100
20
40
60
80
100
% UI <100 g/l
r 2 = 0.94
80
2.5 TGP
60
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
UN) and worldwide were derived for the general population, applying the algorithm described above at country
level, following the same procedure as described for UI
calculations (section 2.5.2).
Along with the point estimates of TGP, 95% confidence
intervals of TGP for each country are presented as a measure of uncertainty (Table A3.2).
3.1 Results
Regional and worldwide estimates of iodine status are
based on data from 192 WHO Member States (Annex 1).
Estimates by WHO region are presented in this chapter;
estimates by UN region appear in Annex 2. National estimates of iodine status for each WHO Member State are
presented in Annex 3.
School-age
children
covered
(millions)
Coverage
(%)
Africa
Americas
South-East Asia
Europe
Eastern Mediterranean
Western Pacific
128.9
109.0
242.4
81.2
87.1
199.4
116.9
98.8
239.4
70.5
72.6
183.0
90.7
90.6
98.8
86.8
83.4
91.8
Total
848.0
781.2
92.1
WHO regionb
a
b
c
National
Sub-national
No data
Africa
Americas
South-East Asia
Europe
Eastern Mediterranean
Western Pacific
17
13
7
21
11
6
17
7
2
17
4
4
12
15
2
14
6
17
Total
75
51
66
National
Sub-national
No data
National
Sub-national
No data
WHO regionb
School-age
children
(millions)c
School-age
children
covered
(millions)
Coverage
(%)
Africa
Americas
South-East Asia
Europe
Eastern Mediterranean
Western Pacific
128.9
109.0
242.4
81.2
87.1
199.4
117.6
50.7
232.1
46.9
76.5
184.0
91.2
46.5
95.7
57.8
87.8
92.3
Total
848.0
707.7
83.5
National
Sub-national
No data
Africa
Americas
South-East Asia
Europe
Eastern Mediterranean
Western Pacific
18
4
7
12
10
6
17
3
1
15
5
2
11
28
3
25
6
19
Total
57
43
92
10
11
No data
Figure 3.3 Degree of public health significance of iodine nutrition based on median UI
Table 3.5 Number of countries classified by degrees of public health significance of iodine nutrition based on median UI in
school-age children by WHO region, 2003
Classification of iodine nutrition
Severe
iodine
deficiency
(Median UI
<20 g/l)
Moderate
iodine
deficiency
(Median UI
2049 g/l)
Mild
iodine
deficiency
(Median UI
5099 g/l)
Optimal
iodine
nutrition
(Median UI
100199 g/l)
Risk of IIH
in susceptible
groups
(Median UI
200299 g/l)
Risk of adverse
health
consequences
(Median UI
300 g/l)
Africa
Americas
South-East Asia
Europe
Eastern Mediterranean
Western Pacific
0
0
0
0
1
0
6
1
0
4
0
2
8
1
3
19
5
4
11
3
5
15
6
3
7
12
1
0
3
1
2
3
0
0
0
0
12
15
2
14
6
17
Total
13
40
43
24
66
WHO regiona
No data
and 299 g/l indicating that the population has more than
adequate iodine intake. In these countries, there is a risk
of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism in susceptible groups.
In 5 countries, there is excessive iodine intake as shown by
a median UI above 300 g/l. In these countries, there is a
risk of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism and other adverse
health consequences.
3.1.4 TGP
Table 3.6 Proportion of population, and number of
individuals with insufficient iodine intake in
school-age children (612 years), and in
the general population (all age groups) by
WHO region, 2003
Insufficient iodine intake (UI <100 g/l)
School-age children
WHO regiona
Proportion
(%)
General population
Total
number
(millions)b
Proportion
(%)
Total
number
(millions)b
Africa
Americas
South-East Asia
Europe
Eastern Mediterranean
Western Pacific
42.3
10.1
39.9
59.9
55.4
26.2
49.5
10.0
95.6
42.2
40.2
48.0
42.6
9.8
39.8
56.9
54.1
24.0
260.3
75.1
624.0
435.5
228.5
365.3
Total
36.5
285.4
35.2
1988.7
1993
2003
% change
Africa
Americas
South-East Asia
Europe
Eastern Mediterranean
Western Pacific
15.6
8.7
13.0
11.4
22.9
9.0
28.3
4.7
15.4
20.6
37.3
6.1
+ 81.4
46.0
+ 18.5
+ 80.7
+ 62.9
32.2
Total
12.0
15.8
+ 31.7
12
3.2 Discussion
Data gathered in the WHO Global Database on Iodine
Deficiency permit a description to be made of the magnitude, severity and distribution of iodine deficiency worldwide and facilitates decisions on the most effective strategy
to eliminate iodine deficiency.
13
3.2.5 TGP
The worldwide TGP of 15.8% is above the 5% cut-off used
to signal a public health problem (12 ). Its increase of 31.7%
between 1993 and 2003 is inconsistent with current iodine
status based on UI. This has several possible explanations.
First, there is a time lag between the implementation of
a salt iodization programme and the disappearance of clinically detectable goitre (25). This time-lag may be further
increased when USI is only partially implemented.
Second, 70% of the TGP surveys in the analysis period
19932003 were carried out between 1993 to 1998, which
14
3.3 Conclusion
In conclusion, there has been substantial progress in the last
decade towards the elimination of iodine deficiency. Improved iodine nutrition reflects the validity of the strategy
adopted by WHO based on salt iodization complemented
with iodine supplementation in remote areas not reached
by iodized salt or in population groups who are severely
deficient. It reflects the efforts made by countries to implement effective IDD control programmes and is proof of the
successful collaboration between all the partners in IDD
control, in particular the health authorities and the salt
industry.
Having said that, every effort needs to be made to ensure that programmes continue to cover at-risk populations
if the goal of eliminating IDD is to be reached. Current
iodine deficiency estimates based on UI provide the baseline for future global estimates. The challenge now is to
improve the quality of the data in order to trigger appropriate and timely interventions and to track progress more
accurately and rapidly.
With regard to the WHO Global Database on Iodine
Deficiency and the measurement of iodine nutrition, attention must be drawn to the following issues.
It is important that each country carries out nationally
representative surveys on a regular basis. Efforts should
be made to ensure that samples are representative (i.e. to
make sure that no region of a given country is deliberately excluded from the sampling procedure). Countries
where evaluation data are missing introduce considerable uncertainty as to the impact of the iodization efforts.
15
References
16
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
Kochers survey: a historical review with some new goitre prevalence data. Acta Endocrinology (Copenhagen),
1990, 123:577590.
WHO, UNICEF, ICCIDD. Recommended iodine levels in salt and guidelines for monitoring their adequacy
and effectiveness. Geneva, World Health Organization,
1996 (WHO/NUT/96.13).
Brgi H, Schaffner T, Seiler JP. The toxicology of
iodate: A review of the literature. Thyroid, 2001, 11:
449456.
Todd CH. Hyperthyroidism and other thyroid disorders.
A practical handbook for recognition and management.
Geneva, World Health Organization, 1999 (WHO/
AFRO/NUT/99.1, WHO/NUT/99.1).
WHO, UNICEF, ICCIDD. Progress towards the elimination of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD). Geneva,
World Health Organization, 1999 (WHO/NHD/
99.4).
WHO, UNICEF, ICCIDD. Global prevalence of iodine
deficiency disorders. Micronutrient Deficiency Information System working paper 1. Geneva, World Health
Organization, 1993.
Zimmermann MB et al. New reference values for thyroid volume by ultrasound in iodine-sufficient schoolchildren: a World Health Organization/Nutrition for
Health and Development Iodine Deficiency Study
Group Report. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,
2004, 79: 231237.
UN Population Division. World population prospects:
the 2002 revision. New York, United Nations, 2003.
UNICEF. The state of the worlds children 2004. New
York, United Nations Childrens Fund, 2004.
Delange F. Iodine deficiency in the world: Where do
we stand at the turn of the century? Thyroid 2001, 11:
437447.
Zimmermann MB et al. Thyroid ultrasound compared
with World Health Organization 1996 and 1994 palpation criteria for determination of goitre prevalence in
regions of mild and severe iodine deficiency. European
Journal of Endocrinology 2000, 143:72731.
Peterson S et al. Classification of thyroid size by palpation and ultrasonography in field surveys. Lancet 2000,
355:106110.
ANNEX 1
Africa
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Cte dIvoire
Democratic Republic of
the Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
ANNEX 1
Sierra Leone
South Africa
Swaziland
Togo
Uganda
United Republic of
Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Americas
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bolivia
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
South-East Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Democratic Peoples
Republic of Korea
India
Indonesia
Maldives
Myanmar
Nepal
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Timor Leste
Europe
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxemburg
Malta
Monaco
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Republic of Moldova
Romania
Russian Federation
San Marino
Serbia and Montenegro
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Tajikistan
The former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern
Ireland
Uzbekistan
17
Eastern Mediterranean
Afghanistan
Bahrain
Djibouti
Egypt
Iran (Islamic Republic of)
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Morocco
Oman
Pakistan
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Somalia
Sudan
Syrian Arab Republic
Tunisia
United Arab Emirate
Yemen
Western Pacific
Australia
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
China
Cook Islands
Fiji
Japan
Kiribati
Lao Peoples Democratic
Republic
Malaysia
Marshall Islands
Micronesia (Federated
States of)
Mongolia
Nauru
New Zealand
Niue
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Philippines
Republic of Korea
Samoa
Singapore
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Viet Nam
Africa
Eastern Africa
Burundi
Comoros
Djibouti
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Kenya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mauritius
Mozambique Rwanda
Seychelles
Somalia
Uganda
United Republic of
Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Middle Africa
Angola
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Congo
Democratic Republic of
The Congo
Equatorial Guinea Gabon
Sao Tome and Principe
Northern Africa
Algeria
Egypt
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
18
Morocco
Sudan
Tunisia
Mongolia
Republic of Korea
South-central Asia
Southern Africa
Botswana
Lesotho
Namibia
South Africa
Swaziland
Western Africa
Benin
Burkina Faso
Cape Verde
Cte dIvoire
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Liberia
Mali
Mauritania
Niger
Nigeria
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Togo
Asia
Eastern Asia
China
Democratic Peoples
Republic of Korea
Japan
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Iran (Islamic Republic of)
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Cyprus
Georgia
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syrian Arab Republic
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Europe
Eastern Europe
South-eastern Asia
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Timor Leste
Indonesia
Lao Peoples Democratic
Republic
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Western Asia
Armenia
Belarus
Bulgaria
Czech Republic
Hungary
Poland
Republic of Moldova
Romania
Russian Federation
Slovakia
Ukraine
Northern Europe
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
Iceland
Ireland
Latvia
Lithuania
Norway
Sweden
Southern Europe
Albania
Andorra
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatia
Greece
Italy
Malta
Portugal
San Marino
Western Europe
Austria
Belgium
France
Germany
Luxembourg
Monaco
Netherlands
Switzerland
ANNEX 1
Central America
Belize
Costa Rica
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
South America
Melanesia
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Guyana
Paraguay
Peru
Suriname
Uruguay
Venezuela
Fiji
Papua New Guinea
Solomon Islands
Vanuatu
Northern America
Polynesia
Canada
United States of America
Cook Islands
Samoa
Tonga
Tuvalu
Niue
Oceania
Australia-New Zealand
Micronesia
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia (Federated
States of)
Nauru
Palau
Australia
New Zealand
19
ANNEX 2
Results by UN region
School-age
children
surveyed
(millions)
Coverage
(%)
Africa
Eastern Africa
Middle Africa
Northern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
154.6
52.1
19.1
28.7
8.3
46.4
139.8
43.1
15.6
27.9
7.9
45.2
90.4
82.7
82.0
97.3
95.4
97.5
Asia
Eastern Asia
South-central Asia
South-eastern Asia
Western Asia
521.7
164.8
246.5
79.0
31.5
488.8
148.8
241.2
75.8
23.0
93.7
90.3
97.8
95.9
73.2
Europe
Eastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
59.1
25.2
8.6
10.6
14.7
50.3
25.2
2.0
8.5
14.7
85.2
100.0
23.1
79.7
100.0
76.6
4.5
22.4
49.7
69.2
2.4
22.4
44.5
53.7
53.0
100.0
89.5
Northern America
32.4
29.6
91.2
Oceania
AustraliaNew Zealand
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia
3.7
2.3
1.3
0.04
0.05
3.5
2.3
1.2
0
0
94.0
100.0
90.2
0.0
0.0
848.0
781.2
92.1
UN regionb
Total
a
b
c
National
Sub-national
No data
Africa
Eastern Africa
Middle Africa
Northern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
20
7
3
3
3
4
18
3
2
2
1
10
15
7
4
1
1
2
Asia
Eastern Asia
South-central Asia
South-eastern Asia
Western Asia
26
2
8
6
10
8
0
4
1
3
13
3
2
4
4
Europe
Eastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
16
6
3
3
4
14
4
4
3
3
11
0
3
7
1
12
1
7
4
7
1
1
5
14
11
0
3
Northern America
Oceania
AustraliaNew Zealand
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia
0
0
0
0
0
4
2
2
0
0
12
0
2
5
5
75
51
66
Total
a
20
School-age
children
surveyed
(millions)
Coverage
(%)
Africa
Eastern Africa
Middle Africa
Northern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
154.6
52.1
19.1
28.7
8.3
46.4
140.5
46.1
16.4
27.9
7.9
42.2
90.9
88.4
85.8
97.3
95.4
91.1
Asia
Eastern Asia
South-central Asia
South-eastern Asia
Western Asia
521.7
164.8
246.5
79.0
31.5
487.4
148.8
246.5
69.9
22.2
93.4
90.3
100.0
88.6
70.6
Europe
Eastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
59.1
25.2
8.6
10.6
14.7
26.1
9.2
0.5
9.4
7.1
44.2
36.4
5.5
88.2
48.4
76.6
4.5
22.4
49.7
50.7
1.3
16.1
33.3
66.2
28.4
72.0
67.0
Northern America
32.4
0.0
2.9
1.9
1.0
0
0
79.3
81.7
80.7
0.0
0.0
707.7
83.5
UN regionb
Oceania
AustraliaNew Zealand
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia
Total
a
b
c
3.7
2.3
1.3
0.040
0.054
848.0
National
Sub-national
No data
Africa
Eastern Africa
Middle Africa
Northern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
21
6
3
3
3
6
18
5
3
2
1
7
14
6
3
1
1
3
Asia
Eastern Asia
South-central Asia
South-eastern Asia
Western Asia
24
2
7
6
8
9
0
7
0
3
14
3
0
5
6
Europe
Eastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
9
3
0
5
1
10
4
1
3
2
22
3
9
5
5
4
1
1
2
3
0
1
2
26
12
6
8
Northern America
Oceania
AustraliaNew Zealand
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
1
0
0
14
1
3
5
5
57
43
92
Total
a
ANNEX 2
21
Table A2.5 Number of countries classified by degrees of public health significance of iodine nutrition based on median UI in
school-age children, by UN region, 2003
Classification of iodine nutrition
Severe
iodine
deficiency
(Median UI
<20 g/l)
Moderate
iodine
deficiency
(Median UI
2049 g/l)
Mild
iodine
deficiency
(Median UI
5099 g/l)
Optimal
iodine
nutrition
(Median UI
100199 g/l)
Risk of IIH
in susceptible
groups
(Median UI
200299 g/l)
Risk of adverse
health
consequences
(Median UI
300 g/l)
No data
Africa
Eastern Africa
Middle Africa
Northern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
2
1
1
2
10
3
1
2
0
4
13
4
1
2
2
4
7
2
1
0
1
3
2
1
0
0
0
1
15
7
4
1
1
2
Asia
Eastern Asia
South-central Asia
South-eastern Asia
Western Asia
1
0
1
0
0
4
0
2
1
1
12
0
4
3
5
12
1
3
3
5
5
1
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
13
3
2
4
4
Europe
Eastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
15
6
5
1
3
14
3
2
5
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
0
3
7
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
3
0
2
1
11
0
6
5
3
0
0
3
14
11
0
3
Northern America
Oceania
AustraliaNew Zealand
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
0
2
5
5
Total
13
40
43
24
66
UN regiona
22
General population
Prevalence
(%)
Total
number
(millions)b
Prevalence
(%)
Total
number
(millions)b
Africa
Eastern Africa
Middle Africa
Northern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
42.7
45.1
32.4
50.7
31.6
41.1
59.7
19.4
5.1
14.1
2.5
18.6
43.0
45.2
32.7
50.6
31.2
41.4
324.2
98.2
26.3
88.2
15.4
96.2
Asia
Eastern Asia
South-central Asia
South-eastern Asia
Western Asia
38.3
16.3
43.2
61.2
53.2
187.0
24.2
104.1
46.4
12.2
35.6
16.3
41.9
60.5
55.8
1239.3
212.2
631.9
312.6
82.6
Europe
Eastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
53.1
60.0
59.3
47.8
43.6
26.7
15.1
1.2
4.1
6.4
52.7
59.9
59.2
49.2
42.6
330.8
180.6
13.0
58.8
78.5
10.3
69.8
9.9
7.3
7.1
1.7
2.2
3.3
10.0
66.2
9.7
6.6
47.4
13.2
13.5
20.8
Northern America
9.5
2.8
9.5
27.6
Oceania
59.4
AustraliaNew Zealand 73.0
Melanesia
32.7
Micronesia
Polynesia
2.1
1.7
0.4
64.5
72.8
33.9
19.2
17.0
2.2
285.4
35.2
1988.7
UN regiona
Total
Total goitre
prevalence
(%)
Africa
Eastern Africa
Middle Africa
Northern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
26.8
29.5
23.3
25.3
29.1
25.9
Asia
Eastern Asia
South-central Asia
South-eastern Asia
Western Asia
14.5
5.3
23.8
8.4
20.4
Europe
Eastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
16.3
27.2
12.1
10.9
10.7
36.5
4.7
4.9
8.7
2.9
Oceania
AustraliaNew Zealand
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia
12.9
15.3
4.4
Total
15.8
No data.
a
No data.
a
ANNEX 2
23
ANNEX 3
National estimates of
iodine status
ANNEX 3
25
26
Survey data
Proportion
of
population
Median
with UI
UI
<100 g/l
(g/l)
(%)
95% CI of
proportion
of
population
with UI
<100 g/l
(%)
Population with
insufficient
iodine intake
612 years
(000)
General
population
(000)
3879
24294
3329
3379, 3598
Adequate
Insufficient
110
1339
977
13974
1319
Adequate
327
4080
3413
Insufficient
943
6173
More than
adequate
Insufficient
Risk of IIH in
susceptible groups
Mild iodine deficiency
16
115
General
(000)
Date
of survey
(years)
Level of
survey
Population
group and age
(years)
Sample
size
Local
SAC (611)
169
27
77.7
1348
2596
802
146
77
31.8
71.5
Member State
612 years
(000)
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
4197
434
4993
22 930
3141
31 266
No data
No data
1994 P
Andorra
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
6
2594
10
4792
346
1872
69
13 184
73
37 981
3072
19 544
650
8111
No data
No data
No data
No data
1998
2000,
2001
1994
1268
42
97
8297
310
709
25 239
26
862
846
44
1302
143 809
269
9940
10 296
251
6558
Bhutan
409
Bolivia
Local
SAC (615)
589
111
49.4
2001 P
No data
1999
Regional
SAC (814)
347
54
74.4
National
SAC (812)
749
204
16.2
1142
1993
No data
19951998
1998
19941995
1999
National
SAC (511)
2054
54
70.7
642
National
National
National
Local
SAC (618)
SAC (612)
SAC (714)
SAC (612)
11 562
2585
1656
433
45
80
184
289
80.9
66.9
26.7
8.3
3181
1336
3133
2535
2190
1996
National
SAC (611)
333
230
24.0
80.281.6
65.168.7
24.628.8 % <100 g/l calculated from median.
5.710.9 Thyromobile study. % <100 g/l calculated
from median.
19.428.6
1546
8645
1996
National
508
250
19.0
15.622.4
3339
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
357
4126
1999
Women 1549
and children <5
National
SAC (714)
1945
111
52.4
2994
3453
Botswana
321
1770
1994
National
SAC (810)
287
219
15.3
23 198
176 257
2000
State
SAC (612)
1013
360
0.0
49
599
2608
350
7965
12 624
No data
1996
1999
National
Local
SAC (614)
SAC (612)
1028
391
111
114
42.9
47.5
39.945.9
42.652.4 Thyromobile study.
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Brazil
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Notes
Bibliographic
referencesb
2649
Classification
of iodine
intake
Classification
of iodine nutrition
17844 101673
697
566
12
108
8041
6888
67
544
98
526
294
1643
187
2162
2805
More than
adequate
Risk of IIH in
susceptible groups
49
271
3350
Excessive
3017
2535
Adequate
Adequate
257
1239
3417
5997
ANNEX 3
Table A3.1
Population year
2002a
612 years
(000)
Member State
General
(000)
Survey data
Date
of survey
(years)
Proportion
of
population
Median
with UI
UI
<100 g/l
(g/l)
(%)
95% CI of
proportion
of
population
with UI
<100 g/l
(%)
Population with
insufficient
iodine intake
Level of
survey
Population
group and age
(years)
Sample
size
National
SAC (618)
757
52
91.7
89.793.7
National
Province
SAC (612)
General
population
SAC (1020)
302
319
52
21
77.4
79.5
72.782.1
75.183.9 % <100 g/l calculated from median.
1141
29
99.6
371
984
0.2
Notes
Classification
of iodine
intake
Classification
of iodine nutrition
612 years
(000)
General
population
(000)
1431
Insufficient
2757
14 424
1622
1351
Insufficient
Insufficient
66
579
351
3036
390
Insufficient
1632
8314
3335
Excessive
31
More than
adequate
More than
adequate
Risk of IIH in
susceptible groups
Optimal iodine nutrition
Optimal iodine nutrition
Mild iodine deficiency
53
364
1036
101
571
5531
1278
5748
386
4887
335
3789
Bibliographic
referencesb
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
1361
2585
3007
2840
85
729
6602
13 810
15 729
31 271
454
3819
No data
No data
1993
No data
1996
19931994
Chad
1638
8348
19931994
Chile
2046
15 613
2001
2002
National
SAC (810)
11 766
241
16.2
3579
19941998
National
urban
SAC (812)
7363
249
6.4
3296
National
SAC
538
233
8.9
400
927
3027
162
140
95
33.8
28.8
51.0
3239
3429
1512
More than
adequate
Adequate
Adequate
Insufficient
714
119
47.7
515
Adequate
305
267
0.0
3601
4616
61
70.8
3205
More than
adequate
Insufficient
Risk of IIH in
susceptible groups
Mild iodine deficiency
771
Insufficient
1111
7410
3548
48
21 998
295
201
75
1010
896
China
Colombia
6514
43 526
137
727
2
595
747
3633
18
4094
Cote dIvoire
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
3067
351
1119
87
810
16 365
4439
11 271
796
10 246
Democratic Peoples
Republic of Korea
Democratic Republic
of the Congo
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
2825
22 541
No data
10 011
51 201
1995
473
129
11
1292
5351
693
78
8616
19971998
No data
No data
1993
1978
12810
11 373
1033
90
794
112
70 507
6415
481
3991
1338
Comoros
Congo
Cook Islands
Costa Rica
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
No data
No data
No data
1996
National
19992000
Local
SAC (416)
2002
National
SAC (612)
1995 National rural SAC (612)
No data
2000 P
Regional SAC (6, 10, 13)
Local
SAC (614)
National
SAC (614)
837
39
86.0
1999
Local
SAC
630
420
0.0
1998
19961997
No data
1998
1995
State
National
SAC (610)
SAC (614)
706
2394
148
>150
National
National
SAC (612)
SAC (810)
2100
1840
168
65
99.2100.0
0.00.7 Median calculated from mean.
6.511.3
1634
3615
Excessive
31.2
4.6
2639
3108
Adequate
Adequate
Moderate iodine
deficiency
Risk of adverse health
consequences
Optimal iodine nutrition
Optimal iodine nutrition
25.3
67.0
3122
1225
Adequate
Insufficient
27
28
Table A3.1
Population year
2002a
Survey data
Proportion
of
population
Median
with UI
UI
<100 g/l
(g/l)
(%)
General
(000)
Date
of survey
(years)
Level of
survey
Population
group and age
(years)
Sample
size
2000 P
District
SAC
512
58
68.4
SAC
95% CI of
proportion
of
population
with UI
<100 g/l
(%)
Population with
insufficient
iodine intake
Classification
of iodine
intake
Classification
of iodine nutrition
612 years
(000)
General
population
(000)
3199
Insufficient
9360
47 169
3236
Insufficient
93
626
3605
1269
Adequate
Insufficient
Moderate iodine
deficiency
Optimal iodine nutrition
Mild iodine deficiency
159
3097
1845
36 149
3611
2595
Adequate
Insufficient
94
180
500
1011
395
1626
2647
4142
22 252
14 596
Member State
612 years
(000)
Ethiopia
13 685
68 961
123
831
1994
District
479
34
75.4
Finland
France
448
5128
5197
59 850
1997
1996
Local
Adults (3042)
342
National Adults (3560) 12 014
164
85
35.5
60.4
Gabon
Gambia
245
248
1306
1388
2001
1999
National
National
SAC (612)
SAC (812)
NS
594
190
42
38.3
72.8
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Grenada
Guatemala
494
6022
3712
759
12
2309
5177
82414
20471
10970
80
12036
1998
1999
1994
No data
No data
1995
National
National
District
NS
SAC (612)
NS
3065
292
62
148
54
80.0
27.0
71.3
3699
3126
1772
Insufficient
Adequate
Insufficient
National
SAC, women
814
222
14.4
3091
1733
1567
8359
1999
Region
SAC (819)
1234
91
63.6
2617
Risk of IIH in
susceptible groups
Mild iodine deficiency
333
Guinea
More than
adequate
Insufficient
997
5316
283
104
1449
764
No data
1997 P
National
SAC (514)
342
162
26.9
3094
Adequate
28
205
Haiti
Honduras
1459
1262
8218
6781
No data
1999
Local
SAC
609
240
31.3
3394
9923
19941997
National
SAC (711)
2814
80
65.2
2122
817
More than
adequate
Insufficient
395
Hungary
533
6470
Elderly (6670)
89
SAC
17 321
150
133
37.7
31.3
Adequate
Adequate
12
108
50 698 328 509
65
205
63.7
14.9
59.767.7
13.616.2
Insufficient
More than
adequate
Fiji
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran (Islamic
Republic of)
32
287
1998 P
16 1973 1 049 549 19931993,
1995, 1996,
1996 P, 1997,
1997 P, 1998,
1998 P, 1999,
2000 P,
2001 P,
2001, 2002
30 322
11 208
217 131
68 070
1996 P
1996
Local
State,
district
District
National
SAC (810)
SAC (810)
544
2917
Notes
Bibliographic
referencesb
3041, 3684
3683, 3682
3681
1251
1158, 1162
1159, 1164
1161, 1160
1215, 1166
1163, 3538
1165, 3539
3456, 3584
3585, 3578
3577, 3565
3545, 3534
1183
3317
ANNEX 3
Table A3.1
Population year
2002a
Member State
612 years
(000)
General
(000)
Survey data
Date
of survey
(years)
95% CI of
proportion
of
population
with UI
<100 g/l
(%)
Level of
survey
Population
group and age
(years)
Sample
size
Local
Adults (2261)
132
82
60.8
Region,
local
SAC (615)
11 226
94
55.7
Classification
of iodine nutrition
3608
Insufficient
228
2378
2058, 1291
3419, 1273
1287, 1286
2059, 1272
Insufficient
2154
32 018
2601
951
3042
154
97
115
24.4
53.1
36.7
22.826.1
49.956.3 Medians from disaggregated data by region pooled.
35.038.4 % <100 g/l from disaggregated data by
district pooled.
2534
3056
391
Adequate
Insufficient
Adequate
224
1057
2220
1300
8214
11575
3135
3230
Adequate
Optimal iodine nutrition
Insufficient Moderate iodine deficiency
87
693
767
4464
Adequate
279
1487
73.480.2
51.559.5 % <100 g/l calculated from median.
2.74.3
3058
3222
3481
1242
Insufficient
Mild iodine deficiency
Insufficient
Mild iodine deficiency
Insufficient Moderate iodine deficiency
Excessive
Risk of adverse
health consequences
154
283
331
22
1789
1996
1800
113
3613
1319
Insufficient
Insufficient
207
23
2148
257
2637, 2637
2840
2650
2535
Insufficient
2118
13660
Insufficient
More than
adequate
38
899
202
4304
392
395
Insufficient
Adequate
359
6
1959
53
Notes
4498
375
795
3866
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
381
8482
917
1991
6050
Kiribati
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
10
278
787
87
2443
5067
No data
1997
1994
National
Region
SAC (69)
SAC (711)
341
221
147
30
31.4
88.1
1038
5529
2000
National
SAC (812)
900
162
26.9
200
510
331
631
2329
3596
1800
3239
2000
1997
1999
1999
National
National
National
National
SAC (810)
SAC (715)
SAC (812)
SAC (611)
599
586
500
2060
59
95
26
321
76.8
55.5
100.0
3.5
765
334
40
5445
3465
447
No data
1995
1994
National
Local
SAC
SAC (615)
2087
124
75
90
62.0
57.4
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
3231
2315
3717
16916
11871
23965
No data
No data
1995
National
SAC (810)
11 362
91
57.0
Maldives
Mali
58
2636
309
12 623
1995
1999
National
Local
SAC (612)
SAC (612)
316
352
67
203
65.5
34.1
37
6
514
147
393
52
2807
1210
No data
No data
1995
1995
National
National
SAC (614)
Adults
240
225
55
154
69.8
4.4
Malta
Marshall Islands
Mauritania
Mauritius
National
SAC (810)
National Women (1549)
National
SAC (810)
General
population
(000)
Classification
of iodine
intake
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Lao Peoples
Democratic Republic
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
24 510
No data
3911
1999
6304
No data
57 482 19921994,
19931995,
1994 P,
1997 P,
1998 P,
1999 P
2627
No data
127 478
No data
5329
2000
15 469
1999
31540
1994
Proportion
of
population
Median
with UI
UI
<100 g/l
(g/l)
(%)
Population with
insufficient
iodine intake
Bibliographic
referencesb
770
612 years
(000)
29
30
Table A3.1
Population year
2002a
Member State
612 years
(000)
General
(000)
Mexico
15 671
101 965
Survey data
Proportion
of
population
Median
with UI
UI
<100 g/l
(g/l)
(%)
Date
of survey
(years)
Level of
survey
Population
group and age
(years)
Sample
size
1999
National
SAC (512)
585
235
8.5
National
National
Province
National
SAC (416)
SAC (612)
SAC
SAC (611)
2748
281
567
3345
102
75
69
136
48.9
63.0
65.4
38.2
National
Local
SAC (611)
SAC (618)
1450
937
144
154
35.1
37.5
95% CI of
proportion
of
population
with UI
<100 g/l
(%)
Population with
insufficient
iodine intake
Classification
of iodine
intake
Classification
of iodine nutrition
612 years
(000)
General
population
(000)
2997
More than
adequate
Risk of IIH in
susceptible groups
1332
8667
47.050.8
57.468.7 Median calculated from mean.
61.569.3
36.639.9
3227
491
2872
3076
Adequate
Insufficient
Insufficient
Adequate
199
2762
2346
2809
1252
18945
12123
18662
32.637.6
34.440.6 Thyromobile study. % <100 g/l calculated
from median.
75.084.4
0.00.0 % <100 g/l calculated from median.
1083
3204
Adequate
Adequate
1555
523
8638
6025
3597
3109
334
0
3065
0
9187
46914
Notes
Bibliographic
referencesb
Micronesia (Federated
States of)
Monaco
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nauru
Nepal
Netherlands
19
108
3
407
4385
3587
7352
385
2
4430
1395
34
2559
30 072
18 537
48 852
1961
13
24 609
16 067
No data
2001
1993
1998
2001
No data
No data
19971998
19951996
New Zealand
Nicaragua
419
1007
3846
5335
19961999
2000
Local
National
SAC (810)
SAC (69)
282
886
66
271
79.7
0.0
Niger
2357
11 544
1998
Region
SAC
944
270
0.0
3611
23 677
0
427
450
27 695
2
436
120 911
2
4514
2768
149911
20
3064
1998
No data
No data
19931994
19931994
No data
1999
State
SAC (812)
537
147
38.8
3604
Insufficient
More than
adequate
More than
adequate
Adequate
National
Region
SAC (811)
SAC (810)
951
1500
91
16
49.8
90.4
46.653.0
88.991.9
481
492
Insufficient
Insufficient
National
SAC (612)
604
235
8.6
3098
1048
5586
1996
Local
SAC (810)
627
181
27.7
More than
adequate
Adequate
Risk of IIH in
susceptible groups
Optimal iodine nutrition
Paraguay
1013
5740
1999
National
SAC (612)
5864
294
Peru
4201
26767
1999
National
SAC
4936
13 388
3437
774
72
78580
38622
10049
601
1998
1999
No data
1996
National
Local
SAC (612)
SAC (615)
More than
adequate
More than
adequate
Insufficient
Insufficient
Risk of IIH in
susceptible groups
Risk of IIH in
susceptible groups
Mild iodine deficiency
Mild iodine deficiency
Local
4640
455
1836
47430
4270
22387
No data
1996
20002001
National
National
Nigeria
Niue
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Panama
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Republic of Korea
Republic of Moldova
Romania
No data
13.4
723
3167
230
11.8
3147
10 616
873
71
84
65.3
64.0
64.466.2
60.867.2 Thyromobile study. Median calculated from mean.
2536
2574
SAC (615)
59
203
30.0
3614
More than
adequate
Risk of IIH in
susceptible groups
SAC (810)
SAC (616)
516
7358
78
68
62.0
64.2
57.866.2
63.165.3 Median from disaggregated data by county
pooled. % <100 g/l calculated from median.
3332
3544
Insufficient
Insufficient
224
1379
25037 13 5519
37
263
290
1547
136
769
496
3158
8742
2200
51313
24718
22
180
282
1178
2648
14373
ANNEX 3
Table A3.1
Population year
2002a
Member State
612 years
(000)
Russian Federation
11 779
Rwanda
General
(000)
Survey data
Date
of survey
(years)
1593
8272
1996
6
22
18
42
148
119
No data
No data
No data
Proportion
of
population
Median
with UI
UI
<100 g/l
(g/l)
(%)
95% CI of
proportion
of
population
with UI
<100 g/l
(%)
Population with
insufficient
iodine intake
31
Classification
of iodine
intake
Classification
of iodine nutrition
612 years
(000)
General
population
(000)
Insufficient
6620
80974
More than
adequate
Risk of IIH in
susceptible groups
934
1437
203
5410
7460
2191
74
810
Adequate
2050
12980
404
2937
Adequate
Adequate
Insufficient
1383
684
3594
20898
5786
20385
2589a
Adequate
73
369
35.643.4
2662
Adequate
228
2833
34.9
11.8
33.336.5
10.013.6
3554
3609
Adequate
Adequate
2588
25
21705
241
42.8
2535
Adequate
397
2055
Level of
survey
Population
group and age
(years)
Sample
size
Local
SAC (712)
3401
93
56.2
National
SAC (519)
1246
298
0.0
SAC (810)
SAC (1014)
SAC (715)
4590
1054
1515
180
45
158
23.0
75.7
20.8
21.824.2
73.178.3
18.822.8
490
1633
3062
SAC
1744
183
15.0
13.316.7
558
Adequate
SAC (711)
SAC
8254
3154
177
109
29.0
50.1
2618
2091, 3607
3581, 3606
3580
National
National
SAC (810)
SAC
2630
3544
145
75
30.6
62.0
Local
SAC (618)
170
170
34.5
National
SAC (612)
600
115
39.5
3557
1216
150
199
381
116
33
2
28
4063
1898
976
15
876
450
496
144
89
1850
7070
2712
176
No data
27
No data
157
No data
23520 19941995 National
9855 19961997
Region
10535 19981999
Region
80
No data
4764
No data
4183
No data
5398
2002
National
1986
463
No data
9480
No data
44759
1998
National
40977 1995, 2000, Regional,
2000 P,
province
2001 P,
2002 P
Sri Lanka
Sudan
2236
5797
18910
32878
20002001
1997
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Syrian Arab Republic
Tajikistan
Thailand
The former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia
Timor Leste
Togo
60
213
807
576
3039
1108
7414
213
432
1069
8867
7171
17381
6195
62193
2046
No data
1998
No data
1999
No data
No data
2000
2002
147
927
739
4801
No data
1999
Local
SAC (612)
Notes
Bibliographic
referencesb
1191, 743
1222, 1143
1139, 3610
3610, 3610
2558
Adequate
Optimal iodine nutrition
Insufficient Moderate iodine deficiency
Adequate
Optimal iodine nutrition
32
Table A3.1
Population year
2002a
Member State
612 years
(000)
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Tuvalu
Uganda
17
147
1364
10 119
821
1
5226
General
(000)
103
1298
9728
70318
4794
10
25004
Survey data
Proportion
of
population
Median
with UI
UI
<100 g/l
(g/l)
(%)
95% CI of
proportion
of
population
with UI
<100 g/l
(%)
Population with
insufficient
iodine intake
Date
of survey
(years)
Level of
survey
Population
group and age
(years)
Sample
size
No data
No data
19961997
19971999
1999
No data
1999
National
National
Local
SAC (69)
SAC (911)
SAC (810)
94
5948
65
164
36
64
26.4
74.6
65.6
2485
3426
3620
Adequate
Optimal iodine nutrition
Insufficient Moderate iodine deficiency
Insufficient
Mild iodine deficiency
National
SAC (612)
293
310
11.9
2582
Excessive
Local
SAC (520)
3506
50
70.1
1238, 3600
Region
SAC (913)
258
91
56.6
33.841.6
Notes
Bibliographic
referencesb
34280
483
Insufficient
205
1662
1772
Adequate
2745
13676
More than
adequate
Risk of IIH in
susceptible groups
2811
27649
4204
25037
10517
1228
1567
378
67434
5833
7703
1900
7282
36276
1996
State
SAC (89)
586
127
37.7
29 589
291038
19881994
National
SAC (611)
3058
237
9.5
1523
National
SAC (710)
800
36
97.4
570
State
SAC
1040
286
0.0
National
National
National
National
SAC (812)
SAC (612)
SAC
SAC (614)
3062
974
2505
847
40
173
60
245
84.0
30.2
72.0
14.8
80278
19315
10698
12835
1993
1998
1993
1999
(UN 2003)
2568
52457
3145
2884
361
5349
12 520
4065
2176
2555
360
7549
539
Insufficient
Viet Nam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
General
population
(000)
2975
48902 19911996,
19961999
2937
1994
59068
No data
612 years
(000)
622
4114
3391
No data
25705
1998
207
No data
25226 2000, 2001
Classification
of iodine nutrition
Risk of adverse
health consequences
Mild iodine deficiency
Ukraine
388
4316
38
3869
Classification
of iodine
intake
3168
3168
3168
1076
1561
394
2641
Risk of IIH in
susceptible groups
ANNEX 3
Date of survey
(yrs)
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
1995
No data
1994 P
Andorra
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
No data
No data
No data
No data
1998
2001
No data
1996
No data
1999
1993
No data
199598
No data
No data
1995
1996
1994
1999
33
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
1994
19941996
No data
1998, 2001
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Comoros
Congo
Cook Islands
Costa Rica
Cote dIvoire
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
1995
No data
19961997
1995
No data
1996
19931994
199394
2001
2002
19941998
1994
1995
No data
No data
1997
1999
No data
No data
Level of survey
Sample size
TGP
(%)
Province
Pre-SAC (15)
1553
9.9
8.411.4
493
Local
SAC (611)
169
65.0
57.872.2
1348
National
Local
Women (1545)
SAC (1118)
2569
577
30.2
19.4
28.432.0
16.222.6
3329
3598
National
Adults
904
11.1
9.113.2
827
National
National
SAC (812)
SAC (511)
1600
12 862
1.7
49.9
1.12.3
49.050.8
1142
642a
National
SAC (618)
11 562
33.4
32.534.3
3181
Province
National
National
National
SAC (713)
SAC (611)
NS
SAC (714)
10 560
1200
360
9183
19.6
14.0
4.5
25.7
18.820.4
12.016.0
2.46.6
24.826.6
393
2649
3612
2994, 3453
National
National
SAC (810)
SAC (614)
4268
178 774
16.5
4.0
15.417.6
3.94.1
2805
3599
Region, local
SAC (611)
9045
27.4
26.528.3
1086, 3016
Local
210
55.2
48.561.9
1349
National
National
SAC (812)
SAC (818)
35 418
NS
17.0
10.3
16.617.4
1076
401
National
Province
National
Local urban
National
National urban
National
District
SAC (612)
General population
SAC (1020)
SAC (618)
SAC (810)
SAC (812)
SAC (811)
General population
1200
3090
1171
3712
38 894
19 530
2249
2620
25.5
60.9
63.0
6.4
5.8
6.5
13.6
12.0
23.028.0
59.262.6
60.265.8
5.67.2
5.66.0
6.26.9
12.215.0
10.813.2
1622
1351
390
3335
3579
3296
396
2279
Local
National
SAC (615)
SAC (711)
419
2054
44.8
16.1
40.049.6
14.517.7
3120
2941
Bibliographic referencesa
Notes
34
Table A3.2
Survey data
Member State
Date of survey
(yrs)
Czech Republic
No data
Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea
No data
Democratic Republic of the Congo
1995
Denmark
19971998
Djibouti
No data
Dominica
No data
Dominican Republic
1993
Ecuador
No data
Egypt
1995
El Salvador
No data
Equatorial Guinea
No data
Eritrea
1998
Estonia
No data
Ethiopia
2000 P
Fiji
No data
Finland
No data
France
1996
Gabon
2001
Gambia
1999
Georgia
No data
Germany
No data
Ghana
19911994
Greece
1995 P, 1999 P
Grenada
No data
Guatemala
No data
Guinea
1999
Guinea-Bissau
1995
Guyana
No data
Haiti
No data
Honduras
No data
Hungary
19941997
Iceland
No data
India
19921993, 1993,
1995 P, 1995,
1996, 1996 P, 1997,
1997 P, 19971998,
1998, 19981999,
1999, 2000 P, 2001 P
2001, 2002
Indonesia
Iran (Islamic Republic of)
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
1995-1998
1996
No data
No data
No data
19921994,
19931995, 1994,
1998 P, 1999 P
Level of survey
Sample size
TGP
(%)
Local
Region
SAC (614)
Adults (1865)
313
4649
28.4
12.1
23.433.4
11.213.0
3601b
3003
National
SAC (614)
837
5.3
3.86.8
771
National
Women
1629
21.4
19.423.4
486
National
SAC (612)
3270
36.7
35.138.4
3122
District
SAC
2485
53.3
51.355.3
3199
National
National
National
Adults (3560)
SAC (612)
SAC (812)
12 014
3280
3010
12.9
17.1
16.3
12.313.5
15.818.4
15.017.6
1269
3611
2595
National
Local, region
NS
SAC (915)
27 000
5129
23.8
17.5
23.324.3
16.518.5
388
2539, 3430
Region
National
SAC (819)
SAC (612)
1234
5480
59.0
32.6
56.361.7
31.433.8
2617
397
National
299 351
11.6
11.511.7
3027
State, district
SAC
84 407
17.9
17.618.2
National
National
SAC (612)
SAC (810)
1 156 367
36 178
9.8
54.6
9.89.9
54.155.1
Region, local
SAC
12 744
13.9
13.314.5
Bibliographic referencesa
Notes
ANNEX 3
Table A3.2
Survey data
35
Member State
Date of survey
(yrs)
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
No data
No data
2000
20002001
1994
No data
1997
1994
No data
No data
1993
1999
No data
No data
No data
No data
1995
1996
1995
1995
No data
No data
No data
1995
No data
2002 P
No data
No data
2001
1993
1998
No data
No data
No data
19971998
19951996
No data
No data
1994
1995
No data
No data
19931994
19931994
No data
1999
1996
Level of survey
Sample size
TGP
(%)
National
District
National
SAC (810)
SAC (915)
SAC (810)
2601
3369
20 916
33.5
36.7
15.5
31.735.3
35.138.3
15.016.0
2534
3055
391
National
Region
SAC (69)
SAC (711)
799
440
0.0
49.1
44.453.8
3135
3230
National
National
SAC (715)
SAC (812)
7319
500
25.7
4.9
24.726.7
3.06.8
485
3481
Local
Region
National
National
SAC (611)
SAC
SAC (810)
SAC (612)
3635
9434
2814
2834
22.8
28.1
4.0
23.6
21.424.2
27.229.0
3.34.7
22.025.2
398
400
2637, 2840
2650
National
SAC (614)
4820
30.9
29.632.2
392
Region
SAC (614)
673
10.4
8.112.7
12
National
National
Province
SAC (516)
SAC (612)
SAC
2455
1594
5684
23.0
22.0
14.3
21.324.7
20.024.0
13.415.2
3227
491
2872
National
Local
SAC (611)
SAC (618)
15 542
937
40.0
1.8
38.840.2
1.02.7
1083
3204
Thyromobile study.
National
State
SAC (1015)
SAC (614)
8933
590
35.8
29.1
34.836.8
25.432.8
384
3601
National
Region
SAC (811)
SAC (810)
2996
6000
10.0
84.9
8.911.1
84.085.8
481
492
National
Local
SAC (612)
SAC (810)
2959
627
10.2
4.6
9.111.3
3.06.2
3098
723
Bibliographic referencesa
Notes
36
Table A3.2
Survey data
Member State
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Republic of Korea
Republic of Moldova
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Samoa
San Marino
Sao Tome and Principe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia and Montenegro
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
pooled.
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Syrian Arab Republic
Tajikistan
Thailand
The former Yugoslav Republic
of Macedonia
Timor Leste
Togo
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Date of survey
(yrs)
Sample size
TGP
(%)
SAC (714)
4579
5.4
4.86.1
715
National
Local
SAC (810)
SAC
3313
1010
36.7
12.8
35.138.3
10.714.9
3332
1093
National
SAC (519)
6886
25.9
24.926.9
2558
Region
Region
SAC
SAC (1014)
940
2346
24.0
28.7
21.326.7
26.930.5
567
1633, 1562
National
SAC (918)
1421
1.3
0.71.9
763
Region
SAC (615)
1923
4.4
3.55.3
1099
1994
No data
No data
1998
1995, 2000, 2002 P
National
SAC (13)
1740
79.0
77.180.9
3391
National
Province
SAC
SAC (616)
2377
2745
40.9
10.4
38.942.9
9.311.5
2001
1997
No data
1998
National
National
SAC (810)
SAC
6733
40 922
20.9
22.0
19.921.9
21.622.4
2618
2091, 3581
3580
404
2937
Local
SAC (618)
778
5.4
3.87.0
2589
Local
SAC (617)
514
14.5
11.517.5
1212, 1207
Local
National
National
SAC
SAC (612)
SAC (711)
NS
3 953 730
1222
68.7
2.2
5.8
2.192.21
4.57.1
3705
2555
3609
Region
SAC (1019)
791
32.6
29.335.9
387
No data
No data
1993
No data
No data
No data
No data
1996
1995
No data
1996
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
2001 P
19951996,
19961997
1998
No data
No data
No data
19891995
No data
1994, 1995
No data
1999
2000
2002
No data
1995
No data
No data
Level of survey
National
Bibliographic referencesa
Notes
ANNEX 3
Table A3.2
Survey data
Member State
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Tuvalu
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland
United Republic of Tanzania
United States of America
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Viet Nam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
a
Date of survey
(yrs)
Level of survey
1993
1995
1999
No data
1999
19961999
1994
No data
District
Province
Local urban
SAC (810)
SAC (612)
SAC (810)
1675
6906
65
36.3
30.3
25.0
34.038.6
29.231.4
14.535.5
1559
3428
3620
National
Local
Region
SAC (612)
SAC (812)
SAC (913)
2870
2675
4778
60.2
55.6
40.4
58.462.0
53.757.5
39.041.8
2582
3600
483
1995
No data
No data
1998
Local
SAC (614)
713
44.0
40.447.6
3601
National
19 895
73.0
72.473.6
570
National
National
National
SAC (812)
SAC (612)
SAC
3062
2984
2505
21.9
16.8
31.6
20.423.4
15.518.1
29.833.4
1076
1561
394
No data
No data
1993
1998
1993
No data
Sample size
TGP
(%)
Bibliographic referencesa
Notes
37
Algeria
Benmiloud M et al. Oral iodized oil for correcting iodine
deficiency: optimal dosing and outcome indicator selection.
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1994, 79:
2024. Ref 1348
Armenia
Branca F et al. The health and nutritional status of children
and women in Armenia. Rome, National Institute of Nutrition, 1998. Ref 3329
Australia
Guttikonda K et al. Recurrent iodine deficiency in Tasmania, Australia: a salutary lesson in sustainable iodine prophylaxis and its monitoring. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology
and Metabolism, 2002, 87:28092815. Ref 3379
McDonnell CM, Harris M, Zacharin MR. Iodine deficiency and goitre in schoolchildren in Melbourne, 2001.
Medical Journal of Australia, 2003, 178:159162. Ref 3598
Austria
Delange F et al. Thyroid volume and urinary iodine in
European schoolchildren: standardization of values for
assessment of iodine deficiency. European Journal of Endocrinology, 1997, 136:180187. Ref 1319
Azerbaijan
Markou KB et al. Iodine deficiency in Azerbaijan after the
discontinuation of an iodine prophylaxis program: reassessment of iodine intake and goiter prevalence in schoolchildren. Thyroid, 2001, 11:1411146. Ref 3413
Branca F et al. Health and nutrition survey of internally displaced and resident population of Azerbaijan April 1996.
US Agency for International Development, World Health
Organization, United Nations Childrens Fund, 1996. Ref
827
Bahrain
Belarus
Arinchin A et al. Goiter prevalence and urinary iodine
excretion in Belarus children born after the Chernobyl
accident. IDD Newsletter, 2000, 16:79. Ref 3181
Belgium
Delange F et al. Silent iodine prophylaxis in Western
Europe only partly corrects iodine deficiency: the case of
Belgium. European Journal of Endocrinology, 2000, 143:
89196. Ref 1336
Belize
National Iodine Survey Belize 19941995. Belmopan, Ministry of Health, 1995. Ref 3133
Benin
Kibambe N et al. Projet Thyromobil en Afrique de lOuest
(premire phase). Rapport final. [Thyromobil project in West
Africa (first phase). Final report.] Lom, Conseil International de Lutte contre les Troubles Dus la Carence en
Iode, 2000. Ref 2535
Ategbo EA. Rsultats de lenqute transversale sur la prvalence du gotre effectue dans la partie nord du Bnin [Results
of cross-sectional goiter prevalence study in the northern part
of Benin] draft. Cotonou, Universit Nationale du Bnin,
1995. Ref 393
Bhutan
Royal Government of Bhutan et al. Tracking Progress towards sustainable elimination of IDD in Bhutan. Thimphu,
Royal Government, 1996. Ref 2649
Bolivia
Gutierrez Sardan M. Encuesta Nacional de Multiples Indicadores 1996 [National Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey
1996]. La Paz, Direccion Nacional de Epidemiologia
Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia, 1997.
Ref 3339
[Anonymous]. Bolivia conquers iodine deficiency. IDD
Newsletter, 1996, 12:3334. Ref. 3612
Tahirovic H et al. Assessment of the current status of iodine prophylaxis in Bosnia and Herzegovina Federation.
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2001, 14:
1391144. Ref 3453
Bangladesh
Botswana
38
Brazil
Pretell EA. Thyromobil project in Latin America; Report of
the study in Brazil. Brasilia, Ministry of Health, 2002. Ref
3350
Correa Filho HR et al. Inqu rito sobre a prevalncia de
bcio endmico no Brasil em escolares de 6 a 14 anos:
1994 a 1996. [Endemic goiter prevalence survey in Brazilian schoolchildren 6 to 14 years old, 19941996]. Revista
Panamericana de Salud Pblica/Pan American Journal of
Public Health, 2002, 12:317326. Ref 3599
Bulgaria
Ivanova L et al. Urinary Iodine in IDD monitoring in Bulgaria, In: Geertmann RM, ed. 8th World Salt Symposium,
Amsterdam, Elsevier, 2000:12491250. Ref 3017
Timtcheva T. Information on IDD situation in Bulgaria
[unpublished report]. Sofia, Ministry of Health, 1999. Ref
1086
Kovatcheva R et al. Thyroid volume and urinary iodine in
Bulgarian school children from Sofias region [in bulgarian]. Endocrinologia, 2001, 6. Ref 3016
Burkina Faso
Kibambe N et al. Projet Thyromobil en Afrique de lOuest
(premire phase). Rapport final. [Thyromobil project in West
Africa (first phase). Final report.]. Lum, Conseil International de Lutte contre les Troubles Dus la Carence en
Iode, 2000. Ref 2535
Thiebaut R et al. Prvalence du goitre endmique dans le
secteur sanitaire de Zitenga (Burkina Faso) [Prevalence of
endemic goiter in the health sector of Zitenga (Burkina
Faso)]. Sant, 1998, 8:269274. Ref 1349
Cambodia
Ministry of Health of Cambodia, National Maternal and
Child Health Center. Workshop on regional strategy for control of IDD. Cambodia, The National Sub Committee for
control of IDD (NSCIDD), 1997. Ref 1076
Cameroon
Lantum DN. Monitoring and evaluation of IDD elimination
programme in Cameroon 19921993. Yaound, University
of Yaound I, 1995. Ref 1431
Lantum DN. Action towards elimination of iodine deficiency
disorders 19901995. Yaound, University of Yaound I,
1995. Ref 401
Cape Verde
Ntambwe-Kibambe. Enqute nationale sur la carence en
iode et la consommation du sel au Cap Vert rapport final
[National survey on iodine deficiency and salt consumption
ANNEX 3
Chad
Ministre de la Sant Publique Tchad, WHO, UNICEF.
Rsultats de lenqute nationale de prvalence des TDCI en
Rpublique du Tchad du 05/11/93 au 06/01/94 [Results
of the national survey on IDD prevalence in the Republic of
Chad from 05/1193 to 06/01/94]. NDjamna, Ministre
de la Sant Publique, 1994. Ref 390
Chile
Muzzo SB, Leiva L, Mora JR. Nutricion de yodo del escolar
Chileno despues del cambio del reglamento sanitario de los
alimentos [Iodine nutrition in Chilean schoolchildren after
the revision of the sanitary regulation on foods]. Santiago de
Chile, Universidad de Chile, 2002. Ref 3335
China
Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for
Disease Control and Prevention. Specialist Group of the
Fourth National Survey on IDD. China national iodine
deficiency disorders surveillance report 2002. Beijing, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003. Ref
3579
Colombia
Ruiz H, Jimenez G. Prevalencia de los desrdenes por
deficiencia de yodo e ingestin promedio de sal Colombia
19941998 [Prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders and
salt consumption, Colombia 19941998]. Bogot, Instituto
Nacional de Salud, 2001. Ref 3296
Comoros
Rapport des rsultats de lenqute sur la prvalence du gotre et
lavitaminose A Enqte organise du 8 au 14 dcembre 1994
[Report of the results from the survey on goiter prevalence and
vitamin A deficiency Survey from 8th to 14th December
1994]. Moroni, Ministre de la Sant Publique Rpublique
Fdrale Islamique des Comores, 1995. Ref 396
Congo
Doumtab NL. Rapports de mission de la distribution de
l huile iode dans le district de Dongou [Mission report of
iodized oil distribution in the Dongou district]. Brazzaville,
WHO, 1996. Ref 2279
39
Costa Rica
Dominican Republic
Cte dIvoire
Hess SY et al. Treatment of iron deficiency in goitrous children improves the efficacy of iodized salt in Cote dIvoire.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2002, 75:743748.
Ref 3239
Ecuador
[Anonymous]. The western hemisphere nears iodine sufficiency. IDD Newsletter, 2001,17:19. Ref. 3394
Egypt
Croatia
Kusic Z et al. Croatia has reached iodine sufficiency. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 2003, 26:738742. Ref
3429
Croatian National Institute of Public Health, UNICEF
Office for Croatia, Kiwanis International. Public Health
Significance of iodine deficiency disorders in Croatia: Results
of the 199799 Eradication Program. Zagreb, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, 2000. Ref 2941
Cuba
Rodriguez-Ojea A et al. Low levels of urinary iodine excretion in schoolchildren of rural areas in Cuba. European
Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1998, 52:372375. Ref 1512
Czech Republic
Zamrazil V. Iodine deficiency. In: Levinski A, ed. Abstracts
of the 1st EFES Regional Polish-Slovak-Czech-Hungarian
Postgraduate course in clinical endocrinology. Polanczyk,
Polish Society of Endocrinology, 2000. Ref 515
Denmark
Rasmussen LB et al. Dietary iodine intake and urinary
iodine excretion in a Danish population: effect of geography, supplements and food choice. British Journal of Nutrition, 2002, 87:6169. Ref 3205
Knudsen N et al. Goitre prevalence and thyroid abnormalities at ultrasonography: a comparative epidemiological
study in two regions with slightly different iodine status.
Clinical Endocrinology, 2000, 53:479485. Ref 3003
40
El Salvador
Primer estudio nacional sobre excrecion urinaria de yodo en
escolares en El Salvador [First national survey on urinary
iodine excretion in schoolchildren in El Salvador]. San Salvador, Minsterio de Salud Publica y Asistencia Social El
Salvador, 1998. Ref 3108
Eritrea
National IDD Survey 1998. Draft report. Asmara, Ministry
of Health, 1998. Ref 3122
Estonia
Veinpalu M et al. Urinary iodine excretion in Estonian
children. European Journal of Endocrinology, 1996, 135:
248. Ref 1225
Ethiopia
Cherinet A, Kelbessa U. Determinants of iodine deficiency
in school children in different regions of Ethiopia. East
African Medical Journal, 2000, 77:133137. Ref 3199
Fiji
UNICEF-Pacific Office. IDD in Fiji: Outcome and follow
up to a consultancy visit by Dr Rainer Gutekunst (August
1994). Suva, United Nations Childrens Fund, 1997. Ref
3236
Finland
Valsta M et al. Iodine status of middle-aged subjects in
Finland [abstract]. In: Spring meeting of the Finnish Society
for Nutrition Research 2003. Kuopio, Finnish Society for
Nutrition Research, 2003. Ref 3605
France
Guinea-Bissau
Gambia
Guyana
Ministry of Health of Guyana, Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute, PAHO. Executive summary micronutrient
study report Guyana. An assessment of the vitamin A, betaCarotene, iron and iodine status in the population. Georgetown, Ministry of Health, 1997. Ref 3094
Gabon
Georgia
Gerasimov G. IDD in Eastern Europe and Central Asia.
IDD Newsletter, 2002, 18:3337. Ref 3699
Germany
Hampel R et al. Jodidurie bei Schulkindern in Deutschland
1999 im Normbereich [Urinary iodine levels within normal range in German school-age children]. Medizinische
Klinik, 2001, 96:125128. Ref 3126
Ghana
The Partnership for Child Development. The health and
nutritional status of schoolchildren in Africa: evidence
from school-based health programmes in Ghana and Tanzania. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine
and Hygiene, 1998, 92:254261. Ref 1772
Asibey-Berko E, Orroca-Tetteh R, eds. Proceedings of the
National Workshop on Iodine Deficiency Disorders in Ghana,
July 1994. Accra, University of Ghana, 1995. Ref 388
Greece
Tsatsoulis A et al. An epidemiological survey on the
prevalence of goiter among schoolchildren in Northwestern
Greece. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 1996, 7:
3539. Ref 2539
Doufas AG et al. The predominant form of non-toxic
goiter in Greece is now autoimmune thyroiditis. European
Journal of Endocrinology, 1999, 140:505511. Ref 3430
Guatemala
Encuesta nacional de micronutrientes [National micronutrient survey]. Guatemala City, Ministerio de Salud Publica y
Asistencia Social Guatemala, 1996. Ref 3091
Guinea
Ingenbleek Y. Evaluation des troubles dus la carence iode
dans les prfectures de Kindia, Lab, Lola et Siguiri [Evaluation of iodine deficiency disorders in the prefectures of Kindia,
Lab, Lola and Siguiri]. United Nations Childrens Fund,
1999. Ref 2617
ANNEX 3
Honduras
[Anonymous]. The western hemisphere nears iodine sufficiency. IDD Newsletter, 2001, 17:19. Ref 3394
Hungary
Farkas I et al. Golyvagyakorisag, jodellatottsag az altalanos
iskolak IIV. Osztalyos fiu tanuloinak koreben Budapesten
1996-ban. In Budapesti Kozegeszsegugy. Budapest, 1997. Ref
3041
Farkas I, Sajgo M, Fehr Z. Jelents az 1997 vben IIV
osztlyos fitanulkon vgzett tapintsos golyvagyakorisg s
vizeletjd vizsglatok eredmnyeirl [Report of 1997 survey
of primary school boys, IIV grade: goitre prevalence and
urinary iodine excretion]. Budapest, Johan Bela National
Public Health Institute, 1997. Ref 3684
Farkas I, Sajgo M, Fehr Z. Jelents az 1996 vben IIV
osztlyos fitanulkon vgzett tapintsos golyvagyakorisg s
vizeletjd vizsglatok eredmnyeirl [Report of 1996 survey
of primary school boys, IIV grade: goitre prevalence and
urinary iodine excretion]. Budapest, Johan Bela National
Public Health Institute, 1996. Ref 3683
Farkas I, Sajgo M, Fehr Z. Jelents az 1995/1996 s
tanvben IIV osztlyos fitanulkon vgzett tapintsos golyvagyakorisg s vizeletjd vizsglatok eredmnyeirl [Report
of 1995/1996 survey of primary school boys, IIV grade: goitre
prevalence and urinary iodine excretion]. Budapest, Johan
Bela National Public Health Institute, 1995. Ref 3682
Farkas I, Sajgo M, Fehr Z. Jelents az 1994/1995 s
tanvben IIV osztlyos fitanulkon vgzett tapintsos golyvagyakorisg s vizeletjd vizsglatok eredmnyeirl [Report
of 1994/1995 survey of primary school boys, IIV grade: goitre
prevalence and urinary iodine excretion]. Budapest, Johan
Bela National Public Health Institute, 1994. Ref 3681
Farkas I, Sajgo M. Goitre frequency among boys, primary
school class IIV. Reports to the Monistry of Health 1994/
95, 1995/96, 1996/97. Public Health of Budapest 1997, 1:
1519. Ref 3027
41
Iceland
Laurberg P et al. Iodine intake and the pattern of thyroid
disorders: A comparative epidemiological study of thyroid
abnormalities in the elderly in Iceland and in Jutland, Denmark. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism,
1998, 83:765769. Ref 1251
India
Mallik AK et al. Iodine deficiency disorders in Car Nicobar
(Andaman and Nicobar Islands). The National Medical
Journal of India, 1998, 11:911. Ref 1158
Kapil U et al. Status of iodine deficiency in selected blocks
of Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh. Indian Pediatrics,
1997, 34:338340. Ref 1162
Bhardwaj AK et al. Assessment of iodine deficiency in
district Bikaner, Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Maternal and
Child Health, 1997, 8:1820. Ref 1159
Sohal KS et al. Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders
in district Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh. Indian Pediatrics,
1998, 35:10081011. Ref 1164
Kapil U et al. Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders using the 30 cluster approach in the national capital territory
of Delhi. Indian Pediatrics, 1996, 33:10131017. Ref 1161
Kapil U et al. Iodine deficiency in district Kinnaur,
Himachal Pradesh. Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 1998, 65:
451453. Ref 1160
Kapil U, Ramachandran S, Tandon M. Assessment of
iodine deficiency in Andaman district of Union Territory
of Andaman and Nicobar. Indian Journal of Maternal and
Child Health, 1998, 9:1920. Ref 1215
Kapil U et al. Assessment of iodine deficiency in selected
blocks of east and west Champaran districts of Bihar.
Indian Pediatrics, 1997, 34:10871091. Ref 1166
Kapil U, Ramachandran S, Tandon M. Assessment of iodine deficiency in Pondicherry. Indian Pediatrics, 1998, 35:
357359. Ref 1163
Kapil U et al. Status of iodine deficiency in selected hill
districts of Uttar Pradesh a pilot study. Indian Journal of
Maternal and Child Health, 1999, 10:2427. Ref 3538
Kapil U, Tandon M, Pathak P. Assessment of iodine deficiency in Ernakulam district, Kerala state. Indian Pediatrics, 1999, 36:178180. Ref 1165
Kapil U et al. Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders using the 30 cluster approach in district Kangra, Himachal
Pradesh, India. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 2000, 46:
264266. Ref 3539
42
Brahmbhatt S, Brahmbhatt RM, Boyages SC. Thyroid ultrasound is the best prevalence indicator for assessment of
iodine deficiency disorders: a study in rural/tribal schoolchildren from Gujarat (Western India). European Journal of
Endocrinology, 2000, 143:3746. Ref 1432
Biswas AB et al. Iodine deficiency disorders among school
children of Malda, West Bengal, India. Journal of Health,
Population and Nutrition, 2002, 20:180183. Ref 3566
Indonesia
Pardede LVH et al. Urinary iodine excretion is the most
appropriate outcome indicator for iodine deficiency at field
conditions at district level. Journal of Nutrition, Growth and
Cancer, 1998, 128:11221126. Ref 1183
WHO, World Bank, Ministry of Health Indonesia. Iodine
deficiency in Indonesia: A detailed nationwide map of goitre
prevalence. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2001,
(WHO/NHD/01.4). (Available on request from Department of Nutrition for Health and Development, World
Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland). Ref
1085
Ireland
Smyth PPA. IDD status in Ireland [unpublished data].
Dublin, University College of Dublin, 2002. Ref 3608
Italy
Frigato F et al. Epidemiological survey of goiter and iodine
deficiency in Veneto region. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 1996, 19:734738. Ref 2058
Pagliara S et al. Diffusione del gozzo endemico e della
carenza iodica in provincia di Avellino [Widespread endemic goiter and iodine deficiency in the province of Avellino]. Annali dell Istituto Superiore di Sanita, 1998, 34:
417421. Ref 1291
Vitti P et al. Thyroid volume measurement by ultrasound
in children as a tool for the assessment of mild iodine deficiency. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism,
1994, 79:600603. Ref 3419
Aghini-Lombardi F. Effect of iodized salt on thyroid volume of children living in an area previously characterized
by moderate iodine deficiency. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1997, 82:11361139. Ref 1273
ANNEX 3
Jordan
Kharabsheh SA, Belbesi A, Qarqash W. Assessment of iodine
deficiency status among Jordanian children after introduction
of iodized salt. Jordan, Ministry of Health, 2000. Ref 2534
Kazakhstan
Ospanova F. Iodine urine excretion as estimation of +A29
status of reproductive age women. Astana Medical Journal,
2000, 1:109111. Ref 3056
Zeltser ME et al. Summary of 20002001 survey [unpublished data]. Almaty, Kazakh Academy of Nutrition. Ref
3055
Kenya
Gitau W. Report of the National Micronutrient Survey February to August 1994, iodine deficiency disorders. Nairobi,
University of Nairobi, 1994. Ref 391
Kuwait
Toward a national plan for prevention and control of iron deficiency and its anemia. Kuwait, Ministry of Health, 2001.
Ref 3135
43
Kyrgyzstan
Malawi
Latvia
Selga G, Sauka M, Gerasimov G. Status of iodine deficiency in Latvia reconsidered: results of nation-wide survey
of 587 school children in the year 2000. IDD Newsletter,
2000, 16:54. Ref 3058
Lebanon
Ministry of Public Health of Lebanon, UNICEF. Evaluation Studies of the IDD programme in Lebanon 1997. Beirut,
Ministry of Public Health, 1997. Ref 3222
Ministry of Health of Lebanon, UNICEF, WHO, American University of Beirut. IDD survey in Lebanon, 1993
final report. Beirut, Ministry of Health, 1994. Ref 485
Malaysia
Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health of Malaysia. Survey of IDD in Peninsula Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur,
Ministry of Health, 1995. Ref 2637
Tayong IB et al. Iodine deficiency disorders in Sabab (a
prevalence survey). Sabah, State Health Department, 2001.
Ref 2840
Maldives
Pandav CS (ICCIDD), Government of Maldives, Department of Public Health, UNICEF Mal. Iodine deficiency
disorders in Maldives. Mal, International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders, 1995. Ref 2650
Mali
Liberia
Mauritania
Lithuania
Mauritius
A survey of nutrition in Mauritius and Rodrigues (1995) final report. Port Louis, Ministry of Health, 1995. Ref 395
Luxembourg
Mexico
Lesotho
Madagascar
Hantaniaina R. Rapport de lvaluation des 7 postes sentinelles TDCI [Report of IDD evaluation in 7 sentinental
sites]. Antananarivo, Service de Nutrition et Alimentation,
1995. Ref 398
Martinez-Salgado H et al. Deficiencia de yodo y otros posibles bocigenos en la persistencia del bocio endmico en
Mxico [Iodine deficiency and other potential goitrogens
in the persistence of endemic goiter in Mexico]. Gaceta
Medica de Mexico, 2002, 138:149156. Ref 12
Mongolia
Bolormaa et al. Report on national survey of iodine deficiency
disorders in Mongolia in 2001. Ulaanbaatar, Ministry of
Health, 2001. Ref 3227
44
Morocco
Nigeria
Mozambique
Fildalgo L, Ismael C, Khan S. Avaliao da deficiencia em
micronutrientes a nivel das provincias de C. Delgado, Manica, Gaza e Maputo [Evaluation of micronutrient deficiency
in the provinces of C. Delgado, Manica, Gaza and Maputo].
Maputo, Ministerio de Saude, 1999. Ref 2872
Myanmar
Naing KM. Assessment of urinary iodine levels among school
age children in Myanmar, 2001 (the second national urinary
iodine survey). Report to UNICEF. Myanmar, United Nations Childrens Fund, 2001. Ref 3076
Nepal
Ministry of Health of Nepal, New ERA, The Micronutrient Initiave, UNICEF Nepal, WHO. Nepal Micronutrient
Status Survey 1998. Kathmandu, Ministry of Health, 1999.
Ref 1083
Netherlands
Wiersinga WM et al. A survey of iodine intake and thyroid
volume in Dutch schoolchildren: reference values in an
iodine-sufficient area and the effect of puberty. European
Journal of Endocrinology, 2001, 144:595603. Ref 3204
New Zealand
Skeaff SA, Thomson CD, Gibson RS. Mild iodine deficiency in a sample of New Zealand schoolchildren. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2002, 56:11691175. Ref
3597
Nicaragua
Segunda encuesta nacional de micronutrientes (II ENM
2000) [Second national micronutrient survey (II ENM
2000)]. Managua, Ministerio de Salud, 2000. Ref 3109
Niger
[Anonymous]. IDD in some Sub-Saharan countries. IDD
Newsletter, 2002, 18:26. Ref 3611
Hamani D. Enqute nationale sur la prvalence du goitre au
Niger Rapport No.1 [National survey on goiter prevalence in
Niger Report no. 1]. Niamey, United Nations Childrens
Fund, 1994. Ref 384
ANNEX 3
Oman
Ministry of Health of Oman, WHO, UNICEF, Sultan
Qaboos University. National study on prevalence of iodine
deficiency disorders (IDD) in Oman. Muscat, Ministry of
Health, 1993. Ref 481
Pakistan
Gardezi SMA. Iodine deficiency disorders prevalence survey
in Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan 1994. Kashmir, United Nations Childrens Fund, Directorate of Health Services
Azad Jammu & Kashmir, 1996. Ref 492
Panama
Encuesta nacional de bocio y anemia en escolares de 6 a 12
anos [National survey of goiter and anemia in school children
6 to 12 years old]. Panama City, Ministerio de Salud, 1999.
Ref 3098.
Paraguay
Sanchez S, Bianchetto F. Deficiencia de micronutrientes
[Micronutrient deficiencies]. Asunin, Instituto de Nacional
de Alimentacion y Nutricion, 2002. Ref 3167
Peru
Evaluacion de la situacion de los desordenes por deficiencia
de yodo en las areas de riesgo de 1999 [Evaluation of iodine
deficiency disorders in risk areas in 1999]. Lima, Direccion
General de Salue de Las Personas Peru, 1999. Ref 3147
Philippines
Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Department of Science and Technology. Philippine Nutrition Facts & Figures.
Metro Manila, Food and Nutrition Research Institute,
2001. Ref 2536
45
Poland
Szybinski Z et al. A programme of iodine supplementation
using only iodised household salt is efficient the case
of Poland. European Journal of Endocrinology, 2001, 144:
331337. Ref 2574
Qatar
Verster A. Country activities: Qatar. IDD Newsletter, 1996,
12:23. Ref 3614
Republic of Moldova
UNICEF Bureau pour la Moldavie. Rapport de mission
de consultation (1727 septembre 1996) [Mission report
(1727 September 1996)]. In: Chauliac M et al. eds.
Situation alimentaire et nutritionnelle des mres et des enfants
Moldaves, 1996. Ref 3332
Romania
Simescu M, Dimitriu I, Sava M. Iodine concentration in spot
urine samples of school children from 30 counties 20002001.
Bucharest, Ministry of Health, 2002. Ref 3544
Circo E et al. Study of the nontoxic goiter prevalence in a
paraendemic territory. Romanian Journal of Endocrinology,
1996, 34:2539. Ref 1093
Russian Federation
Endocrinology Research Center, Russian Academy of
Medical Science, National IDD Center, Ministry of Health
of Russian Federation. Report on IDD survey in the Tyva Republic. Moscow, Endocrinology Research Center, Russian
Academy of Medical Science, 2000. Ref 1191
Endocrinology Research Center, Russian Academy of
Medical Science, National IDD Center, Ministry of
Health. Report on IDD survey in the Belgorod Oblast. Moscow, Endocrinology Research Center, Russian Academy of
Medical Science, 2001. Ref 743
Endocrinology Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Science, National IDD Center, Ministry of Health,
Health Department of Volgograd Oblast. IDD survey in the
Volgogr Oblast. Moscow, Endocrinology Research Center,
Russian Academy of Medical Science, 2001. Ref 1222
Endocrinology Research Center, Russian Academy of
Medical Science, National IDD Center, Ministry of
Health. IDD survey in the city of Electrostal, Moscow Oblast.
Moscow, Endocrinology Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Science, 2001. Ref 1143
46
Rwanda
Ministre de la Sant Rwanda, UNICEF, WHO. National
nutrition survey of women and children in Rwanda in 1996:
final report. Kigali, Ministre de la Sant, 1997. Ref 2558
Saudi Arabia
Al-Nuim A et al. National iodine deficiency disorders survey
Saudi Arabia, 19941995. Riyadh, Ministry of Health,
1995. Ref 490
Abu-Eshy SA, Abolfotouh MA, Al-Naggar YM. Endemic
goitre in school children in high and low altitude areas of
Asir region, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Medical Journal, 2001, 22:
146149. Ref 567
Senegal
SANAS, ORSTOM Nutrition. Enqute sur la prvalence
des troubles dus la carence en iode dans la rgion de Tambacounda, novembre 1995avril 1996 [Survey on the prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders in the Tambacounda region,
November 1995April 1996]. Dakar, 1997. Ref 1633
Dillon JC, Milliez J. Reproductive failure in women living
in iodine deficient areas of West Africa. British Journal of
Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2000, 107:631636. Ref 1562
Slovakia
Kostalova L. Urinary iodine assessment in children in Slovakia [Unpublished report]. Bratislava, Childrens University
Hospital, 2003. Ref 558
Slovenia
Zaletel K, Hojker S. IDD control in Slovenia. Iodine nutrition in Slovenia [unpublished data]. Ljubljana, University
Medical Center Ljubljana , 2002. Ref 3391
South Africa
Department of Health and South African Institute for
Medical Research. Report of the South African Institute for
Medical Research (SAIMR) on the IDD Survey of Primary
School learners for the DOH, South Africa. Johannesburg,
South African Institute for Medical Research, 2000. Ref
2618
Spain
Garcia-Mayor RV et al. Effect of iodine supplementation
on a pediatric population with mild iodine deficiency. Thyroid, 1999, 9:10891093. Ref 2091
Serna Arnaiz MC et al. The prevalence of antithyroid antibodies in Lleida. Anales de Medicina Interna, 2000, 17:
6266. Ref 3607
Delgado lvarez E et al. Nutricin de yodo en los escolares
Asturianos tras 18 anos de yodoprofilaxis con sal. Erradicatin del bocio endmico? [Iodine nutrition in Asturian
schoolchildren after 18 years of iodized salt prophylaxis.
Eradication of endemic goiter?] Endocrinologia Y Nutricin,
2001, 48:4. Ref 3581
Maudeno Car AJ et al. Prevalenceia de bocio y deficiencia
de yodo en poblacin escolar de una zona bsica de salud
tradicionalmente endmica [Prevalence of goitre and
iodine deficiency in a school population from a traditionally endemic health area]. Atencion Primaria, 2001, 27:
258262. Ref 3606
Santiago P et al. Prevalencia de d ficit de yodo en la
provincia de Jan [Prevalence of iodine deficiency in Jan
province]. Endocrinologia Y Nutricin, 2001, 49:7778. Ref
3580
Sri Lanka
Medical Research Institute, UNICEF. Iodine deficiency status of children in Sri Lanka, 20002001. Colombo, Medical
Research Institute, 2001. Ref 404
ANNEX 3
Sudan
IDD baseline survey report. Khartoum, Ministry of Health,
1999. Ref 2937
Swaziland
Todd CH. Report on a consultancy to review Swazilands
iodine deficiency disorders control programme. Mbabane,
National Nutrition Council, 1998. Ref 2589
Switzerland
Hess SY et al. Monitoring the adequacy of salt iodization in
Switzerland: a national study of school children and pregnant women. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2001,
55:162166. Ref 2662
Fleury Y et al. Iodine nutrition and prevalence of goiter in
adolescents in the Canton of Vaud. Swiss Medical Weekly,
1999, 129:18311838. Ref 1207
Hoang Truong T et al. Iodine supply at various periods in
life and ultrasonographic thyroid volume in school children
in a region of Switzerland. Swiss Medical Weekly, 1997, 127:
715721. Ref 1212
Tajikistan
Kasymova S. Prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders in
Tajikistan. WHO CAR News, 2000, 6(23):5. Ref 3705
Thailand
Surveillance system for Tracking progress towards the sustainable elimination of IDD in Thailand: survey 2000 presented
in table form. Bangkok, Ministry of Public Health, 2000.
Ref 3554
IDD prevalence rate of school children in Thailand: annual
surveys 19922000 presented in table form. Bangkok, Ministry of Public Health, 2001. Ref 2555
Togo
Kibambe N et al. Projet Thyromobil en Afrique de lOuest
(premire phase). Rapport final. [Thyromobil project in West
Africa (first phase). Final report.] Lom, Conseil International de Lutte contre les Troubles Dus la Carence en
Iode, 2000. Ref 2535
Ministre de la Sant Togo, WHO. Troubles neurologiques
dans une rgion dendemie goitreuse enqute exhaustive
dans une population rurale de 4182 habitants [Neurologic
disorders in an endemic goitre region exhaustive survey in a
rural population of 4182 inhabitants]. Lom, Ministre de la
Sant, 1995. Ref 387
47
Tunisia
Ministre de la Sant Publique Tunisie. Rapport National:
valuation de ltat nutritionnel de la population tunisienne
[National Report: evaluation of the nutritional status of the
Tunisian population]. Tunis, Ministre de la Sant Publique, 1996. Ref 2485
Hsairi M et al. Prvalence du goitre endemique dans une
rgion du nord ouest de la Tunisie, 1993 [Prevalence of endemic goiter in the north western region of Tunisia, 1993].
Tunisie Mdicale, 1994, 72:663669. Ref 1559
Turkey
Erdogan G et al. Iodine status and goiter prevalence in Turkey before mandatory iodization. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 2002, 25:224228. Ref 3426
Hacettepe Universitesi. 15 ilde beslenme egitimi ve arastimasi projesi, 1995 [Training and research project on nutrition in 15 provinces, 1995]. Turkey, 1995. Ref 3428
Turkmenistan
Akmuradova G. Prevention of iodine deficiency disorders
in Turkmenistan [in Russian]. WHO CAR News, 2000,
6(23):67. Ref 3620
Uganda
Olico-Okui. Monitoring progress towards control of IDD
through universal salt iodization in Uganda: study report.
Kampala, Makerere University, 2000. Ref 2582
Ukraine
Ashizawa K et al. Prevalence of goiter and urinary iodine
excretion levels in children around Chernobyl. Journal of
Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1997, 82:3430
3433. Ref 1238
Pankiv V. Epidemiological survey of goiter and iodine
deficiency in the Ukrainian Carpathians. IDD Newsletter,
2000, 16:56. Ref 3600
Uzbekistan
Ismailov SI. Iodine deficiency disorders in Uzbekistan.
Tashkent, Ministry of Health, 1998. Ref 570
Venezuela
Situacion actual de los DDY en Venezuela [Current situation
of IDD in Venezuela]. Caracas, Republica Bolivariana de
Venzuela, 2002. Ref 3168
Viet Nam
Ministry of Health of Cambodia, National Maternal and
Child Health Center. Workshop on regional strategy for control of IDD. Cambodia, The National Sub Committee for
control of IDD (NSCIDD), 1997. Ref 1076
Yemen
Zein A et al. The epidemiology of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in Yemen. Public Health Nutrition, 2000, 3:
245252. Ref 1561
Zambia
Lumbwe CM et al. Iodine deficiency disorders in Zambia
1993 survey draft report. Lusaka, National Food and Nutrition Commission, 1995. Ref 394
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe National Micronutrient Survey: 1999. Harare,
Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, 2001. Ref 2641
48
Iodine status
worldwide
WHO Global Database
on Iodine Deficiency
ISBN 92 4 159200 1