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SEPTEMBER 1964
XTL75
.114414
1964
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400 - November 1964 - 448-11-302
LINDA HALL LIBRARY
FOREWORD
This report was prepared by the Department of
Aeronautics and Engineering Mechanics of the University of
Minnesota under USAF Contract No. AF 33(6l6)-8310. This
contract was initiated under Project No. 6065, Task No.
606503. The work was administered under the direction of
the Recovery and Crew Station Branch., AF Flight Dynamics
Laboratory., Research and Technology Division. Mr. Rudi J.
Berndt and Mr. James H. DeWeese were the project engineers.
The work accomplished under this contract was
sponsored jointly by QM Research and Engineering Command.,
Department of the Army; Bureau of Aeronautics and Bureau
of Ordnance,, Department of the Navy; and Air Force Systems
Command,, Department of the Air Force, and was directed by
a Tri-Service Steering Committee concerned with Aerodynamic
Retardation.
Individuals who have contributed significantly to
the project are: Mr. J. G. Ballinger., Principal Engineer,,
Rosemount Aeronautical Laboratories, and a number of graduate
and undergraduate students of the Institute of Technology
of the University of Minnesota.
ABSTRACT
The drag coefficients of several bodies of
revolution which are significant for the purpose of aerodynamic deceleration were measured In the transonic flow
regime and at supersonic speeds of Mach numbers 4 and 5.
has been
Theron J. Baker
Vehicle Equipment Division
AF Plight Dynamics Laboratory
111
NDAIIALLLIBR
KiffStg C%s Mi
TABLE OP CONTENTS
Page
1
Introduction
Models, Facilities, and Instrumentation . . . .
A. Models
B. Wind Tunnels
C. Drag Balance
D. Flow Visualization
E. Pressure Measurements
2
2
2
6
6
Results
A.
B.
Conclusions
18
Appendix I
Appendix II
- Test Data
31
39
List of References
42
iv
LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure No
1.
Wind Tunnel Models (Ogive Cylinder,
Skirt Hemisphere, Sphere)
2.
34.
5.
Page
3
6.
7.
12
8.
13
9.
15
10.
11.
20
20
21
21
22
12.
13-
14.
15.
Pa
Shadowgraph of 1.6-lnch Diameter Hollow
Hemisphere at Moo = 1.210 (Head Shock
Hidden from View); Wake Total Pressure
Rake at X/D = 4.5 . . . . . .
22
23
23
26
26
vi
No
27.
28.
29.
30.
Pa
Schlieren Photograph of 1.6-inch Diameter
Circular Plat Plate at Moo = .5.01; Wake
Total Pressure Rake at X/D = 0.5
28
28
29
31.
32.
32
33
34
35
33.
34.
3536.
37.
37
38
40
38.
39.
vii
L I S T OF SYMBOLS
Cp.
drag/q^ S = drag
coefficient
o
projected area, D v / 4
L/D
Mffl
Re
viii
I.
INTRODUCTION
II.
A.
Models
The following seven bodies were included in the test
program:
A.
Wind Tunnels
The tests were conducted in the wind tunnels of
Rosemount Aeronautical Laboratories. Transonic tests were
made in the 12 x 16 inch continuous flow, induction type wind
tunnel. Supersonic experiments were conducted in the 6 x 9
inch continuous flow supersonic wind tunnels. Detailed
descriptions of these facilities are presented in Ref 2.
Typical model installations in the transonic and
supersonic tunnels are shown in Pigs 3 and 4 respectively.
The enlarged portion of the model support sting which can be
seen in these photos houses the drag balance.
To reduce the total number of tests needed in the
overall program, a pressure survey of the wake regions of
the various bodies was combined with the drag measurements.
Therefore, a total pressure rake was located at various downstream positions (as shown in Pigs 3 and 4) in almost all
drag tests.
C.
Drag Balance
The drag balance used for these tests is a mechanical2
UJ
kfiseo^
FIG-t
P^'
^^^K
IN CM
/^t/K/ttk
MOOEL DfcCNSONS
9 ortaod"
SKIRTEO HEMISPHERE
2MO
HOLLOW HEMISPHERE
ROUNDED TO
MODEL DIAMETER =16
IK1320
F^AT P^ATF
OOB2D
OGIVE CYLINDER
V - 0.1200"' I \~T
-pr
HOLLOW
CONE
HEMISPHERE
^w
;m&
st
* JKB*
Wt!
- * ; * . * .** * i*r * '
-P
.'V t.
/ / '"
~t>.
--*-."
'
'
- ' -
./;-* -"
-"
/
'
PIG 3 .
'
<'
' - "
'
fe^r'
z tJ*
_*i?-'tf3&*
IrtWr-Wl
**%
'1
PIG 4.
Flow Visualization
Observations and recording of flow characteristics
around test models was accomplished by means of shadowgraph
and Schlieren for transonic and supersonic experiments respectively.
E.
Pressure Measurement
To correct the measured drag values for the presence
of the sting at the base of the body, the body base pressure
and the drag balance internal pressure were recorded. The
base pressure was determined from base pressure coefficients
which were measured by means of the wake total pressure rake.
The exception was the skirted hemisphere model which had a
base pressure tap. The balance internal pressure was measured
directly through an orifice provided for this purpose within
the balance.
The pressure taps were connected by plastic tubing
to Mercury or merriam fluid (sp. g. = 1.05) manometer boards,
which were photographed at each test condition.
III. RESULTS
The objective of this study was the establishment
of the drag coefficients of the bodies shown in Fig 1 in the
transonic and supersonic flow regime. In addition, representative flow pictures were to be obtained either by the
Schlieren or shadowgraph method. The drag coefficients will
be discussed in detail in the following pages, whereas the
pertinent flow pictures can be found in Appendix I.
The drag measurements and the flow visualization
were made at the following approximate Mach numbers: 0.6,
0.85, 0.95, 1.05, 1.2, 4.0, and 5.0. A secondary objective
of this study was the establishment of the wake boundaries of
the various bodies. For this purpose, a total pressure rake
was placed behind the bodies under investigation. In the
interest of the wake investigation the rake had to be placed
quite close to the body in several instances, and there is
certainly the possibility that the rake influenced the drag
coefficient of the body. In cases where such a doubt or
possibility existed or appeared likely, the drag coefficients
have been omitted.
A.
o
HOLLOW HEMISPHERE
5.32 < Re x 1 0 5 < 7.08
FLAT PLATE
5.06 < Re X10 5 <6.82
A
45 CONE
4.94 < Re x 1 0 5 < 6 . 7 0
V
GUIDE SURFACE PARACHUTE
5.03 < Re x 1 0 5 < 6.68
SPHERE
5.38 < R e x 1 0 5 < 7 0 5
SEE FIG 9.
SKIRTED HEMISPHERE
4.43<Rex105<4.78
_ OGIVE CYLINDER
T3 3.88 <Re X 10 5 < 5.26
FIG
5.
B.
cD
cr
r)
<
n
cr
c)
1
cr
M = 4.01
to
IS
m
~i
0
NJ-
PARA.
to
</>
-c
Q;
**
M, = 5.01
10
.<t
S!
(y/D
>-
U.
8
ozzo
U.
IRCUL
G/V
a:
ID
NGL
Ui
YLIN DER
=2.0
HERE
<r
LAT PLATE
%
URFACE
"
1 1
Q:
UID
to
Cfc
HEMSP
HAL F ANGL
PHERE
YLINDER
GIV
o
V)
9:
770
Ul
fa
"
"
3N00 3
%
o
X/D=0.5
bb
c)
O RAKE AT
cD
OGIVE CYLINDER
-0.4
SPHERE
0.75
(AT Mo= 4.4)
0.93
45 HALF-ANGLE CONE
CIRCULAR FLAT PLATE
1.1
1.6
SKIRTED HEMISPHERE
HOLLOW HEMISPHERE
GUIDE SURFACE
PARACHUTE MODEL
SOURCE
FRESENT TESTS AND
EXTENSION OF RESULTS
FROM REFS 14 & 15 (FIG g)
PRESENT TESTS (FIG 33)
-1.7
1.2
1. Ogive Cylinder
Most of the results found for similar ogive cylin-.
ders were for supersonic Mach numbers between 1.2 and 35J
no comparable results for this body could be found for the
transonic Mach number range.
References 14 and 15 each give drag coefficients
for supersonic Mach numbers for ogive cylinders which are very
similar to the one used in this investigation. In each case
the shape of the ogival nose was the same and the body fineness
ratio, L/D, varied by only +. Based on the results shown in
Fig 7 , which was extracted from Ref 14, the difference in
fineness ratio in this range does not affect the Cj. values.
This body, however, has a much sharper nose than the one
under present investigation.
The results of the present study and 'the drag
coefficients from Refs 14 and 15 are presented in Fig 8.
The transonic results from present tests join the results
from Refs 14 and 15 in a satisfactory manner, and therefore
are acceptable. The supersonic results, however, indicate
a slightly higher drag coefficient. Drag coefficients given
in Ref 3 for various projectile bodies indicate that no
11
ENT
CYLI
CD
F14)
LU
(FROM
U_ UJ
li. >
RAG COE
FOR OGI
Q O
co
LL.
h?
<
CO
z LO cvi
CM
O i/J
LLJ
<
<
>
o
LL
n
8
z2
LU
E <C
3
STS
Q-
u-
Q-
J 1
n
u
2:
o
Q
5.00 -
II
\v
\ ) \ \ )
<
ALL MODEL.
REF
PRESEN1
ss
to
rt
a:
LU
<1
Q
'^
o
CO
_J
>
S
I
<
Lfi
CM
%a B J'
y_
CM
o
(/)
[_
zLLS
CSEJ
iq
^o
u
_
LJL
UJ
o
o
*-^
o
)
a
CD
13
CM
O
<
00
/
oo
o
cu
<
yj
>
3
1
14
"
02
0.3
04
o<
0.5 0.6
ARO\/F
HDUvC
M CD
1p
R to:
0.8
-A
1
I
^c
'<T
13
2.0
TDAMCITinM
1
0
0,15
Q5
cD
1.0
15
3D
4.0
5.0
8.0
1Q0
0.15
0.2
FIG 10.
0.5
1.0
1.5
20
25
0.6
0.8
1.0
S*
M 00
o ^
2.0
4.0
6.0
cJ
0.4
_rv-
*-6
8.0
17
IV.
CONCLUSIONS
18
APPENDIX I
REPRESENTATIVE PLOW PHOTOGRAPHS
19
3-
* ^ ;)
/s*
i^ *fcS
" ' A * M
*sw*i
PIG 12.
'
. *_*
\ft !'
FIG 1 3 .
= 1.217;
11
wi.
PIG 1 4 .
PIG 17.
~!:.-l-P..W
M
***>
,y 1
*.-"
* * ;
<
$!&**
* ^
-iff
* .
e l *
'
24
*5fc1J
f
,\-tf^
. r . ' r f ^ ! *!.*!. * ?
" " i " - "
j \ * "
"""
""
' - . * * ^ , ' i * - ' : , . *
- . . ' -
.,9R*ffl.t-,i!iii.-wiv."..- V
v^g4.
".*.,j!. ""''WSij
FIG 24,
'
~vi
>
.*".
* *
- - *
. " . :
" : .
SCHLIEREN PHOTOGRAPH OF 1.6 INCH DIAMETER CIRCULAR FLAT PLATE AT M ^ = 4.01 (SEPARATED FLOW IN
BASE REGION); WAKE TOTAL PRESSURE RAKE AT
X/D =0.5.
27
,3m%,
PIG 27. SCHLIEREN PHOTOGRAPH OP 1.6 INCH DIAMETER CIRCULAR PLAT PLATE AT MQO = 5.01; WAKE TOTAL PRESSURE
RAKE AT X/D =0.5v>T.na^ : "
*S<*^^^Vw^--*
v
l5V
Ste
i--
.>.. v v
.'L'..
?-
V~" .
30
APPENDIX I I
TEST DATA
+-X-+1
LOCATION OF TOTAL
PRESSURE RAKE
<c
D
O X/D=0.5
o
1.5
2.0
o
2.75
NO RAKE
FLAGGED SYMBOLS
INDICATE SEPARATED
FLOW IN BASE
REGION
<y
REYNOLDS
Moo =0.6
1.2
4.0
4.4
5.0
4.0
FIG 32.
NO'S
Re=3.9x10 5
5.2 X10 5
4.1 X10 5
2.1 X10 5
2.7 x 1 0 5
5.0
6.0
0.9
0.8
.o
0.7
0.6
_/
0.5
CD
o
0.4
a>
0.3
REYNOLDS
0.2
NO'S.
Moo =0.85
Re=4.4x105
1.28
4.8 x 1 0 5
4.35
2.1 X 1 0 5
0.1
0
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4^
4.0
5.0
Moo
FIG
33.
1.1
<>
1.0
B
0.9
/
0.8
0.7
o
D
0.6
CD
0.5
D
LOCATION OF
TOTAL PRESSURE
r
i
RAKE
1_V^
0.4
0.3
X / D = 0.5
2.0
4.5
REYNOLDS
0.2
o
iv1oo=0.6
Re = 5 . 3 x 1 0 ^
1.2
7.1 x 1 0 5
4.0
5.(D
3.6x105
6.5> x 1 0 5
0.1
0
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
N O'S.
1.2
4.0
5.0
6.0
M<
FIG 34.
.4
0.6
5.0
6.0
Mc
FIG 35.
1.9<^
1.8-
1.7
1.6
1.5
'D
1.4
OF
Y LOCATION
TOTAL PRESSURE
RAKE
D
1.3
0 \
D
1.2
1.1
M
1.0
0.9
~- 0.5
2.0
o
4.5
NO RAKE
FLAGGED SYMBOL
INDICATES SEPARATED
FLOW IN BASE REGION
REYNOLDS NO'S.
2 0.6
Re = 5.1 x 10s
1.2
6.9 x 10*
4.0
5.1 x 10 5
4.9
1.5 x 1 0 s
5.0
7.0 x 1 0 s
_L
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.4
1.2
4.0
5.0
6.0
M,
x-*{/-Location of
[ t o t a l presI sure rake
ID
O \ = 0.5
a
2.0
o
4.5
FLAGGED SYMBOL
INDICATES SEPARATED
FLOW IN BASE REGION
REYNOLDS NO'S
M'oom=0.6
RG=5.3X10|
1.2
7.1 X 1 0 ^
4.0
4.6 X 1 0 5
5.0
6.1 t o 7 7 x l O ^
0.4
FIG. 37
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
M,
1.4 V
4.0
5.0
6.0
_Q_
<y
2i
l
u_ v _ * J ^LOCATION OF
/ TOTAL PRESSURE
L_ RAKE
O X/D = 0.5
2.0
o
4.5
FLAGGED SYMBOL
INDICATES SEPARATED
FLOW IN BASE REGION
REYNOLDS NO'S
Moo =0.6 Re=5.0x10 5
1.2
6.7X10 5 :
4.0
6.3 X10 5
5.0
7.2X10 5
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
14
A/V 4.0
5.0
6.0
Mm
FIG
38.
APPENDIX III
DESCRIPTION OP DRAG BALANCE SYSTEM
The drag balance system Includes the balance (the
mechanical portion of the system) and the associated electronic instrumentation. The balance, an exploded view is
given in Pig 39> is composed of: two primary parts, the main
body and the drag sensing capsule. The electronic instrumentation consists of the drag sensing and calibration transformers,
a signal generator., a control unit, and. a recording unit.
The main body of the balance:/:,which is,:3i05 inches
long and 1.55^ inches in diameter> forms the fixed/'^component
of the balance and is rigidly attached to the balance support
sting. In it is housed the drag sensing transformer and its
positioner and also.an internal pressure tap ahd thermocouple.
The Schaevitz Linear Variable Differential Transformer
. (Type 010M-L) is attached to the upstream endrof:5its positioner.
The, other end of the positioner is spring loaded against a cam,
rotation of which provides axial positioning of::the transformer.
The drag sensing capsule, which is 3,102 inches long
and 1.55^ inches in diameter;- is composed of J'a fixed inner
Shell and a floating outer shell. The two shells are coaxially
arranged and are connected'together by two:ring-type steel
diaphragms which provide the spring force for drag sensing.
The inner shell slides onto the inner tube of the main body
and is rigidly attached-to the main body: by a rod which provides adjustment of: :the width of the/slot between the main
body and outer shell of the drag sensing capsule.
The outer shell., which is thus free to deflect the
diaphragms, forms the drag sensing^element. The transformer
core is attached to its downstream end and the test model
sting is rigidly attached by means of an adapter to the upstream
end.
A drag force on the test model causes an axial
displacement of the outer shell of the drag sensing capsule
39
MAIN
BODY
TRANSFORMER
POSITIONER
SLOT ADJUSTING ROD
TRANSFORMER CORE
DRAG SENSING CAPSULE
EALANCE HOUSING
BALANCE
SUPPORT
STING
41
LIST OP REFERENCES
Heinrich, H. G. and Haak, E. L. : The Drag of Cones,
Plates, and Hemispheres in the Wake of a Forebody
in Subsonic Flow, ASP TR bl-587, December, 19bl.
Aeronautical Research Facilities, University of
Minnesota, Institute of Technology, Department of
Aeronautical Engineering, Rosemount Aeronautical
Laboratories, Research Report No. 132., 1956.
Hoerner, S. F.: Fluid Dynamic Drag, published by
author, Midland Park, New Jersey, 1958.
Charter's A. C. and Thomas, R. N.: The Aerodynamic
Performance.of Small Spheres from Subsonic to High
Supersonic Velocities, Journal of the Aeronautical
Sciences, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 468-476, October, 19^5.
Hodges: The Drag Coefficient of Very High Velocity
Spheres, New Mexico School of Mines /RDD/T-b5b, 1949.
May, A. and Witt, W.: Free Flight Determinations
of the Drag Coefficient of Spheres, US Naval
Ordnance Laboratory, Report No. 2352, 1952..
Kane, E. D.: Sphere Drag at Supersonic Speeds and
Low Reynolds Numbers, Journal of the Aeronautical
Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 259-270, April, 1951.
Sphere Drag in Rarified Supersonic Gas Flows, Jet
Propulsion Laboratory, Research Summary No. 36-5,
Vol. II, pp. 10-11, November 1, i960.
Ashkenas, H. I.: Sphere Drag at Low Reynolds Numbers
and Supersonic Speeds, Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
Research Summary No. 36-12, Vol. I, pp. 93-96,
January 2, 1962.
Johnston:
and Wedges
University
Report No.
42
43