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Class:10th
Compiled by: Mudasir Farooq
d)Impulse.
c)Balancing
d)All
an animal will not be able to observe, handle& taste food. It will not
be aware of an approaching enemy. The animal may not be correct
its position & fall down repeatedly if its statoreceptors are damaged.
Therefore the animal will not be able to perform the activities
connected with the defective receptor.
19. Draw a structure of neuron & explain itsfunctions?
Ans. Functions:
a) Neurons or nerve cells are specialised for conducting information
via. Electrical impulses from one part of the body to another part.
b) Dendrites pick up sensation & transmit the same to cell body.
c)Cell body sustains structure & function of dendrites & axon .It also
functions as a way for transmission of sensation or impulse axon.
d)Axon carrys impulse to another neuron,muscle,gland & organ.
20. How does phototropism occur in plants?
Ans. Phototropism is directional growth movement of curvature
which occurs in response to unidirectional exposure to light.
Phototropism is generally caused by increased auxins on the dark
side & lesser auxins on the illuminated side. It causes more growth
on the dark side of stem causing it to bend towards the source of
light.
21.Which signals will be disrupted in case of spinal cord injury?
Ans. In case of spinal cord injury following signals will be disrupted:
a)Sensory impulses from the area innervated by injured portion.
b)Transmission of motor impulses through the injured portion.
c)Reflex actions in the area of injury .Sensations & movements are
restricted.
22. How does chemical co-ordination occur in plants?
Ans. Plants produce a no. of hormones which control & co-ordinate
their functioning. Amount of hormone depends upon the
environment & other stimuli. Its effect is also regulated by its
antagonistic hormone e.g Auxins & Abscisicacid.The effect is
enhanced by synergic presence of another hormone e.g auxins &
gibberellins.
23. What is the need for a system of control & co-ordination in an
organism?
Ans. The body of a multicellular organism consists of a no. of
components & sub-components; each specialised to perform a
particular function .However all the components are not required to
24.How are Involuntary Actions & Reflex Actions different from each
other?
Involuntary Actions
Reflex Actions
a)They involve autonomic
nervous system.
b)They are connected with
functioning of
Internal body parts .
c)They occur in response to
internal stimuli
26. Compare & contrast Nervous & hormonal mechanism for control
& co-ordination in animals?
Endocrine/hormonal control
a) Passage of information is
through chemicals called
hormones.
b) Sensory receptors are absent.
c) The system is comparatively
slower.
d) The response is slow &
produced by all the cells of target
tissues.
e) It is voluntary.
f) It consists of gland & their
secretions.
g) The effect of chemical
messangers lasts for long period.
Nervous control
It is through electrical
conduction.
Sensory receptors are present.
The system is rapid.
The response is quick and limited
to those cells that are
innervated.
It can be voluntary or
involuntary.
It consists of neurons,nerves and
nervous organs.
The effect of nervous message is
of short duration.
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
Q1.What are the physiological effects of Auxins?
Ans. Auxins are weakly acidic plant hormones which are capable of
promoting cell elongation especially of short segments. The most
common natural Auxin is Indole 3-acitic acid or IAA.It is synthesised
in shoot apices, young developing leaves & seeds.2,4-D,2, 4,5 T
&NAA (Naphthalene acetic acid)are synthetic Auxins. Major functions
of Auxins are as follows:
a) Cell Enlargement: They bring about growth of cells.
b) Root formation: They are essential for root formation on stem
cutting (especially NAA & IBA Indo butyric acid)
c) Apical Dominance : Apical bud does not allow sprouting of nearly
buds due to high concentration of IAA in it.
d)Movements :Several plant movements are mediated by differential
distribution of auxins
CO-ORDINATION IN PLANTS
Plants do not have nerves & muscles. Their response to stimulus is
not immediately observed.Plants have only chemical co-ordination
that regulates their movements. Plant movements are of two types:
1. Movements of locomotion: Are changes in position of a whole
organism or cellular components. They are of two types : Autonomic
& Para tonic movements.
Autonomic movements of locomotion occur autonomically due to
intrinsic reason e.g flagellar movements in chlamydomonas or
streaming movement of cytoplasm.
Para tonic movements of locomotion occur as a response to external
stimuli like chemical, lightetc.Locomotory movement in response to
chemicals is called Photo taxis.
2. Movements of curvature: Are changes in orientation of different
plant parts in relation to one another. These are of two types:
a)Plant movements due to turgor changes: These movements occur
in plant organs which have regions of bending where cells shrink due
to loss of turgidity or swell up due to gain of turgidity. These
movements are usually reversible. These are of following types:
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
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