Pipesim User Guide

PIPESIM Suite
User Guide
Proprietary Notice
Copyright 1985 - 2005 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or translated in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, without the prior written permission of Schlumberger.
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statutory, with respect to the product described herein and disclaims without limitation any warranties of merchantability or
fitness for a particular purpose.
Patent information
Schlumberger ECLIPSE reservoir simulation software is protected by US Patents 6,018,497, 6,078,869 and 6,106,561,
and UK Patents GB 2,326,747 B and GB 2,336,008 B. Patents pending.
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Extract, Fill, Finder, FloGeo, FloGrid, FloViz, FrontSim, GeoFrame, GRAF, GRID, GridSim, NWM, Open-ECLIPSE,
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Contact information
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Support: Service Desk

Note: Information in this document is subject to change without notice. Companies, names and data used in examples
herein are fictitious unless otherwise noted.
Contents
Table of Contents
Proprietary Notice ............................................................................ 2
Patent information............................................................................ 2
Service mark information ................................................................ 2
Trademark information .................................................................... 2
Contact information ......................................................................... 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................... 3

DOCUMENT CONVENTIONS ............................................ 10
PIPESIM HOT KEYS ........................................................ 10
1
INTRODUCTION .......................................................... 15
1.1
Setting up ............................................................................. 15
1.1.1
Before you run setup ...................................................... 15
1.1.2
Running setup ................................................................ 17
1.1.3
Changing Options after quitting setup ............................ 17
1.2
Documentation..................................................................... 17
1.2.1
PIPESIM additional documentation ................................ 17
1.2.2
Case Studies .................................................................. 18
1.2.3
Online Help..................................................................... 18
1.3
PIPESIM overview................................................................ 19
1.3.1
Modules .......................................................................... 20
1.3.2
Options ........................................................................... 23
1.4
File Management.................................................................. 25
1.5
Security ................................................................................ 26
1.5.1
Stand-alone security (dongle)......................................... 26
1.5.2
LAN Security................................................................... 27
PIPESIM
Contents
1.6
New features ........................................................................ 28
1.7
Schlumberger Support Services ........................................ 28
1.8
What to do next.................................................................... 28
MODEL OVERVIEW .................................................... 31
2.1
Steps in building a model ................................................... 31
2.2
Starting PIPESIM.................................................................. 31
2.3
Units System ........................................................................ 31
2.4
Fluid data.............................................................................. 32
2.4.1
Black Oil ......................................................................... 32
2.4.2
Compositional................................................................. 34
2.4.3
Steam ............................................................................. 35
2.5
Model components overview.............................................. 35
2.5.1
Model & Component limitations...................................... 39
2.6
Flow correlation ................................................................... 40
2.7
Run an operation ................................................................. 40
2.8
Saving & Closing PIPESIM.................................................. 41
2.9
How to build models............................................................ 41
2.9.1
Fluid calibration .............................................................. 41
2.9.2
Pipeline & facilities.......................................................... 42
2.9.3
Well Performance ........................................................... 45
2.9.4
Network Analysis ............................................................ 48
2.9.5
Production Optimization ................................................. 50
2.9.6
Field Planning................................................................. 50
2.9.7
Multi-lateral ..................................................................... 51
FLUID & MULTIPHASE FLOW MODELING ............... 52
3.1
Black Oil ............................................................................... 52
3.1.1
Lasater............................................................................ 52
PIPESIM
Contents
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.5
3.1.6
3.1.7
3.1.8
3.1.9
3.1.10
3.1.11
Standing ......................................................................... 53
Vazques and Beggs ....................................................... 53
Glas .............................................................................. 54
Coning ............................................................................ 55
Liquid Viscosity............................................................... 56
Dead Oil Viscosity .......................................................... 56
Live Oil Viscosity ............................................................ 57
Undersaturated Oil Viscosity .......................................... 58
Oil/Water Mixture Viscosity............................................. 59
Gas Viscosity.................................................................. 60
3.2
Compositional...................................................................... 60
3.2.1
EOS (Equations of State) ............................................... 60
3.2.2
Viscosity model............................................................... 61
3.2.3
BIP (Binary Interaction Parameter) Set .......................... 63
3.2.4
Hydrates ......................................................................... 63
3.3
Pressure Drop Calculation.................................................. 65
3.3.1
Flow regimes .................................................................. 66
3.3.2
Single Phase Flow Correlations ..................................... 69
3.3.3
Vertical Multiphase Flow Correlations ............................ 70
3.3.4
Horizontal Multiphase Flow Correlations ........................ 76
3.4
References ........................................................................... 80
RESERVOIR, WELL & COMPLETION MODELING ... 87
4.1
Vertical Completions ........................................................... 87
4.1.1
Liquid Reservoirs............................................................ 87
4.1.2
Gas and Gas Condensate Reservoirs............................ 89
4.2
Horizontal Completions ...................................................... 91
4.2.1
Effect of Pressure Drop on Productivity.......................... 91
4.2.2
Single Phase Pressure Drop .......................................... 94
4.2.3
Multiphase Pressure Drop .............................................. 95
4.2.4
Inflow Production Profiles ............................................... 95
4.2.5
Steady-State Productivity ............................................... 96
4.2.6
Pseudo-Steady State Productivity .................................. 99
4.2.7
Solution Gas-Drive IPR ................................................ 101
PIPESIM
Contents
4.2.8
4.3
Horizontal Gas Wells .................................................... 101
Multiple Layers / Completions.......................................... 103
4.4
Artificial Lift........................................................................ 104
4.4.1
Gas Lift ......................................................................... 104
4.4.2
ESP Lift......................................................................... 105
4.5
Tubing................................................................................. 105
4.6
Chokes................................................................................ 106
4.6.1
Ashford-Pierce.............................................................. 106
4.6.2
Omana.......................................................................... 107
4.6.3
Gilbert, Ros, Baxendall, Achong and Pilehvari............. 108
4.6.4
Poettmann-Beck ........................................................... 109
4.6.5
Mechanistic Correlation, ............................................... 110
4.6.6
API 14-B Formulation ................................................... 112
4.7
Heat transfer....................................................................... 113
4.8
Reservoir Depletion........................................................... 113
4.8.1
Volume Depletion Reservoirs ....................................... 113
4.8.2
Gas Condensate Reservoirs ........................................ 115
4.9
References ......................................................................... 115
FIELD EQUIPMENT ................................................... 119
5.1
Compressor........................................................................ 119
5.2
Expander ............................................................................ 120
5.3
Single Phase Pump ........................................................... 121
5.4
Multiphase Boosting ......................................................... 121
5.4.1
Multiphase Boosters Positive Displacement Type..... 126
5.4.2
Twin Screw Type Multiphase Boosters ........................ 127
5.4.3
Progressing Cavity Type Multiphase Boosters............. 129
5.4.4
Multiphase Boosters Dynamic Type .......................... 130
5.4.5
Helico-Axial Type Multiphase Boosters ........................ 131
5.4.6
Contra-Rotating Axial Type Multiphase Booster........... 133
PIPESIM
Contents
5.4.7
Alternative approach..................................................... 134
5.5
Separator ............................................................................ 135
5.6
Re-injection point .............................................................. 135
5.7
Heat Transfer...................................................................... 135
5.8
References ......................................................................... 135
OPERATIONS ............................................................ 139
6.1
Check model ...................................................................... 139
6.2
No operation....................................................................... 139
6.3
Run model .......................................................................... 140
6.4
System Analysis ................................................................ 140
6.5
Pressure Temperature profile........................................... 140
6.6
Flow correlation matching ................................................ 140
6.7
Wax Prediction................................................................... 141
6.8
Nodal Analysis ................................................................... 141
6.9
Artificial Lift Performance................................................. 142
6.9.1
Well Performance Curves............................................. 143
6.9.2
Optimization module performance curves .................... 143
6.10 Gas Lift Design & Diagnostics ......................................... 145
6.10.1 Check for Gas Lift instability ......................................... 145
6.11
Horizontal well analysis .................................................... 148
6.12
Reservoir tables................................................................. 148
6.13
Network analysis ............................................................... 149
6.14
Production Optimization ................................................... 149
PIPESIM
Contents
6.15 Field Planning .................................................................... 150

6.15.1 Dynamic Eclipse link..................................................... 150
6.15.2 Look-up tables .............................................................. 152
6.15.3 Compositional tank models .......................................... 153
6.15.4 Event handling.............................................................. 154
6.16
Multi-lateral well analysis.................................................. 155
6.17 Post processor................................................................... 155

6.17.1 Graphical plots.............................................................. 155
6.17.2 Tabular data ................................................................. 156
6.17.3 Onscreen data .............................................................. 156
6.18
References ......................................................................... 156
CASE STUDIES ......................................................... 159
7.1
Pipeline & facilities Case Study Condensate Pipeline 161
7.1.1
Task 1. Develop a Compositional Model of the
Hydrocarbon Phases .................................................................. 161
7.1.2
Task 2. Identify the Hydrate Envelope.......................... 162
7.1.3
Task 3. Select a Pipeline Size ...................................... 163
7.1.4
Task 4. Determine the Pipeline Insulation Requirement
165
7.1.5
Task 5. Screen the Pipeline for Severe Riser Slugging 167
7.1.6
Task 6. Size a Slug Catcher ......................................... 170
7.1.7
Data Available .............................................................. 172
7.2
Well Performance Case Study Oil Well Design............ 175
7.2.1
Task 1. Develop a Calibrated Blackoil Model ............... 175
7.2.2
Task 2. Develop a Well Inflow Performance Model...... 180
7.2.3
Task 3. Select a Tubing Size for the Production String 180
7.2.4
Data Available .............................................................. 182
7.3
Network Analysis Case Study Looped Gas Gathering
Network ...................................................................................... 7-184
7.3.1
Task 1. Build a Model of the Network........................ 7-184
7.3.2
Task 2. Specify the Network Boundary Conditions ... 7-189
PIPESIM
Contents
7.3.3
7.3.4
Task 3. Solve the Network and Establish the deliverability

7-190
Data Available ........................................................... 7-192
7.4
Optimization .................................................................... 7-194
7.5
Field Planning ................................................................. 7-194
7.6
Multi-lateral...................................................................... 7-194
INDEX ......................................................................8-194
PIPESIM
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Conventions
Document conventions
<edit/copy> - used to denote commands enter into the computer from
either Microsoft Windows operating systems or PIPESIM
PIPESIM
Conventions
11
THIS PAGE LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY
PIPESIM
12
Conventions
PIPESIM Hot Keys

File
Create New Well Model
Create New Pipeline Model
Create New Network model
Open model
Open engine file
Save model
Close PIPESIM
Text Edit
Export to Engine file
Purge Engine Files
CTRL+W
CTRL+
CTRL+N
CTRL+O
CTRL+T
CTRL+S
ALT+F4
CTRL+T
CTRL+E
CTRL+Y
Simulation
Run model
Restart Model
Check model
CTRL+G
CTRL+R
CTRL+E
Windows
New Model Window
Close Active Window
Go to Next Window
Go to Previous Window
CTRL+W
CTRL+F4
CTRL+F6 or CTRL+TAB
CTRL+SHIFT+F6 or
CTRL+SHIFT+ TAB
Tools
Print
Access Help
CTRL+P
F1
Editing/General
Access Pull-down menus
Cut
Copy
Paste
Delete
Select All
Find
Sticky key mode
ALT or F10
CTRL+X
CTRL+C
CTRL+V
Del
CTRL+A
CTRL+F
SHIFT
PIPESIM
Conventions
Zoom in
Zoom out
Zoom Full View
Restore View
13
SHIFT+Z
SHIFT+X
SHIFT+F
SHIFT+R
PIPESIM
Field Equipment
1 Introduction
Welcome to Schlumbergers PIPESIM - the integrated Petroleum
Engineer and Facilities package for Design, Operation and
Optimization.
1.1 Setting up
You install PIPESIM on your computer by using the program
SETUP.EXE. The setup up program installs ESI
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Field Equipment
A mouse
32Mb of RAM
Microsoft Windows 98 or higher
The PC system date is set to the current date. The security
system uses the current PC date.
The recommended system requirements are:

Pentium III processor 600MHz
3Gb hard disk
A 4x CD-ROM drive
A SVGA display running in 1024x768 and 256 colors
A 2 button mouse
64Mb of RAM
Microsoft Windows 2000
1.1.1.2 Check the PIPESIM package
The following items should be in the PIPESIM package:
PIPESIM User Guide
PIPESIM Additional Notes
PIPESIM Service Pack Notes (if applicable)
PIPESIM Installation Guide
PIPESIM CD
Registration form (also available on our web site)
Software license reference number. This should be quoted
on all correspondence.
If any of the above are missing then please contact your nearest
Schlumberger office.
1.1.1.3 Make backup copies
Before you run the install procedure please back up copies of any
important data stored on your PC.
You are also encouraged to make a back up copy of the install CD.
1.1.1.4 Read the additional notes document
The additional notes' document (shipped with the package) lists any
changes to the User Guide since its publication.
PIPESIM 2000
Field Equipment
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1.1.2 Running setup

When you run the setup program
To start Setup
Once you have installed PIPESIM the following links will be created
on the Programs menu;
Schlumberger
PIPESIM
GOAL
FPT
HoSim
Documentation
OpenLink
Utilities
B26 to P2K Converter
Security utilities
User defined DLL registry editor
Plotting utility
1.1.3 Changing Options after quitting setup
You can run they setup program as many times as you like to install,
re-install or remove components. However, only 1 copy of PIPESIM
can be installed on a single PC.
1.2 Documentation
1.2.1 PIPESIM additional documentation
In addition to this User Guide the following documentation is available
to assist users in using PIPESIM or some of its modules.
The latest versions of these documents are available from any
Schlumberger support office or can be downloaded directly from the
Schlumberger web site in Adobe Acrobat PDF format.
1.2.1.1 Artificial lift Performance curve
The optimizer module utilizes artificial lift performance curves to
model the wells. These can be created by a suitable Nodal analysis
software package.
PIPESIM 2000
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Field Equipment
1.2.1.2 User Defined Multiphase flow correlation

The user can create their own multiphase flow correlations and link
these into PIPESIM.
1.2.1.3 OpenLink
A collection of COM object that allows PIPESIM to be accessed from
3rd party applications, e.g. Microsoft Excel, Visual basic, etc.
An up to date list of features and functionality can be obtained from
the Schlumberger web site, along with all the necessary
documentation.
1.2.1.4 PVT file format
The composition can be transferred from third party applications
directly into PIPESIM, provide that it is supplied in the correct format.
This document details that format.
1.2.1.5 Sentinel LM Security
The LAN version of PIPESIM utilizes Sentinel LM License manger as
its security system The Sentinel LM Administrators Guide can be of
assistance to IT personnel.
Note: This User Guide does not cover the menus or dialogs that are
used within the software. These are covered, in detail, in the Help
system, supplied with PIPESIM.
1.2.2 Case Studies
The PIPESIM installation installs sample models on to your hard disk.
1.2.3 Online Help
You can access Help through;
the Help Contents command,
by searching for specific topics with the Help Search tool
pressing F1 to get context-sensitive Help.
1.2.3.1 Help contents
For information on Help topics, choose Contents from the Help menu
or press F1 and click the Contents button. You can use the Contents
PIPESIM 2000
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screen to jump to topics that tell you how to useaBT5/TT4 1- Tc 0.000 Tc 0 Tw 13.98
20
Field Equipment
Field Planning
Multi-lateral well
Multi-zone wells
This release of PIPESIM does not have all modules fully integrated,
i.e. Production Optimization (GOAL), Field Planning (FPT), Multilateral well (HoSim).
1.3.1 Modules
PIPESIM consists of the following modules:
Pipeline & Facilities
Well Performance Analysis
Network Analysis
Production Optimization (GOAL)
Field Planning (FPT)
Multi-lateral (HoSim)
1.3.1.1 Pipeline & Facilities
A comprehensive multiphase flow model with "System Analysis"
capabilities. Typical applications of the module include:
multiphase flow in flowlines and pipelines
point by point generation of pressure and temperature profiles
calculation of heat transfer coefficients
flowline & equipment performance modeling (system analysis)
1.3.1.2 Well Performance analysis
A comprehensive multiphase flow model with "Nodal & System
Analysis" capabilities. Typical applications of the module includes:
Well design
Well optimization
Well inflow performance modeling
Gas Lift Design
ESP Design
Gas lift performance modeling
ESP performance modeling
Horizontal well modeling (including optimum horizontal
completion length determination)
Injection well design
Annular and tubing flow
PIPESIM 2000
Field Equipment
21
1.3.1.3 Network analysis module

Features of the network model include:
unique network solution algorithm to model wells in large
networks
rigorous thermal modeling of all network components
multiple looped pipeline/flowline capability
well inflow performance modeling capabilities
rigorous modeling of gas lifted wells in complex networks
comprehensive pipeline equipment models
gathering and distribution networks
1.3.1.4 Production Optimization (GOAL)
This module allows production optimization of an artificial lifted (gas
lift or ESP) oil field to be performed given a number of practical
constraints on the system.
The module will predict the optimum artificial lift quantity (lift gas or
ESP speed) so as to optimize oil production from the entire field. As
an alternative to calculations based on produced oil the optimization
can be performed on gross liquids, gross gas or revenue. The
program models the full network on a point-by-point basis, and offers
a choice of flow correlation options for multiphase flow.
In addition to being able to optimize field production it includes a
unique production prediction mode, which allows current field
production rates and pressures to be predicted and the results
compared directly against actual field data.
The module has been primarily developed for use by operations staff
in the day-to-day optimization and allocation of lift gas for complex
multi-well networked configurations.
GOAL has been designed with to allow answers to specific problems
to be easily obtained. This could be, for example, when a well is shutin and the extra quantity of lift gas or horse power is made available.
The module can then be used to determine the best re-allocation of
the lift gas to the remaining wells, while taking into account any
production constraints, to optimize the total production.
PIPESIM 2000
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Field Equipment
To allow the day-to-day modeling of the system to be performed

quickly, modeling of the wells and the optimization process have
been separated. This allows answers to specific problems, by
examining a number of scenarios, to be generated in a very short
time.
Input is taken from individual well performance models created from a
multiphase flow simulator, in the form of well performance curves.
These performance curves should be generated and checked before
being included in the model.
To obtain the correct solution the pressure drop must be correctly
accounted for along the surface network. This is simulated by the use
of (tuned) industrial standard multiphase flow correlation's to predict
the pressure loss and liquid hold-up in the pipeline.
In its production prediction mode of operation it can be used to
validate the individual well gas lift or ESP lift performance curves by
using them to predict current production rates.
Results are displayed in tabular form, graphical plots or by utilizing
the sophisticated graphical user interface to display a variety of rates
and pressures. The solution provides a comprehensive report that
includes the required gas injection rate for each well or required
operating speed for each well, the flow rate and pressure at each
manifold in the system and economic data.
Full features of the model include:
interfaces with the well Analysis module
solves multi-well commingled scenarios
allows well production performance modeling
offers operator decision support functions
Black Oil only
1.3.1.5 Multi-lateral wells (HoSim)
HoSim is designed to model horizontal and multilateral
heterogeneous wells in detail. The software uses a rigorous network
solution algorithm to solve horizontal and multilateral wells as
gathering networks.
PIPESIM 2000
Field Equipment
23
The program enables detailed horizontal well models to be built

quickly and easily through a graphical user interface. The user can
define various IPR relationships, and specify a detailed well
description. Certain equipment models, which are common to the
pipeline and facilities module, are available such as chokes, gas lift,
ESPs and also separators, compressors, pumps etc.
Fluid description can be either black oil or compositional and different
fluids can be specified which are mixed together using appropriate
mixing rules.
Specifying either an outlet pressure or an outlet flow rate (or a range
of values for a batch run) to run the model.
Results can be displayed either as text (point values) or graphically
for any part of the model.
1.3.1.6 Field Planning (FPT)
Allows the network module to be coupled to a reservoir model to
model reservoir behavior over time. In addition conditional logic
decision can be taken into account, i.e. bring well 56 on steam in year
5, etc.
The reservoir may be described as either;
Black oil tank model
Compositional tank model
look-up tables
Commercial reservoir simulator
Commercial material balance program
1.3.2 Options
In addition to the above basic modules a number of options are
available.
1.3.2.1 Compositional option
Allows a PVT package to be used to determine the fluid properties.
Options are
SIS Flash (provided by Schlumberger)
Multiflash (provided by InfoChem)
PIPESIM 2000
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Field Equipment
SPPTS (for Shell users only)
The compositional options have the following features;

Standard library of 50+ components
Petroleum Fraction
Phase envelope generation
Dew point line
Bubble point line
Critical point
Hydrate formation line (if present)
Ice formation line (if present)
Quality lines
EOS
Peng-Robinson (standard and advanced)
SRK (standard and advanced)
Corresponding EOS
SMIRK (limited access)
Stand alone flash (PT, PH, etc) details
Viscosity models
Pederson
LBC
In addition the Multiflash option has the following features;
Multiple Bubble point matching
Multiple Dew point matching
Multiple Viscosity data matching
Multi-stage flashing
Setting of BIPs
Emulsion options
User defined BIPs
1.3.2.2 OLGAS 2000
Utilizes the steady-state version of the multiphase flow correlation
from Scandpower as used in OLGA Transient.
This option has 2 versions;
(i)
2-phase and
(ii) 3-phase.
PIPESIM 2000
Field Equipment
25
1.3.2.3 ECLIPSE 100

Allows the Field Planning module to use the ECLIPSE 100 (Black Oil)
reservoir simulator to model the reservoir performance. The system
has been designed so that ECLIPSE can reside on UNIX or PC.
1.3.2.4 ECLIPSE 300
Allows the Field Planning module to use the ECLIPSE 300 reservoir
simulator (Compositional) to model the reservoir performance. The
system has been designed so that ECLIPSE can reside on UNIX or
PC.
1.3.2.5 MBAL
Allows the Field Planning module to use the material balance
program Mbal (from Petroleum Experts) to model the reservoir
performance.
1.4 File Management
PIPESIM uses the following to store data;
ASCII files
Binary files
Microsoft Access Database.
Input data (*.BPS, *.BPN, *.PGW, *.FPT,*.HSM)
Contains all the data that is necessary to run a model. This includes
data for; units, fluid composition, well IPR, system data, etc. The
support team requires these files when support queries are made.
Output data (*.OUT, *.SUM)
Contains program output data in different formats.
Transfer files (*.PLT, *.PLC, *.PWH, *.PBT, *.TNT, *.PST)
Files that transfer data from one PIPESIM module to another.
PVT table (*.PVT)
A file that contains a single stream composition and a table of fluid
properties for a given set of pressure and temperature values. This
file can (if required) be created by a commercial PVT package e.g.
Multiflash, Hysys, PVTSim, EQUI90, etc. or via the compositional
module in PIPESIM.
PIPESIM 2000
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Field Equipment
Database files (*.MDB)

Microsoft Access Database file that contains;
Black Oil fluid data,
ESP performance curves
User defined pump and compressor curves
Units file (*.UMF)
Units files. Used to store user defined unit sets. These files can be
passed from user-to-user.
1.5 Security
Stand-alone (single PC) versions of PIPESIM are protected from
unauthorized use by means of either a license file or a hardware
security module (generally referred to as a 'dongle' or 'bit lock'). Local
Area Network (LAN) versions are normally protected via License
Manager software.
1.5.1 Stand-alone security (dongle)
When the program executes the dongle must be attached to the
parallel port of the computer otherwise it will not run. The dongle
remains the property of Schlumberger while in use by customers, and
are not replaceable if lost.
You can connect another device (or more Schlumberger dongles) to
the parallel port while the dongle is still attached to it without affecting
the operation of the device or the dongle. Do this simply by plugging
the device into the back of the dongle. If you already have another
program protected by a similar dongle, they can both be plugged into
the port at the same time, and should not interfere with each other.
The dongle is quite robust, so no particular care need be taken in
handling it.
Users are able to view the Schlumberger software modules licensed
on their dongles by using the Dongle Utility. On start-up of the utility,
the attached dongle license details for the various software modules
are displayed. When renewing or purchasing additional software
licenses you will need to update the licenses on your dongle(s) by
receiving instructions from Schlumberger.
PIPESIM 2000
Field Equipment
27
The dongles have an internal timing mechanism to enforce the

license periods. It is important NOT to set your PCs clock into the
future and run PIPESIM, as the dongle will prevent you from using
PIPESIM after you have set your clock back. If you do accidentally do
this, contact Schlumberger for information on how to reset your
dongle.
28
Field Equipment
1.6 New features

You are advised to review the Release Notes document supplied
with your version of the software for a complete list of new features.
1.7 Schlumberger Support Services
Schlumberger offers full technical support for PIPESIM from our
offices worldwide. Please see the web site for your nearest support
center or contact the support centers in the United Kingdom or in
Houston (USA).
Center
United Kingdom
mailto:helpdesk-gquk@lslb.com
America
helpdesk-houston-sis@slb.com
Tel
+44 1293 55 68 97
+1 713 513 2037
To offer the best and fastest support our preferred method for
support services is via email.
1.8 What to do next
Depending upon your needs the following is recommended;
New users
Familiarize yourself with the all PIPESIM modules, their function
and application.
Work through the case studies for your particular area of interest
Existing users
Read the Release Notes document to obtain an overview of new
features.
PIPESIM 2000
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29
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PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview
31
2 Model Overview
2.1 Steps in building a model
The steps involved in building a PIPESIM model are slightly different
for each module but follow the same basic steps.
Select units
Set fluid data
Calibrate data (optional)
Define components in the model
Well components (completion, tubing)
Pipeline component
Field equipment
Set heat transfer options
Select multiphase flow correlation
Perform an operation
Analyze the results
Graphical
Tabular
Via schematic
2.2 Starting PIPESIM
The PIPESIM GUI can be run from the start menu <start/program
files/Schlumberger/PIPESIM>.
2.3 Units System
The built in units system allows you the flexibility to select any
variable and define the unit of measurement to be used. Thus you
can use this feature to modify the units system to match reports or
data supplied by a service company or to simply customize the units
system to suit your own personal preferences.
Two non-customizable unit sets are provided;
Engineering (oil field) and
SI.
In addition the customizable unit sets are available.
Any number of customized unit sets can be created and saved (each
one to a different external data file) under a new name. These
customized files can be provided to other PIPESIM users.
PIPESIM
32
Model Overview
The units system used for any particular model is saved with the
model data, thus allowing models to be moved easily.
Any unit set can be set as the default for new models or new
sessions of PIPESIM.
2.4 Fluid data
One of the first things that you need to do before using PIPESIM is to
decide what type of fluid system you are going to use.
PIPESIM can model the following fluid types:
Gas
Gas condensate
Liquid
Liquid & Gas
Steam
The fluid can be described by one of the following methods;
Fully Compositional
Black Oil correlations
Steam tables
The fluid model that you use will depend upon:
Properties of the fluids in the system
Flow rates and conditions (pressure & temperature) at which the
fluid(s) enter and leave the system.
Available data, etc.
For a quick screening study where the accuracy of the physical
properties is not essential, we advise the user to use a Black oil fluid
model specification.
2.4.1 Black Oil
Black oil fluid modeling utilizes correlation models to simulate the key
PVT fluid properties of the oil/gas/water system. These empirical
correlation's treat the oil/gas system as a simple two component
system - unlike the more rigorous multi-component compositional
model methods. The hydrocarbon is treated simply as a liquid
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview
33
component (if present) and a gas component related to stock tank

conditions. All that is needed for most applications is a minimum of
production data, oil gravity, gas gravity, solution gas/oil ratio and, if
water is also present in the system, the watercut.
Black oil fluid modeling is appropriate for use with a wide range of
applications and hydrocarbon fluid systems. In general, the basic
black oil correlations will provide reasonable accuracy in most PVT
fluid property evaluations over the range of pressures and
temperatures likely to be found in production or pipeline systems.
However, care should be taken when applying the black oil approach
to a highly volatile crude or a condensate where accurate modeling of
the gaseous light ends is required. In this case, the user should
consider the use of compositional modeling technique that describes
the fluid as a multi-component mixture.
In order to increase the accuracy of the basic black oil correlations for
modeling multiphase flow, PIPESIM provides the facility to adjust
salient values of a number of the most important PVT fluid properties
to match laboratory data.
These PVT fluid properties are considered the single most important
parameters affecting the accuracy of multi-phase flow calculations.
Calibration of these properties can greatly increase the accuracy of
the correlations over the range of pressures and temperatures for the
system being modeled.
This facility is optional, but the above calibrations will significantly
improve the accuracy of the predicted gas/liquid ratio, the flowing oil
density and the oil volume formation factor. If the calibration data is
omitted, however, PIPESIM will calibrate on the basis of oil and gas
gravity alone and thus, there will be a loss in accuracy. It should be
noted that the black oil calibration feature is only applicable to oil fluid
types, as it is not appropriate for a gas fluid type.
The following blackoil correlations are available:
Solution gas and bubble point pressure: Lasater, Standing,
Vasquez and Beggs, Kartamodjo, Khan, or Glas.
PIPESIM
34
Model Overview
Oil formation volume factor of saturated systems: Standing,
Vasquez and Beggs, or Glas.
Oil formation volume factor of undersaturated systems:
Vasquez and Beggs, or Glas.
Dead oil viscosity: Beggs and Robinson, Glas, or Users data.
Live oil viscosity of saturated systems: Chew and Connally or
Beggs and Robinson.
Live oil viscosity of undersaturated systems: Vazquez and
Beggs, Kousel, or None.
Viscosity of oil/water mixtures: Inversion, Volume Ratio, or
Woelflin.
Gas viscosity: Lee et al.
Gas compressibility: Standing, or Hall and Yarborough.
2.4.2 Compositional
For compositional fluid modeling of hydrocarbon fluids and
associated gas and water components, PIPESIM uses a PVT
modeling package.
Compositional fluid modeling is generally regarded as more accurate,
but also more expensive in terms of time and computer resources
than black oil modeling. It is justified for problems involving volatile
fluids needing rigorous heat transfer calculations. However, the black
oil modeling approach can often give satisfactory results with volatile
fluids.
Oil systems contain in reality many thousands of pure components,
consisting of a spectrum of molecules with different carbon numbers
and large numbers of different isomers. It would be impossible to
model the behavior of such systems by explicitly defining the amount
of each of these molecules, both because of the excessive computing
power needed and the fact that laboratory reports could not possibly
supply all this information.
Since the alkane hydrocarbons are non-polar and therefore mutually
relatively ideal, lumping them together in the form of a number of
'pseudo-components' results in fairly accurate phase behavior and
physical property predictions.
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview
35
Petroleum fractions are normally defined by splitting off sections of a

laboratory distillation of the C7+ mixture. Curves of boiling point,
density and molecular weight are produced from which the properties
of the individual pseudo-components may be derived.
Petroleum fractions are characterized by either;
Measured Properties;
boiling point (BP),
specific gravity (SG) and
molecular weight (MW). T
Critical Property
critical temperature (TC),
critical pressure (PC),
acentric factor (Omega) and
specific gravity (SG).
Further details of the equations used, etc can be found in the
PIPESIM help system.
2.4.3 Steam
For steam systems (production and injection) PIPESIM uses the
GPSA stream tables.
When modeling stream systems the pressure and quality are
required. If the quality is superheated (quality =100%) or sub-cooled
(quality=0%) then the temperature is also required.
2.5 Model components overview
A PIPESIM model is built (via the GUI) by adding components (from
the toolbox) to the model window.
Components are divided into 2 groups;
Node type components
Boundary nodes - Must be on the edge of the system and can
only have one connection either leaving (source) or entering
(sink).
Internal nodes - Cannot be on the edge of the system and can
have any number of connections.
Linking type components - Joins 2 node type components
PIPESIM
36
Model Overview
Node type components are connected by linking components and

thus must be added to the model first.
The components available depend upon the modules purchased.
Details on the inputs for each component can be found in the help
system.
A full list of components and their type is listed below.
Pipeline & facilities module
Component
Type
Description
Source
Boundary The point where the fluid enters the
Node
system.
Flowline
Link
A flowline to a point where it meets
another flowline (with different
characteristics) or another object.
Maybe horizontal or inclined and
surrounded by air, water or both;
insulated or bare
Riser
Link
A description of the riser (vertical or
near-vertical - up or down) to a point
where it meets another riser or another
object.
Pump
Internal
A single or multistage pump for the
Node
pumping of liquids.
Multiphase
Node
A multiphase booster.
Booster
Separator
Internal
Allows fluid separation to take place in
Node
the model. It is a two-phase separator,
(i.e. gross liquids, water or gas).
Compressor
Expander
PIPESIM 2000
Internal
Node
Internal
Node
The removed fluid can be re-injected

back into the network model via the
injection point component.
A single or multistage centrifugal gas
compressor
An expander.
Model Overview
Heat exchanger
Choke
Generic
Equipment
Injection point
Multiplier/Adder
Spot report
Internal
Node
Internal
Node
Internal
Node
Internal
Node
Internal
Node
Internal
Node
Keyword tool
Internal
Node
Connector
Link
37
Allows a change in temperature and

pressure to be modeled
A device to restrict the flow of fluids.
A general device that can alter the
pressure or temperature.
Allows a side stream (compositional
only) to be injected into the main
stream. The incoming pressure and
flowrate (along with the composition)
are required.
Changes the flowrate by the amount
specified.
Allow key pieces of information to be
retrieved at any point (between links) in
the system. This component has no
effect on the temperature or pressure in
the system.
Allows engine keywords to be inserted
into a model. A full list of the keywords
can be found in the Help system under
keyword reference.
Joins to nodes without having any
effect on the calculations, i.e. a zero
length piece of pipe.
Well Performance module

Component
Type
Description
Vertical
Boundary Describes the well IPR and the
completion
Node
reservoir static pressure for a vertical
completion. These are then used to
determine the bottom hole pressure.
Horizontal
Boundary Describes the horizontal completion,
completion
Node
the IPR and the reservoir static
pressure. These are then used to
determine the bottom hole (heal)
pressure
Tubing
Link
Joins the reservoir top the surface. The
fluid can flow either through the tubing
PIPESIM
38
Nodal analysis
point
Model Overview
Node
or outside the tubing (inside the casing)

or both. The tubing may also have
down hole equipment installed.
The point in the system where the
(nodal) analysis is to be conducted.
The model is then broken into two
parts; inflow to the NA point and
outflow from the NA point.
Network module
Component
Type
Description
Production well Boundary Models the source as a production well.
Node
The well is (normally) defined from the
sand face to the point where it joins
another object, i.e. well head, manifold,
etc.
Generic source Boundary The point where a fluid enters the
Node
system. Can be used when a well is
modeled from the well head.
Injection well
Boundary Models the sink as an injection well,
Node
including tubing and completion.
Generic sink
Boundary The point where the fluid leaves the
Node
systems. A model may have any
number of sinks.
Node
Node
A point in the system where 1 or more
branches meets
Branch
Link
Connects 2 or more nodes, sources or
sinks. Any combination of flowline, riser
or pieces of equipment can be used to
describe a branch. When connected
between a well and a node the
resulting branch has no physical
meaning
Re-injection
Node
Connects 3 branches;
node
1 - the incoming fluid stream
2 - the outlet stream
3 - the stream removed by the
separator. All the fluid removed from
the separator is re-injected. The re-
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview
39
injected stream can be upstream or

downstream of the separator.
2.5.1 Model & Component limitations
The following limitations;
General:
Maximum number of components in a stream:
50
Pipeline & facilities

Maximum number of sources:
Maximum number of sinks:
Maximum number pipe coatings:
Maximum number of nodes for a pipeline or riser:
1
1
4
101
Well Performance
Maximum number of completions:
Maximum number of sinks
Maximum number tubing coatings:
Maximum number of nodes for a tubing:
Maximum number of geothermal survey points:
Maximum number of tubing strings:
Detailed model:
Simple model:
10
1
10
100
100
20
4
Network
Maximum number of wells / branches:
Maximum number of nodes:
Maximum number of PVT files:
Maximum number of compositions:
Maximum number of Black Oil compositions:
Maximum number of PQ data points:
unlimited
unlimited
500
1,000
1,024
30
Field Planning
Maximum number of stored timesteps:
Maximum number of auxiliary properties:
Maximum number of Eclipse models:
Maximum number of network models:
256
1,500
1
5
PIPESIM
40
Model Overview
Maximum number of events:

Maximum number of schedule 'bean' lists:
Maximum number of look-up tables:
Maximum number of data lines in all look-up tables:
Maximum number of tank reservoirs:
2,500
99
500
1500
50
Production Optimization (GOAL)

Maximum number of wells/branches:
Maximum number of nodes:
Maximum number of sinks:
500
400
1
Multi-lateral (HoSim)
Maximum number of multi-laterals:
500
2.6 Flow correlation

Flow correlations are used to determine the pressure drop and holdup in the system
Flow correlations are split in to the following section;
Single phase
Multiphase - vertical
Multiphase - horizontal
A number of flow correlations have been proposed over the years.
In addition to the standard supplied flow correlations user's can
create and add their own multiphase flow correlation in to PIPESIM
via the user DLL facility.
The linkages are documented in the user defined flow correlations
document, which can be obtained from Schlumberger or down loaded
from our web site.
2.7 Run an operation
Select the operation that is relevant to the model developed. The
simulation will commence and the post-processor can then be used
to analyze the results.
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview
41
2.8 Saving & Closing PIPESIM

When PIPESIM is closed all files (models) that have been modified
during the session are checked and an option to save any that have
changed is presented to the user.
2.9 How to build models
This section provides a brief overview of the steps involved in building
a model with each of the basic PIPESIM modules.
See the PIPESIM Help system " How do I" section for full details
on setting up the basic models.
PIPESIM can build the following basic models;
Pipeline and facilities
Production well
Single completion well
Multiple completion well
Horizontal completion well
Injection well
Sub-surface and surface Networks
Gathering systems
Looped systems
Distribution systems
Multi-lateral wells
Production
Injection
2.9.1 Fluid calibration
2.9.1.1 Black Oil
The following basic steps are required to calibrate the black oil
defined fluids;
Select the units set of your preference
Enter the basic fluid data
Enter the Bubble Point data
Enter the Advanced calibration data (optional)
Run the operation.
Save the model!
PIPESIM
42
Model Overview
In a network model the calibration data is "mixed" at junctions to

provide average calibration data for the resulting stream.
2.9.1.2 Compositional
The following basic steps are required to calibrate the compositionally
defined fluids;
Enter the basic fluid data (library components, petroleum
fractions)
Produce the phase envelop (for reference)
Select the quantity to match to; Bubble Point or Dew point
Enter the matching data
Select viscosity matching options if applicable
Enter the viscosity data
Run the matching operation
Update the composition
Produce the new phase envelop
Save the model!
2.9.2 Pipeline & facilities
The following basic steps are required to build a pipeline & facilities
model;
Add the necessary components to the model (source, flowline,
equipment, etc) and defined the necessary data.
Define the fluid specification (black oil or compositional).
Define the flow correlation to use.
Save the model!
One the basic model has been developed a number of operations
can be performed or the model can be utilized in additional PIPESIM
modules.
2.9.2.1 Correlation matching
The following basic steps are required to determine the most suitable
horizontal multiphase flow correlation;
Build the pipeline & facilities model.
Select the Correlation matching operation
Determine the boundary condition to compute
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview
43
Select suitable Horizontal correlations

Enter any known measured pressure and temperature values
Run the operation.
Save the model!
Insure that the most suitable correlation is then selected from the
horizontal flow correlation list for subsequent simulations.
2.9.2.2 Pressure/Temperature profile
The following basic steps are required to determine the pressure or
temperature profile along the system;
Build the well performance model.
Select the Pressure/Temperature profile operation
Select any sensitivity parameters
Enter the sensitivity parameters
Run the operation
Save the model!
2.9.2.3 Equipment/Flowline sizing (1 parameter)
The following basic steps are required to size a flowline/riser or a
piece of equipment;
Build the pipeline and facilities model.
Include the flowline/equipment/riser to be sized.
Select the sensitivity parameter
Enter the data for the sensitivity parameter
Run the operation.
Save the model!
2.9.2.4 Equipment/Flowline sizing (Multiple parameter)
The following basic steps are required to size a flowline/riser or a
piece of equipment;
Include the flowline/equipment/riser to be sized.
Select the System Analysis operation
Select the multiple sensitivity
Select the x-axis and sensitivity parameters
PIPESIM
44
Model Overview
Enter the data for the sensitivity parameters
Decide if the sensitivity parameters are permuted or change in
step.
Run the operation.
Save the model!
2.9.2.5 Multiphase booster design

The following basic steps are required to complete a multiphase
booster design;
Build the pipeline and facilities (including the well if required)
model.
Include the multiphase booster.
Perform the analysis (nodal, PT profile, etc) with the booster
inactive.
Invoke the generic Multiphase booster option and set the
booster parameters. Details on efficiency factors are supplied in
the help system.
Re-run the analysis.
Verify that multiphase booster van enhance production.
Decide upon the Multiphase booster type required (Helico Axial
or Twin Screw).
For twin screw boosters
Select the generic twin screw module
Enter the required data and re-run the analysis
PIPESIM will automatically select the most suitable size
of the twin screw booster.
Select the Twin screw booster module
Select the nominal booster as recommend by the
previous operation
Enter the data required data and re-run the analysis
Select the vendor Twin screw module
Enter the data required data and re-run the analysis
For Helico Axial boosters
Enter the required a data and re-run the analysis
Save the model!
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview
45
2.9.3 Well Performance

The following basic steps are required to build a well model (single or
multiple completion);
Determine the completion of the well
Single
Multiple
Horizontal
Add the necessary components to the model (completion,
tubing, etc) and defined the necessary data.
Define the fluid specification
Save the model!
Once the basic model has been developed a number of operations
can be performed or the well model can be utilized in additional
PIPESIM modules.
2.9.3.1 Correlation matching

The following basic steps are required to determine the most suitable
vertical multiphase flow correlation;
Build the well o.aTm(well dules. )TjETEMC/P <</MMCID 7 >>BDCBT/C2_1 1 T
46
Model Overview
Determine the inflow and outflow parameters.
Run the operation.
Save the model!
2.9.3.3 Pressure/Temperature profile

The following basic steps are required to determine the pressure or
temperature profile along the system;
Select any sensitivity parameters
Enter the sensitivity parameters
Run the operation
Save the model!
2.9.3.4 Equipment/Tubing sizing (1 parameter)
The following basic steps are required to size tubing or a piece of
equipment;
Build the well model.
Include the tubing/equipment to be sized.
Select the sensitivity parameter
Enter the data for the sensitivity parameter
Run the operation.
Save the model!
2.9.3.5 Equipment/Tubing sizing (Multiple parameter)
The following basic steps are required to size tubing or a piece of
equipment;
Include the tubing/equipment to be sized.
Select the System Analysis operation
Select the multiple sensitivity
Select the x-axis and sensitivity parameters
Enter the data for the sensitivity parameters
Decide if the sensitivity parameters are permuted or change in
step.
Run the operation.
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview
47
Save the model!

2.9.3.6 Artificial Lift analysis
The following basic steps are required to analysis the effects of
artificial lift on a well;
Insure that the gas lift or ESP lift depth has been set.
Select the Artificial Lift operation
Select the sensitivity parameters
Run the operation
Save the model!
2.9.3.7 Well performance curves for GOAL
The following basic steps are required to create well performance
curves for the Optimization module (GOAL);
Insure that the gas lift or ESP lift depth has been set.
Select the Artificial Lift operation
Select the GOAL curve format
Enter the required data
Run the operation.
Save the model!
The resulting data transfer files (*.PLT & *.PWH) are required by the
optimization model. These files must then be transferred (manually)
to the required optimization (GOAL) directory.
2.9.3.8Well performance curves for Network Solver
The following basic steps are required to create well performance
curves for the Network module (GOAL);
Select the Well Performance operation
Run the operation
Save the model!
The resulting data transfer files (*.WPI) are required by the network
model if the well is to be represented by a performance curve. These
PIPESIM
48
Model Overview
files must then be transferred (manually) to the required network

directory.
2.9.3.9 Reservoir Tables
The following basic steps are required to create reservoir look-up
tables;
Select the reservoir tables operation
Select the reservoir simulator
Run the operation.
Save the model!
The resulting ASCII file can then be used directly by the reservoir
simulator.
2.9.3.10
Horizontal completion length
The following basic steps are required to determine the optimal
horizontal completion length;
Build the well (horizontal) performance model.
Select the Horizontal completion length operation
Run the operation.
Save the model!
2.9.3.11
Gas Lift Rate v's Casing head pressure
The following basic steps are required to analysis the effects of gas
lift rate on the casing head pressure for a well;
Insure that the gas lift depth and quantity has been set.
Select the Gas Lift rate v's casing head pressure operation
Run the operation
Save the model!
2.9.4 Network Analysis
2.9.4.1 Fluid properties
In a network model different fluid descriptions can not be used, i.e.
the model must be either black oil, compositional or steam.
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview
49
Each source can have it's own fluid description or use shared data.
2.9.4.2 Boundary Conditions
In order to solve the network model the correct number of boundary
conditions must be entered. Boundary nodes are those that have only
one connecting branch, e.g. production well, injection well, source
and sink.
The number of boundary conditions that are required for a model is
known as the models Degrees of Freedom. This is computed by the
total number of boundary nodes, i.e. number of well (production and
injection) + number of sources + number of sinks.
For example a 3 production well system producing fluid to a single
delivery point has 4 degrees of freedom (3+1) regardless of the
network configuration between the well and the sink.
Each boundary can be specified in terms of;
Pressure
Flowrate
OR
Pressure/Flowrate (PQ) curve.
To enable the system to be solved
1: the number of Pressure, flowrate or PQ specifications must
equal the degrees of freedom of the model.
2: At least 1 pressure must be specified
3: All each source (production well & source) the fluid
temperature must be set.
For example the above 3 well / 1 sink model could be specified as;
Well 1: Reservoir pressure, reservoir temperature
Sink: Delivery pressure
OR
Well 1: Reservoir pressure, Flowrate, reservoir temperature
Well 2: reservoir temperature
PIPESIM
50
Model Overview
OR
Well 1: Flowrate, reservoir temperature

Etc.
2.9.4.3 Network model
The following basic steps are required to build a network model;
Develop the network model (wells and surface facilities). Prebuilt models of wells/flowline can be used.
Set the fluid properties
Set the boundary conditions
Save the model!
2.9.5 Production Optimization
The following basic steps are required to build an optimization
(GOAL) model;
Develop the surface network model
Set the outlet pressure
Develop individual well models
Create well performance curves for each well
Save the model!
See the GOAL Used Guide for details on;
building an optimization model
Calibrating the surface network
Calibrating the individual well models
Optimizing the field
Applying field constraints
2.9.6 Field
Model Overview
51
Tanks
Tables
Reservoir simulator
Set the name of the host UNIX workstation
Material balance program
Develop the network model (well and surface network) or
models.
Link the wells to the reservoir description.
Specify any flowrate constraints
Define the time dependent events.
Define the conditional based events.
Select any auxiliary properties that are to be stored during the
simulation and analyzed in the post-processor.
Set the convergence tolerance
Save the model!
See the FPT Used Guide for an example of building a Field Planning
model.
2.9.7 Multi-lateral
The following basic steps are required to build a multi-lateral well
model;
Add the necessary components to the model (horizontal well
section, branch, etc) and defined the necessary data.
Define the fluid specification (black oil or compositional).
Save the model!
See the HoSim Used Guide for an example of building a multi-lateral
well model.
PIPESIM
52
Model Overview
3 Fluid & Multiphase Flow Modeling

This section defines the fluid models and flow correlation modeled
available in PIPESIM.
3.1 Black Oil
Fluid properties can be predicted by black-oil correlations that have been
developed by correlating gas/oil ratios for live crudes with various
properties, such as oil and gas gravities. The selected correlation is used to
predict the quantity of gas dissolved in the oil at a particular pressure and
temperature.
The black oil correlations have been developed specifically for crude
oil/gas/water systems and are therefore most useful in predicting the
phase behavior of crude oil well streams. When used in conjunction
with the calibration options, the black oil correlations can produce
accurate phase behavior data from a minimum of input data. They
are particularly convenient in gas lift studies where the effects of
varying GLR and water cut are under investigation. However, if the
accurate phase behavior prediction of light hydrocarbon systems is
important, it is recommended that the more rigorous compositional
models is employed.
3.1.1 Lasater
A correlation developed in 1958 from 158 experimental data points.
The data points spanned the following ranges:
pb (bubble point pressure): 48 to 5,780 psia
TR (reservoir temperature): 82 to 272 F
g API (API gravity): 17.9 to 51.1 API
g g (gas specific gravity): 0.574 to 1.223
Rsb (solution gas at bubble point pressure): 3 to 2,905 scf/STB
3.1.1.1 Bubble point pressure
Step 1: Calculate Mo (molecular weight of the stock tank oil)
For API <= 40: Mo = 630 - 10g API
For API > 40: Mo = 73,110(g API)-1.562
Step 2: Calculate yg (mol fraction of gas)
yg = (Rsb/379.3)/(Rsb/379.3 + 350g o/Mo)
where g o = oil specific gravity
Step 3: Calculate the bubble point pressure factor (pbg g/TR)
PIPESIM 2000
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
53
For yg <= 0.6: pbg g/TR = 0.679 exp(2.786yg) - 0.323

For yg > 0.6: pbg g/TR = 8.26yg3.56 + 1.95
Step 4: Calculate pb
pb = (pbg g/TR )(T/g g)
3.1.1.2 Solution gas
Rs = 132755 g o yg/(Mo(1 - yg))
3.1.2 Standing
Standing presented an equation to estimate bubble point pressures
greater than 1,000 psia. The correlation was based on 105
experimentally determined bubble point pressure of California oil
systems.
The data points spanned the following ranges:
gAPI (API gravity): 16.5 to 63.8 API
Step 1: Calculate yg (mol fraction of gas)
yg = 0.00091TR - 0.0125g API
Step 2: Calculate pb
pb = 18(Rsb/g g)0.83 x 10yg
Rs = g g (p/(18 x 10yg))1.204
3.1.2.3 Oil formation volume factor - saturated systems
Step 1: Calculate F (correlating factor)
F = Rs (g g /g o)0.5 + 1.25T
Step 2: Calculate Bo (oil formation volume factor in bbl/STB)
Bo = 0.972 + 0.000147F1.175
3.1.3 Vazques and Beggs
Vasquez and Beggs used results from more than 600 oil systems to
develop empirical correlations for several oil properties including
bubble point pressure.
PIPESIM
54
Approximately 6,000 measured data points were collected across the

following ranges:
g API (API gravity): 16 to 58 API
pb = (Rsb/(C1g g exp(C3g API/( TR + 460))))1/C2
where for
g API <= 30: C1 = 0.0362, C2 = 1.0937, C3 = 25.724
g API > 30: C1 = 0.0178, C2 = 1.187, C3 = 23.931
Rs = C1 g g pC2 exp((C3 g API )/(T + 460))
where for
g API <= 30: C1 = 0.0362, C2 = 1.0937, C3 = 25.724
g API > 30: C1 = 0.0178, C2 = 1.187, C3 = 23.931
Bo = 1 + C1 Rs + C2 (T - 60)(g API/g gc) + C3 Rs (T - 60)(g API/g gc)
where for
g API <= 30: C1 = 4.677e-4, C2 = 1.751e-5, C3 = -1.811e-8
g API > 30: C1 = 4.67e-4, C2 = 1.1e-5, C3 = 1.337e-9
3.1.3.4 Oil formation volume factor - undersaturated systems
Bo = Bob exp(co (pb - p))
3.1.4 Glas
Glas developed PVT correlations from analysis of crude oil from the
following North Sea Fields:Ekofisk
Stratfjord
Forties
Valhall
COD
30/7-2A
PIPESIM
55
3.1.4.1 Bubble point pressure and solution gas

pb = f 1 [(Rs /g g )0.816 (T 0.172/g API 0.989)]
Bob = f 2 [Rs (g g/g o)0.526 + 0.968T]
3.1.4.3 Oil formation volume factor - undersaturated systems
Bt = f 3 [Rs (T 0.5 /g g0.3) g oA p-1.1089]
Where
A = 2.9 x 10-0.00027Rs
3.1.5 Coning
In order to simulate gas and/or water breakthrough from the reservoir,
flowrate-dependent values of GOR and watercut may be entered.
In a homogeneous reservoir, analysis of the radial flow behavior of
reservoir fluids moving towards a producing well shows that the rate
dependent phenomenon of coning may be important.
The effect of increasing fluid velocity and energy loss in the vicinity of
a well leads to the local distortion of a gas-oil contact or a water-oil
contact. The gas and water in the vicinity of the producing wellbore
can therefore flow towards the perforation. The relative permeability
to oil in the pore spaces around the wellbore decreases as gas and
water saturation increase. The loca

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PIPESIM Suite

Service mark information

Support: Service Desk

TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................... 3

New features ........................................................................ 28

Schlumberger Support Services ........................................ 28

MODEL OVERVIEW .................................................... 31

Steps in building a model ................................................... 31

Units System ........................................................................ 31

Flow correlation ................................................................... 40

Run an operation ................................................................. 40

Saving & Closing PIPESIM.................................................. 41

FLUID & MULTIPHASE FLOW MODELING ............... 52

RESERVOIR, WELL & COMPLETION MODELING ... 87

Horizontal Gas Wells .................................................... 101

Multiple Layers / Completions.......................................... 103

Heat transfer....................................................................... 113

References ......................................................................... 115

FIELD EQUIPMENT ................................................... 119

Expander ............................................................................ 120

Single Phase Pump ........................................................... 121

Alternative approach..................................................... 134

Separator ............................................................................ 135

Re-injection point .............................................................. 135

Heat Transfer...................................................................... 135

References ......................................................................... 135

OPERATIONS ............................................................ 139

Check model ...................................................................... 139

Run model .......................................................................... 140

System Analysis ................................................................ 140

Pressure Temperature profile........................................... 140

Flow correlation matching ................................................ 140

Wax Prediction................................................................... 141

Nodal Analysis ................................................................... 141

Horizontal well analysis .................................................... 148

Reservoir tables................................................................. 148

Network analysis ............................................................... 149

Production Optimization ................................................... 149

6.15 Field Planning .................................................................... 150

Multi-lateral well analysis.................................................. 155

6.17 Post processor................................................................... 155

References ......................................................................... 156

CASE STUDIES ......................................................... 159

Task 3. Solve the Network and Establish the deliverability

Optimization .................................................................... 7-194

Field Planning ................................................................. 7-194

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PIPESIM Hot Keys

The recommended system requirements are:

1.1.2 Running setup

1.2.1.2 User Defined Multiphase flow correlation

1.3.1.3 Network analysis module

To allow the day-to-day modeling of the system to be performed

The program enables detailed horizontal well models to be built

The compositional options have the following features;

1.3.2.3 ECLIPSE 100

Database files (*.MDB)

The dongles have an internal timing mechanism to enforce the

1.6 New features

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component (if present) and a gas component related to stock tank

Petroleum fractions are normally defined by splitting off sections of a

Node type components are connected by linking components and

The removed fluid can be re-injected