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Lecture 6
CE 5101 Lecture 6 1D
Consolidation
Oct 2011
Prof Harry Tan
Outline
Terzaghi Theory
U f l Elastic
Useful
El ti S
Solutions
l ti
Oedometer Tests
FEM Theory
FEM compared with Terzaghi
Consolidation of Realistic Soils
Example of Consolidation in Reclaimed Land
Secondary Compression and Creep
2
1D CONSOLIDATION
Assumptions made:
soil is fully saturated
pore water is incompressible
Darcy's law is valid
isotropic (constant) permeability
linear elastic soil behaviour
load
applied instantaneously
1D CONSOLIDATION
initial
ground surface
pw = pw, o
t=0
pw, t=o =
settlement s
settlement st
pw = pw, o + pw, t
t=
pw = pw, o
pw, t = t
= +
0<t<
= + t
1D CONSOLIDATION
the change in pore pressure (pw) with time and
position within the layer can be expressed by the
partial differential equation
p w
2 p w
cv
t
z 2
with
cv
k E oed
w
cv . coefficient of consolidation
Ut 1
Me
m 0
M 2 Tv
1
2m 1
2
6
1D CONSOLIDATION
Ut average degree of consolidation
Tv dimensionless time factor
Ut
p w ,o p w , t
p w , 0
s t
s
Tv
cv t
D
k E oed
t
w D2
NOTE:
D .... drainage
g p
path,, NOT thickness of layer
y !
U .... depends on Tv and boundary conditions
Tv ... depends on problem (pw, o - distribution)
1D CONSOLIDATION
t1: bottom of layer not yet influenced
by consolidation process
surcharge load
t=0
slope of Isochrones
> hydraulic gradient
t = t1 t = t2
t = t3
/ w
horizontal tangent > dv/dz = 0
(no flow) at bottom boundary
t=
clay layer
fully saturated
D
45
impermeable
1D CONSOLIDATION
permeable
Tv
D
permeable
degree of consolidation Ut
Isochrones: lines of excess pore pressures (pw, t) at a given time
For
Then
cv is
i C
Coeficient
fi i t off
Consolidation
Tv
cv t
H2
k
cv v
mv w
Tv
Uv 1
Tv is Time factor
2
Tv
4
1 e
Tv 0.21
4
10
Drainage Boundaries
Case 0
Case 0
Case 0
Case 1
Case 0
Case 2
12
13
14
15
Case 1
Case 0
drained
A0
+
A1
undrained
For a given Tv, find U0 and U1
Combined U = U0(A0/A) + U1(A1/A)
What may produce this initial Excess PP??
Reclaimed Clay Fill self weight combined with
Imposed Sand Capping weight above reclaimed clay fill
16
Therefore:
U A U A0
S A0 f
S A0 f
S Af
A1
U A1
S A1 f
S A1 f
S Af
S Af
AA S Af
AA
Therefore,
U A U A0
AA0
A
U A1 A1
AA
AA
17
18
19
20
10
21
22
11
23
Determine Pc - Janbu
Pc
24
12
25
26
13
27
Sample Disturbance
14
29
Experimental Curve
0 848
Tv90 = 0.848
Correction ratio
=0.9209/0.7976=
1.15
30
15
Correction for U0
based on parabolic
relation upto U50
31
Example of
Use of Sqrt
time and log
time
methods
32
16
t/
mt c
t / Amt
Therefore ,
c
BmH 2
and cv
m( A 1 )
c
where
A 2.04 for t 60
A 1.35 for t 90
B 0.2972
33
34
17
35
36
18
FEM Theory
Formulation
Stress Equilibrium Deformation Part
Continuity Equilibrium Hydraulic Part
Global Assembly
Step by step Integration (Implicit Method)
Output
37
Effective stresses
Constitutive law
Discretization
19
Stiffness matrix
Coupling matrix
Incremental load vector
39
Flow matrix
Coupling matrix
Water compressibility matrix
40
20
41
Time step
Automatic time stepping is required
Critical time step
H2
80cv
H2
40cv
Consolidation analysis
Prescribed time
Maximum excess pore pressure
42
21
43
44
22
Terzhagi theory
Plaxis Ver 9.0
45
Terzhagi theory
Plaxis
46
23
47
48
24
49
50
25
1D CONSOLIDATION NUMERICAL
SIMULATION
applied load = 100 kPa
soil layer 2D = 10 m
drainage at top and bottom
51
1D CONSOLIDATION NUMERICAL
SIMULATION
0
reference elastic
pore water compressible
((B=0.85))
permeability e-dependent
Hardening Soil model
settlement [mm]
20
40
60
80
100
0.01
0.1
10
100
1000
time [days]
52
26
1D CONSOLIDATION NUMERICAL
SIMULATION
exces
ss pore pressure [k
kPa]
-100
-80
80
-60
-40
reference elastic
pore water compressible
p
p
(B=0.85)
permeability e-dependent
Hardening Soil model
-20
0
0.01
0.1
10
100
1000
time [days]
53
elastic
54
27
vertica
al displacements [mm]
-20
-40
-60
HS_ref
B=0.85
E50 <
-80
E50 >
Ko_nc >
-100
Ko_nc <
-120
0.001
0.01
0.1
10
100
time [days]
55
excess
s pore pressure [kPa]
-100
-80
-60
HS_ref
B=0.85
E50 <
-40
E50 >
Eoed <
-20
Ko_nc >
Ko_nc <
0
0.01
0.1
10
100
time [days]
56
28
degree
e of consolidation [%
%]
20
40
60
HS_ref
B=0.85
E50 <
E50 >
80
Eoed >
Ko_nc >
Ko_nc <
100
0.001
0.01
0.1
10
100
time [days]
57
Consolidation Modeling in a
Reclaimed Land
Why a Mohr-Coulomb Model is
grossly incorrect ?
58
29
59
Soil Parameters
60
30
61
62
31
Amount of Settlement
Single layer 1-D compression Estimate:
Cc=1.0, eo=2.0, Ho=15m
Po = 7.5m*5 = 37.5 kPa
P_inc = 10m*18 = 180 kPa
Pf = Po+P_inc = 217.5 kPa
Sett = Ho*Cc/(1+eo)*log(Pf/Po) = 15000*0.254 = 3,817 mm
g layer
y computation
p
and it g
grossly
y under-estimate
This is a single
amount of settlements; but 3,817 mm >> 400 mm by MC Model, and
is much closer to 4,330 mm by HS Model
Thus HS Model gave realistic answer and MC Model is grossly
incorrect
63
64
32
Conclusions
MC Model cannot be used for consolidation
analysis of soft soils
The linear elastic model in MC cannot predict
both the rate and amount of consolidation
settlements of highly nonlinear soft clays
The HS Model with equivalent oedometer
parameters will give very good predictions of
both rate and amount of consolidation
settlements
65
66
33
e ep
e
log t
t
log
t
p
where t p time at
end of primary consolidation
67
Apparent Pc
68
34
69
70
35
71
Values of C/ Cc
OCR>2 <0.001
Peats 0.035-0.085
Singapore MC 0.04-0.06
SF Baymud 0.04-0.06
Leda Clay 0.03-0.06
72
36
73
74
37
75
38