Chapter II

Related Literature and Studies

This part of the study will present the related literatures from journals,
websites and books and studies such as published and non-published thesis
that have been previously conducted by other researchers.

The following

literature will indeed be very useful for the researchers for the analysis of the
study that will serve as foundation of overview that will be undertaken by
reviewing articles from books, unpublished materials and internet.
Foreign literature
According to Oyite David Robinson, entitled Mobile Voting System,
November 2011, Mobile Voting System (MVS) is a system that will operate in
parallel with the existing manual and automated voting processes. It will
enable legitimate voters to cast their vote from wherever they please using
their mobile devices unlike other means that require the voter to appear at
the polling station. This will help alleviate the nuisance of long queues at pollsites which waste a lot of time. It will also ease the vote-counting process
which will be done instantly as the voting progresses and a graphical display
will be available on a site(attached to the system) for all stakeholders to view
progress, hence ensuring transparency. According to Nadja et al(2009) [6],
Mobile voting falls under a category of voting called e-voting, which is short
for electronic voting, and refers to the option of using electronic means to
vote in referendums and elections. There are systems such as DRE (Direct
Electronic Recording) voting machines that record the vote without that vote
being transmitted over the Internet or another network. The interface of a

DRE machine can be a touch screen or a scanner that scans the ballot paper
where the voter marked the vote. The vote is then registered and stored in
the voting machine. Then there is voting over the Internet that uses a PC with
an Internet-connection to cast the vote and send it to be stored in another
remote computer. Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), telephones or mobile
phones can also be used to cast a vote electronically.
According to Bryan Adams Layosa, entitled SMS Broadcasting System,
2011, In this century of computer generation, many organizations rely on fast
delivery of information using latest technologies that would allow them to be
more productive and efficient. There are many ways in sending messages
nowadays and that is by using E-mail services or by using Mobile
Technologies. Like in school, Bulletin Boards or sometimes word of mouth are
the method use in delivering a message to the student and faculty but
sometimes the student or others does not received the messages because
they dont read the bulletin board often or the information is really failed in
reaching them. Sending information in a large amount of people using E-mail
requires a lot of work and sometimes the information that needs urgent
response does not always received. The culprit of that is because people are
not always able to check their E-mail. On the other hand, mobile technology
is one of the most effective ways in sending and receiving messages as fast
as possible. Because almost all people in the world has their own cellular
phone and they usually have them always. The delivery of the messages
using this medium is more ideal and efficient in sending messages in large
amount of people. Universal SMS Broadcast System is a system that can send

mobile messages in large quantity of people using a GSM modem or using an

SMPP Protocol.

Local literature
According to Maribeth Arado, entitled SMS Based Voting System,
September 2012, Information technology has played a vital role throughout
the world and so in our country. Short Message Service (SMS) is the text
communication service component of phone, web or mobile communication
systems, using standardized communications protocols that allow the
exchange of short text messages between fixed line or mobile phone devices.
The use of SMS as data application in the world is enormous, with 2.4 billion
active users, or 74% of all mobile phone subscribers. Therefore, there is the
need of a significant alternative to this conventional system in the delivery of
trusted elections. This paper develops an SMS Based Voting System that can
be used in conducting a trustworthy, secure and robust election. This will
allow a fully automated SMS Based Voting System where electoral vote
counts are done instantly by the end of Election Day. The design requires the
use of a national SIM card module during the electoral process. Using the
design for a typical election scenario, the evaluation results show a Voting
System that can be used for efficient processing and fast delivery of result
within less than 24 hours.
According to Lily Arullo, entitled Mobile Phone Voting System, 2012, it
can send short text message from his/her smart phone to specific smart
phone running voting software A (Android version).Upon receipt of the short

text message containing the ID number of the best poster (only one should
be selected), the said ID number will be entered in a Tally Table with
attributes Candidate ID, count. The phone number of the voter will be
remembered in a Voter Table with attributes Voter Phone No. Candidate ID, so
that no voter can use the same phone to vote twice. The administrator at the
smart phone running voting software A can issue a special command, which
will terminate the voting. The voting software A will display the Tally Table in
decreasing number of votes so that the first winner will be displayed first and
soon. At the end the Voter Table will be eliminated. Phone to PC voting
system requirements: Voter can send email from his/her smart phone to a
specific PC running voting software X (Linux version).Upon receipt of the
email containing the ID number of the best poster (only one should be
selected), the said ID number will be entered in a Tally Table with attributes
Candidate ID, count. The phone number of the voter will be remembered in a
Voter Table with attributes Voter Phone No. Candidate ID, so that no voter can
use the same phone to vote twice.
Foreign Studies
According to Swierenga Pierce, entitled Testing Usability Performance
of Accessible Voting Systems, 2012, Usable voting systems are key to a
successful voting experience for everyone, but are especially important for
persons with disabilities. Voting systems need to be designed so that these
voters can effectively interact with a voting system in a reasonable amount of
time and without discomfort. The overall goal of the research was to develop
a suitable, rigorous test protocol for a Voting System Test Laboratory (VSTL)
to conduct usability conformance testing of accessible voting systems with

persons who are blind, have low vision, or have dexterity impairments in
order to ensure that they can vote independently. We first conducted a gap
analysis and formal study of existing conformance tests and methodologies
for conducting usability tests for accessibility. We then developed and refined
tests and protocols appropriate to the selected demographic groups, before
conducting and analyzing dry runs of the test protocol using multiple voting
systems to get expert timings. The materials that were developed are
intended to be used in pilot testing.
Local Studies
According to Mark Angeles, entitled PSU Bayambang Campus Voting,
2011, The computer is now recognized as a powerful and positive force in the
social, political, and economic progress of nations. The growing use of
computers in society is creating new demands for educating and training
students in preparation for life in the Information Age. Because of its
seemingly endless capabilities, the computer has become the most imposing
form of information technology that has intimidated some people. The
computer has undergone a great deal of development in the last 50 years
that people have regarded it as synonymous with change. Any change is
usually met with some form of resistance. This behaviour is known as RC
Factor the resistance to change. Cyber phobia is the irrational fear of
computers. Psychologists easily attribute cyber phobia to the lack or absence
of knowledge about computers. Fear of computers has been observed mostly
among adults. Computers are merely machines and should not be feared.
Instead computer technology can be maximized to advanced development.
Such is the case of Pangasinan State University College Student Council (PSU

- CSC) which aims to promote peace & order by prioritizing students safety
and

develop

the

students

potentialities

and

help

strengthen

the

administration. The CSC also aims to deliver basic services to the students.

Theoretical Framework

INPUT

PROCESS

OUTPUT

Information is saved to the database.

Displays result.
The Information of the Students Vote &Computes
content for the number of votes
Sends SMS to registered numbers.

Figure 2.0
Theoretical Framework of the Developed System

Theoretical Framework represents the flow of information from the

input to the outputs. Theory of Inputs, process, output or the IPO chart is
which having more inputs performing some specific process or combining of
process on each class of input data and having one or more outputs. The
theoretical framework divided into three parts which are input, process and
output. Theory of input includes information that is part of the registered
voter and the inputted votes which is processed and passed to the database
saving the information of the vote then it will pass to the output and will
display the information of the vote and sending SMS notifications to
registered voters.

Conceptual Framework
Saves Information into the database
Students Enter their Votes

Process the Votes

Sends notifications

Figure 2.1
Conceptual Framework of the Developed System

The conceptual framework of the study shows and illustrates the flow
and process of the proposed system and developed system. The staff who
also acts as the admin has all the authority to control the system. They have
the ability to access, modify, delete, and manage all the information inside
the database. The developed system will generate all the information that
were collected in every vote that was registered. The conceptual framework
is the visualization of the designed or proposed system on how it works. The
Figure 2.1 shows the flow of the system and the processes it makes
throughout the voting period. The students will first enter their votes and
every vote the database will be updated and is calculated or computed for
the results and will send an SMS notification to registered voters.