Imagine world without technology!

World without technology.

Technology
Refers to the making, modification, usage, and
knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts,
systems,and methods of organization, in order to
solve a problem, improve a preexisting solution to a
problem, achieve a goal, handle an applied
input/output relation or perform a specific function.

Technology
It can also refer to the collection of such tools,
including machinery, modifications, arrangements
and procedures.
Technologies significantly affect human as well as
other animal species' ability to control and adapt to
their natural environments.
the totality of means employed to provide objects
necessary for human sustenance and comfort

What are required to develop

technology?
Technology development requires scientific
drivers/knowledge.
Involved various fields:
Biology
Chemistry
Physics
Mathematics
Biochemistry
Microbiology
Engineering
Computer Science, etc

Technology timeline

Link

The Biology Century

In the past two centuries, the primary scientific
drivers of technology development were physics
and chemistry.
Technology innovation transformed the nature of
our economies and the structure of our societies.
Today, a transition to the Biology Century.
Breakthrough in biology will be the predominant
force transforming our lives, driving economies,
and highlight the role of human species on the
planet.
The Biology Century will be fueled by
biotechnology and all aspects of society will be
affected.

What is biotechnology?
The use of living organisms or life processes to
solve problems or make useful products.
Confusion: living organism always have to meet
our need for sustenance and comfort (i.e. food,
shelter, clothing, fuel).?

Ancient biotechnology?
Biotechnology revolution started over 10,000
years ago.
For example, Stone Age domesticated plants
and animals.
How did our ancestors select and breed the best
wild seed candidates to turn into major cereal
crops?

Ancient people (8,000 years ago):

Exploiting microbial processes (unknown
process during that time) to convert grapes
into wine, milk into yogurt and cheese, grains
into beer and raised bread.
In our society, pulut/carbohydrate into
tapai, soy bean into tempe or soy sauce

What distinguished todays biotechnology

and ancient biotechnology?
Scientific understanding distinguishes new and old
biotechnology
Earlier biotechnology: when people used
organisms and attempted to change them to
better meet their needs, they did not understand
the mechanism underlying the life process they
wanted to control and improve.
i.e People did not know the microorganism
responsible for fermentation process.
Without understanding their exploitation and
manipulation living organisms and microorganism
were trial and error occurred.

Todays biotechnology
Through the relationship between science and
technology, the biological sciences provided
insights into inner working of living organisms,
using and improving them, controlling nature to
meet people needs.
Scientific progress in the last half of the 20th
century ultimately led to an understanding of
organisms at their most basic level, the cellular
and molecular level.
Deep understanding of the fundamental
mechanism of the process of life and its biomolecular components led to todays
biotechnology.

Modern Biotechnology
Definition of Biotechnology:
The use of cells and biological molecules or
cellular and biomolecular processes to solve
problems and make useful products.
Biotechnology has provided researchers with an
amazing research tools that responsible to speed
of discoveries in Biology today.

Biotechnology involved several

areas of technologies
Monoclonal Antibody
Technology

Cell Culture Technology

Bioprocessing
Technology
Biosensor Technology

Recombinant DNA
Technology

Microarray Technology

Antisense Technnology
Protein Engineering
Technology

Monoclonal Antibody
Technology
Uses immune system cells that make proteins
called antibodies.
Antibodies bind to substances with extraordinary
specificity.
Current applications:
Diagnoses infectious diseases
Treat autoimmune system
Detect harmful m/o in food
Locate and measure environmental pollutants
Distinguish cancer cells from normal cells.

Monoclonal Antibody
Technology
A monoclonal antibody can be directed to
attach to certain parts of a cancer cell: help the
immune system to find cancer cells.
Certain cancer cells make extra copies of the
growth factor receptor which responsible for faster
cell growth. Monoclonal antibodies can block cell
growth signal receptors on cancerous cell surface.

Monoclonal antibodies can block the growth

signals of blood vessels. This may help prevent a
tumor from developing a blood supply, so that it
remains small.

Bioprocessing Technology
Uses living cells such as bacteria, yeast and
mammalian cells or their enzyme to manufacture
useful products, breakdown molecules or
generate energy.
Current application:
Clean up toxic waste sites.
Produce energy from agricultural refuse.
Manufacture therapeutic compounds and
vaccines.
Produce fermented food and natural
additives.
Manufacture industrial enzymes and
feedstock chemicals.

Biobutanol production from

lignocellulosic biomass (EB group,
UPM)
C4H10O or butyl alcohol can be used as a
solvent or fuel produced from biomass by
a microbial fermentation.
Great renewable energy characteristics:
Low vapor pressure
Can be blended with gasoline
Less corrosive

OPEFB is converted into

fermentable sugars through
enzymatic hydrolysis
OPEFB hydrolysate obtained is
used as a substrate for
biobutanol production using
locally isolated strains
(Clostridium sp.)

BIOBUTANOL PRODUCTION FROM

LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS
Microorganism
Cellulase
production
Enzyme recovery
Biomass

Pre-treatment

Saccharification

SSF
Biobutanol
Anaerobic
fermentation
Clostridium sp.

Biosensor Technology
Consists of a biological component, such as an

enzyme linked to a tiny transducer that produces

a electrical or optical signal when the biological
component binds to another molecule of interest.
Current application:
Measure blood glucose levels.
Monitor industrial processes in real time.
Provide physicians with instant test results.
Locate and measure environmental
pollutants.
Measure the nutritional value and safety of
food.

Biosensor Technology
Analytical devices capable of providing either
qualitative or quantitative results.
Consist of bio-recognition systems, typically
enzymes or binding proteins, such as antibodies,
m/o, cells immobilised onto the surface of
physico-chemical transducers.
Specific interactions between the target analyte
and the complementary biorecognition layer
produces a physico-chemical change which is
detected and measured by the transducer.
The transducer can take many forms depending
upon the parameters being measured electrochemical, optical, mass and thermal
changes.

Measurement of blood glucose level

Test strips contain electrodes and immobilized enzymes

(Glucose oxidase and Ferricyanide)
Glucose + Glucose oxidase Gluconic acid
Gluconic acid + Ferricyanide Ferrocyanide

Oxidation of Ferrocyanide generate current which directly

proportional to the glucose concentration.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

Is a popular type analytic biochemistry assay that
uses a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to
detect the presence of a substance (by color
change), usually an antigen, in a liquid sample or
wet sample.
Steps:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Antigens from the sample are attached to a

surface.
Specific antibody is applied over the surface so
it can bind to the antigen.
This antibody is linked to an enzyme, and, in the
final step, a substance containing the enzyme's
substrate is added.
The subsequent reaction produces a
detectable signal, most commonly a color
change in the substrate.

Recombinant DNA Technology

Uses molecular techniques to join or recombine
DNA molecules from different sources.
Current application:
Treat certain genetic diseases
Improve food nutritional value
Develop biodegradable plastics
Provide new and improved vaccines
Enhance bio-control agents in agriculture
Decrease allergenicity of certain foods
Increase crop yields and decrease production
costs

Metabolic engineering of phaZ

and phaC genes for PHA
production
Comamonas sp., locally isolated strain can
produce polyhydroxyalkanoate (polymer).
Insertion of extra synthase gene (phaC) can over
express and increase PHA production.
To avoid intracellularly accumulated PHA
degraded as energy by PHA producer, PHA
depolymerase gene (phaZ) is deactivated.

Microarray Technology
Allows analysis of thousand genes, proteins or
other molecules simultaneously.
Current applications:
Detect genetic mutations
Tailor drug treatment to patient
Asses potential toxicity to drug
Identify stage of disease progression
Find microbes for cleaning up pollution

Protein Engineering Technology

Improves existing proteins such as enzymes and

antibodies or creates proteins not found in nature.

Current applications:
Create novel enzymes
Improve catalytic ability of enzymes
Develop sustainable industrial processes

Antisense Technology
Decrease the production of specific proteins by
blocking the genes encoding them.
Current applications:
Slow food spoilage
Control viral diseases
Engineer metabolic pathway in crops
Treat diseases such as asthma and cancers

Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)

Used to detect and localize the presence or
absence of specific DNA sequences on
chromosomes.
FISH uses fluorescent probes that bind to only
those parts of the chromosome with which they
show a high degree of sequence
complementarity.
Fluorescence microscope is used to find out
where the fluorescent probe is bound to the
chromosomes.
FISH is often used for finding specific features in
DNA for use in genetic counseling, medicine, and
species identification.
FISH can also be used to detect and localize
specific RNA targets in cells, circulating tumor
cells, and tissue samples.

Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)