Temperature Measurement

by
Luc Le

Submitted to
Dr. Grant Willson

Chemical Engineering 253M

McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering
Cockrell School of Engineering
The University of Texas at Austin
Fall 2014

[Title of Report]
Abstract
[Add the text of your abstract here in one paragraph. Read the information provided on the
website to learn how to write this important section. Do not indent the first line, and singlespace the text. Your abstract should include the following:
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Contents
[NOTE: Check the page numbers LAST to make sure they conform to the placement of your
major headings, tables, and figures.]
Introduction

Methods

Safety

Sample Calculations

Results

Conclusions and Recommendations

Appendices [List appendices as subheadings below.]

[Appendix 1. (data)]
[Appendix 2. (questions)]
[Appendix 3. (supporting material)]

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#
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References [use noodleBiB and APA format]

List of Figures
Figure 1: [Title of Figure]
Figure 2: [Title of Figure]

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List of Tables
Table 1: [Title of Table]
Table 2: [Title of Table]

#
#

Temperature Measurement
Introduction
The purpose of this experiment was to study the concepts and uses of many different
temperature-measuring devices, and then to apply them monitoring the process of heat
transfer. Temperature is one of the most measured parameters within industry and science.
Specifically in chemical industry, engineers must obtain the correct measurement of
temperature to not only controlling the quality of products during the reactions but also
saving the energy consumption due to heat loss. The experiment was divided into two parts:
determining the accuracy and precision of many temperature measuring devices and
investigating the conduction and convection heat transfer modes.
The first part of the experiment was made up of three sub experiments: thermocouple
resolution and precision, emissivity and thermometer precision, and thermometer calibration
to measure the precision and accuracy of many different temperature-measuring devices.
Firstly in order to measure the thermocouple resolution and precision, T-type and K-type
thermometers were set up connecting to the LabView program on the computer to collect
temperature data of the hot plate stabilized at 50C for at least 30 times at regular interval.
The collection temperature data processed by statistical analysis provided the means for
comparing the relative precision of the two devices. Moving on for the second experiment of
emissivity and thermometer precision, the pyrometer was used to collect temperature data on
a heated sample block on the hotplate while the T-type and K-type thermocouples measured
the temperature of the actual hotplate for purpose of comparison of the precision of the three
thermometers. Finally the thermometers calibration was performed to calibrate a liquid in
glass thermometer (LIGT), a K-type thermocouple, and a T-type thermocouple against a
primary standard-grade PRT by measuring the temperature of four different bath
temperatures set at 0, 23, 45 and 80 C. Calibration curves of linear regression line of 95%
confidence limits and many other statistical analysis plots were created to compare the
relative precision and accuracy of the instruments.
The second part of the experiment was the application of using temperature measuring
devices to monitor the process of two heat transfer modes: conduction and convection. In the
conduction heat transfer experiment, a heated aluminum block from a 80 C water bath was
allowed to cool with room temperature water in Dewar flask while the K type thermocouple
probe record the temperature profile. By doing calorimetric analysis for system of aluminum
block and water in Dewar flask, the specific heat of the aluminum was calculated and
statically analyzed to compare with literature value. Next in the convection heat transfer
experiment, the aluminum plate with embedded thermocouple was immersed in hot water
bath of 80 C and allowed to natural cool in the air until the plate reached 45C. The
temperature profile with time was recorded in LabView. Using the lumped heat capacity heat
transfer model, the time constant, convective heat transfer coefficient, Biot number, and
power loss via convection were analyzed.

Theory
1. Temperature Measurement Instruments
a. Liquid in glass thermometer
A liquid-in-glass thermometer (LIGT) is a simple and common instrument that uses in
daily life application of measuring temperature. LIGT thermometer is a glass capillary tube
containing a special liquid filed bulb at one end, which expands or contracts proportionally to
change in temperature. The height of liquid column in the capillary corresponds to a specific
temperature marked on the outside of the glass. Depend on the object of temperature
measurement; the use of LIGT was divided into three categories: partial immersion, total
immersion, and complete immersion. The general structure of the LIGT thermometer shows
as Figure 1, below:

Figure 1: The schematic structure of a liquid in glass thermometer

(http://www.amrl.net/amrlsitefinity/default/Resources/newsletter/Spring2011/8.aspx)
The glass, liquid, and dimensions of a particular LIGT are carefully engineered for
the accurate and precise temperature measurement. The bulb at one end is designed to
contain a specific volume of liquid, based upon other parameters of thermometer such as the
length and diameter of the capillary, as well as the thermal expansion coefficient of the
liquid. In order to prevent the effects of expansion and contraction of the glass capillary tube
with temperature, a certain specific type of glass is purposely chosen based upon the
temperature range of measurement. The liquid filled in capillary tube is also met certain
criteria such as a high evaporation temperature, low vapor pressure, a nearly linear
relationship to temperature changes, and not wet the tube (Willson, 2014). Despite its
convenient and reliable, glass-liquid thermometer is not well suited for the high industrial
temperature measurement due to its limited range of temperature and not real time response.
b. Thermocouple thermometer:
The thermocouple thermometer is a sensor measuring the electrical properties changes of the material
when it is exposed to temperature changes and equating the changes in electrical properties to
changes in temperature base on physical law. A thermocouple comprises of two dissimilar
metals, joined together at one end to produce a voltage induced by the temperature gradient
along the metal wires. This is called Seebeck voltage, named after its discoverer, Thomas J.

Seebeck. The schematic of open circuit to measure the Seebeck voltage shows as Figure 2,
below:

Figure 2: The Open Circuit of Seebeck Effect

The voltages produced by Seebeck effect correlates to the temperature measurement as
following:
e AB= AB T
(1)
where eAB is the voltage difference between two ends of the wires in V, AB is the
proportionality constant (Seebeck coefficient) between two metals in V/K and T is the
junction absolute temperature in K. Nevertheless, the value of eAB cannot be measured
directly by just connecting to voltmeter because it simply creates another thermoelectric
circuit. Hence, in a practical thermocouple circuit there are two junctions of the dissimilar
metal conductors: the measurement juntion where target temperature is measured and the
reference junction where object with known temperature connect the measurement
instrument for reference. The voltage measured by voltmeter is temperature difference of
measurement and reference junctions. The schematic of thermocouple measurement shows in
the Figure 3, below:

Figure 3: The schematic of thermocouple measurement.

The temperature of reference junction must be known to get the temperature of the
measurement junction. The early thermocouple used ice water bath of 0 C as reference
junction but this method was exhaustive and not applicable for many temperature
measurement system. Today, the reference junction temperature is measured by other sensor
such as thermistors, integrated temperature sensor (IC), resistance temperature detector
(RTD) or diode. (cite) After the reference junction temperature is measured, it must be
converted into the equivalent thermoelectric voltage that would be generated with the
junction at the measured temperature. (paraphrase).
Thermocouple can measure a wide range of temperature and use in many different
environments due to multiple selection of metal. Each metal has its specific conductivity

which means each different combination of two metals result to different values AB and
affect the temperature range of measurment. For the purpose of identification, each
thermocouple has different color code for its different bimetallic component wire shown as
below:
Table 1: Different type of thermocouples
Type
J
K
T

+ Wire
Iron
Chromel
Copper

-Wire
Constantan
Alumel
Constantan

Connector
Black
Yellow
Blue

c. Resistance Thermometer
Resistance thermometers take advantage of a characteristic property of most metals in
order to measure temperature. As the metal is heated, its electrical resistance increases
proportionally, as can be measured using a volt-amp-ohm multimeter. Using a calibration
curve of temperature versus measured resistance, the experimenter can calculate the
measured temperature (Friedman, 2012). In industrial measurement the resistance material
platinum has found general acceptance. Its advantages include chemical stability,
comparatively easy fabrication (especially for wire manufacture), the possibility of obtaining
it in highly pure form, and electrical properties which can be reproduced. These
characteristics have made the platinum resistance sensor the most universally interchangeable
temperature sensor. temperature sensor which measures temperature using the principle that
the resistance of a metal changes with temperature. In practice, an electrical current is
transmitted through a piece of metal (the RTD element or resistor) located in proximity to the
area where temperature is to be measured. The resistance value of the RTD element is then
measured by an instrument. This resistance value is then correlated to temperature based
upon the known resistance characteristics of the RTD element.
How do RTDs Work?
RTDs work on a basic correlation between metals and temperature. As the temperature of a
metal increases, the metal's resistance to the flow of electricity increases. Similarly, as the
temperature of the RTD resistance element increases, the electrical resistance, measured in
ohms (), increases. RTD elements are commonly specified according to their resistance in
ohms at zero degrees Celsius (0 C). The most common RTD specification is 100 , which
means that at 0 C the RTD element should demonstrate 100 of resistance.
Platinum is the most commonly used metal for RTD elements due to a number of factors,
including its (1) chemical inertness, (2) nearly linear temperature versus resistance
relationship, (3) temperature coefficient of resistance that is large enough to give readily
measurable resistance changes with temperature and (4) stability (in that its temperature
resistance does not drastically change with time). (http://www.jms-se.com/rtd.php)
d. Infared Thermometer

Pyrometers employ yet another technique to measure temperature. By relating the

measured infrared radiation reflected off a particular object to Plancks Law and the StefanBoltzmann Law, it is possible to calculate the temperature of the object. Plancks Law is
given below:
2 c2 h
(
)
W ,T =
5

1
(e

hc
kT

(2)

1)

where W is radiant power intensity, h is Plancks constant, c is the speed of light, is the
wavelength of emitted radiation, k is Boltzmanns constant, and T is the temperature of the
object . The Stefan-Boltzmann Law is as follows:
QR = T 4

(3)

where QR is the emitted power, is emissivity, and is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant

(Willson, 2014). A pyrometer measures radiation emitted by an object and combines these
two laws to calculate the temperature of the object
2. Heat Transfer by Conduction and Convection:
Conduction Heat Transfer
Heat is a form of energy, sometimes called thermal energy, which can
pass spontaneously from an object at a high temperature to an object at a
lower temperature. If the two objects are in contact, they will, given
sufficient time, both reach the same temperature.
Heat flow is ordinarily measured in a device called a calorimeter. A
calorimeter is simply a container with insulating walls, made so that
essentially no heat is exchanged between the contents of the calorimeter
and the surroundings. Within the calorimeter, chemical reactions may
occur or heat may pass from one part of the contents to another, but no
heat flows into or out of the calorimeter from or to the surroundings.
heat capacity, which is a quantitative measure of how well a material can store thermal
energy. Specific heat capacity is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of a particular amount of material by one degree (in this case, Kelvin). A
calorimeter is a useful tool in measuring heat capacity; it functions as a well-insulated vessel
inside which heat transfer takes place. Assuming that no heat is transferred between the
inside and outside of the calorimeter, the system is therefore adiabatic. This implies that all
heat transfer components inside the vessel must add up to zero. This is shown in equation
form below for a system with two components inside the calorimeter:
Qtotal=Q1 +Q2=0

(7)

where Qi is heat transfer with respect to component i. Therefore, the heat lost by component
1 equals the heat gained by component 2, and vice-versa. This leads to the following equation
to calculate the specific heat capacity (c) of component 1:
c 1=

m 2 c 2 (T f T 2 )
m 1 (T f T 1)

where mi is the mass of component i, Ti is the initial temperature of component i, and Tf is the
final temperature of both components after equilibration. As this equation demonstrates, if
the experimenter knows all values for component 2 and the mass and temperatures for
component 1, it is simple to calculate the specific heat capacity for component 1.
Convection Heat Transfer
Methods
In the first part of the lab, the experimenters measured the temperature of a water bath
using three different types of measurement instruments in order to compare their precision.
One was a Fisher ERTCO P/N 14-997 LIGT, another was a T-type thermocouple, and the last
instrument was a K-type thermocouple. After allowing the water bath to reach a temperature
of 55C, and allowing time for stabilization, the LIGT and thermocouples were fixed in a
single location in the water bath approximately halfway submerged into the water. All
readings were taken at the same depth and general location in the bath to ensure that natural
fluctuations in the bath temperature did not skew the thermometer readings. LabVIEW
software on a computer recorded temperature readings for the two thermocouples, while the
experimenters took visual readings from the LIGT. A large number of repeated measurements
(approximately 30 in this experiment) was necessary in order to adequately evaluate the
precision of each instrument. In addition, the experimenters measured temperatures in ten
different locations in the water bath using the T-type thermocouples in order to evaluate the
precision of the water bath itself.
In the second part of the experiment, the experimenters measured the temperature of four
different baths using a number of different measurement instruments in order to compare
their accuracy. The temperature measurement instruments were: a T-type thermocouple, a Ktype thermocouple, a commercial-grade platinum resistance thermometer (PRT), a primary
standard-grade PRT, and a commercial-grade LIGT. A bath at 0C was prepared by
combining deionized (DI) water with ice in a Dewar flask. A second bath consisted of roomtemperature DI water at approximately 20C. Electronic heater controls automatically held
the last two baths at 33C and 68C. The experimenters submerged all six of the instruments
approximately halfway into the first bath, allowed a few seconds for equilibration, and
recorded the measured temperatures. The same procedure was repeated for the other three
baths.

(8)

Following this theory, the experimenters performed measurements to help in calculating the
specific heat capacity of a metal slug (unknown metal labeled #3). A water bath held at
75C heated the slug, and ample time was allowed for equilibration. Periodically, the
experimenters removed the slug and measured its temperature quickly using a thermocouple.
Once the slug temperature reached approximately 75C (the particular temperature is not
important, as long as it is recorded accurately), the experimenters used a string tied to the
slug to transfer it to a Dewar flask containing a known volume of cool DI water. Using a
thermocouple inserted through an insulated hole in the top of the flask, LabVIEW software
measured the temperature of the water inside the flask, while the experimenters periodically
swirled the flask in a circular motion to ensure maximum heat transfer. After the
experimenters recorded the final equilibrated temperature, the procedure was repeated two
more times.
Safety
[Describe the important safety issues that need to be considered when carrying our the
experiment you described above. There are some safety issues that are common to several of
the experiments and some that are unique to each. Both the general and specific safety
considerations should be described]

Sample Calculations
Note: the following is one sample calculation from each portion of the experiment. All other
calculations not explicitly shown were performed in the same manner as shown below.

Convective Heat Transfer Calculations

Calculation of Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient for Brass, 260 alloy using = 1691.4
seconds:

( 852 g)(0.380 J / g K )
cV
=1691.4 sec=
hA
h(0.020424 m2 )

h=9.37 J / K sec m2
Where

= density
c = specific heat capacity

10

(12)

V = volume
A = surface area
= time constant
h = convective heat transfer coefficient
Calculation of Biot Number for Brass, 260 alloy using Equation 6:
Bi=

h Lc (9.37 J / K sec m2)( 0.00494 m)

=
=0.000425
k
109 W /m K
Where

Bi = Biot number
h = convective heat transfer coefficient
k = thermal conductivity
Lc = characteristic length (V/A)

Power Lost by Radiation and Power Lost by Convection at the Start of Cooling for Brass, 60
alloy using Equation 3 and Equation 4, respectively:
4

QR =A T 4=( 0.7 ) ( 5.67 108 ) ( 0.0204 m2 ) (346.93 K ) =1.17 W

2

Qc =hA ( T T ) =(10.3053 W /m K)(0.0204 m )(73.78 C24.24 C)=10.4 W

Where

QR = heat loss by radiation

Qc = heat loss by convection
= emissivity
= Stefan-Boltzmann constant
T = temperature
h = convective heat transfer coefficient
A = surface area

Calorimetry Specific Heat Capacity Calculations

Calculation for the Specific Heat Capacity of Aluminum block using Equation 8:
c A=

c s=

m w c w (T f T w )
m A (T f T A )

(0.2041 kg)(4184 J /kg K )(28.65 C23.50 C )

(0.134 kg)(28.65 C69.34 C )
c s=806.6 J /kg K

where

cs = slug specific heat capacity

11

cw = water specific heat capacity

ms = slug mass
mw = water mass
Ts = slug initial temperature
Tw = water initial temperature
Tf = final temperature

1. The calculations used for the linear regression analysis and confidence limits for the
calibration of K-type thermocouple vs. Platinum resistance thermometer (PRT)
First of all, from the raw data of Table A in Appendix # the average temperature of each
instruments from all of 5 trials is calculated at each nominal temperature. For example, the
average temperatures of PRT at 0 nominal temperature is:
T=

Ti=
N

( 15 )

(0.009+0.011+0.009+0.010+0.010) = 0.0098

(1)

Similarly at different nominal temperature, the group calculated the average temperature of 4
thermometers and recorded as table # below:
Table #: The average temperature of 4 thermometers at different nominal temperature.
Nominal T
0
22
45
80

PRT

K Type

T Type

LIGT

0.0098
21.6816
44.9164
80.0374

0.2040
22.0980
45.5000
80.794

0.1600
22.0300
45.5000
80.382

0.9
22.0
45.6
82.6

The linear regression relationship between K-type and PRTs temperature has the form as
equation (@) below
0
1 xi
y
i
(@)
where x i , is independent variable temperature of PRT, y i is dependent variable
y i is predicted temperature of the linear
temperature of K-Type from the experiment, ^
^
regression,
0 is the y-intercept and ^
1 is slope of the linear fit which defines as
below:
1

SS xy
SS xx

x x y y
x x
i

(@)

0 y 1 x

(@)

12

The following procedure shows the subsequences steps to obtain the slope
intercept ^
0 .

^
1

and y-

S x = xi =( 0.00098+21.6816+ 44.9164+80.0374 )=146.6452

i=1
N

S xx = x
2
i

(Sx )

=( 0.00098 2+21.6816 2+ 44.91642 +80.0374 2 )

N
S xx =3517.357
i=1

146.64522
4

S y = yi =( 0.2040+22.0980+ 45.500+ 80.794 ) =148.596

i=1
N

S yy = y
2
i

(S y )

i=1

148.596
=( 0.20402 +22.09802 + 45.5002+ 80.7942 )
4

S yy
N

S xy = x i y i
i=1

slope , ^
1=

x=

xi =
N

= 3566.091

Sx Sy
=3541.637
N

S xy
=3541.637 /3517.357=1.0069
S xx

( 14 )( 0.0098+ 21.6816+44.9164+ 80.0374 ) =36.661

0.42+23.62+50.76+

yi 1

y=
=
N
4

()

y intercept , ^
0= y ^
1 x
^
0= y ^
1 x=37.149( 1.0069 )( 36.661 )=0.2346
As a result, the linear regression relationship is:
^
yi
1.0069 x i +0.2346
The errors associated with the error and y-intercept of the linear regressions were found using
the LINEST function in excel:
1
Slope Confidence Interval= ts e
S xx
1
2.2280.34605 K
=0.009271
6917.018 K 2

13

Intercept Confidence Interval= tse

1 X 2
+
n S xx

304.231 K

1
+
12
2.2280.34605 K

Error in slope = 0.0023666

Error in intercept = 0.9999
Extract Data from the t table:
t=3.182 (when =0.05 and v =3 )
For the 95% confidence interval of the slope m:
slope=m(

3.182(0.0023666)
tS
)=1.2747(
)
v
3

slope=1.007 0.00237

Similarly, we can calculate the 95% confidence interval for the intercept b:

Intercept=0.4335 0.97997

when =0.05
and v =3
t=3.182

2. Sample Calculations showing how I calculated CAl,

and Qr.
Sample calculation for calculating CAl for trial 1.
mW = 0.1006kg
mAl = 0.1337kg
Cw = 4184 J/kg*K
14

, h, and its uncertainty, Bi, Qc,

Ti = 296.25K
Tf = 206.43K
TAl = 343.15K
m w C w (T f T i )
C Al =
m Al (T f T Al )

kg4184 J
(206.43 K 296.25 K )
kgK
0.1337 kg (206.43 K 343.15 K)

0.1006

J
kgK

CAl = 872.777

Sample calculation for calculating .

was calculated from the slope of the plot of ln(T-T ) vs. time.

^
Slope = -0.00039225 = - cV

cV
1
=
== - (1/(-0.00039225))
hA
slope

= 2549.40 seconds

Sample calculation for calculating h .

= 0.00825kg/cm3
V = 102.098 cm3
A = 80.392 cm2
Ca1 = 885.80 J/kg*K

h =

cV
hA
cV
A

h = 0.00364

so,

0.00825 kg
885.80 J
cm 3
102.098 cm3
kgK
2549.40 sec80.392 cm2

J
seccm2K

Sample calculation for calculating the uncertainty in h .

If density is written as m/V,
15

h =

mcV
AV

and the volumes cancel resulting in and area is written as length*width,

h =

mc
A

where A= 2(L*W+L*H+W*H)

The uncertainty of surface area A is calculated as following

(0)
A=2( LW + LH +W H )
A=2( 89.10 mm89.00 mm+89.1012.95 mm+89.00 mm12.95mm )
A=2.04710 4 mm2
(0)

A=2 ( LW )2 + ( LH )2+ (W H )2

( LW )=( LW )

L 2 W
+
L
W

)( )

( 89.10 mm89.00 mm )

.01 mm 2
.01 mm 2
+
=1.259 mm 2
89.10 mm
89.00 mm

)(

L 2 H
+
L
H

) ( )
.01 mm
.01 mm
(89.10 mm12.95 mm) (
+(
)
89.10 mm 12.95 mm )
( LH )=(LH )
2

0.9004 mm

H 2 W
+
H
W

)( )
.01 mm
.01mm
(12.95 mm90.25 mm) (
+(
)
12.95 mm 90.25 mm ) =0.8994 mm
( HW )=( HW )

A=2 1.2592 +0.9004 2+ 0.89942=3.580 mm2

The uncertainty of h is calculated from propagation of errors as following:

h
m 2 c 2 2 A 2
= (
) +( ) +( ) +(
)
h
m
c

A
where the error in mass is the last digit outputted on the balance

16

(@)

m=0.0001kg

the error in the heat capacity is its standard deviation divided by square root of number
measurement
J
0.226
=0.0867
c =
gK
3
the error in is its 95% confidence limit from the statistical linear regression
analysis

= 4.714 s
Therefore, the uncertainty in h is calculated by plugging all other uncertainties into the
equation (@)
0.0001 2 0.0867 2
4.714 2 3.580 2
h=9.113 (
) +(
) +(
) +(
)
0.2778
.80416
1197.46
20470

J
secm2K

h= 0.983

Sample calculation for calculating the Biot number.

Lc =

V
A

k = 2.043

Bi=

hLc
k

J
seccm 2K
J
102.098 cm3
2
seccm K
J
2.043
80.392 cm2
seccm2K

0.00364
=

Bi = 0.002263
Sample calculation for calculating the Qr.
T = 74.87C
Tl = 23.23C
Qr= EoA(T 4Tl 4 )
Qr = 0.1*5.6687e-8J/K4*m2*s*80.38cm2*(74.874-23.234)
Qr = 0.00142

J
s

17

Sample calculation for calculating the Qc.

Qc = -hA(T- T )
J
* 80.392 cm2*(74.87C-23.23C)
2
seccm K

Qc = -0.00364
Qc = -15.12

J
s

Results
Thermocouple Resolution and Precision:
Table : The mean, standard deviation, and confidence interval results for the two
thermocouples

18

Mean
STD
95% confidence interval

K-type
49.241
0.047
49.241 0.012

19

T-type
49.925
0.054
49.925 0.014

K Type

20

T Type

Mean
Variance
Observations
df
F
P(F<=f) onetail
F Critical onetail

T Type
49.9245
0.00292
60
59
1.332646
0.136463
1.539957

#2
#3

21

K Type
49.2405
0.00219
60
59

Regression
Error in slope
Error in Y-intercept
95% Confidence in slope
95% Confidence in Y-intercept

K-type
y = 1.0069x + 0.2346

T-type
y=1.0026x+0.2625

LIGT
y=1.0026x+.2862

0.0009
0.0402

0.0032
0.1499

0.0129
0.6092

1.0069 0.0037
0.2346 0.1730

1.0026 0.1370
0.2625 0.6450

1.0026 0.0556
0.2862 2.6213

22

23

1
0.5
0

Residual of (T.exp - T.fit)

K Type

-0.5

T Type

-1
-1.5

LIGT

-1

-0.5

0.5

1.5

Normal quantitle

1
0.5
Residual ( T.exp -T.fit)
K-Type

0
T-Type

-0.5

LIGT

-1
0

10

20

30

40

Nominal T

24

50

60

70

80

Appendix 2.
[If the laboratory write-up includes questions for discussion, please provide your response to
those questions in Appendix 2.]

25

Appendix 3.
[Appendix 3. any other supporting documentation for your report]

26

References
[All sources cited in the text and appendices should be included in a list of references. Use
NoodleBib to generate your list of references according to APA style. You may single-space
the text of the references themselves, but add a space between each reference. ]
Appendices
Table A#: Temperature measurement of K and T type thermometers
Time
K-Type
T-Type
(s)
(C)
(C)
1483.1
64
49.240
49.950
1485.1
65
49.220
50.020
1486.6
65
49.260
50.020
1488.6
65
49.290
49.930
1491.1
65
49.260
49.930
1493.1
64
49.180
49.870
1495.1
65
49.260
49.970
1497.1
65
49.220
49.930
1499.1
65
49.200
49.930
1501.1
65
49.180
49.850
1503.1
65
49.180
49.850
1505.1
65
49.200
49.910
1507.1
65
49.220
49.850
1508.6
64
49.310
49.950
1511.1
65
49.240
49.950
1513.1
65
49.310
50.020
1514.6
65
49.240
49.950
1517.1
65
49.180
49.820

Time
K-Type
T-Type
(s)
(C)
(C)
1542.6
64
49.290
49.930
1545.1
65
49.260
49.910
1547.1
65
49.290
49.970
1549.1
65
49.200
49.950
1551.1
65
49.260
49.910
1553.1
65
49.240
49.870
1555.1
65
49.200
49.850
1557.1
65
49.180
49.870
1559.1
64
49.240
49.850
1561.1
65
49.240
49.970
1563.1
65
49.260
49.970
1565.1
65
49.350
50.060
1567.1
65
49.330
49.970
1569.1
65
49.240
49.950
1571.1
65
49.200
49.910
1573.1
65
49.150
49.890
1575.1
65
49.200
49.870
1577.1
65
49.180
49.910

27

1519.1
49.220
49.870
Bulk [K-Type]
65
Bulk [T-type]
(C)
1521.1
49.200 (C)
49.870
65
49.2600
49.9100
1523.1
49.910
49.2400 49.260 49.8200
65
49.2900
49.9300
1525.1
49.220
49.950
49.2600
49.8700
65
49.2000 49.200 49.8900
1527.1
49.890
59.0100
59.8300
65
1529.1
49.950
59.0500 49.240 59.8100
65
58.9900
59.7800
1531.1
49.850
58.9600 49.180 59.7800
65
59.0500
59.9100
1532.6
49.200
49.910
68.8800
69.7700
64
68.8100 49.260 69.6500
1535.1
49.910
68.8500
69.6900
65
1537.1
49.870
68.9000 49.220 69.7100
65
68.9000
69.7300
1539.1
49.310
50.020
78.6800
79.5900
65
78.7100
79.6100
1541.1
49.310
50.020
78.7100
79.5900
65
78.6800
79.6500
78.6800
79.6500

1579.1
65
Pyrometer
1581.1(C)
38.800065
1583.1
39.0000
65
39.2000
1585.1
39.200065
39.3000
1587.1
47.800065
1589.1
48.0000
48.000065
1591.1
48.1000
65
48.0000
1592.6
56.200064
56.4000
1594.6
56.200064
1596.6
56.3000
56.300064
1599.1
63.5000
65
63.3000
1600.6
63.900065
63.9000
63.5000

Thermometer Measurement

28

49.290
49.970
49.260
49.910
49.260
49.890
49.310
50.000
49.290
49.970
49.290
50.000
49.290
49.890
49.200
49.890
49.260
49.930
49.150
49.870
49.220
49.890
49.290
49.930

Table A#: The Pyrometer

Platinum Resitance
Thermoemter

0.00
00
0.00
90
0.01
10
0.00
90
0.01
00
0.01
00

Temperature
22.000
45.000
0
0

80.000
0

21.6920

44.9170

80.0340

21.6860

44.9170

80.0350

21.6820

44.9160

80.0340

21.6760

44.9160

80.0390

21.6720

44.9160

80.0450

22.1300

45.4600

80.8000

22.0800

45.5500

80.7400

22.0600

45.4600

80.8000

22.1100

45.5500

80.8000

K type Thermocouple
0.22
00
0.20
00
0.20
00
0.20
00

29

0.20
00

22.1100

45.4800

80.8300

22.0700

45.2600

80.3700

21.9800

45.2600

80.3500

22.0300

45.2200

80.3500

22.0900

45.2600

80.4300

21.9800

45.2000

80.4100

22.0300

45.2400

80.3820

22.0000

46.0000

83.0000

22.0000

45.5000

83.0000

22.0000

45.5000

82.5000

22.0000

45.5000

82.5000

22.0000

45.5000

82.0000

T type Thermometer
0.18
00
0.13
00
0.18
00
0.18
00
0.13
00
0.16
00
Liquid in glass
Thermometer
1.00
00
0.50
00
1.00
00
1.00
00
1.00
00

Time
(s)
0.01
1
2
3

K-type
21.93
21.93
21.93
21.84

Time
(s)
0
1
2
3

K-type
22.92
22.92
22.89
22.92

30

Time
(s)
0
1
2
3

K-type
23.28
23.25
23.28
23.25

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46

21.79
21.88
21.88
21.82
21.88
21.86
21.86
21.91
21.82
21.84
21.82
21.82
21.82
21.82
21.86
21.91
21.91
21.84
21.82
21.79
21.82
26.44
29.21
32.77
29.52
29.52
27.82
27.75
28.22
27.48
27.48
27.43
27.07
26.98
26.98
26.85
26.62
26.62
26.62
26.62
26.58
26.49
26.4

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46

22.92
22.92
22.89
22.92
22.92
22.92
22.89
22.92
22.92
22.92
22.92
22.92
22.87
22.92
22.89
22.96
22.8
24
25.61
25.73
25.91
25.73
25.37
25.21
25.12
24.83
25.07
26.96
28.04
28.78
29.19
29.57
29.7
29.95
30.06
30.13
30.2
30.28
30.28
30.37
30.37
30.42
30.42

31

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46

23.28
23.28
23.3
23.32
23.3
23.25
23.25
23.25
23.23
32
37.13
34.66
33.73
34.51
33.75
34.86
35.44
32.48
31.6
33.2
34.15
33.84
33.71
33.6
33.44
32.91
32.68
32.68
32.57
32.44
32.11
32.02
31.91
31.86
31.71
31.64
31.62
31.53
31.48
31.4
31.4
31.4
31.33

47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89

26.33
26.35
26.38
26.4
26.4
26.4
26.47
26.65
26.67
26.96
26.96
27.03
27.12
27.07
27.05
27.05
27.03
27.16
27.14
27.14
27.86
28.71
29.23
29.34
29.34
29.41
29.41
29.34
29.43
29.43
29.52
29.55
29.61
29.61
29.64
29.52
29.64
29.66
29.66
29.7
29.7
29.73
29.68

47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89

30.42
30.48
30.51
30.46
30.46
30.48
30.48
30.48
30.48
30.46
30.48
30.48
30.48
30.46
30.46
30.46
30.46
30.46
30.44
30.44
30.44
30.44
30.44
30.44
30.46
30.42
30.42
30.42
30.44
30.44
30.4
30.4
30.44
30.46
30.4
30.42
30.42
30.37
30.37
30.4
30.4
30.4
30.4

32

47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89

31.33
31.31
31.26
31.26
31.22
31.2
31.2
31.22
31.17
31.2
31.2
31.17
31.17
31.2
31.17
31.17
31.17
31.13
31.15
31.17
31.13
31.2
31.17
31.15
31.17
31.2
31.17
31.17
31.2
31.17
31.15
31.15
31.13
31.13
31.17
31.17
31.15
31.15
31.13
31.17
31.15
31.15
31.13

90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106

Time
(s)
0.01
10
20
30
40
50

29.68
29.7
29.66
29.73
29.73
29.73
29.77
29.7
29.75
29.75
29.79
29.79
29.77
29.75
29.75
29.7
29.75

Plate
Temperature
(C)
79.87
79.93
77.77
76.70
76.09
75.54

90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106

30.37
30.37
30.37
30.42
30.42
30.4
30.37
30.42
30.4
30.37
30.37
30.37
30.37
30.42
30.4
30.37
30.37

Room
Temperature (C)
21.42
20.73
20.78
20.78
20.75
20.75

33

90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106

31.15
31.11
31.13
31.15
31.11
31.15
31.15
31.13
31.13
31.11
31.08
31.08
31.06
31.08
31.06
31.08
31.06

60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480

75.04
74.57
74.04
73.68
73.19
72.71
72.28
71.86
71.45
70.99
70.56
70.16
69.77
69.32
68.88
68.45
68.06
67.63
67.24
66.79
66.44
66
65.63
65.26
64.89
64.5
64.13
63.76
63.39
63
62.65
62.26
61.99
61.62
61.33
60.98
60.63
60.3
59.95
59.66
59.32
59.03
58.69

20.75
20.75
20.62
20.75
20.71
20.71
20.73
20.75
20.78
20.82
20.78
20.73
20.75
20.8
20.75
20.75
20.75
20.66
20.71
20.73
20.75
20.78
20.71
20.64
20.73
20.82
20.73
20.64
20.69
20.8
20.75
20.69
20.75
20.69
20.75
20.66
20.69
20.66
20.64
20.71
20.69
20.69
20.71
34

490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
600
610
620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690
700
710
720
730
740
750
760
770
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
880
890
900
910

58.4
58.02
57.74
57.41
57.07
56.71
56.42
56.1
55.76
55.49
55.24
54.94
54.67
54.42
54.12
53.85
53.57
53.32
53.05
52.82
52.54
52.27
52.06
51.85
51.6
51.36
51.13
50.88
50.61
50.37
50.18
49.91
49.67
49.46
49.18
48.95
48.62
48.41
48.17
47.96
47.75
47.55
47.32

20.71
20.69
20.91
20.73
20.66
20.73
20.66
20.66
20.6
20.6
20.6
20.66
20.6
20.66
20.64
20.62
20.64
20.64
20.6
20.6
20.78
20.6
20.55
20.62
20.55
20.62
20.62
20.64
20.6
20.6
20.64
20.62
20.64
20.62
20.6
20.69
20.66
20.64
20.66
20.62
20.66
20.69
20.66
35

920
930
940
950
960
970
980
990
1000
1010
1020
1030
1040
1050
1060
1070
1080
1090
1100
1110
1120
1130
1140
1150
1160
1170
1180
1190
1200
1210
1220
1230
1240
1250
1260
1270
1280
1290

47.08
46.87
46.68
46.44
46.2
46.05
45.8
45.58
45.39
45.18
44.98
44.79
44.6
44.38
44.17
44
43.81
43.66
43.49
43.25
43.08
42.86
42.71
42.54
42.35
42.2
42.01
41.86
41.71
41.54
41.43
41.19
41.09
40.89
40.79
40.62
40.47
40.32

20.64
20.66
20.71
20.66
20.64
20.73
20.66
20.66
20.69
20.64
20.75
20.64
20.73
20.69
20.71
20.69
20.69
20.69
20.73
20.71
20.73
20.69
20.69
20.71
20.66
20.71
20.69
20.69
20.71
20.69
20.75
20.73
20.69
20.69
20.71
20.69
20.69
20.69

36