MULTILEVEL CAR PARKING SYSTEM

WITH MULTI MODE SUPPLY USING

SOLAR ENERGY
A Project Report
Submitted by

AJAY KUMAR VERMA

TOYESH SONDHI
MANJOT SINGH
RANVIR SINGH
In the partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Under the Guidance of

ER. ASHOK MALIK Submitted to

CT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JALANDHAR
PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, JALANDHAR
Dec 2014

MULTILEVEL CAR PARKING SYSTEM

WITH MULTI MODE SUPPLY USING
SOLAR ENERGY
A Project Report
Submitted by

AJAY KUMAR VERMA

TOYESH SONDHI
MANJOT SINGH
RANVIR SINGH
In the partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Under the Guidance of

ER. ASHOK MALIK

Submitted to

CT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JALANDHAR PUNJAB

TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, JALANDHAR
Dec 2014

DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the project entitled Multi-level Car Parking System with Multi mode
Supply using Solar Energy submitted for the Bachelor of Technology Degree is our original
work and the project has not formed the basis for the award of any degree, fellowship or any other
similar titles.
This work has not been submitted by us for award of any other degree or diploma of any other
University/Board
Toyesh Sondhi
Ajay Kumar Verma
Manjot Singh
Ranvir Singh
Place: Jalandhar Date:

CERTIFICATE
This is to Certify that the Project work titled Multi-level Car Parking System with Multi
Mode Supply using Solar Energy Carried out by the students TOYESH SONDHI (1152025),
AJAY KUMAR VERMA(1282757), MANJOT SINGH(1282770), RANVIR SINGH
(1282778) during the academic year 2014-15 is a genuine & eligible work for the awards of credit
of partial fulfillment of degree Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering of Punjab
Technical University, Jalandhar.
The work has not been submitted by these students for award of any other degree or diploma of
any other University/Board.

Er.Nishant Bhardwaj
(Project Guide)

Er. Ashok Malik

(Project Co-ordinator)

Er. Gautam Koacher

Head of Department
Mechanical Engineering

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to take this opportunity to thank the CT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
for providing me opportunity to study in the institute.
We would like to thank Er.ASHOK MALIK , Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, CTIT, our
project Co-ordinator for his continuous effort in helping us develop our project from the initial
stages till completion. His overwhelming support and expertise has been an essential driving
force for us and has an immense share in the success of our project.
We would also like to thank Er.GAUTAM KOCHER, Head of Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,
CTIT, for being very supportive and helpful in providing us the equipment and technical support
quintessential in every division of this project. Without his support, this project would have been
quite a difficult task to achieve.
Lastly but not the least, we would like to thank our friend , for his undue effort and everlasting
help in compiling this documentation.
I would also like to extend my thanks to my loving parents for helping me, supporting me and
encouraging me to perform this work.

Toyesh Sondhi
Ajay Kumar Verma
Manjot Singh
Ranvir Singh

ABSTRACT
In this project, the basic multi-level car parking system with three floors is considered to show
the use of control systems in parking systems. The control system will play a major role in
organizing the entry to and exit from the parking lots. It also presents the design of multi-level
parking lots which occupies less need on the ground and contains the large number of cars. In the
modern world, where parking-space has become a very big problem, it has become very
important to avoid the wastage of space in modern big Automatic multi-level car parking system
helps to minimize the car parking area companies and apartments.
As metro city is suffering from the lack of available parking spots and expensive land prices
especially in vital area, we were inspired to create an multi level car parking system that cal
counter such a daily basis problem to make easier. The main objective of this project is to build
a prototype of multi level car parking system to park and retrieve car automatically in easy and
sufficient way.
The methodology that was sued to installing solar panel in the system by using solar energy that
changes solar energy into the electrical energy to stored the power in the rechargeable battery
that provided that to the dc motors that are installed in the car parking system. Also in this
methodology was used to achieve aim of the project was by creating a prototype that utilizes. The
rack and pinion mechanism are running by using dc motors power that were a achieved are the
forward or backward and a up or down movements to park and retrieve cars to designed spots.
Moreover, we are try to make it simple way and trying to using mechanical components in this
project. We are trying to prototype a project to pollution free in the environment, so it will utilized
in the future.

TABLE OF FIGURES
Fig. no. Title

Page no.

1. Multilevel car parking system

12

2. Block diagram of parking system unit

3. Structure of wooden block

4. Structure of lift

5. Rack and pinion arrangement

6. Structure of conveyor

10

7. Design of Solar panel

10

8. Design of solar inverter battery charger circuit

11

9. Controlling switches

11

10.

solar panel

13

11.

Solar power system

15

Principle of solar power generation.

15

13.

Rack and pinion mechanism

16

14.

Principle of DC motor

18

15.

Construction of DC motor

19

16.

Working of commutator

20

17.

Solar Inverter Battery Charger Circuit

23

18.

Belt Conveyor

27

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Ch.no

Contents

Page no.

Cover page

i.

Title page

ii.

Declaration

iii.

Certificate

iv.

Acknowledgement

v.

Abstract

vi.

List of figures

vii.

Table of contents

viii.

Introduction

1.1 multi level car parking system

1.2 Background

1.3 demand for parking infrastructure

1.4 purpose of multi level car parking

1.5 types of multi-level car parking

1.5.1 conventional type

1.5.2 Automated type

1.6 Advantages and limitations of MLCPs

Objective

2.1Objective of the project

Methodology

3.1working of project

3.2 line or block diagram unit

3.3 structure of wooden block

3.4 structure of lift

3.5 mechanism of parking lift

10

3.6 structure of flat belt conveyor

10

3.7 design of solar panel

11

3.8 design of solar inverter battery charger circuit

11

3.9 Design of control switches

12

3.10 Power supply

12

Construction

13
8

4.1 solar panel

4.1.1 theory and construction

13
13

4.1.2 solar power generation

14

4.1.3 principle of solar power generation

15

4.1.4 benefits

15

4.2 Rack and pinion mechanism

16

4.2.1 applications

16

4.3 DC motors

17

4.3.1 principle of DC motor

17

4.3.2 advantages & disadvantages

18

4.3.3 construction of dc motor

18

4.4 solar battery charger

19

4.4.1 solar battery charger specifications

20

4.4.2 12v application

20

4.4.3 minimum head voltage

20

4.4.4 maximum power dissipation

21

4.4.5 current limiting

21

4.4.6 float charge of lead-acid batteries

21

4.4.7 12v solar inverter battery charger

21

4.4.8 solar inverter battery charger circuit schematic

22

4.5 battery

22

4.5.1 working principle of battery

23

4.5.2 lead acid battery

24

4.5.3 lead acid wet cell

24

4.5.4 construction

24

4.5.5 chemical action

25

4.5.6 Caring for lead acid batteries

26
26

4.6 belt conveyor

4.6.1 advantages & disadvantages

27

4.6.2 applications

28

Conclusions

29

5.1 Future scope

29

References

30

Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Multi level car parking system
This project, we show the basic multilevel car parking system with three floors. Although we
show the concept with three floors, it is still possible to show this concept on multiple floors.
Also, in this project, we will show three floors with conveyer assembly. The conveyor carries
the car to each floor. We are using here multimode supply using Solar energy that store their
energy in battery and DC motors power that control conveyor according to slide switches.

Fig.1. Multilevel car parking system

1.2 Background
Indias urban population is currently around 30% of its total population. In context to urban
transport system, CBD are majorly facing the space issues in terms of open spaces, green spaces
and clear headways on roads, which lead to major inconvenience as well as delays in existing
systems.
Population of Indias six major metropolises increased by about 1.9 times during 1981 to 2001,
the number of motor vehicles went up by over 7.75 times during the same period. Parking is one
of the major concerns in terms of space occupation in these places. It can be broadly classified
into two categories that is on street and off street.

10

1.3 Demand for parking infrastructure

i.

Presently demand for cars going up at the rate of 15% per annum. ii.
Presently approximately 15 millions cars are being sold every year. iii.

roads more expensive than parking infrastructure. iv.

Making

Cars being parked on roads

causing traffic causes traffic congestion and pollution.

v.

Besides the problem of space for cars moving on the road, greater is the problem of
space foe a parked vehicle considering that private vehicles remain parked for most of
their time.

vi.

State governments would be required to amend bye laws in all million plus cities so that
adequate parking space is available for all residents/users of such buildings.

vii.

Land is valuable in all urban areas. Parking places occupy large portions of such land.
This fact should be recognized in determining the principles for allocation of parking
space.

viii.

Multi-level parking complexes should be made a mandatory requirement in city centres

that have several high rise commercial complexes.

1.4 Purpose Multi level car parking

Multi-Floor Parking System reduces to a minimum the amount of space required to park each
vehicle and has an average retrieval time of less than two minutes. It operates with the driver
parking and leaving the vehicle in the parking bay at the entrance level. Once the driver leaves
the safety zone incorporated into the parking bay, the system automatically parks the vehicle in
its determined parking place.
The movement of the car is achieved by use of a lift to bring the vehicle to the required floor
level and thereafter by a cart to its parking Way. The quick parking and retrieval times of the
system is achieved by the use of carts for horizontal movement of the vehicles at each parking
level.
Multi-level parking systems for sometimes have provided relief since they come with a number
of advantages:
i.

Optimal utilization of space.

ii.

Lower maintenance and operational cost.

iii.

Lower construction cost iv. Secure and environment-friendly nature (the underground
implementation renders the outdoor space free for landscaping).

v.

Comfortable for the drivers, cost saving for builders by saving height or depth.
11

1.5 Types of multi-level car parking

The equivalent car space that can be accommodated at the parking site would vary with the
technology used. There are two basic technologies used for multilevel parking:
i.

Conventional type Multi-level car parking system

ii.

Automated type Multi-level car parking system

1.5.1 Conventional type Multi-level car parking system

Conventional multi-level car parking system can be underground, above found or both under and
above ground structure, the above ground structure are usually open-deck parking, which have
at least two sides that are minimum 50 % , open to the outside. The open parking structure is
preferable to close parking structures for above ground, as it do not require mechanical ventilation
and specialized fire protection system. The design of conventional Multi-level parking includes:
a) Entry and exit ramps or car lifts.
b) Circulation space between the vehicles.
c) Car parking area.

1.5.2 Automated type Multi-level car parking system \

Technologies used for automated parking systems are of following type :
I.

Puzzle Type

This system has more than two levels of parking. Its design has a structure that enables use of all
parking entrances and exits on ground level. The parking pallets move left, right, upward and
downward and always has one empty slot for movement.
Advantages
i.

Operation is simple, no need for parking attendant.

i.

Fast retrieval time, generally 2 min.

ii. Extremely safe and reliable with safety and option of automated gates. II.

Elevator or tower Type

This system is particularly designed for large parking of several car spaces, such as public parking
with hourly rates or private parking for large buildings.
Advantages

i.

Minimal land use. An area of 25x22 can park up to 72 vehicles.

12

ii. Low noise and vibration. iii. Entry and exit is very quick and
convenient. iv.

Completely equipped with multiple sensors and triple

safety devices.
v. Has the capability of holding cue memory when multiple patrons come to retrieve their
vehicles during rush hours. III. Multi Floor Type
Multi-level car parking system with stacking of cars in vertical spaces shall be designed in SemiAutomatic or Automatic Mode of operation with only one palette thereby avoiding multiple
palettes and thus saving the cost of parking system and overall weight of the system
Advantages
i.

Because each elevator and cart is independently on each level, entry and exit is quick.
Retrieval time of a vehicle is less than two minutes.

ii.

Low noise and vibration. Entry and exit is very quick and convenient. We incorporate a
built in turntable on each elevator.

iii.

A self-malfunction diagnostic control provides an excellent level of safety and reliability.

iv.

Has the capability of holdings cue memory when multiple patterns come to retrieve their
vehicles during rush hours. IV. Rotary Type

This system is like a mini merry go round in which cars can be accommodated in a vertical height.
Operating like a merry-go-round, an empty pallet to park a car, or a loaded pallet with a parked
car, is brought down to the ground level at the touch of a button.
Advantages
i.

Up to 12 vehicles can be accommodated within the space normally taken up

by two vehicles.

ii.

It is not applicable by the regulations of the building coverage. iii. There is

no need for an attendant because it is a simple one touch operation.

iv.

Senses where vehicle is closes and rotates by directionally for fast retrieval time.

v.

Extremely save and reliable. Impossible for vehicles to fall with endless chain and pallet
drop prevention system

1.6 Advantages and limitations of multi level car parking system

Advantages
i.

A fast parking process in which the driver does not have to manoeuvre his car or drive
backwards, guarantees highest comfort and security.
13

ii.

A single lift serves 6 to 12 parking spaces per level taking up a minute of space.

iii.

Time-saving vertical and horizontal movements take place simultaneously ensuring fast
parking and retrieval times.

iv.

Automatic multi-story car parks provide lower building cost per parking slot, as they
typically require less building volume and less ground area than a conventional facility
with the same capacity.

v.

Costs are usually lower too, for example there is no need for an energy intensive
ventilating system, since cars are not driven inside and human cashiers or security
personal may not be needed.

Limitations
i. Multi-story car park on surrounding residential blocks cause air and noise pollution caused
by the motor vehicles. ii. Parking lots also tend to be subject to contamination with
concentrated spots of pollutions such as motor oil.
iii.

Virtually all of the train that falls becomes run off. The parking lot must be built to
effectively channel and collect runoff. Traditionally, the runoff has been shunted
directly into storm sewers, streams, or even sanitary sewers.

iv.

Many areas today also require minimum landscaping in parking lots. This usually
principally means the planting of trees to provide shade, bur parking lot providers have
long been antagonistic to planting trees because of the extra cost of cleaning the parking
lot.

14

Chapter 2
Objective
2.1 Objective of the project
In this project, we show the basic multilevel car parking system with three floors. Although we
show the concept with three floors, it is still possible to show this concept on multiple floors. we
will learn to the automation of multi-level car parking system in the modern world. Multilevel
Parking systems for sometimes have provided relief since they come with a number of advantages
- optimal utilisation of space, lower maintenance and operational cost, lower construction cost,
secure and environment-friendly nature (the underground implementation renders the outdoor
space free for landscaping), comfortable for the drivers, cost saving for builders by saving height
or depth. In this project, we using a natural source of energy or power to make a low cost multi
level car parking system in the future. By using solar energy, we will trying to eliminate the
problem of electricity in that project. Through this we can reduce the pollution that produces in
environment during simple parking and also reduce the problems in metro city, shopping malls ,
and residential apartments.

15

Chapter 3
Methodology
3.1 Principle of working
A solar panel is a packaged, connected assembly of photovoltaic cells. The solar panel can be
used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity in
commercial and residential applications.
Each panel is rated by its dc output power under standard test conditions, and typically ranges
from. We are using here a solar panel, inverter battery charger circuit, battery as the input supply
of the lift system. We are using here dc motors. The conveyer assembly will be attached with
these dc motors. When we place a car on the conveyor assembly then the pulley that are attached
with conveyor moves upward or downward according to the slide switches output. Because the
pulley dc motor attached with control switches. All the conveyer assembly of floors also attached
with control switches. If we want to park our car at first floor, Then firstly we placed our conveyor
near first floor. Then start forward the conveyer assembly of pulley, At that time we will also
start the conveyer of the first flour and car will be park automatically through conveyer assembly.
All supply control will be setup by slide switches. We are using here solar panels of 10 watt 12
volt for out project supply. We are using here +12 volt 4.5amp battery with this project. we
designed a solar inverter battery charger circuit to charging for battery from solar energy into the
electrical energy. We are using dc motors, which is 12 volt and 45 rpm. A suitable rack and
pinion mechanism is used to provide the liner motion to the conveyor in the horizontal direction
of the parking system with the help of using dc motors. A suitable arrangement of the pulley with
ropes are installed with structure of the system to move the conveyor in the vertical direction to
parking the first or second floor to the car parking system.
We designed a conveyor that are arranged with dc motors and rubber of belts with endless joint
for transporting and deliver the car in available space of the car parking area. so, in this project
our aim is used to using solar energy and utilized in the car parking system. Through this we can
save the environment through pollution with problem of car parking system.

16

3.2 Line or block diagram unit

Sun Light

Power Supply unit with Battery

Solar Panel

Multi-story
Assembly

Control Unit

Motor Derive Unit

DC Motors
Fig.2. Block diagram of parking system unit

3.3 Structure of wooden block

In this multi-level car parking system, we make a wooden block, whose length is 2 feet, breath
is 2 feet and height is 3 feet. The wooden block has three multi floors. Each floor contains two
partitions of car parking of available space or area, whose dimensions is length is 1 feet , height
is 1 feet and breath is 1 feet.

17

Fig.3. Structure of wooden block

3.4 Structure of lift

In this project, we make a frame of metal rectangular pipe made up of mild steel. The rectangular
pipe breath is 2 feet and 3 feet height long is adjusted to the wooden block of car parking system.
A flat conveyor is adjusted to that frame rack or pinion and rope arrangement to provide the
vertical or horizontal motions. The frame structure are shown below.

Fig.4. Structure of lift

18

3.5 Mechanism of parking lift

In this multi-level car parking system a suitable a rack and pinion or rope arrangement is
implemented to provide horizontal and vertical motions. A conveyor is installed in the
structure of lift to provide horizontal motion at multi-level floors to the car parking at available
area or space.

Fig.5. rack and pinion arrangement

A rope is arranged with DC motors to provide the vertical motion of the structure of lift, in
which also a conveyor is installed with structure of lift. We can move up or down at multi-level
floor of the car parking area.

3.6 Structure of Flat belt conveyor

the belt conveyor is an endless belt moving over two end pulleys at fixed positions and used is
used to transport the car from one belt conveyor to second belt conveyor. In this flat conveyor
DC motors used as a driving member to move the driven member of the flat belt conveyor. A
flat rubber material is used as a conveyor belt to providing the motion of conveyor smoothly.

Fig.6. Structure of conveyor

19

In this flat belt conveyor, a rack and pinion arrangement with DC motors to provide the to and
fro motion during parking the car.

3.7 Design of solar panel

In this multi-level car parking system, we using a solar panel of 10W. it emits or absorb the
energy from the sun through radiation in form of heat energy, and that energy is stored in the
form of electrical into the rechargeable battery. This electrical energy of the battery change into
the mechanical energy to run the dc motors to run the multi-level parking system.

Fig.7. design of solar panel

3.8 Design of solar inverter battery charger circuit

In this multi-level car parking, we design a solar inverter battery charger circuit to store the energy
of the sun in the form of electrical energy into the rechargeable battery.

Fig.8. design of Solar inverter battery charger circuit

20

3.9 Design of control switches

In this project multi-level car parking, we make a system of switches to control or start and stop
the revolutions of dc motors to run the system.

Fig.9. Controlling Switches

3.10 Power supply

In this multi level car parking system, we using a rechargeable battery of 12 volt and current
carrying capacity of 4.5 amp to giving the power supply to run the dc motors of the car parking
system.

21

Chapter 4
Construction
4.1 Solar Panel
A solar panel is a packaged, connected assembly of photovoltaic cells. The solar panel can
be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity in
commercial and residential applications. Each panel is rated by its DC output power under
standard test conditions, and typically ranges from 100 to 320 watts. The efficiency of a panel
determines the area of a panel given the same rated output - an 8% efficient 230 watt panel
will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 watt panel. Because a single solar panel can
produce only a limited amount of power, most installations contain multiple panels. A
photovoltaic system typically includes an array of solar panels, an inverter, and sometimes a
battery and or solar tracker and interconnection wiring

Fig.10. Solar panel

4.1.1 Theory and Construction

Solar panels use light energy or photons from the sun to generate electricity through the
photovoltaic effect. The majority of modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or thinfilm
cells based on cadmium telluride or silicon. The structural (load carrying) member of a module
can either be the top layer or the back layer. Cells must also be protected from mechanical damage
and moisture. Most solar panels are rigid, but semi-flexible ones are available, based on thin-film
cells. These early solar panels were first used in space in 1958. Electrical connections are made
in series to achieve a desired output voltage and/or in parallel to provide a desired current
capability. The conducting wires that take the current off the panels may contain silver, copper
or other non-magnetic conductive transition metals. The cells must be connected electrically to
22

one another and to the rest of the system. Externally, popular terrestrial usage photovoltaic panels
use MC3 (older) or MC4 connectors to facilitate easy weatherproof connections to the rest of the
system.
Bypass diodes may be incorporated or used externally, in case of partial panel shading, to
maximize the output of panel sections still illuminated. The p-n junctions of mono-crystalline
silicon cells may have adequate reverse voltage characteristics to prevent damaging panel section
reverse current. Reverse currents could lead to overheating of shaded cells. Solar cells become
less efficient at higher temperatures and installers try to provide good ventilation behind solar
panels.
Some recent solar panel designs include concentrators in which light is focused by lenses or
mirrors onto an array of smaller cells. This enables the use of cells with a high cost per unit area
in a cost-effective way

4.1.2 Solar power generation

Solar power is the generation of electricity from sunlight. This can be direct as with photo voltaic
(PV), or indirect as with concentrating solar power (CSP), where the sun's energy is focused to
boil water which is then used to provide power. Solar power has the potential to provide over
1,000 times total world energy consumption in 2008, though it provided only 0.02% of the total
that year. If it continues to double in use every two to three years, or less, it would become the
dominant energy source this century. The largest solar power plants, like the 354 MW SEGS, are
concentrating solar thermal plants, but recently multi-megawatt photovoltaic plants have been
built. Completed in 2008, the 46 MW Maura photovoltaic power station in Portugal and the 40
MW Waldpolenz Solar Park in Germany are characteristic of the trend toward larger photovoltaic
power stations. Much larger ones are proposed, such as the 100 MWFort Peck Solar Farm, the
550 MW Topaz Solar Farm, and the 600 MW Rancho Cielo Solar Farm.Terrestrial solar power
is a predictably intermittent energy source, meaning that whilst solar power is not available at all
times, we can predict with a very good degree of accuracy when it will and will not be available.
Some technologies, such as solar thermal concentrators have an element of thermal storage, such
as molten salts. These store spare solar energy in the form of heat which can be made available
overnight or during periods that solar power is not available to produce electricity. Orbital solar
power collection (as in solar power satellites) avoids this intermittent issue, but requires satellite
launching and beaming of the collected power to receiving antennas on Earth. The increased
intensity of sunlight above the atmosphere also increases generation efficiency.

23

Fig.11. Solar power system

4.1.3 Principle of Solar Power Generation:

The principle of power generation behind the solar cells consists of the utilization of the photo
voltaic effect of semiconductors. When such a cell is exposed to light, electron-hole pairs are
generated in proportion to the intensity of the light. Solar cells are made by bonding together
ptype and n-type semiconductors. The negatively charged electrons move to the n-type
semiconductor while the positively charged holes move to the p-type semiconductor. They
collect at both electrodes to form a potential. When the two electrodes are connected by a wire,
a current flows and the electric power thus generated can be transferred to an outside application.

Fig.12. Principal of solar power generation

4.1.4 Benefits
i.

Highest Efficiency: Panel efficiency of 18.1% is the highest commercially available for
residential applications.

24

ii.

Attractive Design: Unique design combines high efficiency and an elegant, all-black
appearance. iii.

More Power: Delivers up to 50% more power per unit area than

conventional solar panels

iv. Reliable and Robust Design: Proven materials, tempered front glass, and a sturdy anodized
frame allow panel to operate reliably in multiple mounting configurations.

4.2 Rack and Pinion Mechanism

A rack and pinion is a type of linear actuator that comprises a pair of gears which convert
rotational motion into linear motion. A circular gear called "the pinion" engages teeth on a linear
"gear" bar called "the rack"; rotational motion applied to the pinion causes the rack to move,
thereby translating the rotational motion of the pinion into the linear motion of the rack.

Fig.13 Rack and pinion mechanism

For every pair of conjugate involute profile, there is a basic rack. This basic rack is the profile of
the conjugate gear of infinite pitch radius. A generating rack is a rack outline used to indicate
tooth details and dimensions for the design of a generating tool, such as a hob or a gear shaper
cutter.

4.2.1 Applications
i. Rack and pinion combinations are often used as part of a simple linear actuator, where the
rotation of a shaft powered by hand or by a motor is converted to linear motion. ii. The rack
carries the full load of the actuator directly and so the driving pinion is usually small, so that
the gear ratio reduces the torque required. This force, thus torque, may still be substantial and
so it is common for there to be a reduction gear immediately before this by either a gear or
worm gear reduction.
iii.

Rack gears have a higher ratio, thus require a greater driving torque, than screw actuators

25

4.3 DC Motors
DC power systems are not very common in the contemporary engineering practice. However, DC
motors have been used in industrial applications for years Coupled with a DC drive, DC motors
provide very precise control DC motors can be used with conveyors, elevators, extruders, marine
applications, material handling, paper, plastics, rubber, steel, and textile applications, automobile,
aircraft, and portable electronics, in speed control applications.

4.3.1 Principle of DC Motor

This DC or direct current motor works on the principal, when a current carrying conductor is
placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a torque and has a tendency to move. This is known as
motoring action. If the direction of current in the wire is reversed, the direction of rotation also
reverses. When magnetic field and electric field interact they produce a mechanical force, and
based on that the working principle of dc motor established. The direction of rotation of a this
motor is given by Flemings left hand rule, which states that if the index finger, middle finger
and thumb of your left hand are extended mutually perpendicular to each other and if the index
finger represents the direction of magnetic field, middle finger indicates the direction of current,
then the thumb represents the direction in which force is experienced by the shaft of the dc motor.
Structurally and construction wise a direct current motor is exactly similar to a DC generator, but
electrically it is just the opposite. Here we unlike a generator we supply electrical energy to the
input port and derive mechanical energy from the output port. We can represent it by the block
diagram shown below.

Fig.14. Principle of DC motor

Here in a DC motor, the supply voltage E and current I is given to the electrical port or the input
port and we derive the mechanical output i.e. torque T and speed from the mechanical port or
output port. The input and output port variables of the direct current motor are related by the
parameter K
T =K I and E =K
26

So from the picture above we can well understand that motor is just the opposite phenomena of
a DC generator, and we can derive both motoring and generating operation from the same
machine by simply reversing the ports.

4.3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of DC Motors

Advantages
i.

It is easy to control their speed in a wide range; their torque-speed characteristic has,
historically, been easier to tailor than that of all AC motor categories. This is why most
traction and servo motors have been DC machines.

ii.

Their reduced overall dimensions permit a considerable space saving which let the
manufacturer of the machines or of plants not to be conditioned by the exaggerated
dimensions of circular motors.

Disadvantages
i.

Since they need brushes to connect the rotor winding. Brush wear occurs, and it increases
dramatically in low pressure environment.

ii.

Sparks from the brushes may cause explosion if the environment contains explosive
materials.

iii.

RF noise from the brushes may interfere with nearby TV sets, or electronic devices, Etc.

iv.

DC motors are also expensive relative to AC motors.

4.3.3 Construction of DC motor

The construction of DC motors are given below:

Fig.15. Construction of DC motor

I.

Stator
27

The stator generates a stationary magnetic field that surrounds the rotor. This field is
generated by either permanent magnets or electromagnetic windings.
II.

Rotor
The rotor, also called the armature, is made up of one or more windings. When these windings
are energized they produce a magnetic field. The magnetic poles of this rotor field will be
attracted to the opposite poles generated by the stator, causing the rotor to turn. As the motor
turns, the windings are constantly being energized in a different sequence so that the magnetic
poles generated by the rotor do not overrun the poles generated in the stator.
This switching of the field in the rotor windings is called commutation.

III.

Brushes and Commutator

Unlike other electric motor types, BDC motors do not require a controller to switch current in
the motor windings. Instead, the commutation of the windings of a BDC motor is done
mechanically. A segmented copper sleeve, called a commutator, resides on the axle of a BDC
motor. As the motor turns, carbon brushes slide over the commutator, coming in contact with
different segments of the commutator. The segments are attached to different rotor windings,
therefore, a dynamic magnetic field is generated inside the motor when a voltage is applied
across the brushes of the motor. It is important to note that the brushes and commutator are the
parts of a BDC motor that are most prone to wear because they are sliding past each other.

Fig.16. Working of commutator

As the rotor turns, the commutator terminals also turn and continuously reverse polarity of the
current it gets from the stationary brushes attached to the battery.

4.4 Solar Battery Charger

This is the most simple and affordable solar battery charger that the hobbyist can make. It has a
few drawbacks over other similar controls, but offers numerous advantages. It is intended for
charging lead-acid batteries, but may also be used for charging any battery at a constant voltage.
Voltage output is adjustable.
28

Advantages

i. Simple, small & inexpensive.

ii. Uses commonly available components. iii.
Adjustable voltage. iv.
when sun is not shining

ZERO battery discharge

Disadvantages

i.
ii.

High drop-out voltage may be marginal for 6V application.

iii.

No LED indicatorsno bells or whistles

Current limited to 1.5A

4.4.1 Solar battery charger specifications

i.
Solar panel rating: 20W (12V) or 10W (6V)
ii.
Output voltage range: 5 to 14V (adjustable) (may be reduced further by shorting R2)
iii.

Max power dissipation: 10W (includes power dissipation of D1)

iv.

Typical dropout voltage: 2 to 2.75V (depending upon load current)

v.

Maximum current: 1.5A (internally limits at about 2.2A)

vi.

Voltage regulation: 100mV (due to regulation of series rectifier)

vii.

Battery discharge: 0mA (this control will not discharge the battery when the sun doesnt
shine)

4.4.2. 12V Application

i.

Output voltage: Set for 14V

ii.

Input voltage: Set for 12V

iii.

Battery discharged: (12V): 14.75V Min at 1.5A

iv.

Battery charged: (14V): 16V Min

4.4.3 Minimum Head Voltage

This is also referred to drop-out voltage. The input voltage must exceed the output voltage by
about 2.75V at 1.5A. Fortunately, when the battery discharged, the output voltage is lower so the
solar panel voltage will also be lower.
When fully charged, the battery voltage will be high, but the current is very lowat this point,
the drop-out voltage reduces to about 2V and the open circuit solar panel voltage also comes into
play. The schottky rectifier was selected to reduce this head voltage requirementthe voltage
drop of the schottky is about 0.5V at 1.5A or about half that of a typical silicon rectifier.
More advanced controls have a much lower head voltage requirement and will function better
under marginal conditions.
29

4.4.4 Maximum Power Dissipation

In this solar battery charger project the power is limited by the thermal resistances of both the
LM317T and the heat sink. To keep the junction temperature below the 125C Max, the power
must be limited to about 10W. If a smaller or less effective heat sink is used, the maximum power
dissipation must be de-rated. Fortunately, the LM317 has internal temperature limiting so that if
it gets too hot, it shuts down thus protecting itself from damage. Max power comes into effect
when charging a 12V battery at 1.5A: e.g. battery voltage = 12V, solar panel = 18V. P = (18V
12V) * 1.5A = 9W. So thermally, it is carefully matched to the current rating. If a solar panel that
is characterized for 12V is applied with a 6V battery, the maximum current must be reduced to
about 0.7A: e.g. battery voltage = 6V, solar panel voltage = 18V. P = (18V 6V) * 0.7A = 9.6W.
In this case, the solar panel power may not exceed 10W.
When charging, the heat sink normally runs warm. When beginning to top off or completing
the charge at maximum voltage, the heat sink runs hot. When fully charged, the heat sink runs
cool. This heat is not exactly wasted powerit is excess power that is unneeded in the process
of charging a battery.

4.4.5 Current Limiting

Current limiting is provided by the solar panelit is not a commonly understood fact that the
solar panel tends to be a constant current device. For this reason, a solar panel can withstand a
short circuit. Therefore, the control does not need current limiting.

4.4.6 Float Charge of Lead-Acid Batteries

This control charges the battery at a constant voltage and also maintains a charged battery (float
charge). The float charge voltage specification is a little lower, so to accommodate both charge
and float charge voltage, a compromise is reached by simply reducing the voltage slightly-that is
how ALL automotive systems operate. To obtain maximum charge in a 12V battery, set the
control to 14.6V. Automotive systems further reduce voltage to 13 to 13.5V in order to
accommodate high temperature operation as the battery is usually located in the hot engine
compartmentbattery has a negative thermal coefficient of voltage.

4.4.7 12V Solar Inverter Battery Charger

Here is an energy saving solar inverter battery charger. It harvests solar energy to replenish 12
volt inverter battery. It has auto cut off facility to stop charging when the battery attains full
charge. The charger uses a 24 volt solar panel as input.
The circuit uses a variable voltage regulator IC LM 317 to set the output voltage steady around
16 volts. Variable resistor VR controls the output voltage. When the solar panel generates current,
30

D1 forward biases and Regulator IC gets input current. Its output voltage depends on the setting
of VR and the output current is controlled by R1. This current passes through D2 and R3. When
the output voltage is above (as set by VR) 16 volts, zener diode ZD2 conducts and gives stable
15 volts for charging.
Charging current depends on R1 and R3. Around 250 to 300 mA current will be available for
charging. Green LED indicates charging status. When the battery attains full voltage around 13
volts, Zener diode ZD1 conducts and T1 forward biases.
This drains the output current from the regulator IC through T1 and charging process stops. When
the battery voltage reduces below 12 volts, ZD1 turns off and battery charging starts again.

4.4.8 Solar Inverter Battery Charger Circuit Schematic

Fig.17. Solar Inverter Battery Charger Circuit

Connect the circuit to the solar panel and measure the input voltage. Make sure that it is above
18 volts. Connect the circuit to the battery with correct polarity and adjust VR till LED lights.
This indicates the conduction of ZD2 and output voltage. Use heat sinks for LM317 and TIP 122
to dissipate heat.

4.5 Battery
In the modern era, electrical energy is normally converted from mechanical energy, solar energy,
and chemical energy etc. A battery is a device that converts chemical energy to electrical energy.
Daniel cell as an improved version of the voltaic cell, the battery has been the most popular
source of electricity in many daily life applications.

31

In our daily life, we generally use two types of battery one of them is which can be used once
before it gets totally discharged. Another type of battery is rechargeable which means it can be
used multiple times by recharging it externally. The former is called primary battery and the later
is called secondary battery.
Batteries can be found in different sizes. A battery may be as small as a shirt button or may be so
big in size that a whole room will be required to install a battery bank. With this variation of
sizes, the battery is used anywhere from small wrist watches to a large ship.
We often see this symbol in many diagrams of electrical and electronics network. This is the most
popularly used symbol for battery. The bigger lines represent positive terminal of the cells and
smaller lines represent negative terminal of the cells connected in the battery.
We are often confused about the terms battery cell and battery. We generally refer a battery as a
single electro-chemical cell. But literally, battery does not mean that. Battery means a number of
electro-chemical cells connected together to meet a certain voltage and current level.
Although there may be a single cell battery, literally, battery and cell are different.

4.5.1 Working Principle of Battery

To understand the basic principle of battery properly, first, we should have some basic concept
of electrolytes and electrons affinity. Actually, when two dissimilar metals or metallic
compounds are immersed in an electrolyte, there will be a potential difference produced between
these metals or metallic compounds.
It is found that, when some specific compounds are added to water, they get dissolved and
produce negative and positive ions. This type of compound is called an electrolyte. The popular
examples of electrolytes are almost all kinds of salts, acids, and bases etc.
The energy released during accepting an electron by a neutral atom is known as electron affinity.
As the atomic structure for different materials are different, the electron affinity of different
materials will differ. If two different kinds of metals or metallic compounds are immersed in the
same electrolyte solution, one of them will gain electrons and the other will release electrons.
Which metal (or metallic compound) will gain electrons and which will lose them depends upon
the electron affinities of these metals or metallic compounds. The metal with low electron affinity
will gain electrons from the negative ions of the electrolyte solution. On the other hand, the metal
with high electron affinity will release electrons and these electrons come out into the electrolyte
solution and are added to the positive ions of the solution. In this way, one of these metals or
compounds gains electrons and another one loses electrons. As a result, there will be a difference
in electron concentration between these two metals. This difference of electron concentration
32

causes an electrical potential difference to develop between the metals. This electrical potential
difference or emf can be utilized as a source of voltage in any electronics or electrical circuit.
This is a general and basic principle of battery.

4.5.2 Lead acid battery

This was the first form of rechargeable secondary battery. The lead acid battery is still in use for
many industrial purposes. It is still the most popular to be used as car battery .
It was a carbon-zinc wet cell battery known as the Leclanche cell. Crushed manganese dioxide
mixed with a bit of carbon forms the positive electrode and a zinc rod is used as the negative
electrode. Ammonium chloride solution is used as a liquid electrolyte. After some years, Georges
Leclanche himself improved his own design by replacing liquid ammonium chloride solution
with ammonium chloride. This was the invention of the first dry cell. Thomas Alva Edison
discovered the alkaline accumulator. Thomas Edison's basic cell had iron as the anode material
(-) and nickel oxide as the cathode material (+).

4.5.3 Lead-acid wet cell

Where high values of load current are necessary, the lead-acid cell is the type most commonly
used. The electrolyte is a dilute solution of sulfuric acid (HSO). In the application of battery
power to start the engine in an auto mobile, for example, the load current to the starter motor is
typically 200 to 400A. One cell has a nominal output of 2.1V, but lead-acid cells are often used
in a series combination of three for a 6-V battery and six for a 12-V battery.
The lead acid cell type is a secondary cell or storage cell, which can be recharged. The charge
and discharge cycle can be repeated many times to restore the output voltage, as long as the cell
is in good physical condition. However, heat with excessive charge and discharge currents
shortens the useful life to about 3 to 5 years for an automobile battery. Of the different types of
secondary cells, the lead-acid type has the highest output voltage, which allows fewer cells for a
specified battery voltage.

4.5.4 Construction
Inside a lead-acid battery, the positive and negative electrodes consist of a group of plates welded
to a connecting strap. The plates are immersed in the electrolyte, consisting of 8 parts of water to
3 parts of concentrated sulfuric acid. Each plate is a grid or framework, made of a lead-antimony
alloy. This construction enables the active material, which is lead oxide, to be pasted into the
grid. In manufacture of the cell, a forming charge produces the positive and negative electrodes.
In the forming process, the active material in the positive plate is changed to lead peroxide (pbo).
The negative electrode is spongy lead (pb).
33

Automobile batteries are usually shipped dry from the manufacturer. The electrolyte is put in at
the time of installation, and then the battery is charged With maintenance-free batteries, little or
no water is needed to be added in normal service. Some types are sealed, except for a pressure
vent, without provision for adding water.

4.5.5 Chemical action

Sulfuric acid is a combination of hydrogen and sulfate ions. When the cell discharges, lead
peroxide from the positive electrode combines with hydrogen ions to form water and with sulfate
ions to form lead sulfate. Combining lead on the negative plate with sulfate ions also produces
sulfate. Therefore, the net result of discharge is to produce more water, which dilutes the
electrolyte, and to form lead sulfate on the plates.
As the discharge continues, the sulfate fills the pores of the grids, retarding circulation of acid in
the active material. Lead sulfate is the powder often seen on the outside terminals of old batteries.
When the combination of weak electrolyte and sulfating on the plate lowers the output of the
battery, charging is necessary.
On charge, the external D.C. source reverses the current in the battery. The reversed direction of
flow of ions in the electrolyte results in a reversal of the chemical reactions. Now the lead sulfates
on the positive plate reacts with the water and sulfate ions to produce lead peroxide and sulfuric
acid. This action re-forms the positive plates and makes the electrolyte stronger by adding sulfuric
acid.
At the same time, charging enables the lead sulfate on the negative plate to react with hydrogen
ions; this also forms sulfuric acid while reforming lead on the negative plate to react with
hydrogen ions. It also results in formation of current which can restore the cell to full output,
with lead peroxide on the positive plates, spongy lead on the negative plate, and the required
concentration of sulfuric acid in the electrolyte. The chemical equation for the lead-acid cell is

Charge
Pb + pbO + 2HSO 2pbSO + 2HO

Discharge
On discharge, the pb and pbo combine with the SO ions at the left side of the equation to
formlead sulfate (pbSO) and water (HO) at the right side of the equation.
One battery consists of 6 cells, each having an output voltage of 2.1V, which are connected in
series to get a voltage of 12V and the same 12V battery is connected in series, to get an 24 V
battery. They are placed in the water proof iron casing box.
34

4.5.6 Caring For Lead-Acid Batteries

Always use extreme caution when handling batteries and electrolyte. Wear gloves, goggles and
old clothes. Battery acid will burn skin and eyes and destroy cotton and wool clothing. The
quickest way of ruining lead-acid batteries is to discharge them deeply and leave them stand
dead for an extended period of time. When they discharge, there is a chemical change in the
positive plates of the battery. They change from lead oxide (when charged) to lead sulfate when
discharged. If they remain in the lead sulfate state for a few days, some part of the plate does not
return to lead oxide when the battery is recharged. If the battery remains in a discharged state for
a longer time, a greater amount of the positive plate will remain lead sulfate. The parts of the
plates that become sulfate, no longer store energy. Batteries that are deeply discharged, and
then charged partially on a regular basis can fail in less then one year. Check your batteries on a
regular basis to be sure they are getting charged. Use a hydrometer to check the specific gravity
of your lead acid batteries. If batteries are cycled very deeply and then recharged quickly, the
specific gravity reading will be lower than it should be because the electrolyte at the top of the
battery may not have mixed with the charged electrolyte. Check the electrolyte level in the
wet-cell batteries at least four times a year and top each cell with distilled water. Do not add
water to discharged batteries. Electrolyte is absorbed when batteries are discharged. If you add
water at this time, and then recharge the battery, electrolyte will overflow and make a mess.
Keep the top of your batteries clean and check that cables are tight. Do not tighten or remove
cables while charging or discharging. Any spark around batteries can cause a hydrogen explosion
inside, and ruin one of the cells.
On charge, with reverse current through the electrolyte, the chemical action is reversed. Then the
pb ions from the lead sulfate on the right side of the equation re-form the lead and lead peroxide
electrodes. Also the SO ions combine with H ions from the water to produce more sulfuric acid
at the left side of the equation.

4.6 Belt conveyor

The belt conveyor is an endless belt moving over two end pulleys at fixed positions and used for
transporting horizontally or at an incline up or down. The structural diagram of conveyer are
shown below.

35

Fig.18. Belt Conveyor The

main components of a belt conveyor are:
i.

The belt that forms the moving and supporting surface on which the conveyed material
rides. It is the tractive element. The belt should be selected considering the material to
be transported.

ii.

The idlers, which form the supports for the carrying and return stands of the belt.

iii.

The pulleys that support and move the belt and controls its tension. iv.

The

drive

that imparts power to one or more pulleys to move the belt and its loads.
v. The structure that supports and maintains the alignments of the idlers and pulleys and support
the driving machinery.

4.6.1 Advantages and limitations of conveyor belt

Advantages
i.

A wider range of material can be handled which pause problems in other transportation
means. Belt conveyor can be used for abrasive, wet, dry, sticky or dirty material

ii.

Higher capacity can be handled than any other form of conveyor at a considerably lower
cost per tonne kilometre.

iii.

Longer distances can be covered more economically than any other transportation
system. A single belt conveyor or a series of belt conveyors can do this. Belt conveyors
can be adopted for cross-country laying.

iv.

By the use of many forms of ancillary equipment such as mobile trippers or spreaders
bulk material can be distributed and deposited whenever required.

v.

Many other functions can be performed with the basic conveying like weighing, sorting,
picking, sampling, blending, spraying, cooling, drying etc.

36

vi.

Structurally it is one of the lightest forms of conveying machine. It is comparatively

cheaper and supporting structures can be used for many otherwise impossible structures
such as crossing rivers, streets and valleys.

vii.

The belt conveyor can be adopted for special purposes (fire resistant, wear resistant,
corrosion resistant, high angle negotiation etc.) and can be integrated with other
equipment.

viii.

It can be horizontal, incline or decline or combination of all.

ix.

Minimum labour is required for the operation and maintenance of belt conveyor system.

limitations
i.

The loading and transfer points need to be properly designed.

ii.

Numbers of protective devices have to be incorporated to save the belt from getting
damaged by operational problems.

iii.

The belt needs higher initial tension (40-200% of useful pull). iv. The use of belt is
restricted by the lump size.

v.

Conveying of sticky material is associated with problems of cleaning and discharge

causing poor productivity.

vi.

Higher elongation of the belt (4% elongation may take place at the working load).

4.6.2 Applications
Conveyor belts are widely used in mineral industry. Underground mine transport, opencast
mine transport and processing plants deploy conveyor belts of different kinds to adopt the
specific job requirements.

37

Chapter 5
5.1 Conclusions
In India, the concept of automated parking is still restricted to large cities. Some of the problem
in this system as felt by the industry is the absence of a regular body for monitoring the quality
of such systems, lack of skilled labour.
With less land available, parking is a growing concern in the Indian context. Various
technological options are rapidly catching demand, as there are considerable technology
providers for these for the past few years.
These seem to be getting absorbed in the Indian context as there as these are easy to install and
operate, capital costs are relatively cheaper than fully automatic parking systems, and involve
lesser consumption of electrical energy by using solar energy. there are various projects are
available of multilevel parking system, but it mostly works on using electrical energy not using
solar energy. We are trying to make it simple not so much complex trough showing in our
prototype of multilevel car parking system by using solar power, We so that system can easily
implemented in the future.

5.2 Future scope

i. Optimal utilization of space.
ii. Can be constructed on minimum available space.
iii. Low construction cost. iv. Low maintenance
and operational cast. v. Safety of vehicle.
vi. Environment friendly. vii.
Benefits to the humans.

38

References
i.

http://www.paricarparking.com/types_of_systems/multi_level

ii. http://www.nbmcw.com/products/car-parking/24450-multilevel-car-parking-systems. iii.

http://www.electroschematics.com/6275/pv-power-systems
iv.

http://www.slideshare.net/search/slideshow?searchfrom=header&q=multilevel+car+par
king+system

v.

http://www.electroschematics.com/6888/solar-battery-charger-circuit

vi.

http://www.parkingsystemsolutions.com/multi-floor

39