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= 3'
+ ci
'
m 3 +s
ci
0.5
(1)
where 1' and 3' are the major and minor effective
principal stresses at failure
ci is the uniaxial compressive strength of the intact
rock material and
m and s are material constants, where s = 1 for
intact rock.
An exact relationship between equation 1 and the
normal and shear stresses at failure was derived by
J. W. Bray (reported by Hoek [8]) and later by Ucar
[9] and Londe1 [10].
Hoek [12] discussed the derivation of equivalent
friction angles and cohesive strengths for various
practical situations. These derivations were based
upon tangents to the Mohr envelope derived by
1
s = exp
a=
+ ci
mb = mi exp
GSI 100
28 14D
t =
(6)
s ci
mb
(7)
1' + '3
2
(2)
(3)
(5)
c = ci .s a
n'
'
mb 3 + s
ci
This is expressed as
= 3'
(4)
1'
GSI 100
9 3D
= 1'
where
'
3
d 1' d '3 + 1
'
'
) d d d d + 1
1
(9)
'
'
(8)
a 1
(10)
3. MODULUS OF DEFORMATION
The rock mass modulus of deformation is given by:
2
E m (GPa) = 1
ci
D
2
100
(11)
= sin
c' =
6amb ( s + mb 3' n ) a 1
2(1 + a)(2 + a) + 6amb ( s + mb 3' n ) a 1
(12)
where
3n = 3' max
ci
(14)
'
1 + sin '
1 sin
'
'3
(15)
'cm =
(16)
'cm = ci
(17)
6. DETERMINATION OF 3MAX
The issue of determining the appropriate value of
3' max for use in equations 12 and 13 depends upon
the specific application. Two cases will be
investigated:
1. Tunnels where the value of 3' max is that
which gives equivalent characteristic curves
for the two failure criteria for deep tunnels
or equivalent subsidence profiles for shallow
tunnels.
2. Slopes here the calculated factor of safety
and the shape and location of the failure
surface have to be equivalent.
For the case of deep tunnels, closed form solutions
for both the Generalized Hoek-Brown and the
Mohr-Coulomb criteria have been used to generate
hundreds of solutions and to find the value of 3' max
that gives equivalent characteristic curves.
For shallow tunnels, where the depth below surface
is less than 3 tunnel diameters, comparative
numerical studies of the extent of failure and the
magnitude of surface subsidence gave an identical
relationship to that obtained for deep tunnels,
provided that caving to surface is avoided.
The results of the studies for deep tunnels are
plotted in Figure 2 and the fitted equation for both
cases is:
3' max
'
cm
'
= 0.47 cm
H
'
= 0.72 cm
H
0.91
(19)
0.94
(18)
'
where cm
is the rock mass strength, defined by
equation 17, is the unit weight of the rock mass
and H is the depth of the tunnel below surface. In
cases where the horizontal stress is higher than the
vertical stress, the horizontal stress value should be
used in place of H .
Suggested
value of D
D=0
D=0
D = 0.5
No invert
D = 0.8
D = 0.7
Good blasting
D = 1.0
Production
blasting
D = 0.7
Mechanical
excavation
D = 1.0
Poor blasting
10. REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Hoek, E., Wood D. and Shah S. 1992. A modified HoekBrown criterion for jointed rock masses. Proc. Rock
Characterization, Symp. Int. Soc. Rock Mech.: Eurock
92, (ed. J.A. Hudson), 209-214. London, Brit. Geotech.
Soc.
8.
9.