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Se investig en varias referencias la sntesis del cido perclrico, y se encontr que la sntesis
industrial ms comn es mediante la reaccin del perclorato de sodio y el cido clorhdrico.
Existen otros mtodos como la electrlisis de compuestos clorados que generan cido
perclrico, pero resultan an pioneros adems.
Para el proceso del perclorato de sodio, entonces se investig la reaccin. Se encontr el
balance de masa, y el tiempo en el cual se efectuaba la conversin del NaClO 4 en presencia de
exceso de HCl. Ya que se hacen reaccionar dos lquidos y nos interesan perfiles uniformes
dentro del seno del reactor, se elige un CSTR. Se ajustaron los datos de concentraciones para
reactivos y productos a una reaccin de primer orden en los tiempos dados. Posteriormente
con el inverso negativo de la velocidad de reaccin y la concentracin del perclorato se
dimension el reactor.
La mezcla de salida del reactor presenta cido clorhdrico,
cido perclrico, salmuera y no voltiles como el plomo.
El cido clorhdrico presenta una volatilidad muy superior
al resto de la mezcla, por lo cual puede ser separado
fcilmente con un separador flash.
29
B6
30
Primer orden
-1/ra vs A
450
400
350
VOLUMEN REACTOR
300
Flujo alim
-1/ra
250
200
0.0000868 cum/s
395.73*416*0.0000868
14.28933542 cum
REDONDEADO
15 CUM
150
100
-1/ra = -7E-07A 3 + 0.0017A 2 - 1.1403A + 395.73
50
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
CORRIENTES HClO4
HCl
29
0.000
57.540
30 110.080
27.860
Balance de masa en el reactor
NaClO4
100.410
0.000
H20
183.000
183.000
PB
4.582
4.582
NaCl
0.000
20.200
MASA
Kg/hr
345.532
345.722
B3
MIXED
Substream: MIXED
Mole Flow kmol/hr
HCLO4
HCL
NACLO4
WATER
PB
NACL
Mass Flow kg/hr
HCLO4
HCL
NACLO4
WATER
PB
NACL
Total Flow kmol/hr
Total Flow kg/hr
Total Flow l/min
Temperature K
Pressure atm
Vapor Frac
Liquid Frac
Solid Frac
Enthalpy cal/mol
Enthalpy cal/gm
Enthalpy cal/sec
Entropy cal/mol-K
Entropy cal/gm-K
Density mol/cc
Density gm/cc
Average MW
Liq Vol 60F l/min
B3
VAPOR
3
B4
B3
LIQUID
1.081183
0.7540418
0
10.1739
0.0221145
0.3426558
4.36E-03
0.5630123
0
0.028522
0
0
1.076827
0.1910295
0
10.14538
0.0221145
0.3426558
108.6137
27.49285
0
183.2856
4.582141
20.02565
12.37389
344
256.007
308.15
1
0.048157
0.9518429
0
-62958.82
-2264.668
-2.16E+05
-40.08813
-1.441995
8.06E-04
0.0223952
27.80046
0.4376038
20.52779
0
0.5138317
0
0
0.5958904
21.47923
251.1238
308.15
1
1
0
0
-23750.78
-658.9093
-3931.35
1.749218
0.0485279
3.95E-05
1.43E-03
36.0456
0.5152865
108.1761
6.965057
0
182.7718
4.582141
20.02565
11.778
322.5208
4.883108
308.15
1
0
1
0
-64942.49
-2371.608
-2.12E+05
-42.20483
-1.541261
0.0401998
1.100804
27.38331
Flash B4
3
B4
B3
LIQUID
Substream: MIXED
Mole Flow kmol/hr
HCLO4
HCL
NACLO4
WATER
PB
NACL
Mass Flow kg/hr
HCLO4
HCL
NACLO4
WATER
PB
NACL
Total Flow kmol/hr
Total Flow kg/hr
Total Flow l/min
Temperature K
Pressure atm
Vapor Frac
Liquid Frac
Solid Frac
Enthalpy cal/mol
Enthalpy cal/gm
Enthalpy cal/sec
Entropy cal/mol-K
Entropy cal/gm-K
Density mol/cc
Density gm/cc
Average MW
Liq Vol 60F l/min
15
B9
B4
VAPOR
28
B4
LIQUID
1.076827
0.1910295
0
10.14538
0.0221145
0.3426558
1.040382
0.1909951
0
9.943895
0
0
0.0364445
3.44E-05
0
0.2014823
0.0221145
0.3426558
108.1761
6.965057
0
182.7718
4.582141
20.02565
11.778
322.5208
4.883108
308.15
1
0
1
0
-6.49E+04
-2371.608
-2.12E+05
-4.22E+01
-1.541261
0.0401998
1.100804
27.38331
104.515
3.661151
6.963802
1.25E-03
0
0
179.1421
3.62976
0
4.582141
0
20.02565
11.17527 0.6027317
290.6208
31.89996
6161.468 0.3709655
403.15
403.15
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
-53705.18 -7.16E+04
-2065.131
-1353.47
-1.67E+05
-11993.23
-1.49E+01
-9.558379
-5.73E-01 -0.1806001
3.02E-05 0.0270794
7.86E-04
1.433195
26.0057
52.92564
4.151787
B2
B1
6
B2
MIXED
Substream: MIXED
Mole Flow kmol/hr
HCLO4
HCL
NACLO4
WATER
PB
NACL
Mass Flow kg/hr
HCLO4
HCL
NACLO4
WATER
PB
NACL
Total Flow kmol/hr
Total Flow kg/hr
Total Flow l/min
Temperature K
Pressure atm
Vapor Frac
Liquid Frac
Solid Frac
Enthalpy cal/mol
Enthalpy cal/gm
Enthalpy cal/sec
Entropy cal/mol-K
Entropy cal/gm-K
Density mol/cc
Density gm/cc
Average MW
Liq Vol 60F l/min
B2
VAPOR
6
B1
B2
LIQUID
7
B1
LIQUID
8
B1
LIQUID
1.076827
0.1910295
0
10.14538
0
0
0.0538413
0.1910295
0
5.072689
0
0
1.022985
1.53E-20
0
5.072689
0
0
0.0102298
0
0
2.942159
0
0
1.012755
0
0
2.130529
0
0
108.1761
6.965057
0
182.7718
0
0
11.41323
297.913
3159.873
373.15
1
0.5420992
0.4579008
0
-58293.24
-2.23E+03
-1.85E+05
-2.73E+01
-1.05E+00
6.02E-05
1.57E-03
26.10242
4.247104
5.408806
6.965057
0
91.38591
0
0
5.317559
103.7598
2707.156
372.2558
1
1
0
0
-55599.45
-2849.403
-82125.94
-8.78E+00
-4.50E-01
3.27E-05
6.39E-04
1.95E+01
1.747778
102.7673
5.56E-19
0
91.38591
0
0
6.095674
194.1532
3.35223
386.7645
1.5
0
1
0
-61603.43
-1934.114
-1.04E+05
-46.24633
-1.451959
0.0303065
0.9652939
31.85098
2.499326
1.027673
0
0
53.00383
0
0
2.952389
54.0315
0.9800091
373.1942
1
0
1
0
-66791.15
-3649.602
-54775.97
-35.11589
-1.918803
0.0502102
0.9188945
18.30094
0.8948325
101.7396
0
0
38.38208
0
0
3.143285
140.1217
2.249638
388.6611
1.5
0
1
0
-56944.51
-1277.41
-49720.23
-57.70568
-1.294484
0.0232873
1.038105
44.57812
1.604493
Columna B2
Minimum reflux ratio:
Actual reflux ratio:
Minimum number of stages:
Number of actual stages:
Feed stage:
Number of actual stages above
feed:
Reboiler heating required:
Condenser cooling required:
Distillate temperature:
Bottom temperature:
Distillate to feed fraction:
2.0580395
2.73719254
7.46461457
13.9864692
12.9412121
11.9412121
35927.8842
37553.8252
372.255841
386.764518
0.46591174
cal/sec
cal/sec
K
K
Columna B1
Minimum reflux ratio:
Actual reflux ratio:
Minimum number of stages:
Number of actual stages:
Feed stage:
Number of actual stages above
feed:
Reboiler heating required:
Condenser cooling required:
Distillate temperature:
Bottom temperature:
Distillate to feed fraction:
2.5398601
3.37801394
14.3405226
25.9127203
23.2247981
22.2247981
34787.8242
34974.4638
373.194203
388.661096
0.48434173
cal/sec
cal/sec
K
K
16
26
B25
24
25
B27
18
Sep. HCl
19
12
B9
27
17
B3
10
15
T2
B4
T1
33
13
22
28
20
74
11
72
B26
B29
21
23
73
75
Columna T1
33
T1
B9
MIXED
Substream: MIXED
Mole Flow kmol/hr
HCLO4
HCL
NACLO4
WATER
PB
NACL
Mass Flow kg/hr
HCLO4
HCL
NACLO4
WATER
PB
NACL
Total Flow kmol/hr
Total Flow kg/hr
Total Flow l/min
Temperature K
Pressure atm
Vapor Frac
Liquid Frac
Solid Frac
Enthalpy cal/mol
Enthalpy cal/gm
Enthalpy cal/sec
Entropy cal/mol-K
Entropy cal/gm-K
Density mol/cc
Density gm/cc
Average MW
Liq Vol 60F l/min
Stage
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
1.040382
0.1909951
0
9.943895
0
0
10
T1
VAPOR
11
T2
T1
LIQUID
0.0366134
0.1909941
0
3.327974
0
0
1.003769
9.54E-07
0
6.615921
0
0
104.515
3.67812
6.963802
6.963767
0
0
179.1421
59.95438
0
0
0
0
11.17527
3.555581
290.6208
70.59627
180.4442
1807.638
373.15
371.7419
1.45
1
0.0446465
1
0.9553535
0
0
0
-63043.84
-54965.01
-2424.231
-2768.313
-1.96E+05
-54286.83
-39.99433
-8.467358
-1.537906 -0.4264585
1.03E-03
3.28E-05
0.026843
6.51E-04
26.0057
19.85506
4.151787
1.206487
100.8368
3.48E-05
0
119.1877
0
0
7.619691
220.0245
3.858404
386.3539
1.5
0
1
0
-62692.08
-2171.095
-1.33E+05
-43.60925
-1.510236
0.0329138
0.9504125
28.87578
2.945299
Temperature
K
371.741851
373.97428
375.047648
376.091273
377.11287
378.115204
379.101028
380.073149
381.034463
381.988003
382.936977
383.884767
385.198784
386.35393
Pressure
atm
1
1.03846154
1.07692308
1.11538462
1.15384615
1.19230769
1.23076923
1.26923077
1.30769231
1.34615385
1.38461538
1.42307692
1.46153846
1.5
Heat duty
cal/sec
-27205.125
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
35928.6166
Liquid flow
kmol/hr
10.0479252
10.0883192
10.1088653
10.1300501
10.1521749
10.1754592
10.2001615
10.2265683
10.2549935
10.28577
10.3193181
10.3564178
21.3431601
7.61969082
Vapor flow
kmol/hr
3.55558134
13.6035065
13.6439006
13.6644466
13.6856315
13.7077562
13.7310405
13.7557429
13.7821496
13.8105749
13.8413513
13.8748994
13.4166457
13.7234692
Columna T2
11
T2
T1
LIQUID
Substream: MIXED
Mole Flow kmol/hr
HCLO4
HCL
NACLO4
WATER
PB
NACL
Mass Flow kg/hr
HCLO4
HCL
NACLO4
WATER
PB
NACL
Total Flow kmol/hr
Total Flow kg/hr
Total Flow l/min
Temperature K
Pressure atm
Vapor Frac
Liquid Frac
Solid Frac
Enthalpy cal/mol
Enthalpy cal/gm
Enthalpy cal/sec
Entropy cal/mol-K
Entropy cal/gm-K
Density mol/cc
Density gm/cc
Average MW
Liq Vol 60F l/min
12
T2
LIQUID
13
T2
LIQUID
1.00E+00
9.54E-07
0
6.615921
0
0
0.0239917
9.54E-07
0.00E+00
4.540485
0
0
0.9797769
3.11E-16
0
2.075437
0
0
100.8368
3.48E-05
0
119.1877
0
0
7.619691
220.0245
3.858404
386.3539
1.5
0
1
0
-62692.08
-2171.095
-1.33E+05
-43.60925
-1.51E+00
3.29E-02
9.50E-01
2.89E+01
2.95E+00
2.410173
3.48E-05
0.00E+00
81.7981
0
0
4.564477
84.20831
1.526458
373.2067
1
0
1
0
-66737.21
-3617.464
-84616.81
-3.52E+01
-1.909837
0.0498373
0.9194306
18.44862
1.388756
98.42667
1.13E-14
0
37.38957
0
0
3.055214
135.8162
2.182144
388.6413
1.5
0
1
0
-56989.99
-1282.001
-48365.72
-57.59272
-1.29556
0.0233349
1.03733
44.45393
1.556543
Stage
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Temperature Pressure
Heat duty
K
atm
cal/sec
373.206717
1 -53081.724
373.780105
1.02
0
374.345071
1.04
0
374.903318
1.06
0
3.75E+02
1.08
0
3.76E+02
1.10E+00
0.00E+00
376.543897
1.12E+00
0
377.081591
1.14
0
377.615932
1.16
0
378.14775
1.18
0
378.677955
1.2
0
379.207544
1.22
0
3.80E+02
1.24E+00
0.00E+00
380.269399
1.26E+00
0
380.804227
1.28
0
381.343584
1.3
0
381.8891
1.32
0
382.442549
1.34
0
383.005845
1.36
0
383.581028
1.38
0
384.170222
1.4
0
384.775594
1.42
0
385.399269
1.44
0
386.205473
1.46
0
387.245091
1.48
0
388.641348
1.5 52787.8256
Liquid flow
kmol/hr
15.0627751
15.0779849
15.0936312
15.1098518
15.126761
15.1444883
15.1631789
15.1829957
15.2041222
15.2267649
15.2511562
15.2775568
15.3062581
15.3375848
15.3718957
15.4095848
15.4510794
15.4968373
15.5473192
15.602992
15.6644281
15.7320197
23.459418
23.6683775
23.9900168
3.05521351
19
17
Vapor flow
kmol/hr
0
19.6272524
19.6424622
19.6581085
19.6743291
19.6912383
19.7089657
19.7276562
19.747473
19.7685995
19.7912422
19.8156335
19.8420341
19.8707354
19.9020621
19.936373
19.9740621
20.0155567
20.0613146
20.1117966
20.1674693
20.2289054
20.296497
20.4042045
20.613164
20.9348033
22
20
B26
21
23
26
24
B27
27
25
74
72
B29
73
75
15
14
12
B13
23
22
B18
29
28
B32
B12
B8
21
B34
13
B11
B10
20
B15
27
30
B14
10
2
7
B19
31
26
B17
B7
24
B5
25
32
9
B16
33
11
16
17
18
19
Se utiliz el modelo de equilibrio NRTL por sus coeficientes de actividad que pueden modelar
de manera aceptable para mezclas multicomponentes. Para las destilaciones se utiliz el
mtodo de convergencia de sum-rates. Para la convergencia global se utiliz el modelo de
Wegstein.
Los flujos de vapor y agua de enfriamiento se obtienen varindolos manualmente hasta
satisfacer las fracciones vapor deseadas para las corrientes.
El proceso se simul exitosamente, y converge en el lmite de tolerancia, arrojando el cido
perclrico, en la ltima destilacin al 72%.
Diseados los equipos, se puede pasar entonces a la evaluacin econmica del proceso.