Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Volume One
A Translation of
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Title
Author
Published by
Madrasah Inaamiyyah
P.O. Box 39
Camperdown
3720
South Africa
Tel
Fax
al_inaam@yahoo.com
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!" # # $% &
' ()
*%+ ,- ./0 120 3 4/5
!6)- "0
78 9: 2) ;0
bdullh Ibn bbs narrates that Raslullh said,
Love the Arabs for three things:
because I am an Arab,
the Qurn is in Arabic and
the language of the people of Jannah is Arabic.
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Contents
Transliteration........................................................................10
Introduction............................................................................13
Reviews of this Book .............................................................17
Indications ..............................................................................25
Notes........................................................................................25
Request....................................................................................26
Translator's Note ...................................................................26
Terminology ...........................................................................28
Terminology ...........................................................................28
Lesson 1.......................................................................................31
Words and the Types of Words...........................................31
The Types of Nouns ..........................................................32
The Types of Definite Nouns...........................................33
Lesson 2.......................................................................................35
The Particles of (<=) and (>?%).......................................35
Vocabulary List No. 1 .......................................................38
Exercise No. 1.....................................................................40
Test No. 1 ............................................................................42
Lesson 3.......................................................................................44
Compounds ............................................................................44
The Adjectival Phrase .......................................................45
Vocabulary List No. 2 .......................................................47
Exercise No. 2.....................................................................49
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*$+ ....................................64
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Transliteration
The following method of transliteration of the Arabic letters
has been used in this book:
th
kh
dh
sh
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N
M
N
O
N
P
gh
k
l
, y
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(
)
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VW =X ;) ./"0 V0
Y$Z
Introduction
From the multitudes of letters which this humble writer has
received from every corner of India, there still seems to be a
fervent desire in this age to learn Arabic and to understand
the final message of Allh , namely the Qurn.
However, no primary syllabus that conformed to the times
was presented to the seekers of Arabic such a syllabus
that could increase the enthusiasm of the learners.
The ancient method of teaching Arabic and its syllabus
from the very outset made one lose courage. Even the
modern books have been deficient in creating an urge in the
student.
Experience shows that only a syllabus which has easy rules
coupled with teaching the language can increase the
enthusiasm of the student. The rules must assist the learner
in mastering the language. While learning the language, the
rules are refreshed.
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^_= `=
[\ ]F
That is the grace of Allh. He grants it to whoever He
desires.
All thanks are due to Allh that this book was found to
be extremely beneficial wherever it was read or taught.
Many seekers of Arabic have written that they had lost
hope after several attempts. If they had not obtained this
book, they would not have learnt Arabic.
This is the fourth edition of this book. Initially, this book
was written in two parts. Now it has been divided into four
parts so that it can serve as a proper syllabus for high
schools from the fourth class till matric.
This is the first part of the book. The lessons have been
decreased when compared to the previous editions.
However, the exercises have been increased to an extent
that they can serve the place of an Arabic reader.
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Mouln
bdul
Wsi (
), teacher at Jmiah
Uthmniah, Hyderabad
I completely agree with the opinion of Mouln bdul
Qadr Shib.
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Hanf,
Upper
Primary
School,
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Indications
1) The inverted comma (a) is used to indicate the plural of a
noun.
2) In order to refer to a particular lesson, the lesson number
and fact number will be mentioned in brackets thus: (5-2)
meaning lesson number 5, fact no. 2.
3) The (
) of the verb is mentioned in brackets after it.
Notes
1) Do not start a new lesson until you have mastered the
previous one.
2) Translate each exercise with particular care.
3) Sometimes you may not understand a point. Remain
steadfast and seek the assistance of someone. Perhaps later
on you will understand the point yourself.
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Request
A request is made to the teachers to study the book
thoroughly before teaching it. During your teaching stint,
you will be able to refer your students to previous lessons
easily. There is no need to memorize the rules parrotfashion. As you continuously repeat the examples, the rules
will become ingrained in your mind. You will also learn the
Arabic terms at the same time. It is appropriate to teach the
book twice. First teach it superfluously and then in detail
the second time.
Translator's Note
Translating is indeed a difficult task and I therefore do not
claim to have fulfilled the right of translating this book. I
ask the reader to overlook all shortcomings. Those
attempting to translate any work of this calibre, will realize
the great hurdles one has to overcome, especially where
there are many technical terms involved.
I have made an attempt to clarify the text as much as
possible and simplify the rules so that the beginner can
grasp them quickly. Where there was a need, I have added
explanatory footnotes.
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Terminology
Terms
*b M M
Meanings
the diacritical points namely fathah
(cd), kasrah (Od) and dammah (ed).
Th g
M fMP
!j ?i "P
*g
M fj\b
fathah (cd)
lM
j b
kasrah (Od)
*$m '
M
dammah (ed)
j=!O %jM
p )
two dammas (d
j=!O %jM !j qP
D!j fPVr M
!j
P ?r M
.!j $P [
j M
O "M
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Ym _
M P
<j=O j M
j?O %jM
.P Ab
<j=O j fm
R
t m M P
./
u O
YO 0M
singular
*M%O5rM
dual
w$j vM
plural
wj$vM "j O
jO Xr M
zjqOyr M
R0j P P
j {
h M dM
Rj0P P
*uO r
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R
P 0j P g
P rb
*i g
M jg
O|
m
l}M $j ,M
R0)
R0
O Mf?O r
preceding word, e.g. (
S
P M 0M )
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Lesson 1
Words and the Types of Words
1. A word having a meaning is called (* $
M Ob ). It is of three
bO i vP m 9
M ,M Fb ) The man went to the
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4.
5.
6. (.O /
u O
7.
R
P m M $P rb) - the noun having (r b), e.g. ((
P M Vb r) the
horse, (
i vP m b) the man.
(*o \b O j M bO R
P M[$P rb) a noun which is related to any of
the above-mentioned definite nouns, e.g. (Y
o j=GM
P MfO )
Zaids book, (bX,
P MfO ) this persons book, (
P MfO
O vP m ) the book of the man.
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P "j O)
P "j O)
something, e.g. (
t
M M ) beautiful, (t j)O#b) ugly.
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Lesson 2
The Particles of () and ()
1. The tanwn1 is generally attached to a word that is
indefinite. In this case, it is regarded as a particle that
renders a noun indefinite (>?%
R).2 It is translated as a
or an in English, e.g. (
vP M ) a man, (D
t uVP) an apple, (^p M)
water. There is no need to translate it everywhere as in the
example of (^p M) water.
Note 1: Sometimes a proper noun also has tanwn, e.g.
t $m g
M P ), (0t$j M ), (Yt j=GM ). In such a case, the tanwn is not
(Y
regarded as a (>?%
R).
<=f).
.A
R6)
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O j)Mr
as hamzatul wasl.4 It is not pronounced, e.g. (
P M) the
O M
O j)Mrb j O ) is read as (
O j)Mr M O ).
O j)Mr) and (
5. When a word having tanwn precedes the definite article,
the nn of the tanwn5 is rendered a kasrah and joined to
4
5
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= Yt j=GM ),
appears, it will be read as (
P OMr O YP j=GM ).
the word (
P OMrb)
!M ,P ) He is a son;
(
t "j O bX,) is read as (t "j
P
j Ob). This rule is overlooked in general conversation.
6. When (r b) is prefixed to a word having one of the letters
of (*$_
P $j _
m b) the sun, (i vP m b) the man,
the harf shams, e.g. (
etc.
The (*$_
R0Z) are:
LKJIH(GF4B
R0Z
Meaning
man
MqjO
t jM
house
t $j M
dates
t $M b
fruit
,O Mv
ignorant
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t OM
learned
t
M M
good, beautiful
}t )jP
bread
(
t j M
lesson
9
t qjFb
sin
!j "P M
messenger
l bGM
zakh
j "M
easy
j:M
thing
lb
M
prayer
^p !j '
M
light
9
t hb
good, clean
t Ob
oppressor
O M
just
t !j Vi b
t "O b\
transgressor
t j)O#b
ugly
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t j=b
noble, generous
t )Mb
milk
^p M
water
t MqM
day
Yt b0M
boy
,O
cat
.t !j M=
day
0M
and
0j -b
or
Exercise No. 1
Note 5: When speaking, pause on the last letter, that is, do
not read any harakah on the final letter. Read the word
(
P j)Mr) as (
j j)Mr) and (li b}m b) as (;j b}m b). If you are reading one
word, pause on its last letter and if you are reading several
words, pause on the last word, e.g. (
j )Mb 0M
}t )jP ).
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Test No. 1
1. What is the definition of (*$)?
2. How many types of words are there? Define each one
with examples.
3. What is the major difference between a noun and a verb?
4. How many tenses are there?
5. From the following words, state whether the words are
("), (\) or (R).
wt $j "M a bO a (
P M Vb r a Yt bM a 9
P ,M Xr M= a
M M '
M a j O a !M ,P
6. Define what is (*\) and (l?q) with examples.
7. How many types of (*\ ") are there?
8. Say whether the following words are definite or
indefinite.
bX, a t j)O#b a t
M M a (
P M Vb rb a P g
j qM a 9
P hWu b a vP M a Yt bM a *i ?u M a Yt j=GM
9. In the above-mentioned words, what type of (*\) and
(l?q) are they?
10. What is the hamzah of (r b) called?
11. Join the word (!M ,
P ) to the words (YP b!M rb), (t "j O) and (t jO) and
read them.
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!q)?
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Lesson 3
Compounds
1. A combination of two or more words is called (9uM P ).
The relationship between them is called (9j
O j M).
9) is a combination
o vP M
a good man; (
(b) A complete
P MfO ) a mans book.
compound (. 9)
vP M )
is a combination of
i vP m b)
h M )
9
VO j
O !j M), ( \O'
M O 9), (U
O YM M 9), etc. Here we will
discuss (V! 9). The other types will be discussed
later on, as will complete sentences.
9)
4. A (V!
9)
vP M ) a pious
word (
vP M ) with the
quality of piety.
5. The first part of a (V!
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9) is called (R
t !j
P !j M )7 while
the second part is called the (* Vb
O )8. In the above example,
the word (
vP M ) is a (R!!) while the word (t OM) is a
(*V).
vP M
t OM), both parts are (l?q) - indefinite. In the phrase ( i vP m
P Om|), both parts are (*\) - definite.
8. The same declension (
t M j O)9 that applies to the (R!!)
will apply to the (*V).
9. A (V!
9)
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Meaning
garden
Mf
j P
t g
j M
sea
t jW O
melon
t j)Ob
big, large
t j$O M
deep
j=O M
bad
D
t uVP
apple
mP
pomegranate
N
t O M:
street
t |
j #b
palace
g
M M
place
Yt {
O
j M
mosque
]
t OM
king
t )jvP
cheese
t b#b
pen
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t j 0M
rose
Yt hvM
good
!t r P
sweet
t j=O M
broad
Yt j_
O M
strong
<
t jO qM
clean
wt j"O 0M
wide
t jO M
great
t jOM 0- t OM
salty
t jO
M
small
P $M j -
red
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Exercise No. 2
(A) Translate the following phrases into English:
P jO |
m
P j)Mrb (4) t jO M t |
j #b (3) P j=O ?b r i !j "P m (2) P jO M r
e b (1)
(9) t OM ]
t OM (8) !P r g
P r P $j fmb (7) !t r P t $j M (6) <
t jO qM Mf
j P (5)
P $m g
M P (12) 9
P hWu i vP m b (11) 9
t hb j:M (10) P OM$r P g
j )Mrb
O Y
(16) t j)O#b vP M (15) t jO M 9
t qjFb (14) t !j Vi b
M (13) i !j "P m
]
P O$M r 0M P Om| i vP m (18) !t r P t $j M 0M Yt hvM }t )jP (17) i j=O m P )j{
P rb
P $M j ybr P j !M rb (21) !P r g
P r P jW )Orb (20) P $M j - D
t uVP (19) P j=O ?b r
(B) Translate these phrases into Arabic:
(1) the strong place (2) the small house (3) a beautiful flower
(4) the ugly man (5) the broad street (6) a pious man (7) the
sweet milk (8) the just king (9) the great palace (10) the easy
lesson (11) a beautiful horse (12) a sweet fruit (13) the small
place (14) the good horse (15) the wide house (16) the good
bread or the good milk (17) a pious boy and a transgressing
boy (18) the large musjid and the small garden.
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Lesson 4
Gender
1. Arabic words are of two types with regards to gender: (1)
(t
u Xb P ) masculine and
(2) (z
qm`M P ) feminine, e.g. (t jO) son is masculine and (* %MjO)
daughter is feminine.
10
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O $M "O
feminine. They are known as (
z
qm`M P ) as heard from
J
t j -b
earth
t j M
war
t $j M
wine
t M
house
t j=O
wind
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S
t !j "P
market
t $j :M
sun
t Mq
fire
t Vr qM
soul
Meaning
city
l YM r M
11
P j?O g
M rb
wise
Yt j=YO :M
severe
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S
t O M
truthful
wt Ob
rising
j=!O b
tall, long
t O b
setting
* [
M j=O \b
obligatory
*i $M O b\
name of a woman
i 1j2i rb
the Qurn
t j|
O #b
short
9
t r #b
heart
O$M Wr P
peaceful
l YM #b`j P
ignited
t j qM
river
Exercise No. 3
(A) Translate these phrases into English
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Lesson 5
Singular and Plural
1. In Arabic, words are of three categories with regards to
number:
singular (t M Vr P
0j -b Yt O 0M ),
man.
O/
b vP M ) two men.
dual (* M%O5r M), indicating two, e.g. (
plural (w
t $j vM ), indicating more than two, e.g. ( MvO ) more
than two men.
O
2. The dual12 is formed by adding (
nominative case13 or (
O j=
cd)
to
Although the author has referred the student to a future lesson, at this
point, it will be sufficient for him to remember that there are two forms of the
dual: one is with alif and nn and the second with y and nn. Lesson 10 will
explain where to use which one.
13 w\ * This will be discussed in Lesson 10.2.
12
14
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c_)
and (
O j=
c_)
P Om
(a) (
wP $j {
M rb) the sound plural
(b) (P
m ?b $P r wP $j {
M rb) the broken plural
The sound plural is one in which the singular form of the
word remains intact (sound) with some addition at the end.
It is of two types:
(i) Masculine (t
u Xb P ) in which (b !j d
e ) in (w\
*)
- the
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o
case or (B
cd)
(t P qj -b), (
vP M )
(9
t _
M M )
(^e MGM 0P ), (
t MfO ) (9
t fPi ),
(9
t _
P P ). The broken plural will be discussed in
P Om
Note 3: The (
15
16
wP $j {
M rb) - sound plural of some feminine
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P u Xb $P r wP $j {
M rb) - sound masculine plural is
P "j O).
Examples:
,j M ) a group.
(.t !j #b) a nation, (
These words are generally used like plurals in sentences,
e.g. (
b !j g
P OM
17
Since the word ( !j qP) is feminine in Arabic, the adjective also has to be
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O jb wP $j vM )
Y0
( .t m=-b
Meaning
future
j Orb
* M=1
* %MhM
clear, manifest
U
j O M{rb
current (present)
j '
O M$rb
past
lM M
.t O M
servant
Gt m)M
baker
Intelligent beings are humans, angels and jinn. All other creations fall in the
category of unintelligent beings (o #OM P jb ).
18
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K
mM
tailor, seamstress
M)j M
tired, exhausted
/
b j GM
displeased
t j :M
month
/
b
j b
lazy
9
t O Ab
playing
wt O Ab
shining
K
!j
P )jM
cheerful
Yt O fM{
j P
diligent
Yt %m
M P
supported
!j P _
j M
busy, preoccupied
t Or P
dark
t M P
teacher
t j%OP
bright
t m{qM
carpenter
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Exercise No. 4
(A) Translate these phrases into English
b !j g
P Om| b !j $P M $P rb (3) O Mfg
M Om| O Mf$M M $P rb (2) P Om| P M $P rb (1)
P $j _
m (7) t j%OP t $M #b (6) *i $M Or $P r *i bjub (5) B
t MYO fM{
j P B
t M$M P (4)
U
j O M{r P j _
m (10) *i M'
O M$r *i %M
m (9) O MfM O /
x O M%jM b (8) li M j%O$P r
(14) * qM/
b
j b * b mM (13) * Vb jO qM B
t MM (12) *i M=O M{r P P qjybrb (11)
(17) O Mq/
b j GM O /
b vP M (16) O MfqMM)j M O Mf%MjO (15) O Mf)MO /
u O Mf%MjOrb
0M b !j qP/
b
j ?b r b 0j P m{%mb (19) li M jO |
m B
P MqM!Mg
M r (18) *i MOr b !j %P
h
K
i !j
P )j$M r 19O 0P$j M (21) i /
b j }m O YP j=GM (20) b 0j YP O fM{
j $P r b !j P O Mr
l YM %m
M P 9
t _
P P (23) B
t M%hM B
t M=1 (22)
(B) Translate these phrases into Arabic
(1) a shining eye (2) the two diligent men (3) the
preoccupied baker (4) the two tired carpenters (5) the bright
day (6) the beautiful seamstresses (7) the tired servants (8)
the lazy tailor (9) the flowing rivers (10) the large animals
(11) the current year (12) the past month (13) the past years
19
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Test No. 2
(1) What is a (9x)?
(2) How many types of compounds are there? Define each
one and provide examples.
(3) What is (V!
9x)
20
M M
21
t )Mb
22
9
t %MO
t $j :M
t $M #b
b !j %P"O
MvO
O Mf%jO
J
t j -b
t j M
wt \OMq
t OM
!t r P
.t m=-b
9
t fPi
* M=O Mv
* M'
O M
23
t 0m YM P
t j%OP
honey
milk
22 grapes
23 round
20
21
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Lesson 6
Sentences with a Noun -
1. You have read that a complete statement is called a
sentence (*). See 3.2. Remember that sentences are of two
types: (*@
A (*@
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*)
and (
9x
V!) is that in the latter, both the parts are the same in
being definite or indefinite while in the former, the first part
is definite and the second part is indefinite. Consequently,
in the above-mentioned example, if an indefinite noun takes
the place of the word (Y
t j=GM ) and you say (t
M M
vP M ), or you
render the second word (
t
M M ) definite by adding (r b) to it,
and say (
P
Mg
M r O YP j=GM ), both these will become adjectival
phrases (V! 9x).
Mq-b) I am Ysuf.
24
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9x).
not there.25
3. The first part of a (*@
o #OM
subject is (
O jb wP $j vM )
25
However, the verb (i!j ?i M=) can provide the meaning of is.
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S
t O M i vP m b
O b#O M O bvP m b
b !j #iO M i Mvh b
Meaning
The man is
truthful.
The two men
are truthful.
The men are
truthful.
The woman is
truthful.
B
t b#O
M ^e M%hb
lYM j=YO :M P j=h b
O MYM j=YO :M O Mgj=h b
l YM j=YO :M D
P M=h b
Type of Subject
singular,
masculine,
intelligent
dual, masculine,
intelligent
plural,
masculine,
intelligent
singular,
feminine,
intelligent
dual, feminine,
intelligent
plural, feminine,
intelligent
singular,
feminine, nonintelligent
dual, feminine,
non-intelligent
plural, feminine,
non-intelligent
9x)
- adjectival
phrases.
6. If there are two subjects and they are of different types,
that is, one is masculine and one feminine, the predicate
will be masculine, e.g. (
O M%
M M
t '
O M 9
P hWu i vP m b
Meaning
The good man is
present.
9
t hb vP M Yt j=GM
Zaid is a good
man.
8. By adding (M) or (
M jb) to a (*@
Analysis
The subject is
(V!
9x).
The predicate is
(V!
*),
9x).
it changes from
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*),
e.g. (
o OMO Yt j=GM M) Zaid is not learned; (o j)O#b o vP M O Yt j=GM
M jb)
Zaid is not a bad person.
u O) is prefixed to a (*@
9. Very often the word (
result, the subject changes to (9|%
*)
*). As a
- the accusative
J
M j ybr u O) Undoubtedly the earth is round.
t OM
(
Meaning
or (in a question)
.j -b
t 2b M
cow
bM
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Yt j=YO vM
new
YvO
very
Yt O b# a
t OMv
sitting
(
t O M
guard, sentry
lM:
sheep
j\O
elephant
t Ob#
standing
t j=YO #b
old
9
t r b
dog
R
t 0j P j M a t !j P _
j M
famous
t O `j P
believer
j M qM
yes
t
j'
M
thick
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O Vb %j$P r
(*i b|
Third Person
9
t Ob
Masculine
Feminine
singular
!M ,P
he , it
dual
M$,P
they
plural
j ,P
they
singular
M ,O
she, it
dual
M$,P
they
plural
m ,P
they
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Second Person
t '
O M
Masculine
Feminine
singular
M qjb
you
dual
M$fPqjb
you
plural
j fPqjb
you
singular
O qjb
you
dual
M$fPqjb
you
plural
m fPqjb
you
t ?b fMP
bqb
P g
j qM
We
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Exercise No. 5
Note 7: When speaking, pause (waqf) at the end of sentences
as mentioned in Exercise No. 1. However, initially, continue
writing all the harakt.
(A)
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u O (16) O Mf
M OMv 29O jfMg
M Om| O jM-bj $M r u O (15) *
M OMv *b g
M Om| lb -bj $M r
b 0j YP O fM{
j P 30B
O $M M $P rM0 M j$O M $P r
(B) Fill in the blanks which represent a subject or predicate
with suitable words that you have studied.
P mYb
O MgOm| O MYb!M rb
O
M jb
P j)Mrb
* qM/
b
j b
P m{%m O ,M
Mq-b
!M ,P j M qM
M$,P
/
b
j b
O ,M
.j -b
*i %MOr O ,M
O 9
P r ?b r
M jb-b
29
30
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
See 5.2.
See 5.2.
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9
P r ?b r 0M
(
t O M
*i b m
M rM0
t
j'
M
.j -b
li M_b
bM
K
i m
M rb
i jVO rb
YP b!M r bX,-b
*i #bcO m| li -bj $M rb
Yt O fM{
j P
u O
O Mf%MjOrb
O MfqM/
b
j b
u O
B
t MYO fM{
j P
u O
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
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Lesson 7
The Genitive of Possession
(
)
9
t u M P
\OM'O). Examples:
(Y
o j=GM
P MfO ) the book of Zaid or Zaids book
m \O P MM) the ring of silver
(*o [
(O j %m ^e M) the water of the river.
2. Such a relationship between the two nouns is known as
(*i \bM'Orb).
3. The first part of ('
9) is called (R
t M[P ) while the
second part is called (O j bO R
t M[P ).
R
t M[P )
in one
O jM
P M) the door of the house of
the leader; (O j=GO !M r
O j
O jM
P M) - the door of the house of the
ministers son.
The middle (O j bO
R
t M[P )
becomes the (R
t M[P ) of the
31
See 3.8.
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o j=GM
e.g. (Y
.P /
b i ) the slave of Zaid;
(
O vP m .P /
b i ) the slave of the man. The word (.P /
b i ) slave
R
t M[P )
lO -bj $M r .P /
b i )
P Om| O vP m YP b0M
Adjective of the
(R
t M[P )
32
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Om| O vP m YP b0M
Adjective of the
t M[P )
(O j bO R
*i g
M Om| O vP m
P %jO
Adjective of the
(R
t M[P )
*O g
M Om| lO -bj $M r
P %jO
Adjective of the
(O j bO R
t M[P )
Note: More rules of (*i \bM'Orb) are discussed in Lesson 11.
Meaning
lion
Yt "M -b
* M bO
obedience
Page 80
Fi !j P -b
I seek refuge
Ab -b
listen, beware
* $M ?r O
wisdom
Yt $j M
praise
9
t ,O bF
going
(
t -rM
head
i M$j M
very beneficent
t jO M
very merciful
t jvO M
rejected one
C
t 0j GM
husband
* vM 0j GM
wife
M "M 0-
j "P
anger
bWr "P
king, overpowering
^p M$"M
sky
9
t bb
to seek
9
t jO
fragrance
O
shadow
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t j=YO #b
very powerful
i
every, each
o j:M i
everything
t g
j b
meat
(*!!) M
whatever
* \bMM
fear
l 1jO
mirror
t r O
salt, salty
M
j qO
to forget
O MYOM0
parents
}t O M a }t j M
goat
*i \b1
calamity
M
j qO
forgetfulness
O M
just
S
t j :M 0- S
t O _
j M
east
t j b 0-
t O j M
west
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R
t 0j P P ) which appear before
nouns and convert them to (+ *) - the genitive case.
Word
O
j \O
Meaning
with,
in
in
Example
o vP M O
o jM j \O
Meaning
Example
with a
man
in a
house
O b2b rO
j \O
O Mf
j )Pr
Meaning
with
the pen
in the
garden
bM
on
o )MvM bM
on a
mountain
bM
H
O j M r
on the
throne
j O
from
Yo j=GM j O
from
Zaid
M O
YO {
O
j $M r
bO
to, till
Yo bM bO
to a city
bO
*O \b!j ?i r
from
the
musjid
till
Kufah
for, to
Yo j=}M O
for Zaid
P r #i
Yo j=}M O
I said
to Zaid
TM
like,
o vP M b
like a
man
YO "M ybrb
similar
to the
lion
Yo j=GM j M
from
Zaid
j M
similar
from
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Exercise No. 6
(A) Translate the following into English:
*i M bO (5) (
O M Vb r i Fi -i (4) lO M_ P g
j b (3) O 2b )Mr P )Mb (2) O g
j )Mr ^e M (1)
(9)
O j)Mr 0M S
O !j
j \O (8)
O $j _
m ^e !j '
M ( 7)
O
P jM (6) O j=YM OM!r
(13) (
O 0j P M r O (12) O r $O r 0M ^O M$rO (11) (
O M Vb rb (10) YO {
O
j $M r bO
(16) O M)hb lO M_ P g
j b 0M O 2b )Mr P )Mb (15) t r O O g
j )Mr ^e M (14)
o qM-b j M
bO b !j )P,O bF P g
j qM (18) (
O 0j P M r O 9
P jW b (17) t !j $P g
j M YO b!M r P "j O
O O
j $P r li 1jO P O
j $P rb (20) h "O j ?i r bM
t OMv P M $P rb (19) *O "M M Yj $M r
(23) i M
j %h O r O r *i \b1 (22) O j=YM OM!r
O
j "P j \O
h m
i
M "M (21)
J
O j ybr O\
O O b O Mr b bWr
u O (24)
O *i \bMM *O $M ?r g
O r (
P -rM
9
P r ?b r
M jb (26) *o $M O
j P 0M o O
j P i bM * [
M j=O \b O r O r 9
P bb (25)
O !j "P M Yo $m g
M P
P %jO *i $M O b\ (28) Yo j=}M O i M$r
M jb (27) YO "M ybrb
Fi !j P -b (29) OM O O M%jO P j
Mg
P rM0 P
Mg
M rM0 a OM *i vM 0j GM M ,O
O
O xO YP $j g
O rb (31) O jO m O $M j m
O O
j O (30) O jvO m O bWj_
m M O
O O
o j:M i bM
c u O (33)
P O j $M rM0 S
P O _
j $M r O xO 0M (32) M j$O bMr
h M
.J
O j ybr O\ M 0M B
O M0M$
m O\ M O xO u O Ab -b (34) t j=YO #b
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Test No. 3
(1) What is the difference between (*@
*) and ( *
*\)?
(2) What is the difference between (*@
V!)?
(3) How many parts does a (*@
part called?
(4) What is the (
)33 of the subject and the predicate?
(5) What is the Arabic term for the attaching word?
(6) In how many factors does the predicate correspond
to the subject?
(7) If there are two subjects of different kinds in a
sentence, which one is considered for the predicate?
(8) What effect does the word (
u O) have on the subject?
(9) Attach (
u O) to a dual word and a sound masculine
and feminine plural word and read it.
(10) How is a negative meaning and one of interrogation
created in a (*@
*)?
33
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*).
In grammar, a set of all the (especially inflected) forms of a word (e.g. write,
writes, wrote, writing, written), especially when used as a model for all other
words of the same type.
34
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Lesson 8
The Scales of Words
1. In Arabic, the original letters of nouns and verbs are not
less than three. The maximum number of letters in a noun is
five, and four in a verb. Together with the original letters,
extra letters can also be attached. At such a time, the noun
and the verb can have more than five letters.
Note 1: The original letter or root letter is the one that
remains in all the forms and derivations. Only in some
exceptions is it deleted or changed to another letter.
The extra letter is the one that is found in one word-form
but not in another, e.g. in the word (Y
t $j M ), all three letters
are root letters while in (Y
t O M), the alif and in (t !j $P g
j M ), the
first (.) and the (0) are extra letters.
2. Words having three root-letters are called (
O/
b i), e.g.
((
t M \b) and (
M M '
M ).
If they have four root-letters, they are called (
O MP ), e.g.
(
VO r \O) and (C
M M j M ).
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O ) is (t m {
M P
(t )j
O/
b i)
Yt j=}O M ), e.g.
letters.
(t )?
b M) is (O j\O
Yt j=}O M O/
b i) - three root-letters with extra letters
because the (B) and (
) are extra.
35
O/
b i).
Hence, the
These are nouns that are derived from the verb, e.g. (O b\) and ( !j P Vr M ) are
Plural of (tYM |
j M ), the infinitive.
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") - t
O Mq,
the ( !V ") - t !j |
P %jM and the verbal noun (l M |
j qP) will also
be regarded as (t m {
M P O/
b i) although these forms have extra
letters.
Similarly, in a paradigm, extra letters appear in a (t m {
M P )
word which will still remain (t m {
M P ). For example, the word
(
vP M ) is (t m {
M P ). Therefore, (O /
b vP M ) and ( MvO ) will also be
(t m {
M P ).
However, (M )m
b ) and (.M M r -b) are (O j\O
Yt j=}O M O/
b i). The former has
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t dbd#b
<
t dfOdb
Yt d[
P dM
9
t drdb
dMdb\
dO db\
dP db\
dj db\
t dbVdjdMv
dMvj dbVdM"
dbdjdb\
dbdrdMdb\
Page 91
t dj)dO
t djdO)db
P dM)dr-b
t djdO)dr?dM
djdO\
djdOdb\
i dMdr\-b
djdOdrVdM
P jM
*M$O?
b r) or the (*M$O?b r
Exercise No. 7
What are the scales of the following words:
<
t j=O :M (3)
R
t M :M (2)
vP M (1)
Tt !j iP (6)
]
t OM (5)
R
t M:j -b (4)
i M$j M (9)
t jO M (8)
t j M (7)
.t MO (12)
t j=O b (11)
.t M b (10)
^e M$bP (15)
t OM (14)
t r O (13)
t Vb %j[
M b (18)
t M 2r M (17)
b !j $P OM (16)
t jOj M (21)
M uM (20)
* M /
u M (19)
.t Mr O (24)
t )?b M (22)
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Lesson 9
The Broken Plural
1. It was mentioned previously that there is no rule to
construct the broken plural (6?
(Yo b0M wP $j vM ) t Ab 0j -b
((
o M \b wP $j vM ) (
t M\r -b
(<
o j=O :M wP $j vM ) R
t M:j -b
(o Wb M wP $j vM ) t bWj -b
(
o #r 0M wP $j vM ) B
t b#0j -b
: M\r -b ()
(]
o OM wP $j vM ) Tt !j iP : !j P \i (
)
(Yo "M -b wP $j vM ) t !j "P -i
( M wP $j vM ) S
t !j 2i P
(Yo ,O M: wP $j vM ) t !j P :P
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(9
o r #b wP $j vM )
t !j i#i
(Yo %jvP wP $j vM ) t !j %PvP
(o vj 0M wP $j vM ) ;t!j vP 0P
(9
o r b wP $j vM )
t /
b O : M\O (C)
(
o !j b wP $j vM )
t MO
(o j P wP $j vM ) D
t MO
(o vP M wP $j vM ) MvO
(o j)Ob wP $j vM ) t M)O
(o jO
M wP $j vM ) t M
O
(Yo bM wP $j vM ) t /
b O
(
o MfO wP $j vM ) 9
t fPi
(*o %Mj=YO M wP $j vM ) YP P
(*o %MjVO "M wP $j vM ) t Vi "P
(*o Vb jg
O
M wP $j vM ) <
t g
P
P
(*o 2b j=O b wP $j vM ) S
t P i
: P \i ()
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(o !j "P M wP $j vM ) "P P
(o j :M wP $j vM ) t P :j -b
(o vj O wP $j vM ) vP j -b
(o j qM wP $j vM ) t P qj-b
(o g
j M wP $j vM ) t g
P j-b
(
o Vr qM wP $j vM )
t Vi qj-b
(o jM wP $j vM ) t Pj -b
: P \r -b (;)
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^e /
b O \r -b (G)
This scale is generally used for the adjectives of intelligent
beings which are on the scale of (
jO \b) as in:
(o j=YO
M wP $j vM ) ^e b#YO
j -b
( )OqM wP $j vM ) ^e M)Oqj-b
(9
o j)OM wP $j vM ) 37^e m)O -b
(9
o j=O #b wP $j vM ) ^e MO #r -b
( %Ob wP $j vM ) ^e M%Or -b
( O0M wP $j vM ) ^e MO0j -b
((
o O b\ wP $j vM ) M"j \i : /
b j \i (D)
(Yo bM wP $j vM ) MYr P
(9
o j[
O #b wP $j vM ) M)[
j #i
(o |
P %jP wP $j vM ) P
O M%M : i OM\b (K)
37
The original was (e^M))Oj -b). The reason why it has changed into (e^m)O -b) will be
explained later.
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: i O bVM ( )
This scale is specific with those words that are on the scale
of (
M Vr M ), ( O Vr M ) or (* bM Vr M ).
(9
o b j M wP $j vM ) 9
P O MM
(Yo {
O
j M wP $j vM ) YP vO MM
(*o )MfM?r M wP $j vM ) 9
P Ob?M
i jO bVM (.)
This scale is used for those words that are on the scale of
(
MVr O ) or ( !j P Vr M ).
(D
t MfVr O wP $j vM ) P jObVM
(
o !j fP?r M wP $j vM ) 9
P jOb?M
P jb )38.
38
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the
the
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t "O M
Meaning
scowling, frowning
J
t Mj-b a
t j M
some, part of
t Ob
fixed, established
MjvO a t Mv
neighbour
Yt j=YO M
iron
t jM
good
Page 101
ambassador
R
t !j P"P a <
t j"M
sword
U
t M:
tea
K
0j P :P a K
j :M
condition
t M
O a9
t j
M
difficult
M!O a j=!O b
long, tall
* mOM M 0- OM M
Arabian
Q
O b\
empty
wt O b#
cutting, sharp
high school
j 2O fm$P rb
pious
wt jWO P
obedient
t m Wb P
pure, clean
i O M!M a * b O !j M
advice
lM '
O Mq
fresh
lM O Mq
looking
P ObVqM a
t jVO qM
precious
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wt \OMq
beneficial
.t m=-b a .t !j M=
a day
.M !j Mrb
today
Xo OM !j M=
on that day
* %Mj=GO
beauty
B
t M#OM
remaining, permanent
B
P MgOm| B
P M#OM)rb
D
t MO a t j P
cup
C
P O bV"M a vM j Vb "M
quince
Exercise No. 8
(A) In the under-mentioned examples, the adjective or
predicate of unintelligent beings is used mostly as singular
feminine. Translate the following phrases or sentences into
English.
* M \OMq 9
t fPi U
j YO %jO j M qM
wt \OMq
t MfO TM YM %jO r ,M (1)
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wt O b# <
t j"M TM YM %jO r ,M (2)
j=!O b t j P Yo O M YM %jO r ,M (3)
t OM P jO ybr O ,M (4)
<
t jO qM
t !j b TM YM %jO r ,M (5)
Q
O b\ S
P 0j YP %j|
O ,M (6)
.M !j Mr t '
O M Xi j$O r fh O ,M (7)
M{%j\O TM YM %jO r ,M (8)
vM j Vb "M TM YM %jO r ,M (9)
%Ob !M ,P r ,M (10)
* g
M OM * %MjO M ,O r ,M (11)
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Test No. 4
(1) What is a (-
R)?
Y=}):
9
t ,O bF a 9
P ,M Xr M= a 9
M ,M Fb a M )mb a t j)O?r M a O /
b vP M a vP M
(7) How is the scale of a word determined? In other
words, how do you use the root letters (\) to
determine which letter is a root letter and which one
is extra?
(8) What is the benefit of knowing the scales of words?
(9) What are the well-known scales of the broken plural?
(10) Which scales of the plural are (R|%
(11) Make the plurals of
>)?
(t g
j M), (l -bM j -O), (* %M"M ), (E
t -b), (Yt )jM ),
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Lesson 10
The Cases of Nouns
1. The change in case of a noun due to the change in
vowelling of the final consonant is called (
) declension.
b M g
M rO
Declension is of two types: one is (*
) which is
)
(Rj0P
P ) letters - as will be explained later on.
2. When a noun is:
(1) the doer of the verb (\), or the subject (Yf)) or
predicate (), it is said to be (w\
*) - in the
it is
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*) the
it, in (9|% *) the
and in (6 + *), the
kasratain (d
o ) will be read on it.
If the noun is indefinite, the dammatain will be read on the word. However,
if the noun is definite, only one dammah will be read on it.
39
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Yo OM
bO
!j fP?r M
Yt j=GM
b "M j -b
0
R
v
6 + *
This is a (*\
!V
\
*
9|%
*
w\
\
Example no. 2
^O M%h
bO
MO
i Mvh
b "M j -b
0
6 + *
R
v
!V
\
*
9|%
*
w\
\
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Example no. 3
Yo O M
(
O M \b
bM
)O M
Yt j=GM
^c Mv
R[ R[
R
v
\
*
9|%
*
w\
\
0
6 + *
This is a (*\
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O M ]
o OM bO /
j=!O b !j fP?r M t OM vP M b "M j -b)
cd)
will be
(
O jM-bj $M r
cases, e.g.
(M$,
P/
b O
O /
b vP M ^c Mv) Both men came.
O O jbvP M
P j=-bM ) I saw both men.
(M$O j b
(M$O j b
O O jbvP M bO
P r "M j -b) I sent to both men.
The words (/
b O ) and (Mfr O ) are used with a pronoun (>$').
5. If a word is (
9|% *).
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(
O M)rybr
O0i- YM %jO
O M)rybr O0i-
P j=-bM )
O M=O M)r
(B
40
bO B
O b2"O bVr B
P M$O
j $P r M M b )
If the word has (r b), only one dammah or kasrah will be read as is apparent
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(*b ?
u M
j \O 9
M %Mj=GM i M$5rP Ub-M ) -
*
^c Mv), ("!j P
P j=-bM ), ("!j P .P /
b i !M ,P ).
6 +0)
while in (9|%
*),
w\ *
them.
Examples:
Sentence
j '
O b2rb ^c Mv
j '
O b2r .P /
b i ^c Mv
M '
O b2r
P j=-bM
Meaning
The judge
came
The slave of
the judge
came.
I saw the
judge.
Case
w\ *
6 + *
9|% *
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(
O MOM) etc. in (w\
*)
and (
O jM'
O b#), (O jMOM) etc. in (
*
6 +0 9|%).
Nouns that can be declined by the changing of the final
vowels or letters are called (
MP$rb) and words whose final
41
Because it is incorrect to say (O%)jM ), the term (O%)j$M rb) has been used. If one
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*!\ $[)
nominative detached
Meaning
doorkeeper
t m!M
t M$r-b a t $M b
fruit
)MvM
mountain
$M vM
camel
B
O MqM!Mg
M r *i 2b j=YO M
government office
shop
)O M
mounted
S
t M!"j -b a S
t !j "P
B
t Mm"M a lM m"M
car, vehicle
Yt h"M
leader, master
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lYM h"M
* b
O b\
distance
;t O b\
agile, swift
5r$m i
guava
mP
pomegranate
t !j "P -i a Yt "M -b
lion
t m=}M P
beautified
|
M P
B
t b#Mq a S
t !j qP a * #bMq
she camel
* ,M }j qP
walk, stroll
MYjM
field
l M )jO
admonition, lesson
Exercise No. 9
(A) Translate into English
Only those verbs which were used in the examples of the
previous lessons have been used in this exercise. Verbs will
be discussed in Lesson 14.
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O M)r YM %jO t Ob#
P m!)Mrb (3) b 0j P '
O M li Xb O /
b fmb (2) t '
O M Xi j$O r fhb (1)
M O t !j $P g
j M ^c Mv (5) O {
Mg
M rO )r b YP b!M r
M M '
M ( 4)
t OMv 9
P r ?b rM0
*O 2b j=YO O j \O Y"M -b Yt O M Ub-M (6) lO /m|O YO {
O
j $M r bO 9
M ,M Fb 0M *O "M M Yj $M r
9
M ,M Fb 0M YP $M j -b ^c Mv (8) qmP Yt OM0M 5r$m i g
j M= b b -b (7) B
O MqM!Mg
M r
(10) lO M m
m O\ B
o M)O M j O,j O bO ^e M%h 9
M ,M Fb (9) O j?b O M' Yt $m g
M P
(11) YO jO r lO b|
M O u|
M $P r bO M j)O,O bF B
O M$O
j $P r 0M M j$O O
j $P r
P j=-bM
t j qM O MYj )Mr O\ (12) *O ,M }j %Psb O |
j M r YM j M O Mf
j )Pr bO B
P M%)MrM0 b !j %P)Mr 9
P ,M Xr M=
^c Mv (14) *O %m{
M r O\ ^O M%h li YM h"M *i $M O b\ (13) *O bvj Yh O R
t 0j P j M o Mv
O\ O j
M OMv O jbO M O jM'
O b#
P j=-bM (15) (
O M Vb r bM )O M O M J
o b#
b !j iO M b !j '
P b# j ,P r M Ab (17) b !j $P Ob b !j '
P b# j ,P r ,M (16) O M!j=Yh
O j=YM b!M r /
b O 9
M ,M Fb (19) j MOM$O O R
t 0j P j M o M )MvM YO %jO r O\ (18)
M$O jbO YjO "M 0M /
jOM
P j=-bM (20) *O MOMr *O "M M Yj $M r bO O jfM%j)Or Mfr O 0M
O M|jybr O0iyO l M )jO b ]
M bFb j \O u O (21) O YM j$M r O\ O j)MO Ab
(B)
R)
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li Xb O /
b fm0
li Xb OM"ybr-b (1)
bM *
M OMv
( 2)
bM )O M
^c Mv (3)
O M)r
OMv "O M
-bM (4)
YO %jO r O\
Mqj-b
( 5)
* M=O Mv
YO %jO r O\ (6)
bO
9
M ,M Fb r ,M (7)
j \O /
j\O 0M Y"M -b
( 8)
bM
OM
( 9)
O j)MO M
0M
(10)
bO
9
P ,M Xr M= (11)
O j
*O )Mj ?b r .M M-b
*b ?u M
b M$5r P
(12)
(C)
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Lesson 11
The Genitive of Possession
( )42
1. When the (*%5d) dual and (
end is deleted.
Examples:
42
w\ *
9|% *
+ *
o vP M fMjM M$,P
o vP M j fMjM
P j=-bM
o vP M j fMjM
P M!j-b
originally was
originally was
the doors of
the two
houses of a
man.
originally was
(
O MfjM)
(
O jfMjM)
(
O jfMjM)
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w\ *
9|% *
+ *
O$M P
P j=-bM
YO b!M r
b !j $P M P )
(
I saw the
the house of
teachers of the the teachers of
boy.
the boy..
originally was originally was
(
M j $O M P )
(
M j $O M P )
t -b - father)43, (E
t -b - brother)44 and (t \b 2. When the words (
mouth)45 are related to any other word besides the pronoun
of the singular first person (?f
will be as follows:
43
44
The dual of (
t -b) is (O M!M-b), (O j=!M M-b) and the plural is (^p M1).
The dual of (E
t -b) is (O M!M -b), (O j=!M M -b) and the plural is ( M!j O).
45
The dual of (
t \b) is (O $M \b), (O j$M \b) and the plural is (;t M!\r -b).
46
Besides these three words, there are another three words which follow the
^M@-
l? *f").
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w\ *
9|% *
+ *
!j P-b
M-b
j O-b
!j P -b
M-b
j O -b
!j \i
b\
j \O
Note 1: The word (0j Fi ) meaning person, owner, etc. has the
same three forms. However, it is only related to a visible
noun (,
Examples:
w\ *
9|% *
+ *
o M 0j Fi
o M Fb
o M U
j FO
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*|f $[)
Third Person (9Ob)
Masculine
Feminine
P PMfO
singular
M$P PMfO
dual
j P PMfO
plural
bPMfO
singular
M$P PMfO
dual
m P PMfO
plural
]
M PMfO
singular
M$?i PMfO
dual
j ?i PMfO
plural
]
O PMfO
singular
M$?i PMfO
dual
m ?i PMfO
plural
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j OMfO
singular
M%PMfO
dual, plural
R0). Such a
(R |f 0 >$[) the
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P b
singular
$M P b
dual
j P b
plural
M b
singular
$M P b
dual
m P b
plural
]
M b
singular
$M ?i b
dual
j ?i b
plural
]
O b
singular
$M ?i b
dual
m ?i b
plural
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j O
singular
%Mb
dual, plural
O ), (j O ), (bM )
Hereunder follow examples of the particles (
and (bO) attached to the pronouns:
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O O
P %jO
O bM
O jO
$M O O
M$P %jO
$M O jM
$M O jO
j O O
j P %jO
j O jM
j O jO
M O
M %jO
M jM
M jO
$M O O
M$P %jO
$M O jM
$M O jO
m O O
m P %jO
m O jM
m O jO
]
M O
]
M %jO
]
M jM
]
M jO
$M ?i O
$M ?i %jO
$M ?i jM
$M ?i jO
j ?i O
j ?i %jO
j ?i jM
j ?i jO
]
O O
]
O %jO
]
O jM
]
O jO
$M ?i O
$M ?i %jO
$M ?i jM
$M ?i jO
m ?i O
m ?i %jO
m ?i jbM
m ?i jbO
j O
j %hO
bM
bO
%MO
m%O
%MjbM
%MjbO
R0)
is
M O 0M j ?i %Pj=O j ?i b).
R
P j M )
is used before
('
R
P j M ) - vocative
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man.
YM h"M M=).
If the (M%$
P rb) has ( ), the particle (M=-b) for masculine and
(MfPdm=-b) for feminine should be attached to it, e.g.
(
i vP m
i vP m
particle (M=), e.g. (
lady.
o ?r M !j P-b
.M M-b
Meaning
Bakrs father, name of a
person
in front
Page 133
M%dmqO a mqO
undoubtedly we
o :O M, !j %PM
t fMM
<
t r M
behind
P ,O MM a t ,M j O
P jqOMqM a t M%j=O
9
t ,M Fb
gold
wt vO M
returning
Yt j:O M
rational
* M "M
M%"j -b a "O
t M
j -b a t j
O
in-laws
i OM)#b a * bj)O#b
tribe
YM %jO
by
* %M
O r-b a MO
tongue, language
Mg
j M
life
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l M$M
death
]
t
P qP
worship, sacrifice
t "O 0M
dirty
Exercise No. 10
(A) Take special note of the (
) of each word in the
following sentences:
MfPdm=-b
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
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e u
M
O O !j "P M Mj
O M$,P P $M P 0M o r?M !j P-b
. ;P M%fMM OM 0M i M$5rP
. b !j g
P OM ;P M%jM0 O
Mg
M r O-b Mf%jO
47
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
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(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
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Test No. 5
(1) What is (
)?
(2) How many cases does a noun have?
(3) How many types of (
) are there?
(4) When will a noun be regarded to be in (w\
*),
(9|%
masculine and
feminine plurals?
(7) What is the (
) of (R|%
> ")?
(8) How will words like ('2) etc. be read in all three
cases?
(9) If the definite article is removed from words like
('2) etc. how will they be read in all three cases.
(10) Form the dual and plural of (&).
(11) What is ()
(12)
are they
called?
(19) Add a pronoun to the word (b
M ) and form its
paradigm.
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Lesson 12
Indicative Pronouns
( !
Singular
Dual
Plural
Case
bX,
O bX,
^O Ab `P ,
w\
Masc.
bX,
O j=Xb ,
^O Ab `P ,
6 v 0 9|q
Fem.
;O XO ,
O M,
^O Ab `P ,
w\
Fem.
;O XO ,
O jM,
^O Ab `P ,
6 v 0 9|q
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Gender
Masc.
Masc.
Fem.
Fem.
Singular
Dual
]
M OF 0b- TM bF ]
M qObF
TM bF
Plural
Case
]
M OAb 0i-
w\
48
]
M %Oj=Fb
]
M OAb 0i-
6 v 0 9|q
]
M r O 0b- TM M ]
M qOM
]
M OAb 0i-
w\
]
M OAb 0i-
6 v 0 9|q
]
M r O
]
M %OjM
l: ")
is
9 >$')49 according
M$?i OF ]
O OF j ?i OF M$?i OF ]
M OF)
48
49
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i M
Example: (M$?
(
j ?i M
^e M$"j -b
t M_P ).
The (
"
l:8) together with the (O jbO t M_P ) form part of a sentence,
namely the subject, doer or object, just as in (V! 9)
and (' 9).
3. The (O j bO t M_P ) will always have ( ) or be (R[).
4. If the (O j bO
t M_P )
")
") will
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]
O O$M r P jO) this son of the king.
")
is
!M ,P i j_
m bX,)
and (
P ,P (
P m% ]
M OAb 0i-
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b !j g
P OVr $P r).
(b) If the predicate does not have ( ), a pronoun will not be
inserted, e.g. (
t MfO
bX,)
t M_P )
is
j ?i PMfO
(
]
O O$M r P jO) and (]
O O$M r P jO bX,).
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Meaning
fig
t jO
l M $j P
redness
M!j -b a M
maternal uncle
B
t bM a * bM
maternal aunt
9
t j=M
doubt
9
M j=M Ab
no doubt
.t M$j -b a M
paternal uncle
B
t m$M a * $m M
paternal aunt
j 2O fm$P rb
pious
t !j iWr M
aim
P O M%M a t b %jM
scenery
Y ,P
guidance
;t!j vP 0P a t vj 0M
face
b b#
he said
j bb#
she said
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u ybb
as if, like
M,j P
proof
^e m)O -b a 9
t j)Ob
doctor
Exercise No. 11
(A) Translate the following sentences into English:
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Test No. 6
(1) What are the commonly used forms of the indicative
pronouns?
(2) Which of the indicative pronouns are declinable
(
)?
(3) What is the object that is pointed to called?
(4) How is the (O j bO t M_P ) always used?
(5) Where should the (l:8
")
m ?i OF
words: (
(9) When does
M$?i OF ]
O OF j ?i OF M$?i OF ]
M OF)
the (T) of (]
M OF) or (]
M r O) change
in the
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Lesson 13
Interrogative Pronouns
( ()*+&,
#-' )
Meaning
who
j M
M
what
bFM
what
M j=-b
what
U
-b
which (m)
* m=-b
which (f)
j O
<
M jb
how
M j=-b
where
fM
when
M$O
why
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bFM$O
why
q6-b
Note 1: Besides (U
-b) and (* m=-b), all the interrogative pronouns
are (
j %O)jd$M rb). See 10.9.
Note 2: You have read in Lesson 6 Note 4 that the particles
^@-) and
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O $M O)
]
P r $P r O $M O) Whose kingdom is it today?
3. The (lv
Examples:
Word
Meaning
whose
j $M O
50
M$O
why
j ?b O
how much
M j=-b bO
till where
M j=-b j O
from where
fM bO
till when
(M j O ) m$O
from what
(j M j O ) j $m O
from whom
(M j M ) m$M
from what,
regarding what
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M$j\O
in what
R0)
U
-b) which man, (O Mvh U
-b) which of the
men, (lo -Mj *i m=-b) - which woman, (^O M%h *i m=-b) which of the
women. If the word after (U
-b) is indefinite, it will be
singular and if it is definite, it will be plural.
6. The word succeeding (
j b ) is (
!|%) - in the accusative
case and it is singular, e.g. (T
M YM %jO
$,M j O j b )
How many
* %M"M j b )
).
Its
)
is (0). Sometimes it is
Yo )jM j b ) or ( j b
).
(T
M YM %jO *o mOP j O j b )
) and
have?
(^O M2b Vi r
bM MfP\r M
M M jqOMqM 0j -b o M%j=O j O j b ) I spent many gold
t j -b
Meaning
matter, command
M jM
between
t )jO
ink
*
M $j M
five
* mOP
rupee
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fat
U
O 0j P '
M
necessary
* M\OM
comfort
M|M
stick
O )jg
O r P b#b
fountain pen
I
O Mm P b#b
pencil
lM0M
ink bottle
t m#b
powerful
Yt O M0
one
t j$O M=
t MM=
* ,M O b\
agile, lively
Exercise No. 12
(A) Translate into English:
I
O Mm P b#b bX,
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O )jg
O r P b#b TM bF
lM0M ;O XO ,M
;O XO ,M M (3)
j OM 0M j $h M O bX,
O /
b vP m O bX, j M (5)
li YM jMGP li M jO |
m j fOj -i ]
M r O M$P %MjM
P %j)Or ]
M r O j M 0M (6)
Yt O M P j)O?b r j O -b TM bF ]
M Vb r M
t OMv o vP M U
-b (7)
*O "M M Yj $M r li Xb OM"-b ^O Ab `P ,
i Mvh ^O Ab `P , j M (8)
*O "M M Yj M j \O B
t M$M P m ,P
B
O M%)Mr
^e M%h ^O Ab `P , j M (9)
P jO |
m TM !j P -b M j=-b (10)
9
M ,M Fb M (11)
j OMfO !M ,P bX,
P Mf?O r bX, j $M O (12)
j hM
e -b
]
M M j M (13)
j h)OqM
O i !j "P M Yt $m g
M P
]
M )OqM j M (14)
j %Oj=O .P /
b "j Orb
]
M %Pj=O M (15)
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.U
j YO h"M M=
O YP $j g
M rb j ?i iM <
M jb (5
U
j YO h"M M= o Ab 0j -b *i
M $j M j O YP OM M= ]
M b Yb0M j b (6
lM '
O M f%jO b !j
P $j M U
j YO h"M M= *O "M M Yj $M r O\ lM '
O M f%jO j b (7
.*O "M M Yj $M r O\ .M !j Mrb
. Yt O M0 E
t -b0M O Mfj -i j O B
O M!M ybrM0 O M!j Or M O ]
M b j b (8
* mOP M j=O _
j O O li M 2b )Mr ;O XO ,M *i %MjO$
m li M 2b )Mr ;O XO ,M j ?b O (9
U
O 0j P '
M o j ybO
t OMv Mq-b M%P ,M
M qj-b
t OMv M O (10
.U
M M|M M ,O M"!j P M= ]
M %Oj$O MO ]
M r O M (11
.
O YO %jO j O !M ,P
j bb# bX, ]
O b mq-b b b# (12
. O m2b r YO O M!r O uO .M !j Mr ]
P r $P r O $M O (13
.9
t j=O #b
O M |
j qM u O Ab -b
O P |
j qM fM (14
(C) Answer these questions in Arabic using the words you
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]
M h -i YM %jO *
M OMv ^O M%h *i m=-b (18)
9
t j
M .j -b j "M
P Mf?O r bX, <
M jb (19)
j OM)$j M bO TM !j P-b 9
M ,M Fb fM (20)
(D) Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
(1) Who are you? Sir, I am Hmid.
(2) What is your fathers name? My fathers name
is Hasan Ibn l.
(3) How many sons and daughters does bdur
Rahmn have? He has one son and two
daughters.
(4) Who is the woman standing in front of you?
She is my brothers wife.
(5) What is in her hand? There are clothes in her
hand.
(6) How many people are standing there? Five
people are standing there.
(7) How many boys are present today? Sir, thirty
boys are present.
(8) O Mahmd, why are you standing here? I am
standing here for some necessary work.
(9) How much is this book? It costs five rupees
(Lit. It is for five rupees).
(10) O Khlid, how many brothers do you have?
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*)
*) and
.
/
0 1
Yf)
*= *@ *
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2
&
43 /
5 6
*V
R!!
Yf)
dM)dM
*= *@ *
(3)
7& %
856
.
/
9%
0{d
6 v R
.Vf" "
Yf)
)Md
M rO f
*Vf" *@ *
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0: ;
8
=<>% +
0 %?
+
4 @
0
R
6 v
!V
\
\
R
.Vf"
VrO f
*Vf" *\ *
Test No. 7
(1) Which words constitute the (.Vf"8
(.Vf"8
^@)
and the
two?
(2) Where should the (.Vf"8
^@)
be placed in a
sentence?
(3) From the (.Vf"8
(4) How many
the
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Lesson 14
The Verb
1. Verbs are of two types: (1) one is (') which indicates
that an action has been completed, e.g. (9
M fMb ) he wrote. (2)
the second is (N[) which indicates that an action has not
been completed but is being done or will be done, e.g.
(9
P fP?r M=) he is writing or he will write.
Some morphologists51 regard the imperative (-) as a third
category of verbs.
Generally a verb has three root letters (O/
b i), e.g. (9
M fMb ) he
M vM j M)
wrote. Some verbs have four root letters (OMP ), e.g. (
he translated.
Note 1: The root letters of a word are called (l m M ). In verbs,
the (9
X Y0)
51
Scholars of (ORj |
m P ).
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X Y0)
- so that the
(') - the past tense (or perfect tense) comes on the scales
of (
b M \b), (b O \b) and (b P \b). Examples: (
M M '
M ) he hit, (wM $O "M ) he
heard and (.M P
b ) he was noble. Details of this will be
provided in Lesson 16 while the quadriliteral verb ()
will be discussed in Lesson 25.
All the word forms of the past tense are as follows:
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Person
Gender
Word-Form
Verb
He wrote
3rd
person
masc.
singular
9
M fMb
dual
)MfMb
plural
j!)PfMb
singular
j )MfMb
dual
Mf)MfMb
plural
M )jfMb
singular
M )jfMb
dual
M$fP)jfMb
plural
j fP)jfMb
singular
O )jfMb
dual
M$fP)jfMb
plural
m fP)jfMb
m/f
singular
P )jfMb
m/f
dual/
plural
M%)jfMb
They 2
wrote
They wrote
fem.
She wrote
They 2 f.
wrote
They f.
wrote
You wrote
You 2 wrote
2nd
person
masc.
You wrote
You f. wrote
fem.
You 2 f.
wrote
You f. wrote
I wrote
We wrote
1st
person
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case.
Note 4: When joining the verb (
j )MfMb ) to the succeeding
word, delete the final sukn (jazm) and replace it with a
kasrah, e.g. (
M !j fP?r $M r
*i $M M $P r
O )MfMb )
letter.
The alif and (0) of those words which have them at the end
will not be pronounced when joining them to the
succeeding word, e.g. (
M !j fP?r $M r
)MfMb O /
b vP m b) The two men
wrote the letter. (
M !j fP?r $M r !)PfMb i Mvh b) The men wrote the
letter.
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')
When one wants to indicate the person/item on which the action is done
without mentioning the doer, the passive verb is used, e.g. The book was
taken.
52
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Yt j=GM
M M '
M Yj #b) Undoubtedly Zaid hit Bakr or Zaid
hit Bakr.
9. You read in the sixth lesson that a sentence beginning
with a verb is called (*\
which is in (w\
53
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Og
j u
(Bb2M fMP ), e.g. (
wM M ) with the
meat, (
O j)Mr
O\) - in the
!V)
j ?i b
P r $M r -b .M !j Mrb)
!V).
10. In a (*\
*$Pv),
9
M fMb ) - A boy wrote.
(
O MYb0M 9
M fMb ) - Two boys wrote.
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j )MfMb ) -
Meaning
to eat
i i yr M= b b -b
z
i M )jM= z
b M M
to send
Page 173
TP P fjM= TM M M
to leave
C
P P
j M= C
M M M
to go out
i P Yj M= b M M
to enter
9
P iWr M= 9
M bb
to seek
wP iWr M= wM bb
to rise
P P j M=
M M b
to set
9
P Oj M= 9
M bb
to overcome
P fMVr M= M fM\b
to open
D
P M Vr M= D
M O \b
to be happy
P M Vr M= M O \b
to understand
i fP2r M= b fM#b
to kill
P {
M %jM= M {
M qM
to succeed
b !j PM #r -b
relatives
M j=XO ub
those, who
b r-b
now
b r bO
till now
t j=O $j M
to nurse
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* %mvM
garden
wt j$O vM
all
N
t 0j P GP a N
t j GM
crop
S
t O M"
thief
lM M:M
evidence, testimony
.t Mb
food
.P Mrb
.t /
b i
boy, servant
D
t j \b
happiness
* b\O
group
M!#r -b a !j #b
statement
M$qmybb
as if
M$b
like
u ybO
because
V_
j fM
j $P rb
hospital
'j M a
t j=O M
sick person
Au O
except
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R
M
then, because
^p }j vP
part, section
Exercise No. 13
(A) Note the use of the active and passive tenses in the
following sentences and translate them:
G>)H D
EFD D
M)Oi (O /
b vP M ) M$,P
j )MOi (
t %jO) M ,O
!j fP?r M
j )MfMb (
t %jO) M ,O
M )jOi (B
P M%)Mrb) m ,P
9
M jOb?M M )jfMb (B
P M%)Mrb) m ,P
j!,P Ab bO
M 5rO P
M qj-b
uVP
M r b -b
M qj-b
j _
O MMb bO M$fP5rO P M$fPqj-b
M r O r
O )jbb
O qj-b
V_
j fM
j $P rb bO m fP5rO P m fPqj-b
j O,j O bO
P 5rO P Mq-b
^n M
P jO :M Mq-b
Question
P %jO ^n }j vP B
P -rM #b U
j YO h"M M= j M qM b 1j2i r B
M -rM #b r ,M YP j:O M M=
*b M O M)r P fP)jfMb j M qM
bO
M !j fP?r $M r
M )jfMb r ,M
]
M jO-b
b r bO
P $j _
m
O M bb M
P $j _
m
O M bb M
P $M 2b r
M M b r ,M
wM M }M )j
P r
P r b -b U
j YO h"M M=
O )Mu
TM !j P-b z
b O P M j=-b bO
M mY
O bM M j h -i M ,O
M mY b M M j M
Page 177
M O MvM M Yj #b U
M M!M -b M$,P
O mY
M%jO C
M M M j M 0M
]
M j=!M M -b
M M '
M j M
*O "M M Yj $M r
P M M fO\i r ,M
Yt j:O M 0M Yt $m g
M P D
M O \b M O
bX, j \O Yb0M b !j
P $j M M {
M qM O MgfOj Or O\ M {
M qM Yb0M j b
.O Mr
U
h !O %M
m
j ?i b!j #b M%$j O \b M
M%b!j #b j fP$j O \b r ,M
U
YO %j,O j ?i qMMO u bO
j O /
b b j fP$j O \b M M O
lO M M_
m O
P )jOi
O M!j=Yh O\
M )jOi M O
*O M Yj
O O)
O j=O $j fmO
P 5rO P
('j $M r
M= V_
j fM
j $P rb bO
O 5rO P M O
j fOj -i
(C) Note the use of the verbs in the following verses of the
Qurn:
O O Fr OO l M j5Ob * b\O
j )Mbb *o bjOb# *o b\O j O j b (1)
(
M m% b fM#b M$qmyb?b \b J
O j c O\ o M\b 0j -b
o Vr qM O jM O Vr qM b fM#b M (2)
. O$vM
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. o O b .o b2M 0M N
o 0PGP 0M o !PP 0M B
o m%vM O !iM M j b
m$h 9
t O|qM ^M%hO0M b !PM #r c M0 O MYOM!r TM M M m$h 9
t O|Mq O Mvh
. b !PM #r c M0 O MYOM!r TM M M
. h%O
M jb\b P %jO
M O :M M$\b
. j P %jh /
O#b Au O P %jO r!PO _
M \b
. j ?i O)j#b O M =OXu bM 9
M fOi M$b .P M|
h P ?jbM 549
M fOi
.
j bfO#i 9
o qbF U
h ybO
j bO"P 55li M 0P!j $M r bFO0M
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Did Hmid eat the food? No, he did not eat the
food till now.
Did you drink the water? Yes, I ate the food and
drank the water.
What did you eat today? I ate bread and meat.
Did your sister go to the madrasah? Yes, she went
one hour ago.
When did the sun rise? The sun rose now.
Who entered the musjid? They are the teachers of
the madrasah.
Who is that who came out of the house? That is
54
55
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(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
my small brother.
Did you (f) understand my statement? We did not
understand your speech.
Why did you (pl. f.) not understand my
statement? Because your language is Arabic.
O Khlid, was any lion killed? Yes, a large lion
was killed.
Who killed the lion? Sir, I killed the lion.
Where was your servant sent? He was sent to the
market.
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Lesson 15
The Imperfect
(I
JD 4*)
N[)
V
V) is as follows:
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Person
Gender
WordForm
Verb
He is opening or he
will open
They 2 are opening or
they will open
They are opening or
they will open
She is opening or she
will open
They 2 f. are opening
or will open
They f. are opening or
will open
You are are opening
or will open
You 2 are opening or
will open
You (all) are opening
or will open
You f. are opening or
will open
You 2 f. are opening
or will open
You (all f.) are
opening or will open
I am are opening or
will open
We are are opening or
will open
3rd
person
masc.
singular
P fMVr M=
dual
O MgfMVr M=
plural
b !j g
P fMVr M=
singular
P fMVr M
dual
O MgfMVr M
plural
M g
j fMVr M=
singular
P fMVr M
dual
O MgfMVr M
plural
b !j g
P fMVr M
singular
M jg
O fMVr M
dual
O MgfMVr M
plural
M g
j fMVr M
m/f
singular
P fM\r -b
m/f
dual/
plural
P fMVr qM
fem.
2nd
person
masc.
fem.
1st
person
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V) -
N[)
- imperfect
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N[
7.
*!|% $[
- attached
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$[
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P MM '
M
singular
dual
j P MM '
M
plural
singular
dual
m P MM '
M
plural
]
M MM '
M
singular
dual
j ?i MM '
M
plural
]
O MM '
M
singular
dual
m ?i MM '
M
plural
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j %OMM '
M
singular (m/f)
The same pronouns can be attached to the (N[) imperfect tense, e.g. (P PO [
j M=), (M$P PO [
j M=), (j P PO [
j M=) till (M%PO [
j M=).
In a similar manner, the above-mentioned pronouns can be
attached to every word-form of every verb.
However, when attaching a pronoun to the ('
X w)
j ,P !j $P fPjM '
M ) You (all) hit them. (M$,P !j $P fPjM '
M ) You (all) hit the
(
two of them.
8. The (*|V%
*!|% $[)
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;P m=O
singular
$M ,P m=O
dual
j ,P m=O
plural
,M m=O
singular
$M ,P m=O
dual
m ,P m=O
plural
TM m=O
singular
$M i m=O
dual
j i m=O
plural
TO m=O
singular
$M i m=O
dual
m i m=O
plural
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U
M m=O
singular (m/f)
qMm=O
TM m=O
)
in the
Meaning
to create
P i
j M= M bM
wP \bj M= wM \bM
to raise
i b
j M= b b"M
to ask
P Or M= M bb
to oppress
YP )Pj M= YM )MM
to worship
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i $M j M= b $O M
to work, act
P Wi Vr M= M Wb \b
to create
i M Vr M= b M \b
to do
]
P O$j M= ]
M bM
to own
P i %jM= M b qM
to look
OO
camel
,M -b
more/most important
M$qmO
only
j=O M
innocent
!j Wi P a t Wb M
stomach
YP OMvM a l YM j=O vM
newspaper
wP O M{r YP {
O
j $M rb 0j -b wP O M{rb
jmi musjid
!j P=O M
radio
O j -b
yesterday
Yb
tomorrow
M)
M
morning
^n MM
evening
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'
M
harm
Yt OM
worshipper
l!M j #b
coffee
O Fb MM
!M j=O a
O 0M U
j O
By Allh
wt vj 0M
pain
MfM= a t jfOM=
orphan
wP Vb %jM= wM Vb qM
to benefit
Exercise No. 14
(A) Note the use of the (N[) - imperfect tense and
translate the following sentences:
./
jO#b P $P M \r -b j M qM m OM M r b M P M Vr M r ,M (1)
. P M=j M j fOj -i P )PfP?r M
M Mf?O r bX, 9
P fP?r M= j M (2)
Ab Mq-b U
j YO h"M M= .9
P fP?r M Ab
M qj-b0M YhvM 9
P fP?r M M ,O !
S
O !j
bO 9
P ,M Fr -b Mq-b YP $M j -b M= 9
P ,M Xr M M j=-b bO
. lo YM O M0 *o O M" j \O M%jO wP vO j yb"M S
O !j
M O wP vO j M fM
.
O M ybr b jO
j M -iM 2r qM MqYM h"M M= b 0j -iM 2r M
o MfO U
m -b P Ab 0j -b M=
. lb !M j 2b r Ab 0M U
M m_
P M _
j qM Ab P g
j qM U
M m_ b !j PM _
j M r ,M
. O j YM j M Yb z
i M )jqP r M Ab .M !j Mr O O Mgr bO j fP5rO P r ,M
j OM)$j M bO Mq!j P-b M%)Mbb j OM)$j M bO j ?i )Mbb j M
M bM 0M j %O2b bM
O 0M Ab wO O M{r O\
O j -b Mq!j $P fPj=-bM r ,M
M)
M wP $M "j -b
O 0M U
j O !j P=O m O\
O j g
M r M M)j -b wP $M
j M r M,
. ^n MM 0M
. O !j P yir h ,M -b j O M ,O 0M M,-iM #r -b Ab <
M jb YM OM{
M r -iM 2r M r ,M 0M
MqmO\b M,h :M j O
O P Mq
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
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. b !P$bj M= b
M 2O \OM%$P r m ?O 0M
M %OO `j $P r O 0M O O!P"M O 0M li }m O r O uO 0M
m$h ^p UOM r qM-b 0M i $M j -b m$O b !i=OM j fPqb- j ?i i$M M j ?i b 0M O$M M j O
. b !i$M j M
. b !P$Or M= j P
M Vi qb- (
M m% m ?O db 0M j:M (
M m% P Or M= Ab M x u O
. Vr qM Ab 0M '
M OVr %MO ]
P Oj -b Au i#
.Mq j O qO!iWP O\ b !ii yr M= M$qmO $r i MfMr b M!j -b b !ii yr M= M =OXu
. j qOM Wb \b U
j XO u YP )Pj -b Ab O M0M
.
j M \OP <
M jb ^O M$
m bO 0M
j 2b OP <
M jb O OOr bO b 0Pi %M= b\b-b
YP )Pj -b M b 0PYOM j fPqb- b 0M b 0PY)Pj M M YP )Pj -b b b 0P \Ob?r M=-b M= r #i
0M j ?i %P=O j ?i b YP )Pj -b M b 0PYOM j fPqb- b 0M j YM)M m Yt OM Mq-b b 0M
. O =O M O
. b !j ib
j P= j ,P 0M i M Vr M= m$M i b
j P=Ab
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
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An Arabic Letter
Read the following letter and note how a letter is written in
Arabic.
: O j\O
P )jfMb 0M O jO |
m j O -b bO !j fP?r M .M !j Mr
P r "M j -b Mq-b
}P j=}O M r E
P ybr M=-b
P PbM M0M
O *i $M j M 0M j ?jbM .P /
b
m b
j Ob2\bP 0M Mq-b B
P -rM #b j qh-b b !j $P bj M m$b Y j=YO :M M \b b !j P M Vr M j ?i P j$O vM j fPqj-b
j O /
jO#b P M Vr qM b rM0 *o bjO#b lo Ym P j \O
O M ybr b jO
j M
O MfO j O b 0m ybr ^c }j {
P r
wO j$O {
M O0M j ?i b0M j O M Om| b $M M rM0 wM \Om% M r O rM0 *b M\OMr bMM
O M O 9
P ir -b
. .P /
b
m M0 M jO 1 . M j$O O
j $P r
TM O jM 9
P Ob
M$j m YP )jM
Test No. 8
(1) What is a verb and how many types are there?
(2) How many root letters are there generally in a verb?
(3) What is the (l6) of a word?
(4) From among the verbs, which word-form contains
only the root letters?
(5) How do you recognize the root letters of verbs,
derived nouns and verbal nouns?
(6) On what scale does the triliteral verb in the perfect
tense come? What are the scales of the imperfect
tense?
(7) How many word-forms are there in the perfect and
imperfect tenses in reality, how many are
customarily in vogue and why?
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