Q1: Explain briefly the following :

a. The main steps of the engineering design concept :

b. The design tools :

c. The sub-transmission :
It is an electrical network designed to supply the electrical power from the bulk
power source (Transmission Line) to the distribution substation at voltage ranging
.From 33 TO 220 KV
d. Different types of the sub-transmission line :
-Radial system
-Open loop system
-Closed loop system
-Grid or network
e. Different schemes of distribution sub-station :
-single busbar
-single sectionalized busbar
-main and transfer bus
-double busbar with one circuit breaker circuit
-double busbar with double circuit breaker circuit
-breaker and a half bus
-ring bus
f. feeder system:
It is act as the main part in the distribution system where it is used to transfer the electrical
energy through the system to the consumers.
g. Different aspects should be considered in designing the feeder system:
-The normal rating of the feeder.
-The overload limit.
-The ambient temperature and the environment affects.
-The losses limit and the thermal affect of the losses.
-The voltage drop limit.
h. Design consideration of secondary feeder distribution systems:
-The voltage drop.
-The electrical losses.
-The electrical power continuity.
-Electrical power quality.
-The installation cost.
-Consumer satisfaction.

Q2: A primary distribution system has an alternative to supply an industrial load of 12 MVA, 0.85
lagging power factor using either an underground feeder system at level of voltage 13.8 kV or
overhead line of 34.5 kV. Consider the ac resistance /km as 0.15, inductive reactance /km as 0.085,
capacitive per phase F /km as 0.75 for the underground feeder, and ac resistance /km as 0.7136,
inductive reactance /km as 0.426 for the overhead line. Calculate the voltage regulation for both
systems in percentage/km.
Industrial load: 12 MVA, 0.85 lagging power factor
a. Underground feeder system: 13.8 kv, R = 0.15 /km, X = 0.085 /km, C = 0.75 F/km
S*
12 106 31.79

502.044 31.79 A
3 V *
3 13.8 103 0

Im

13.8 103
j 2 60 0.75 10 6 j 2.253 A
3
I f I m I C 502.044 31.79 j 2.253 500.86 31.57 A
I C V ph jC

Vd %

I f 3 R cos X sin

100
V
502.044 0.15 cos(31.57) 0.085 sin(31.57) 3

100 1.086 %
13.8 103

b. Overhead line: 34.5 kv, R = 0.7136 /km, L = 0.426 /km

S*
12 106 31.79

200.82 31.79 A
3 V *
3 34.5 103 0

If
Vd %

I f 3 R cos X sin

100
V
200.82 3 0.7136 cos(31.79) 0.426 sin(31.79)

100 0.8378 %
34.5 103

Q3: A primary distribution system is supplying an induction motor 4.16 kV, 750 kW, 0.87 lagging
power factor using an underground feeder described in Q.2, Calculate the voltage drop (dip
voltage) during the starting as:
Induction motor: 4.16 kv, 750 kW, 0.87 lagging power factor

 Underground feeder system: R = 0.15 /km, X = 0.085 /km, C = 0.75 F/km

a. The motor is started by star delta circuit
*

Sm
*
3 Vm

Im

750 103
29.54
0.87
119 .64 29.54 A
3 4.16 103 0

6 Im
239.3 29.54 A
3
4.16 103
I C V ph jC
j 2 60 0.75 10 6 j 0.679 A
3
I st . f I st .m I C 239.3 29.54 j 0.679 238.95 29.4
I st .m

Vdip %

I st . f 3 R cos X sin

100
V
238.95 3 0.15 cos(29.4) 0.085 sin(29.4)

100 1.715 %
4.16 103

b. The motor is started directly on line

*

Im

Sm
*
3 Vm

750 103
29.54
0.87
119 .64 29.54 A
3 4.16 103 0

I st .m 6 I m 717.86 29.54 A
4.16 103
j 2 60 0.75 10 6 j 0.679 A
3
I C 717.86 29.54 j 0.679 717.53 29.493

I C V ph jC
I st . f I st .m

Vdip %

I st . f 3 R cos X sin

100
V
717.53 3 0.15 cos( 29.493) 0.085 sin( 29.493)

100 5.15 %
4.16 103

c. Which starting method is avoiding the irritable voltage flicker

Started by star delta circuit

Q4: Two arc furnaces each 5 MVA and auxiliary load is supplied from either 11 kV at 266 MV A
fault level or 66 kV at 1090 MV A fault level. Calculate the minimum percentage voltage dip as the
design diversity factor for one furnace is working and two furnaces are operated simultaneously are
1.0 and 0.8 in respectively,
Two arc furnaces each 5 MVA and auxiliary load is supplied from either:
a. 11 kv at 266 MVA fault level

i.

Diversity factor for one furnace is working =1.0

0.45 MVA No. Diversity
100
MVA
0.45 5 1 1

100 0.85 %
266

Vdip %

ii.

Diversity factor for two furnace is working =0.8

0.45 MVA No. Diversity
100
MVA
0.45 5 2 0.8

100 1.35 %
266

Vdip %

b. 66 kv at 1090 MVA fault level

i.

Diversity factor for one furnace is working =0.1

0.45 MVA No. Diversity
100
MVA
0.45 5 1 1

100 0.21 %
1090

Vdip %

ii.

Diversity factor for two furnace is working =0.8

0.45 MVA No. Diversity
100
MVA
0.45 5 2 0.8

100 0.33 %
1090

Vdip %

So, we choose the two arc furnace with 66 kv

Q5: A sub-station has two transformers each of 15 MV A, 132/11 kV are operated parallel. Each
having no-load losses 20 kW and full-load losses 60 kW, percentage impedance 11 %, and no-load
current 1 %, and if the load is 14 MV A, 0.8575 lagging power factor, calculate:
a. The losses on the HV bus-bar.
b. The power factor at HV bus-bar.

MVAact
MVAr

PLtransformer PFL

QLtransformer X lekage X m

14

11 2

100
15

14


2
PNL 60
20 33.06 kw
15

2
Z % MVA act
I %

o MVAr

100 MVAr
100

1 15 0.51 MVAr
100

HV bus
PLT 33.06 2 66.13 kw

QLT 0.51 2 1.018 MVAr

PF

PHb
2
Hb

2
Hb

0.06613 (14 0.8575)

0.06613 (14 0.8575) 2 1.018 [14 sin(cos 1 (0.8575))] 2

0.92

Q6: An 11 kV primary distribution feeder is connected to unbalance loads on R, Y, B, phases as 120

A, 100 A, 140 A respectively. Find the reduction in the losses if the load is balanced and consider
the feeder resistance is 4 n.
I A 120 A ,

I B 100 A ,
2

I C 140 A ,
2

r 4

unbalance Ploss ( I A I B I C ) r (120 1002 140 2 ) 4 176000 W

2

I A I B I C 120 100 140

120 A
3
3
2
balance Ploss 3 ( I balance
) r 3 1202 4 172800 W
I balance

Ploss unbalance Ploss balance Ploss 176000 172800 3200 W

% reduction in Ploss

3200
100 1.82%
176000

Q7: A static sub-station contains the following equipment and their cost:
a. Two power transformers 50 MVA, 132/34.5 kv (cost 20 $/kVA and 50% of the total cost for
shipping, installation and commissioning )
2 50000 kVA 20 (1 0.5) 3,000,000 $

b. A single sectionalized bus bar system of capacity 2400 A and length 40 m (cost 500 $/foot
and 200% of the total cost for shipping, installation and commissioning )

40 3.31 500 (1 2) 198,600 $

c. Two oil circuit breakers rating 500 MVA, 132 kv (each cost 250,000 $ and 200% of the total
cost for shipping, installation and commissioning )
2 250,000 (1 2) 1,500,000 $

d. Thirteen oil circuit breakers rating 500 MVA, 34.5 kv (each cost 160,000 $ and 200% of the
total cost for shipping, installation and commissioning )
13 160,000 (1 2) 960,000 $

e. Cables single core copper of 150 mm lengthen 12000 m (cost 12 $/foot and 200% of the
total cost for shipping, installation and commissioning )
12000 3.31 12 (1 2) 1,429,920 $

f. Structure and land cost estimated as 250% of the total equipment cost
total 7,088,520 (1 2.5) 24,809,820 $

If the planned life for this sub-station is 20 years with running annual cost of 10% of its total cost
and the rate of interest is 10%, calculate the minimum sale price of the kWh to be a satisfactory as
the minimum requirement revenue (where in addition to the total cost of the substation assume that
the average cost of importing the electrical energy from the sub-transmission line is 0.08 SR /kWh).

cross cos t 24,809,820 1 0.1 24,809,820 20 0.1

216,527,702.8 $ 216,527,702.8 $ 3.75 811,978,885.5 SR
20

kWh 50,000 2 0.8 24 365 20 1.4016 1010 kwh

811,978,885.5
kwh cos t
0.08 0.17 SR
1.4016 1010