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Tiltup Construction
Floor Framing
Roof Framing
Casting Surface
Tilt-up panels are usually cast with the outside
face down against the casting bed.
Casting Surface
When the concrete floor slab is used as a
casting platform, it must be on a constant
plane and smoothly troweled.
Smoothness is important because the panel
will reflect any imperfection in the slab.
A smooth surface also helps prevent a
mechanical bond between the panel and floor
slab when lifting.
Tilt up Forms
One of the advantages of tilt-up concrete wall
construction is the savings in form material and labor.
Panel edge forms are commonly made of dressed
timber and nailed to the floor by using two doubleheaded form nails wedged into a drilled hole in the
form and the floor.
Variations, such as putting a wood dowel in the drilled
hole in the floor and nailing to it, are also used.
These drilled holes in the floor can be patched
easily with an epoxy after form removal.
Bracing Panels
Prior to tilting, temporary braces are attached to the
panel.
Once erected, the tilt-up panels must be temporarily
braced against wind and other lateral forces until all
final structural connections are completed.
Telescoping pipe braces are commonly used for this
application.
The temporary braces will remain in place until the
roof diaphragm is erected and all structural
connections completed.
Prestressed concrete
Prestressed concrete
Is reinforced by Pre-tensioning or
Post-tensioning high-strength steel tendons .
The tensile stresses in the tendons are transferred to the
concrete, placing the entire cross section of the flexural
member in compression.
The resulting compressive stresses counteract the tensile
bending stresses from the applied load, enabling the
prestressed member to carry a greater load
Prestressing Techniques
Pre-tensioning is accomplished in a precasting
plant before arriving at the job site.
Post-tensioning is usually performed at the
building site, especially when the structural
units are too large to transport from factory to
site.
Pretensioning
Prestresses a concrete member by stretching
the reinforcing tendons before the concrete is
cast.
Pretensioning
Pretensioning (cont)
Post-tensioning
Post-tensioning
Is a method of reinforcing (strengthening) concrete or
other materials with high- strength steel strands or
bars, typically referred to as tendons.
Applications include office and apartment buildings,
parking structures, slabs- on- ground, bridges, sports
stadiums.
In many cases, post- tensioning allows construction
that would otherwise be impossible due to either site
constraints or architectural requirements.
Rebar vs Tendons
Rebar is what is called passive reinforcement however;
it does not carry any force until the concrete has already
deflected enough to crack.
Post- tensioning tendons, on the other hand, are
considered Active reinforcing.
Because it is prestressed, the steel is effective as
reinforcement even though the concrete may not be
cracked.
Post- tensioned structures can be designed to have minimal
deflection and cracking, even under full load.
Post-tensioning
Done almost entirely on the job site
High-strength steel strands (tendons) are covered with
a steel or plastic tube to prevent them from bonding
with the concrete
The prestressing of a concrete member by tensioning
the reinforcing tendons after the concrete has set.
Tendon" is defined as a complete assembly
consisting of the anchorages, the prestressing strand
or bar, the sheathing or duct and any grout or
corrosion- inhibiting coating (grease) surrounding the
prestressing steel.
Post-tensioning
Post-tensioning
ADVANTAGES/APPLICATIONS
Allows longer clear spans, thinner slabs, fewer beams
Thinner slabs mean less concrete is required.
Post- tensioning can thus allow a significant reduction
in building weight versus a conventional concrete
building with the same number of floors.
Post- tensioning is the system of choice for parking
structures since it allows a high degree of flexibility in
the column layout, span lengths and ramp
configurations.
Types of Post-Tensioning
There are two main types of post-tensioning:
Unbonded
Bonded (grouted)
Post-tensioning Process
Abutments are not needed.
Tendons may be left unbonded or if in a steel
tube bonded with a injected grout.
Most are unbonded.
Unbonded tendon
Is one in which the prestressing steel is not actually
bonded to the concrete that surrounds it except at the
anchorages.
The most common unbonded systems are monostrand
(single strand) tendons, which are used in slabs and
beams for buildings, parking structures and slabs- onground.
A monostrand tendon consists of a seven- wire strand
that is coated with a corrosion- inhibiting grease and
encased in an extruded plastic protective sheathing.
Construction of Post-Tensioning
In building and slab- on- ground construction, unbonded
tendons are typically prefabricated at a plant and delivered
to the construction site, ready to install.
The tendons are laid out in the forms in accordance with
installation drawings that indicate how they are to be
spaced, what their profile (height above the form) should
be, and where they are to be stressed.
After the concrete is placed and has reached its required
strength, usually between 3000 and 3500 psi ( pounds per
square inch), the tendons are stressed and anchored.
The fact the tendons are kept in a permanently stressed
(elongated) state causes a compressive force to act on
the concrete.
Anchorages in Post-Tensioning
Anchorages are a critical element, particularly in
unbonded systems.
After the concrete has cured and obtained the
necessary strength, the wedges are inserted inside
the anchor casting and the strand is stressed.
When the jack releases the strand, the strand
retracts slightly and pulls the wedges into the
anchor.
This creates a tight lock on the strand. The wedges
thus maintain the applied force in the tendon and
transfer it to the surrounding concrete.
Post-Tension Anchorage
Post-tensioning
Is Post-tensioned members tend to shorten
over time due to elastic compression,
shrinkage, and creep.
Adjoining elements that would be affected by
this movement should be constructed after the
post-tensioning process is completed and be
isolated from the post-tensioned members
with expansion joints.
Inverted T
Hollowcore slabs
Hollowcore slab
A hollowcore slab is a precast, prestressed concrete
member with continuous voids provided to reduce
weight and, therefore, cost and, as a side benefit, to
use for concealed electrical or mechanical runs.
Primarily used as floor or roof deck systems,
hollowcore slabs also have applications as wall panels,
spandrel members and bridge deck units.
Hollowcore slab
In most cases, the slabs are cast on long line beds,
normally 300 ft to 600 ft long.
Slabs are then sawcut to the appropriate length for the
intended project.
Hollowcore Detail
Hollowcore Slab
Hollowcore Slabs
Hollowcore Slab
Methods of Manufacturing
Two basic manufacturing methods are used for
the production of hollowcore slabs.
Dry cast or extrusion system
Stationary, fixed forms
Hollowcore Sizes
Hollowcore Size
Structural applications
Hollowcore slab provides the efficiency of a
prestressed member for load capacity, span range,
and deflection control.
In addition, a basic diaphragm is provided for resisting
lateral loads by the grouted slab assembly provided
proper connections and details exist.
Other applications
Fire resistance
Depending on thickness and strand cover,
ratings up to a 4 hour endurance can be
achieved.
Excellent sound transmission characteristics
associated with concrete.
Weather resistant
HOLLOWCORE DETAILS
Structural Connections
Hollowcore Detail
Hollowcore Detail
Hollowcore Walls
Residential Construction
Spandeck is a
patented
garage floor
system which is
produced in
Salt Lake City,
Utah.
Residential Construction
Two-Foot Widths
Offer Clear Spans
Up to 36' Without
Additional Bearing