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Lecture 5
CE 5101 Lecture 5
SETTLEMENTS and Stress
Distribution
Sep 2011
Prof Harry Tan
Outline
Foundation Requirements
Elastic Stress Distribution
Concept of Effective Stress
Settlements of Soils - Immediate, Delayed,
and Creep Compression
Hand Calculations
SPREADSHEET Calculations (UNISETTLE)
Finite Element Analysis (PLAXIS)
Adequate Safety
(degree of utilisation of soil strength)
Acceptable Deformations
(Movements and Settlements limits)
9 000
9.000
-1.000
0.000
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
6.000
7.000
8.000
9.000
10.000
11.000
12.000
Stress
8.000
7.000
6.000
2c
5.000
Strain
4.000
3.000
Yielded
Zone
E = 34.48 MN/m2
c=167.6 kN/m2
2.000
= 0.3
1.000
0.000
Plastic Points
Plastic Mohr-Coulomb point
Settlement (m)
-0.05
-0.10
First
Yield
-0.15
Local Shear
Failure
-0.20
-0.25
General Shear
Failure
-0.30
-0.35
0
200
400
600
800
1.00E+03
Footing Load
(kPa)
Load
(kPa)
Point A
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
FS = 2.164;
2 164; q = 400 kPa; qult = 866 kPa
2.0
1.5
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
Settlement (m)
0.25
0.30
0.35
Types of Settlements
Uniform settlement
Angular distortion = /L
L
Non-uniform settlement
Angular distortion =
/(L/2)
Allowable Settlements
Controlled by
y type
yp of settlements ((Sowers 1962))
Total settlements
Tilting
Differential settlements
1/200 vs 70 mm
1/100 vs 150 mm
350 mm
200 mm
Stiff Footing
max diff sett =1/4
max sett
Flexible Footing
max diff sett=1/2
max sett
100 mm
12
13
MASS
Air
Densities (kg/m3)
Total, t = Mt/Vt
Vv
Vt
Vw
Water Mw
Mw
Vs
Solids
Ms
Mt
Dry, d = Ms/Vt
Solids, s = Ms/Vs
Ratios
Water content, w = Mw/Ms
Water, t = Mw/Vw
Saturated, sat
= (Ms+Mw+ w Va)/Vt
14
MASS
Air
e
1+e
eS
Densities (kg/m3)
t
Water Mw
eS w = w s
Solids
Total, t = s (1+w)/(1+e)
= d (1+w)
Dry, d = s /(1+e)
Saturated, sat
= (Ms+Mw+ w Va)/Vt
Ratios
Water content, w = t/ d - 1
Void ratio, e = s/d - 1
Porosity, n = e/(1+e)
Degree of saturation = S = ws / ew
15
Calcite
2800
Quartz
2670
Mica
2800
Pyrite
5000
Kaolinite
2650
Montmorillonite 2750
Illite
2700
16
Sands;gravels
1900-2300
Silts
1500-1900
Soft Clays
1300-1800
Firm Clays
1600-2100
Peat
1000-1200
Organic Silt
1200-1900
Granular Fill
1800-2200
17
19
20
10
21
' ' h
'z
= buoyant
unit weight
( ' h)
' t w (1 i )
22
11
'z
(h)
u
23
PRESSURE
GW
SAND
Hydrostatic distribution
CLAY
Non-hydrostatic distribution,
but linear
SAND
Hydrostatic distribution
Artesian phreatic head
DEPTH
24
12
Distribution of stress
below a a small load area
The 2:1 method
q z q0
BL
(B z) (L z)
The 2:1-method can only be used for distributions directly under the center
of the footprint of the loaded area. It cannot be used to combine (add)
stresses from adjacent load areas unless they all have the same center. it is
then only applicable under the area with the smallest footprint.
25
qz
3z 3
Q
2 (r 2 z 2 ) 5 / 2
26
13
(1)
q0 I
qz
m
n
x
y
z
=
=
=
=
=
A B C
4
x/z
y/z
length of the loaded area
width of the loaded area
depth to the point under the corner
where the stress is calculated
B
C
2mn m 2 n 2 1
m2 n2 1 m2n2
m2 n2 2
m2 n2 1
2mn m 2 n 2 1
arctan 2
2
2 2
n
m n 1 m 27
qz
q0 I
A B C
4
F where:
For
h
m2 + n2 + 1 m2 n2
28
14
Eq. (2)
0.25
0.20
INFLUENCE FACTOR, I
Eq. (1)
DEPTH (m)
-2
-4
0.15
0.10
Eq. (1)
0.05
0.00
0.01
-6
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.10
1.00
10.00
m and n (m = n)
STRESS (KPa)
29
STRESS (%)
0
25
50
75
SETTLEMENT (%)
100
25
Boussinesq
100
Boussinesq
q
2
2:1
DE
EPTH (diameters)
DE
EPTH (diameters)
75
Westergaard
Westergaard
50
2
2:1
30
15
SETTLEMENT (%)
STRESS (%)
0
25
50
75
100
50
75
100
Westergaard
Westergaard
DEP
PTH (diameters)
DEP
PTH (diameters)
25
Boussinesq
3
2:1
Boussinesq
2:1
31
SETTLEMENT (%)
STRESS (%)
0
25
50
75
100
75
100
1
Boussinesq
2:1
Characteristic
Point; 0.37b
from center
DEPTH (diameters)
DEPTH (diameters)
50
Westergaard
Westergaard
25
Boussinesq
2:1
Characteristic
Point; 0.37b
from center
Below the characteristic point, stresses for flexible and stiff footings are equal
32
16
33
SETTLEMENT (%)
0
25
50
75
100
0
Boussinesq
Boussinesq
Center Point
DEPTH (diameters)
Outside Point
4
Loaded
area
5
34
17
STRESS (%)
EXISTING
ADJACENT
BUILDING
NEW
BUILDING
WITH LARGE
LOAD OVER
FOOTPRINT
AREA
2m
DEPTH (m)
4m
40
60
80
100
10
2m
20
STRESSES
UNDER AREA
BETWEEN THE
TWO BUILDINGS
STRESSES
UNDER THE
FOOTPRINT
OT THE
LOADED
BUILDING
15
20
STRESSES ADDED
TO THOSE UNDER
THE FOOTPRINT OF
THE ADJACENT
BUILDING
25
30
35
Depth
(KPa)
u0
u1
0.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
30.0
48.4
66.9
85.6
104.3
50.0
57.0
64.0
71.0
78.0
85.0
92.0
99.0
106.0
113.0
120.0
127.0
134.0
141.0
148.0
155.0
162.0
169.0
104.3
120.1
5
136.0
152.0
168.1
184.2
200.4
10
216.6
232.9
249.2
265.6
281.9
15
298.4
314.8
331.3
347.9
364.4
20
381.0
30.0
43.5
57.1
70.6
84.1
97.6
111.2
124.7
138.2
151.8
165.3
178.8
192.4
205.9
219.4
232.9
246.5
260.0
74.3
76.6
79.0
81.4
84.0
86.6
89.2
91.9
94.6
97.4
100.3
103.1
106.0
109.0
111.9
114.9
117.9
121.0
169.0
180.0
191.0
202.0
213.0
381.0
401.6
422.225
442.8
463.4
260.0
270.0
280.0
290.0
300.0
121.0
131.6
142.2
152.8
163.4
(KPa)
(KPa)
Layer 3
21.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
25.00
(KPa)
0
(KPa
= 2,000 kg/m3
0.0
0.0
20.0
0.0
40.0
10.0
60.0
20.0
80.0
30.0
0
0
DEPTH (m)
(m)
Layer 1 Sandy silt
0.00
GWT
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
0.0
0.0
100
10.0
20.0
30.0
(KPa)
STRESS
((KPa))
30.0
48.4
20056.9
65.6
74.3
300
400
500
SAND
CLAY
SAND
36
18
u1
(KPa
(KPa)
(KPa)
(KPa)
0.0
20 0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
30.0
48 4
48.4
66.9
85.6
104.3
0.0
00
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
30.0
48 4
48.4
56.9
65.6
74.3
50.0
57.0
64.0
71.0
78.0
85.0
92.0
99.0
106.0
113.0
120.0
127 0
127.0
134.0
141.0
148.0
155.0
162.0
169.0
104.3
120.1
136.0
152.0
168.1
184.2
200.4
216.6
232.9
249.2
265.6
281 9
281.9
298.4
314.8
331.3
347.9
364.4
381.0
30.0
43.5
57.1
70.6
84.1
97.6
111.2
124.7
138.2
151.8
165.3
178 8
178.8
192.4
205.9
219.4
232.9
246.5
260.0
74.3
76.6
79.0
81.4
84.0
86.6
89.2
91.9
94.6
97.4
100.3
103 1
103.1
106.0
109.0
111.9
114.9
117.9
121.0
169.0
180.0
191.0
202.0
213.0
381.0
401.6
422.2
442.8
463.4
260.0
270.0
280.0
290.0
300.0
121.0
131.6
142.2
152.8
163.4
(m)
FINAL CONDITION (with earth fill and artesian pore pressure in sand)
Depth
(KPa)
u0
(KPa)
GWT
Layer 3
21.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
25.00
Aquifer with
artesian head
37
Stress Distribution
Stress from Fill
STRESS (KPa)
STRESS (KPa)
0
100
200
300
400
500
100
200
300
400
500
10
10
CLAY
15
20
DEPTH (m)
DEPTH (m)
SAND
5
15
20
SAND
25
25
38
19
40
20
qo
qo
Q
BL
B
z
1(H):2(V)
L+z
qz
q z qo
BL
( B z )( L z )
B+z
qz
Q(3 z 3 )
2 (r 2 z 2 ) 5 / 2
z3
qz
( z 2 r 2 )2
22P
P
qz
21
qz
Q
z (1 2(r / z ) 2 ) 3 / 2
2
qz
UniSettle 2.4
EX02.STL
21 Jan 2000
page 1
22
0. 000
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
6. 000
5.000
BC
D
E
FG
H
IJK
L
M
O
N
P
Q
R
S
2
[ kN/m ]
A : -0.900
B : -0.850
C : -0.800
4.000
D : -0.750
E : -0.700
F : -0.650
G : -0.600
H : -0.550
I :
3.000
-0.500
J : -0.450
K : -0.400
L : -0.350
M : -0.300
N : -0.250
O : -0.200
2.000
P : -0.150
Q : -0.100
R : -0.050
S :
0.000
T:
0.050
1.000
-0.000
E ffective mean str esses
-3
2
Extrem e eff ec tiv e mean stress -882.98* 10 kN/m
45
qR
R
I
E
I is f (r , ) see Fig .3
q
R
Centre settlement is :
z q
R
2(1 2 ) for Flexible footing
E
z q
R
(1 2 ) for Rigid footing
E 2
46
23
-0.200
-0.100
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0.900
1.000
Rigid Footing
1.100
-0.300
10.200
- 0.200
-0.100
0.000
0. 100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0.900
1.000
1.100
10.200
10.100
10.100
A
10.000
10.000
9.900
9.900
9.800
9.800
9.700
9.700
9.600
9.600
9.500
9.500
9.400
9.400
9.300
9.300
9.200
0.08
0.16
0.24
0. 32
0.40
0.48
0.56
0.64
0.72
0.80
0.88
0.96
1.04
0.08
0. 16
0.24
0. 32
0.40
0. 48
0.56
0.64
0.72
0.80
0.88
0.96
1.04
10.48
10.48
10.40
10 40
10.40
10.32
10.32
10.24
10.24
10.16
10.16
10.08
10.08
10.00
A*
10.00
A*
9.92
9.92
9.84
9.84
9.76
9.76
Edge/
Ave
0.9
Centre/
Ave
1.2
Rigid
g
Footing
Rigid/
Ave
0.9
H/L=1
0.5
0.7
1.3
0.8
H/L=1/4
0.4
0.7
1.3
0.8
48
24
qB(1 2 )
I
E
I is f ( B / L) see Fig.4
D=
B
E
z q 1.12(1 2 )
49
z
=
50
25
qB(1 2 )
I
E
I (1 2 ) F1 (1 2 2 ) F2
Finite
D
51
L
L
Equivalent Ftg
Equivalent Ftg
Homogeneous
Clay
Firm Layer
1
52
26
Settlement
53
27
The term "settlement" is normally used for the deformation resulting from the
combined effect of load transfer, increase of effective stress, and creep during
long-term conditions. It is incorrect to use the term settlement to mean
movement due to increase of load such as in a loading test.
55
Strain
Linear Elastic Deformation (Hookes Law)
'
E
'
Youngs modulus is the modulus for when lateral expansion is allowed, which may be the case
for soil loaded by a small footing, but not when the load is applied over a large area. In the latter
case, the lateral expansion is constrained (or confined). The constrained modulus, D, is larger
than the E-modulus. The constrained modulus is also called the oedometer modulus. For
ideally elastic soils, the ratio between D and E is:
D
(1 )
E (1 ) (1 2 )
= Poissons ratio
56
28
Stress-Strain
57
where
Cc
e0
0
1
=
=
=
=
=
Cc
'
lg 1
1 e0 ' 0
CR lg
'1
'0
CR = Compression Ratio = CR
Cc
1 e0
(MIT)
58
29
where
'p
1
(C cr lg
'0
1 e0
C c lg
'1
)
'p
p = p
preconsolidation stress
Ccr = re-compression index
59
1 '1 j
[( )
mj 'r
'0 j
) ]
' r
j >0
60
30
1
1
( '1 ' 0 ) '
m
m
j = 1
Cohesive Soil
j = 0
KPa
1
1
( '1 ' 0 )
'
2m
2m
ksf
'
1
ln 1
m
'0
1
( '1 ' 0 )
5m
j = 0.5
KPa
2
( '1 ' p
m
ksf
61
m
m
E/100
(KPa)
E/2
(ksf)
m ln10
1 e0
1 e0
2.3
Cc
Cc
ln10 lg 2
0.69
2
62
31
MODULUS NUMBER
1,000
STRESS EXP.
300
(j = 1)
Gravel
400
40
(j = 0.5)
Sand dense
compact
loose
400
250
150
250
150
100
(j = 0.5)
-"-"-
Silt
200
80
60
80
60
40
(j = 0.5)
-"-"-
60
20
10
20
10
5
(j = 0)
---
20
(j = 0)
( j= 0)
dense
compact
loose
Peat
For clays and silts, the recompression modulus, mr, is often five to ten
times greater than the virgin modulus, m, listed in the table
63
25
1.20
p'c
20
Slope = m = 12
Strain (%)
Void Ratio (- -)
1 00
1.00
0.80
m = 12
(CR = 0.18)
15
1/m
10
Cc
0.60
2.718p
Cc = 0.37
p
e 0 = 1.01
10p
p'c
0
0.40
10
100
1 000
1,000
10 000
10,000
10
100
1,000
10,000
Void-Ratio vs. Stress and Strain vs. Stress Same test data
64
32
35
COMPRESSION INDEX, Cc
0 30
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
0.40
30
Do these values
indicate a
20
compressible soil, a
15
medium compressible
10
soil, or a noncompressible soil?
5
25
0
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.20
1.00
VOID RATIO, e 0
0.80
0.60
0.40
VOID RATIO, e 0
150
NO
ORMALIZED m (%)
NORMALIZED Cc (%)
125
100
75
50
0.40
0.60
0.80
VOID RATIO, e 0
1.00
1.20
65
150
125
100
75
50
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
VOID RATIO, e 0
66
33
68
34
35
71
1D Settlements
Soil deformations are of two types:
Distortion (change of shape 2D effects)
Compression (change of volume)
Components of Settlements:
s t s i sc s s
where si immediate settlement , distortion
sc consolidation settlement , compression
s s secondary compression
72
36
74
37
si 1 0.9 * 0.7 *
150 * 2
1 0.5 2 3.5 mm
40
150 * 2
1 0.5 2 2.3 mm
75
150 * 2
si 3 0.9 * 0.7 *
1 0.5 2 1.9 mm
75
By Superposition Pr inciple ;
s i si 1 s i 2 s i 3
si 3.5 2.3 - 1.9 3.9 mm
75
e0
water
solids
vertical
H0
e
H
volume
H0
1 e0
sc H H 0 ( vertical ) H 0 ( volume )
e
P
mv coeffn of volume change -
av coeffn of compressibility -
e0
H sc
ef
P0
Pf
sc
e
1 e0
a
1
v
(1 e0 ) P 1 e0
H 0 m v P H 0
av
P H0
1 e0
76
38
1
E 1
mv 1 1 2
where
h
mv Coefficien
C ffi i t off volume
l
h
change
E Soil drained modulus of elasticity
Sc by (e vs logP) Method
Normally Consolidated Clays - non-linear stress strain for soil,
but linear in logP
g
Pf
e
e0
C c compression index
sc H H 0
ef
P0
Pf
P0
Pf
Cc
log
1 e0
P0
log P
Compressio n Ratio, CR C c
Cc
1 e0
78
39
Sc by (e vs logP) Method
Over-Consolidated Clays (Pf < Pc), Preconsolidation Pressure
C r recompression index
e
e0
ef
C s swelling index
Pf
C c compression index
sc H H 0
P0
Pf
Pc
log P
P0
Pf
Cr
log
1 e0
P0
small settlement s
as C r is 5 to 10 times smaller than C c
Re compressio n Ratio , RR C r
Cr
1 e0
79
Sc by (e vs logP) Method
Over-Consolidated Clays (Pf > Pc), Preconsolidation Pressure
e
e0
ec
C r or C s
Cc
ef
P0
Pc
Pc
P0
P
e2 Cc logPf logPc Cc log f
Pc
e e 2
sc H H 0 1
Pf
log P
1 e0
Pf
H0
Pc
C r log C c log
1 e0
P0
Pc
This will mean large settlement s
80
40
1 j
1
Integrate to get v
mj
,
f
,
r
,
0
,
r
,
0
,
f
,
r
j 0.5
1
v
5m
,
f
,
r
100 kPa
0
SOIL TYPE
SAND
SILT
m
DENSE
400-250
MEDIUM
250-150
LOOSE
150-100
DENSE
200-80
MEDIUM
80-60
LOOSE
60-40
82
41
5m r
,
f
j 0.5 ,
,
0
5m r
,
P
,
0
5m
100 kPa,
,
r
,
f
,
P
100 kPa
where
,
P
83
j 0
,
r
100 kPa
,
,
1 f C c
f
log ,
v ln ,
m 1 e0
0
0
1 e0
m ln 10
Cc
1 e0
2.3
Cc
SILTY
CLAYS
HARD,
STIFF
60-20
60
20
AND
STIFF,
FIRM
20-10
CLAYEY
SILT
FIRM TO
SOFT
10-5
SOFT
MARINE
C
CLAYS
S
ORGANIC
CLAYS
PEAT
20-5
10-3
5-1
84
42
1
ln
v
mr
,
P
,
0
1 ln
Cr
v
log
1 e0
1 e0
m ln 10
Cc
and m r ln 10
,
f
,
P
C c log
1 e0
0
1 e0
2 . 3
Cc
P
,
f
,
1 e0
Cr
1 e0
2 . 3
Cr
85
,
f
,
r
,
0
,
r
1
100 m
therefore , E 100 m
E
m
100
86
43
87
88
44
Calculation of Settlement
Determine soil profile to get initial effective stresses
Determine soil compressibility parameters, e-logP, Cc,
Cr and Pc OR Janbu modulus number, m and mr
Determine final effective stresses due to imposed loads,
excavations, fills, GWT changes etc
Divide each soil layer into sublayers, calculate strain
caused by change from initial to final effective stresses
in each sublayer
Calculate the settlement for each sublayer and the
accumulated settlement
89
90
45
Hand Calculation
91
UniSettle Input
92
46
Input
Loading and
Excavation
93
Results
94
47
Settlements Distribution
95
Alternative Conditions
96
48