Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
ApproachesHelpedBuildInColdClimateEnvironmentalSciencesEssay
ThisisGoogle'scacheofhttp://www.ukessays.com/essays/environmentalsciences/approacheshelpedbuildincoldclimateenvironmentalsciences
essay.php.Itisasnapshotofthepageasitappearedon11Feb201516:53:43GMT.Thecurrentpagecouldhavechangedinthemeantime.Learnmore
Tip:Toquicklyfindyoursearchtermonthispage,pressCtrl+ForF(Mac)andusethefindbar.
Textonlyversion
UKEssays
UKessays
Skiptocontent
UnitedKingdom
MyAccount
01159667955
Togglenavigation
Myaccount
UKEssays
UKEssays
Services
InstantPrice
OrderNow
Essays
Dissertations
Guarantees
Contact
Search...
EssayWriting
EssayWriting
EssaySkeletonAnswer
AssignmentWriting
CourseworkWriting
ReportWriting
DissertationWriting
DissertationWriting
DissertationProposal
TopicwithTitle
LiteratureReview
ThesisWriting
OtherServices
Marking&Proofreading
LPC
ResearchTrail
PowerPointPresentation
ReflectivePractice
AboutUs
ContactUs
AboutUKEssays
MeettheTeam
OurWriters
Come&MeetUs
MoreAboutUs
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.ukessays.com/essays/environmentalsciences/approacheshelpedbuildincoldclimate
1/11
2/16/2015
ApproachesHelpedBuildInColdClimateEnvironmentalSciencesEssay
OurQualityProcedures
PressCoverage
CustomerTestimonials
FairUsePolicy
WritingJobs
ContactUs
1. MonFri09:0021:00(GMT)
2. SatSun10:0018:00(GMT)
UK:01159667955
International:+441159667955
Emailus
Messageus
environmentalsciences
Theenvironmentalsciencesessaybelowhasbeensubmittedtousbyastudentinordertohelpyouwithyourstudies.
BacktoEnvironmentalsciencesIndex
1. UKEssays
2. Essays
3. EnvironmentalSciences
4. ApproachesHelpedBuildInColdClimateEnvironmentalSciencesEssay
PrintDownloadReferenceThisRedditThis
Share Tweet
ApproachesHelpedBuildInColdClimateEnvironmentalSciencesEssay
CoolArchitectureNoal,2003herereferstocreativearchitecturethatrespondstoplacesthataredefinedbycoldclimate.Thestudywillfocuson
zoneslikeHimachalPradesh,Ladakh,KashmirandTibetwheremaximumsummertemperaturerangefrom15to28degreeCelsiusandminimum
wintertemperaturerangefrom1to40degreeCelsius,zoneswheretemperaturesarelowandthereiswidevariationsintemperature,whereoutside
workismadeunsafebythewindandcold,whereremotelocationsandchangingweatherconditionscomplicatelogistics,wherepermafrostdemands
specialenvironmentfriendlyconstructiontechniques.Alltheseregionsinvolveafragilebiodiversitywhereenvironmentalprotectionisareal
concern.
Buildingincoldclimateischallenging.Therearesomanyconsiderationstobetakenlikesoilinstability,extremecold,permafrost,limitedmaterials
selection,bioclimaticdesignsomanyobstaclestotacklelikeshortbuildingseason,siteswhicharelocatedinremoteareasfarremovedfrom
transportationroutes,meltingsnowandice,waterproofingandsomanyrisksinvolvedintermsofthesafetyoftheworkersandthebuilding
occupants.Buildingincoldclimatewithappreciationofthesurroundingandclimateinmindisevenharder.Butithasbeenamajorfactorin
motivatingandinspiringinnovationandbrilliantideasinthefieldofarchitecture.Itisappealingbecauseofthechallengeofdealingwithsomany
constraints.Youhavetoconfrontlogicalrealities.Climaticconditionsaremajorfactorandcannotbeignored.Thereareissuesoffunctionalityand
environmentalimpactwhichwillgreatlyinfluencedesigns.Efficiencywillbethedrivingforceindecisionmakingandmostofthetimetheonly
option.
Manypotentialoptionsareeliminatedbecauseoftheneedforbuildingstorespondinspecificways.Designinginsuchenvironmentisentirely
differentfromdesigninginmoderateconditionswheresometimesanythingworks.Thereareneedsforscientificapproachesinthedesign
methodologyandanecologicalapproachintheformerscenario.
Technologyhasagreatimpactonarchitecture.Itimpactsbuildingmaterials,thebuilding,thestructureandservices.Builtenvironmentisa
manifestationofthetechnologicalinnovation.Thewaytechnologiesareappliedindesignandconstructionofbuildings,havedirectimplicationson
theamountofenergyconsumed.(Vyas,2005)
Innovationsandtechnologyhasmadesomeofthemostdifficulttaskspossible.Ithasmadepeopleslivesconvenientandcomfortable.Thisresearch
paperwillfocusonlocalarchitecturalinnovationsinselectedsiteswithcoldclimateandthekindoftechniquesusedtoachievethat.
1.2.ResearchQuestion
Howhaslocaltechnologyandinnovativeapproacheshelpedbuildincoldclimatesandwhyaretheyneededinatimewhereeverythingismachine
drivenandheavilyreliedonfossilfuel?
1.3.NeedIdentification
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.ukessays.com/essays/environmentalsciences/approacheshelpedbuildincoldclimate
2/11
2/16/2015
ApproachesHelpedBuildInColdClimateEnvironmentalSciencesEssay
Climatehasaffectedmansincetheverybeginningoftime.Itisshownintheeffortsputbythefirsthumanswholivedincavesandbuiltsheltersto
fightoffallsortsofweatherelements.Thatwashowpassivetechniqueswereinventedandadoptedindesigningofbuildingsinvariousregionsusing
localmaterialsandmethodsthatwerethemostsuitableinthatparticularregion.Slowly,peoplestartedadoptingInternationalStyleswithno
considerationtothelocalclimaticconditionsthatreliedsolelyonenergyconsumingsolutions.Theeffectivevernacularfeatureswereputaside.Now
webuildwithnoknowledgeofthephysicalenvironmentinwhichwelive.Thearchitecthasalwaysbeenatafreewilltodecidethedesignofa
buildingwithscienceasasupporttohelphimmaterializehisdream.Butanarchitectisnotonlyadesignerorasculptorofabuildinghisartisa
technicalone.Thusheasageneralistmustknowwhatgoesbeyondadesign.Notonlywhathissensesmakehimfeelofabuildingbutalsoasa
futurist,whathappensyearsafteritsexistence.
Wecannotignoreenvironmentandthelocalconditionswhiledesigning.Atthispointoftime,youjustcannotdependonpassivetechniquesthough
butamixtureofbothpassiveandactivetechniques.Climateresponsivearchitectureshouldbegiventheforemostpriority.
Coldclimaticregionshaveresultedinalotofcreativebuildingdesignssincetheverybeginning.Thisisthetimetopromotethoseageold
techniques,modifythemandcomeupwithbettersolutionswhenthereissomuchdemandonthefossilfuel.
1.4.Aimoftheresearch
Theaimofthisresearchistogettoknowselectivecoldclimaticregionsandthenanalyzethefactorsthataffectdesigningclimateresponsive
structuresintheseregionswithaclearunderstandingofhowsuchenvironmentsfunction.Thiswouldtakeupasystematicanalysisofthe
shortcomingsandpositiveattributesoftheseregionsandthencomeupwithsolutionsfordesignrelatedissues.Primefocuswillbeonunderstanding
howlocaltechniquesandinnovationshavealteredthecourseofdesigninginharsh,coldenvironment.
1.5.Scope
Thestudyaimsatunderstandingselectivecoldclimateareasandhowdesigningclimateresponsivestructuresinsuchenvironmentischallenging
butpossible.
Thestudywillincludebothpassiveandactivestrategiesadoptedincoldclimatedesignsbutwillmainlyfocusonpassiveinnovations.
ThestudywillbebasedonselectedsiteslikeHimachalPradesh,Tibet,LadakhandKashmirandbrieflycoversomestructuresinAntarctica.
Thestudywillbeconcentratedonimprovingtheimmediatesurroundingsofabuiltmassratherthanplanningonaglobalscale.Onlytheclimate
sensitivefactorsshallbeconsideredwithoutlayingstresstoexplainthesettlementpattern.
Thedesignrelatedissueswillfocusonclimateresponsivedesignsaswellascostandconstructionrelatedaspects.
Naturewillbediscussedonlyintermsofthephysicalsurroundingandtheecologicalrelationships.
1.6.Limitations
Tostudyenvironmentalimpactofabuilding,constantmonitoringforanextendedperiodoftimeisrequired.Monitoringofenvironmentaldatawill
notbepossiblethereforethestudywillrelyonthedataprovidedbyauthorizedorganizations.
DuetounavailabilityofrelevantmonitoreddatainIndia,aprimarysurveywillnotbepossibleforotherlocationslikeAntarcticaandTibetandthe
studywillhavetorelyonsecondarysources.
Forthecasestudies,duetolackofconstantenvironmentalmonitoring,figurativedatamightbeabsent.Hence,ananalyticalcriticismshallbe
performed.
1.7.Methodology
Thestudywillbecarriedoutunderthefollowingstages:
Figure2variousstagesforthestructure
source:author
CollectionofdataDataandinformationshallbecollectedfrombooks,magazines,publisheddissertations,assessmentreportsandonlinearticles
relatedtothetopicfoundinthelibrariesandontheWorldWideWeb.Thesedataarethenarrangedaspartoftheliteraturesurvey.
CaseStudies
Figure3methodology
source:author
Analysisofcasestudiesforimpactofinnovationandtechnicalsolutions.
PersonalInterviewsinterviewsshallbeconductedwiththefollowingprofessionalsforadditionalinformation:
I.ProfessorArvindKrishan
II.ProfessorRanjeetSingh
Recommendationsthisshallconsistoftheauthorsviewsandrecommendationsontheissuewiththeobjectiveofcommentingonexisting
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.ukessays.com/essays/environmentalsciences/approacheshelpedbuildincoldclimate
3/11
2/16/2015
ApproachesHelpedBuildInColdClimateEnvironmentalSciencesEssay
solutionsandapproachesandsuggestingfuturestrategiesinareasofresearchorapplicationtodesigninginextremelycoldclimates.
Chapter2COLDCLIMATE
2.1.UnderstandingColdClimate
Coldclimatehereistakeninreferencetoregionswheremaximumsummertemperaturerangefrom15to28degreeCelsiusandminimumwinter
temperaturerangefrom1to40degreeCelsius.
Thestudywillfocusonthefollowingregions:
1.HimachalPradesh
Summermax.30degreeCelsiuswintermin.10degreeCelsius
Sanglahasatemperateclimatewithwarmsummersandverycoldwintersaccompaniedwithsnow.
2.Tibet
Summermax.24degreeCelsiuswintermin.40degreeCelsius
Tibethasacoldanddryclimateinmostareasexceptforsouthernandeasternregions.Eastisfairlywarmbutwestisextremelycold.
3.Ladakh
Summermax.33degreeCelsiuswintermin.15degreeCelsius
Ladakhhasextremeclimaticvariations.Itexperiencesextremewinters.Thereisverylittlerainovertheyears.DecemberandJanuaryarethecoldest
months.ThedriestmonthsarefromApriltoOctober.
2.2.BuildinginColdClimate
Themainapproachinbuildingincoldclimateistotrapsolarheatwhereverandwheneverpossible.Atthesametime,insulationinthebuildingsin
theseregionsisamajorconcernandprovisionofagoodinsulationisamustsothattheinternalheatisretainedwithminimumlosstothe
environment.Thereshouldalsobeminimalexposuretowind.
Objectivesinvolvedinbuildingincoldclimateare:
A.RESISTINGHEATLOSS
Inordertoretainheatforalongerduration,thefollowingmeasuresmaybetakenintoconsideration:
Minimizetheexposedsurfaceareaofthebuilding.
Usematerialsthatheatupfastandreleaseheatslowly.
Providebufferspacesbetweenthebuiltandunbuiltspaces.
Minimizetherateofventilationinsidethebuilding.
B.PROMOTINGSOLARHEATGAIN
Heatgaincanbepromotedby:
Avoidingexcessiveshading.
Utilizingtheheatfromappliances.
Trappingtheheatofthesun.
Designelementswhichdirectlyorindirectlyaffectthermalcomfortconditionsandtheenergyconsumptionsinabuildingare:
A.SITE
Landscaping
Ratioofbuiltformtoopenspaces
Streetwidthandorientation
Orientationandplanform
B.BUILDINGENVELOPE
Roof
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.ukessays.com/essays/environmentalsciences/approacheshelpedbuildincoldclimate
4/11
2/16/2015
ApproachesHelpedBuildInColdClimateEnvironmentalSciencesEssay
Walls
Glazing
Fenestrations
Colourandtexture
C.TECHNIQUES
Trombewall
Waterwall
Roofbasedairheatingsystem
Sunspaces
SITE:
LANDSCAPING:
Treesaretheprimaryelementsofanenergyconservinglandscape.Climaticconditionsdeterminethetypeoftreestobeplanted.Deciduousplantscut
offdirectsunduringsummer,andtheyallowthesuntoheatthebuildingsinwinterastheyshedleavesinwinter.
RATIOOFBUILTFORMTOOPENSPACES:
Thevolumeofspaceinsideabuildingthatneedstobeheatedorcooledanditsrelationshipwiththeareaoftheenvelopeenclosingthevolumeaffects
thethermalperformanceofthebuilding.ThisisknownastheS/V(surfacetovolume)ratio,andisdeterminedbythebuildingform.Incoldclimates,
buildingsaregenerallycompactinformwithalowsurfacetovolumeratiobecauseforanyvolumeofabuilding,thelesswastefulitisingainingor
losingheatifmorecompactitisinshape.Theairflowpatternaroundthebuildingisalsodeterminedbythebuildingformandaffectsitsventilation.
Thedepthofabuildingalsoaffectslightingconditionsandneedforartificiallighting.Thegreaterthedepth,themoretheneedforartificialsourceof
lighting.
STREETWIDTHANDORIENTATION:
Thestreetorientationshouldbeeastwestincoldclimatestoallowformaximumsouthsuntoenterthebuilding.Solaraccessshouldbeensuredby
providingstreetswhicharewideenoughsothatthebuildingsononesidedonotshadeonesontheotherside.
ORIENTATIONANDPLANFORM:
Buildingorientationisamajordesignconsideration,mainlywithregardtosolarradiationandwind.Foracoldclimate,anorientationslightlyeastof
southisfavored(especially15eastofsouth),asthisexposestheunittomoremorningthanafternoonsunandenablesthehousetobegintoheat
duringtheday.Livingareasshouldbeprovidedinthesouthernsideandutilityareassuchaspantriesshouldbeprovidedinthenorthernsideofthe
building.Also,thenorthernsideshouldbewellinsulated.Anothermethodtoreduceheatlossistoprovideairlocklobbiesattheentranceandexit
pointsofthebuilding.Otherpartsofthebuildingcanalsobeheatedbytheheatgeneratedbyappliancesinroomssuchaskitchens.
BUILDINGENVELOPE:
ROOF:
Thereshouldbeprovisionsforfalseceilingswithinternalinsulationsuchaspolyurethanefoam(PUF),thermocol,woodwool,glasswooletc.for
housesincoldclimates.Generallyaluminumfoilisusedbetweentheinsulationlayerandtherooftoreduceheatlosstotheexterior.Incoldclimates
wherethereisfrequentsnowfall,drainageofrainwaterandsnowisalsoaconcern.Thereforeslopingroomsareprovidedinthesescenarios.Onthe
southernfacingslopeoftheroof,asolaraircollectorcanbeincorporatedtoretrievehotairwhichcanbeusedforspaceheatingpurposes.Providing
skylightsontheroofsisalsoagoodideaasitadmitsheataswellaslightinwinters.Inordertoavoidoverheatinginsummers,skylightscanbe
providedwithshutters.
WALLS:
Sincethebasicmotivehereistogainheatquicklyandloseitslowly,materialselectionrequiresattention.Hencewallsshouldbemadeofmaterials
thatfulfilltherequirement.Thewallswhichareexposedtosolarradiationi.e.thesouthfacingwallsshouldbeofhighthermalcapacitysuchas
Trombewalltostoreheatcapturedduringdaytimetobeusedforlateruse.Thewallsshouldalsobewellinsulated.Theinsulationonthewalls
shouldhavesufficientvapourbarrieronthewarmsidetoavoidcondensation.Suitableoptionsforthisarehollowandlightweightconcreteblocks.
Onthenorthsideorthewindwardside,acavitywalltypeofconstructioncanalsobeadopted.
GLAZING:
Theidealglazingforcooltemperateclimateissouthfacingglazingbecauseitcanbeeasilyshadedinsummersanditallowsmaximumsolaraccess
inwinter.Forlivingareas,maximizesouthfacingglazingwithsolarexposureanduseadjustableshadingandminimizeeast&westfacingglazing.
Useofinsulatingglassandframesorsnugfittinginsulatingdrapeswithsealedpelmetsisdesirable.
FENESTRATIONS:
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.ukessays.com/essays/environmentalsciences/approacheshelpedbuildincoldclimate
5/11
2/16/2015
ApproachesHelpedBuildInColdClimateEnvironmentalSciencesEssay
Itisdesirabletohavethemaximumwindowareaonthesouthernsideofthebuildingtofacilitatedirectheatgain.Inordertoavoidheatlossduring
winternights,theyshouldbeproperlysealedandpreferablydoubleglazed.Theairspacebetweenthewindowpanesshouldbefreedofcondensation
takingplace.Adjustableshadesshouldbeprovidedtopreventoverheatinginsummers.
COLOURANDTEXTURE:
Sincedarkercoloursabsorbmorelightandheat,theexternalsurfacesofthewallsshouldbepreferablydarkincolouralso.However,incaseof
extremeclimaticconditions,itisnotpossibletoachievecomfortableindoorconditionsbyutilizingjustthesedesignconsiderationsonly.Thereare
othertechniquesandstrategieswhichhavebeentestedandestablishedwhich,ifappliedtoadesigninsuchclimaticconditions,areabletolargely
satisfythethermalcomfortcriteria.Thesearecategorizedasadvancedpassivesolartechniques.Thetwobroadclassificationofadvancedconcepts
are:
PASSIVEHEATINGCONCEPT(directgainsystem,indirectgainsystem,sunspaces,etc.)
PASSIVECOOLINGCONCEPT(evaporativecooling,ventilation,windtower,earthairtunnel,etc.).
Advancedpassiveheatingtechniquesareusedbyarchitectsinbuildingdesigntoachievethermalcomfortconditionsincoldclimate.Passivesolar
heatingsystemscanbebroadlyclassifiedas:
DIRECTGAINSYSTEMS
INDIRECTGAINSYSTEMS
Directgainisthemostcommonpassivesolarsystem.Inthissystem,sunlightentersroomsthroughwindows,warmingtheinteriorspace.Theglazing
systemisgenerallylocatedonthesouthernsidetoreceivemaximumsunlightduringwinter(inthenorthernhemisphere).Theglazingsystemis
usuallydoubleglazed,withinsulatingcurtainstoreduceheatlossduringnight.Thesouthfacingglassallowssolarenergytoenterintothebuilding,
whereitstrikesthermalstoragematerialssuchasfloorsorwallsmadeofadobe,brick,concrete,stone,orwater.6075%ofthesunsenergystriking
thewindowsisusedupbythedirectgainsystem.Theinteriorthermalmassalterstheintensityofheatduringthedaybyabsorbingmoreheat.Also
thethermalmassradiatesheatintothelivingspace,thuswarmingthespacesatnight.
Directgainsystemcanbeachievedbyvariousformsoffenestrationssuchasclerestories,skylightwindows,etc.designedfortherequiredheating.
Eventhoughtheyareinexpensiveandrelativelysimplytoconstructandmostwidelyused,directgainsystemsalsohavesomelimitationssuchas
degradationofthehousematerialsbecauseofstrongsunlightglareandalsoreasonsforlargetemperaturesavings(typically10C)becauseoflarge
variationsininputofsolarenergy.
Thermalmassislocatedbetweenthesunandthelivingspaceinanindirectgainsystem.Thesunlightthatstrikesthethermalmassisabsorbedbyit
andthentransferredtothelivingspace.3045%ofthesunsenergystrikingtheglassadjoiningthethermalmassisusedupbytheindirectgain
system.
Chapter3INNOVATIONANDTECHNOLOGY
3.1.ThreeTierDesignApproach
Thethreetierapproachmeanstheuseofefficientlyplannedbuildingdesignitself,localpassiveaswellasactivemethodsallinonedesignasa
sustainableapproachtocreatebuildings.
source:author
Thefirsttieristhebuildingdesignitselftominimizeheatlossinwinterandminimizeheatgaininsummers.Thisisapointwhereifyoumakecan
mistakes,itcandoubleortripleyourrelianceonmechanicaldevices.Ontheotherhand,gooddecisionherecaneasilyreduceenergyconsumption.
Thesecondtieristheuseofnaturalsystemssuchaspassiveheating,coolinganddaylightingsystems.Thefirstandthesecondtierarepurely
architecturalandifusedwiselycanreduceenergyconsumptionupto80%.Thethirdtieristheuseofmechanicalsystemsinthemostefficientway
possible.Thesizeofthemechanicalequipmentcanbeseenasanindicatorofthearchitectssuccess,orlackthereof,inusingthebuildingitselfto
controltheindoorenvironment.Allthetiersareanintegralpartoftheheating,coolingandlightingsystemofthebuildingandtheyaredefinitelythe
formgiversinarchitecture.(Lechner,2009)
3.2.BioclimaticDesign
Bioclimaticdesignisatypeofarchitecturethatstrivetoachieveconditionsofinternalcomfort,andthussubstantiallyincreaseourstandardofliving
bymakingthemostofoursurroundingsbyrespondingtoclimate,microclimate,positioning,winds,humidity,undergroundstreams,electromagnetic
fields,etcinapositivewayandmakinguseofagoodchoiceofmaterialstogiveusapersonalizedsolutionforabuildingintegratedharmoniously
intoitsenvironment,whichischeaper,morepleasantandaboveallhealthier.Themainelementsofbioclimaticdesignarepassivesolarenergy
systemswhichareincorporatedontobuildingsandpositivelyutilizeenvironmentalsources(forexample,sun,air,wind,soil,sky)forpurposessuch
asheating,coolingandlightingthebuildings.
Asalreadymentionedthechoiceofmaterialisacriticaltaskandhenceundergoesathoroughanalysis,takingintoaccountallthedataaboutthe
materialssuchasitslayout,behaviorandcompletelifecycle.Fromthis,thelifeofthematerialunfolds,asinhowitwasproduced,howitis,howit
canbe,howitlivesanddiesandhowitendsupbackinnature.Here,boththeeconomicaswellastheecologicalpointofviewisrevealed.
(Majumdar,2001)
Therearewaysinwhichwecanobtaincomfortlevelusingonlyarchitectureandwithoutanyadditionalcomplexsystemsorresortingtouseof
alternativeenergysupplyevenifwefeelitisnotpossibleatatimelikethiswhentheriseinincreaseinconsumptionofenergyisfarbeyondthe
energyreserves.
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.ukessays.com/essays/environmentalsciences/approacheshelpedbuildincoldclimate
6/11
2/16/2015
ApproachesHelpedBuildInColdClimateEnvironmentalSciencesEssay
Abioclimaticdesignhaspotentialtosaveahighamountofenergycostsusedupforheatingandcoolingbysimplyusingpassiveandpurely
architectonicdeviceswithoutincreasingtheinitialinvestmentintheconstruction.
Bioclimaticdesigntakesintoaccountthelocalclimaticconditionsandrespondsefficientlytoitandincludesthefollowingprinciples:
Useofappropriatetechniqueswhichareappliedtotheexternalenvelopeofthebuilding,especiallybyprovidingadequateinsulationandair
tightnessofthebuildinganditsfenestrationstoprovideheatprotectiontoabuildingbothinsummerandinwinter.
Asalreadymentionedbuildingorientationplaysavitalpartinincreasingefficiencyforbuildingsincoldclimate.Abioclimaticdesignusessolar
energyforheatingbuildingsinthewinterseasonandalsofordaylightingallyearround.Thisisdonebyusingtheappropriateorientationofthe
buildingsanditsfenestrationswhicharepreferablytowardssouthandbypassivesolargainsystemswhichcollectssolarradiationandactsasnatural
heatingaswellaslightingsystems.
Protectionandpreventionofthedegradationofbuildingsduetothedirectexposuretothesummersun,primarilybyprovidingshadingbutalsoby
theappropriatetreatmentofthebuildingenvelopesuchasuseofreflectivecoloursandsurfaces.
Providingnaturalventilationbymeansofpassivecoolingsystemsandtechniqueswhichcanremovetheheataccumulatedinsummerinthe
buildingintothesurroundingenvironmentandviceversainwinters.
Providingcomfortableinteriorssuchasincreasingairmovementinside,heatstorageorcoolstorageinwalls,etcbyimprovingtheenvironmental
conditions.
Wellinsulationbuildingscombinedwithsolarcontrolfordaylightinginordertoprovidesufficientandevenlydistributedlightininteriorspaces.
Whenyoubuildathingyoucannotmerelybuildthatinisolation,butmustalsorepairtheworldaboutit,andwithinitandthethingwhichyou
maketakesitsplaceinthewebofnature.(Alexander,1979)Henceadheringtoalloftheaboveprinciples,themicroclimatearoundbuildingsis
improvedthroughthebioclimaticdesignofexteriorspacesandingeneral,ofthebuiltenvironment.
3.3.VernacularDesignStrategiesusedinColdClimate
Vernaculararchitectureistheinformalarchitectureofruralareasoroldurbansettlements.Thelocalbuildersusedtolocallyavailablematerialsto
constructsuchstructurestomeettheneedoflocalpeople.Theirdesignandworkreflectsrichdiversityofcultureandvariationsinlocal
craftsmanshipandtraditionalbuildingmethods.
Thefollowingaresomeofthecommonlyusedvernaculardesignsincoldclimates:
TROMBEWALL:
Atrombewallisamassivewallbetween200mmto450mmwhichiswellinsulatedwithventsprovidedatthetopandbottom.Itcanbemadeof
concrete,masonry,adobe,andismostlylocatedonthesouthernside(inthenorthernhemisphere)ofabuildinginordertomaximizesolarradiation
gains.Inordertomaximizetheabsorptionofsolarheat,theoutersurfaceofthewallispaintedandisdirectlyplacedbehindglazingwithanairgap
inbetween.Thewallabsorbssolarradiationduringthedayandstoresitassensibleheat.Thereisaspacebetweenthewallandtheglazing,whichis
50150mmandwhentheairinthespacegetsheatedup,itentersthelivingspacesbytravellingthroughthevents.Thisairisreplacedbythecoolair
intheroomandhenceconvectioncurrentissetup.Duringthenight,theventsareclosedupandtheheatwhichisstoredinthewallsduringtheday
heatsuptheroombyconductionandradiation.Thetotalareaofeachrowofventtakesupabout1%ofthestoragewallarea.Thetypeofwallshould
beadequatelyshadedforreducingsummergains.
WATERWALL:
Thewaterwallsalsoworksonthesameprincipleasthatofthetrombewalls,exceptforthefactthattheformeremployswaterasthethermalstorage
material.Awaterwallisalsoathermalstoragelikethetrombewallbutismadeupofdrumsofwaterstackedupbehindglazing.Itisalsousually
paintedblacktoincreaseheatabsorption.Eventhoughthetimelagislessasinheattransfersthroughthewaterwallsmuchfasterthanthetrombe
walls,itisstillmoreefficientinreducingtemperatureswings.Thedistributionofheatthereforeneedstobecontrolledifitisnotimmediately
requiredforheatingthebuilding.Buildingsthatworkduringthedaytime,suchasinstituitionalbuildingslikeschoolsandoffices,benefitfromthe
rapidheattransferinthewaterwall.Likeincaseofthetrombewalls,evenhere,overheatingduringsummerispreventedbyusingsuitableshading
devices.
ROOFBASEDAIRHEATINGSYSTEM:
Inthisparticulartechnique,theincidentsolarradiationistrappedbytheroofandisusedforheatinginteriorspaces.Thissystemgenerallyconsistsof
aninclinedsouthfacingglazingandanorthslopinginsulatedsurfaceontheroofinthenorthernhemisphere.Anairpocketisformedbetweenthe
roofandtheinsulationwhichthenisheatedupbysolarradiation.Amoveable/adjustableinsulationcanalsobeusedtoefficientlyreduceheatloss
throughglazedpanesduringnights.Thedetailingoftheroofairheatingsystemscanvarydependingondifferentsituations.
SUNSPACES:
Solariumorthesunspaceisthecombinationofdirectandindirectgainsystems.Thesunspaceisdirectlyheatedupbythesolarradiation,whichin
turnheatsupthelivingspacewhichisseparatedfromthesunspacebyathermalwall.Thebasicrequirementsofbuildingsthatgetsheatedbysun
spaceinthenorthernhemisphereareeitheraglazed,southfacingcollectorspaceattachedyetseparatedfromthebuildingoralivingspacewhichis
separatedfromthesunspacebyathermalstoragewall.Solariumscanalsobeusedaswintergardensadjacenttothelivingspace.
Chapter4CASESTUDIES
4.1.Criteriafortheselectionofcasestudies
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.ukessays.com/essays/environmentalsciences/approacheshelpedbuildincoldclimate
7/11
2/16/2015
ApproachesHelpedBuildInColdClimateEnvironmentalSciencesEssay
A.PrimaryCaseStudies
Sangla,HimachalPradeshLocalresidences
Criteriauseofpassivestrategiestoachieveclimateresponsivedesign
Source:author
SUNLIGHTPATTERN
Summers:8:00AM4:30PMWinters:10:00AM2:00PM.TheSanglasettlementisalongthesouthernslopetocatchmaximumsunlight.Theslope
ensuressunlighttoall.
RAINFALLPATTERN
Overtheyears20042009rainfallisveryirregularduringJanMarandJulSepandreachesveryhighandlowrainfallduringthesamemonthsof
differentyears.RegularandmoderateduringAprJunandOctDec
SOUTHSIDE
SANGLA
RIVERBASPA
Source:author
SanglaisascenichilltownintheBaspaValley,alsoreferredtoastheSanglavalley.TheregionispartofKinnaurDistrictintheIndianstateof
HimachalPradesh.Thevalleyissurroundedbyrichlyforestedslopesandoffersdelightfulviewsofthehighmountains.Itisalsowidely
acknowledgedasoneofthemostbeautifulvalleysintheworld.
IntheTibetanlanguage,thewordsangactuallymeanslightandlameans'pass'.Assuch,thewordSanglastandsfor'passoflight',asoncrossing
themajesticmountains,onesuddenlyemergesintoavalleyfilledwithbrightsunshineandbreathtakingnaturalbeauty.
(http://www.thefullwiki.org/Sangla_Valley)
source:author
source:author
source:author
source:author
source:author
TheKathKonatechniqueisusedintheconstructionofwallsinthevillagegenerally.Itsatimberbeamandpoststructurewithalternatelayersof
timberandstoneasfillers.Themortarlessdryconstructionissound,dismantleeasy,andhenceisreusable.And,becauseofalternatingbandsof
woodandstone,thestructurebecomescompositeratherthanbeingloadbearing,thusmakingtheconstructionearthquakemitigating,sinceSanglais
alsoanearthquakeproneregion.The370450mmthickwallsprovideverygoodthermalmassandhenceareinsulatinginnature.Theyaregenerally
usedinthenorthfacesofthehousesandisaverysustainableapproachtoincreasingefficiencyinabuildingandagoodexampleofclimate
responsivearchitecture.
source:author
source:author
MajorityofthelocalresidencesinHimachalPradeshhasslateroof.Buttheynowswitchedtocorrugatedgalvanizedironsheetssincetheyareeasyto
maintainandiseasilyavailable.Slateishardandimperviousandalsoactsasagoodsourceofinsulation.Thisvernaculartechniqueofroofdesignis
notjustuniqueandgivesanidentitytotheplacebutitisalsoaestheticallypleasingandhasfeaturessuchasimperviousandinsulatinginnature.
B.SecondaryCaseStudies
1.Leh,LadakhDrukWhiteLotusSchool
Criteriabioclimaticdesign.Excellentexampleofasustainable,climateresponsivebuilding.
Projectfacts
Location:Shey,Ladakh
Country:India
YearofCompletion:2001
Client:DrukpaTrust&DrukPemaKarpoEducationSociety(Ladakh)
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.ukessays.com/essays/environmentalsciences/approacheshelpedbuildincoldclimate
8/11
2/16/2015
ApproachesHelpedBuildInColdClimateEnvironmentalSciencesEssay
Architect:ARUPAssociates
Pupils:risingto780
VentilationImprovedPitLatrines:
Traditionaldrylatrinesarecleverlyreplacedwithventilationimprovedpitlatrinestoeliminateodourissuesandtoreduceconsumptionofwater
whenitisalreadysoscarce.TheVIPlatrinesaredoublechamberedsystemswithanintegratedsolarfluewhichresultsincompostingtoiletsthat
produceshumuswhichcanlaterbeusedasfertilizer.
Source:http://www.dwls.org/SustainableDesignExamples.html
PassiveSolarHeating:
Ladakhexperienceshotsummersandverycoldwinters.Insummers,thesunlightisintenseandthebuildingheatsupfasterbecauseofthedouble
glazingandalsobecauseofcorrectorientation.
TheResidencesusetrombewall(doubleglazingairspacethickwallpaintedindarkcolours)andareorientedtowardssouth.Heatisabsorbedfaster
andstoredinthewallsandlaterconductedintothedormitoriesatnight.
Sectionthroughtheresidentialsouthernblock
Source:http://www.solaripedia.com/13/280/3073/druk_white_lotus_school_water_diagram.html
GravityFeedWaterSystem:
IthasbeenmentionedthatwaterisscarceinLadakh.Henceagreatdealofinitiativehasbeenputinconservingaswellasreusingwaterinthedesign.
Thegravityfeedwatersystempumpssnowmeltwaterfromthereservoirswhichareabout30mdeepandprovidesdrinkingwaterforthewhole
campusaswellasforirrigationpurpose.
SeismicDesign&Safety:
Ladakhisamajorearthquakepronezone.Theschoolbuildingstructureusestimberframestocounterseismiceffects.Thecrossbracingandsteel
connectorsprovidestabilityandalsothetimberframeisnotapartofthewalls.
Source:http://www.google.co.in/imgres?um=1&hl=en&tbo=d&noj=1&tbm=isch&tbnid=5gyK76dA1OYeRM:&imgrefurl
2.TibetQinghaiRailway
Criteriaworldshighestrailwaystationbuiltentirelyonpermanentpermafrost.
Source:http://www.google.co.in/imgres?um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbo=d&noj=1&tbm=isch&tbnid=Sjk87wiCHCBjdM:&imgrefurl
Outof1142km,550kmoftheQinghaiTibetRailwaygoesthroughcontinuouspermafrostregions,82kmgoesthroughdiscontinuouspermafrost
regions,275kmisinwarmpermafrost,134kmisinhighicecontent,171kmincoldpermafrost550kmincontinuouspermafrost.Permafrostcauses
significantchangesinengineeringpropertieswiththeeffectofclimatewarmingsuchasdroppingofpermafrosttable,risingofpermafrost
temperature,andthawingofgroundicenearpermafrosttableandsubsequentlyresultsinthawsettlementofrailwayembankmentthusweakeningthe
foundationofthestructure.(Ma,2004)
Theoriginalpermafrostbelowtheembankmentisraisedtoanewlevelwhenanembankmentisconstructed.Thenewpermafrosttableformedhasa
greaterdepththantheoriginalone.Thetemperatureinthenewlycreatedtableisalsomuchhigher.Thesoiltemperatureneartheoriginaltablerises
andreacheszeroandthusthepermafrostbeneaththetablebecomesunstable.Thereforethemainmotivehereistomaintainthethermalstabilityof
thepermafrostbeneaththeembankment.(WU,2006)
Thetypicaldistributionofmeasurementsitesfortemperaturesanddeformation
Source:
ftp://61.178.109.106/58%B7%FE%CE%F1%C6%F7%B1%B8%B7%DD%28%CD%E2%B2%BF%29/2006%C4%EA%B1%B8%B7%DD/2006/201
403/PDF/0129A2AE0BEA4C179103D04D699B74B8.pdf
MeasurestakenintheQuinghaiTibetRailwaytoensurepermafroststability:
Shadingboardisprovidedparalleltotheembankmentslopeatadistanceof65mtoadjustsolarradiation.
Source:
ftp://61.178.109.106/58%B7%FE%CE%F1%C6%F7%B1%B8%B7%DD%28%CD%E2%B2%BF%29/2006%C4%EA%B1%B8%B7%DD/2006/201
403/PDF/0129A2AE0BEA4C179103D04D699B74B8.pdf
Thermosyphonswereusedherewhichfunctionsonthebasisofheatexchangebetweenroadbedsoilandtheatmosphereandresultsindecreased
permafrosttemperaturefrostbelowtheembankment.
Ventilationfoundationsystemisusedforthefoundation.Ventducts,madefromconcreteorpolytheneandhavingdiameterofabout30to40cm,
areinstalledinthemiddleoftheroadbed0.5mabovethesurface.
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.ukessays.com/essays/environmentalsciences/approacheshelpedbuildincoldclimate
9/11
2/16/2015
ApproachesHelpedBuildInColdClimateEnvironmentalSciencesEssay
Pilesoflength25to30mbelowthegroundandhavingdiametersof1.2mwereused.Anegativefrictionalforceiscreatedbetweenthepilesandthe
soiltoensurestructuralstability.
Debrisandblockstoneembankmentswereprovidedforadditionalstructuralstability.
CONCLUSION
Weliveinaneraofostentatiousarchitecturewhichratherstompstheearthratherthanadoringit.Thustodayweneedrealdesignerswhocouldinfuse
lifeinarchitecture.Buildingsshouldhavearesponsetoadaptation,aresponsetonatureandclimate.Abuildingmustbeselfsustainingduringitslife
andmustregeneratetheenvironmentaboutituponitsdestruction.Mostimportantistherelationshipbetweenthebuiltenvironmentandits
surrounding.Thisrelationmustbemoreofharmonyratherthanofconfrontation.Buildingsmustbeanaturalextensionofthesitetheystandwithin.
Architectureshouldhaveasenseofbelongingtoasiteorsurroundingratherthanalienationintermsofscale,proportion,sizeorage.Natureand
naturalprocessshouldbelookedoverasasourceofurbanformandasasolutiontourbanproblems.
Itdoesnotmeantoabandonallthatexistsbuttobuildinharmonyfromnowonwards.Inordertotaketherightstepinthefuturewemuststriveto
becomeresponsibleplanetarycitizens.Buildingsshouldactascentrestoharvestnaturalenergylikesun,windandgeothermalandbeliterally
integratedwithnature.
PrintDownloadReferenceThisRedditThis
Share Tweet
RequestRemoval
IfyouaretheoriginalwriterofthisessayandnolongerwishtohavetheessaypublishedontheUKEssayswebsitethenpleaseclickonthelink
belowtorequestremoval:
Requesttheremovalofthisessay
MorefromUKEssays
FreeEssaysIndexMoreEnvironmentalSciencesEssaysEnvironmentalSciencesEssayWritingServiceExampleEnvironmentalSciencesEssays
ToorderyourowncustomwrittenEssay,DissertationorCoursework,callUKEssayson:
01159667955
orvisitourwebsiteat:
www.ukessays.com
Essaywriting
Dissertationwriting
Assignmentwriting
Marking&Proofreading
Allservices
PlaceanOrderGetaQuote
AboutUKEssays
Fairusepolicy
Essayhelp
Referencingguides
Allfreeresources
Takethenextstepandinvestinyourfuture
ORDERYOURWORKTODAY
PlaceanOrderViaoursecureandconfidentialorderingsystem
GetaQuoteGetaninstantpricewithnosignuprequired
01159667955
enquiries@ukessays.com
ContactUs
AboutUs
BecomeaResearcher
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.ukessays.com/essays/environmentalsciences/approacheshelpedbuildincoldclimat
10/11
2/16/2015
ApproachesHelpedBuildInColdClimateEnvironmentalSciencesEssay
Search...
Jointheconversation
Services
EssayWritingService
DissertationWritingService
AssignmentWritingService
AllServices
UsefulTools
ReferenceGuides
DissertationHelp
EssayHelp
FreeResources
PartofAllAnswersLtd
Copyright20032015UKEssaysisatradingnameofAllAnswersLtd,acompanyregisteredinEnglandandWales.CompanyRegistrationNo:
4964706.VATRegistrationNo:842417633.RegisteredDataControllerNo:Z1821391.Registeredoffice:VentureHouse,CrossStreet,Arnold,
Nottingham,Nottinghamshire,NG57PJ.
FairUsePolicy
Terms&Conditions
PrivacyPolicy
Cookies
Complaints
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.ukessays.com/essays/environmentalsciences/approacheshelpedbuildincoldclimat
11/11