Microprocessor is an important part of the computer. Without it the computer is totally useless.

It
is a chip that has all the functions of the CPU of a computer. The micro processor has the
following functions of data storage, interaction with other peripheral devices and other time
related functions. The Micro processor is the CPU (central processing unit) itself which has
undergone marvelous changes since its invention.
TASM: (Turbo Assembler)

To Create Source File : An editor is a program which allows you to create a file containing the
assembly language statements for your program.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 PURPOSE OF THE LAB:
This manual has been prepared for use in the course Electronics & Communication
Engineering, Electronic Circuits Laboratory. The laboratory exercises are designed in such a way
as to reinforce the concepts taught in the lectures. Before performing the experiments, the
students must be aware of the basic safety rules for minimizing any potential dangers. The
specific objective of each experiment should be kept in mind throughout the laboratory session.
The conclusions based on the experiments and other observed phenomena must be clearly
discussed in the laboratory report.
1.2 PURPOSE OF THE PRELAB:
In each lab, you are given prelab questions. These are intended to help you prepare for
the lab. You should write your response in this manual. These questions are not handed in, and
they are not graded. If you do not understand a prelab question, be sure to ask your Instructor.

2. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS USING PSPICE

PURPOSE
1. To learn the basic features of PSpice.
2. To use PSpice for the following:
i) Analysis by using Schematic Editor.
ii) Analysis by using Circuit File Editor.
INTRODUCTION TO SPICE
The rapid change in the field of electrical engineering is paralleled by programs that use
the computers increased capabilities in the solution of both traditional and novel problems. With
the availability of tools for computer-aided circuit analysis, circuits of great complexity can be
designed and analyzed within a shorter time and with less effort compared to the traditional
methods.
PSpice is a member of the SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis)
family of circuit simulators. In the following exercises you will use PSpice to solve some circuits
and to determine the quantities of interest.
Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis (SPICE)

SPICE is a computer simulation and modeling program used by engineers to

mathematically predict the behavior of electronic circuits.
Developed at the University of California at Berkeley, SPICE can be used to simulate
circuits of almost all complexities. However, SPICE is generally used to predict the behavior of
low to mid frequency (DC to around 100MHz) circuits.
SPICE has the ability to simulate components ranging from the most basic passive
elements such as resistors and capacitors to sophisticated semiconductor devices such as
MESFETs and MOSFETs. Using these intrinsic components as the basic building blocks for larger
models, designers and chip manufacturers have been able to define a truly vast and diverse
number of SPICE models. Most commercially available simulators include more than 15,000
different components.

A circuit must be presented to SPICE in the form of a netlist. The netlist is a text
description of all circuit elements such as transistors and capacitors, and their corresponding
connections. Modern schematic capture and simulation tools such as Multisim allow users to
draw circuit schematics in a user-friendly environment, and automatically translate the circuit
diagrams into netlists. Both netlist and corresponding circuit schematic are presented here in this
manual, and some are left to the students to write on their own for practice.
Types Of Spice
The commercially supported versions of SPICE2 can be divided into two types: mainframe
versions and PCbased versions.
The mainframe versions are:
HSPICE, RAD-SPICE(Meta-Software) IGSPICE(A.B.Associates) Precise(Electronic
Engineering Software) PSpice(Microsim)
AccuSim(Mentor Graphics)
Cadence-SPICE(Cadence Design)
SPICE-Plus(valid Logic)
The PC-versions are
AllSpice(Acotech) ISSPICE(Intusoft) ZSPICE(Z-Tech)
SPICE-Plus(Analog Design Tools)
DSPICE(Daisy Systems)
PSpice(Microsim)
Types of Analysis
Pspice allows various types of analysis. Each analysis is invoked by including its command
statement.
The types of analysis and their corresponding. (dot) commands are described below: DC
Analysis is used for circuits with time-invariant sources(e.g., steady-state dc
sources).
DC Analysis Commands:

DC sweep of an input voltage/current source, a model parameter, or temperature over a

range of values (.DC)

DC operating point to obtain all node voltages (.OP)

Small-signal transfer function with small-signal gain, input resistance, and output
resistance (Thevenins equivalent) (.TF)

DC small-signal sensitivities (.SENS)

Transient Analysis is used for circuits with time-variant sources (e.g., ac sources and
switched dc sources).
Transient Analysis Commands:

Circuit behavior in response to time varying sources (.TRAN)

DC and Fourier components of the transient analysis results (.FOUR)

AC Analysis is used for small-signal analysis of circuits with sources of variable
frequencies.
AC Analysis Commands:

Circuit response over a range of source frequencies (.AC)

Noise generation at an output node for every frequency (.NOISE)