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Auricchio
Dipartimento di Meccanica Strutturale,
Universita` di Pavia,
Via Ferrata 1,
27100 Pavia, Italy
e-mail: auricchio@unipv.it
E. Sacco
Dipartimento di Meccanica, Stuutture, A. & T.,
Universita` di Cassino,
Via Di Biasio 43,
03043 Cassino, Italy
e-mail: sacco@unicas.it
Introduction
h h
x 1 ,x 2 ,z R3 /z , , x 1 ,x 2 AR2
2 2
382 Vol. 70, MAY 2003
1z,z 2z,z 0
(2)
which leads to the classical representation form for the displacement field:
s x 1 ,x 2 ,z u x 1 ,x 2 z x 1 ,x 2
where
s
s z x 1 ,x 2 ,z w x 1 ,x 2
(3)
(4)
s1
s2
u1
u2
1
2
with u and the vectors of the midplane membrane displacements and rotations, respectively.
Strain Field. Denoting by i j the typical component of the
strain tensor, the in-plane strain vector 11 22 2 12 T , associated to the displacement representation 3, is written as
ez
(5)
where the membrane strain vector e and the curvature strain vector are given by
eLu
x1
x2
x2
x1
(6)
(7)
k Ck Ck ez
(8)
(1)
k Qk
(9)
k
k
k
where Q
Q
with , 1,2. Note that Q
are the components of the shear elastic matrix of the kth lamina and are
the shear correction factors. As it is well known, the transverse
shear stress vector computed by formula 9 is absolutely unsatisfactory; in fact, formula 9 leads to a transverse shear stress field
which is not equilibrated at the interfaces of adjacent laminae and
it does not satisfy the boundary conditions on the top and on the
bottom of the laminate.
A satisfactory field for the out-of-plane shear stress vector
k
k T
1z
2z
can be recovered using the equilibrium equations; in
the following no body forces and no tangential surface forces on
the top and bottom of the laminate are considered; thus, the equilibrium equations give
LT d,
1,1 2,2 d
h/2
with 1,2.
H mb u, ,e, ,
H s w, ,
ezk T C ez d v
Lue z L T d v (14)
1
2
w T d v
T Td v
(15)
(11)
mb u, ,e, ,N,M
H
zz
Variational Formulation
(10)
h/2
i.e., in components
1
2
eT Ae2eT B T D dA
Lu e T N L T M dA.
(16)
The matrices A, B, and D represent the membrane, the membranebending coupling and the bending elastic stiffness matrices of a n
layer laminate, respectively, defined by equations
n
1z,1 2z,2 d.
C z
k
(12)
k1
h/2
k1 z k
(17)
1
2
Ck z k1
z 2k
2 k1
1
3
Ck z k1
z 3k .
3 k1
(18)
(19)
h/2
dz
h/2
h/2
z dz.
(20)
h/2
Because of the constitutive Eqs. 8, taking into account the definitions 17, 18, and 19, it results:
NAeB
MBeD.
(21)
Hence, the mixed functional 13 for the laminate can be written in terms of the introduced resultant forces and bending moments as
u,w, ,e, , ,N,M, H
mb u, ,e, ,N,M
H
H s w, , , ext .
(22)
Emb u,
1
2
0 H s w, ,
Lu T ALu2 Lu T BL L T DL dA.
w T d v
1
2
T T d v
(23)
(28)
(24)
1
2
1
2
A k1
A k1
k1
dA
ko
z k1 z k k
R
T
3
zk
LT d.
ko
zk
k eB
k
LT C e dLT A
with
Ci z i1 z i
k
B
1
2
k1
C z
i
i1
2
2
i1 z i .
(25)
z k1 z k 3 k k z k1 z k 5 k
T R
T.
6
30
(26)
1
k eB
k
k z LT zz k Ck e z 2 z 2k Ck LT A
2
k
Ak z zz k Ck A
Bk z
(33)
where
(32)
Then, taking into account expressions 8 and 31 and performing the integration in the thickness, the out-of-plane shear stress k
29 becomes
LT Ak z eBk z
k
R
(31)
h/2
i1
(30)
h/2
k1
z k1 z k k k1 k z k1 z k 2
to to t
dA
2
3
(29)
where
k
LT k d ko
k
A
zk
k tk T tk dA
R
k z
k tk T tk1
R
dA
T tk1
Rk tk1
o
o
o
k1
k tk T tko
T tko R
Rk tko T tko Rk tk1
o
k k
1 2 2 k
k.
z z k C B
2
(34)
1
k z LT Ak z eBk z a z h .
2
(35)
(36)
1
a
LT AeB .
(37)
k z LT Ak 0 zAk 1 e Bk 0 zBk 1 z 2 Bk 2
(39)
where
z L
k
k
Bk 0 B
1
1
A z
z h A e
h
2
k
k z k Ck
Ak 0 A
1
A
2
1 2 k 1
z C B
2 k
2
Ak 1 Ck
Bk 1
1
B
h
1
A
h
(40)
1
Bk 2 Ck .
2
(38)
(41)
Next, several refined FSDT laminate formulations, based on the
use of equilibrated shear stresses, are derived.
1
1
Bk z
z h B .
h
2
s
H
A k1
Tk LT Xk 0 eTk LT Yk 0
LT Ak 0 edA
A k1
Tk LT Yk 0 T LT Bk 0 dA
w T
where
L X
k 0
A k1
Tk LT Yk 1 T LT Bk 1 dA
LT Ak 1 edA
A k1
Tk LT Yk 2 T LT Bk 2 dA
(42)
1 3
z 3 Bk 2
z
3 k1 k
(43)
1 2
z 2 Bk 1
z
2 k1 k
(44)
1 3
1 2
z 2 Bk 0 z k1
z 3k Bk 1
z
2 k1 k
3
1 4
z 4 Bk 2
z
4 k1 k
1 4
1 3
Yk 2 z k1
z 3k Bk 0 z k1
z 4k Bk 1
3
4
eLT Yk 0 dA
1 2
1 3
z 2 Ak 0 z k1
z 3k Ak 1
z
2 k1 k
3
1 2
z 2 Ak 1
z
2 k1 k
Yk 0 z k1 z k Bk 0
Yk 1
Tk LT Xk 1 eTk LT Yk 1
k1
A k1
Xk 0 z k1 z k Ak 0
Xk 1
1 5
z 5 Bk 2 .
z
5 k1 k
The mixed functional 22 for the model RM2 takes the form
1
2
Lue T Lue L T L dA
(47)
5 s
H
A k1
1
2
1
2
Lue
(48)
1 k T k 0
T L X Lu T Tk LT Yk 0 L T LT Ak 0 LudA
2
Tk LT Yk 0 L T LT Bk 0 LdA
1
2
Tk LT Yk 2 L T LT Bk 2 LdA
w T
A k1
n
A k1
A k1
(50)
Numerical Applications
G TT
0.2
ET
(51)
which correspond to a strongly orthotropic graphite-epoxy material. The subscripts L and T indicate the longitudinal and transversal principal material directions.
6.1 Cylindrical Bending. Initially, homogeneous and crossply laminated plates in cylindrical bending, subjected to the sinusoidal load pp 0 sin(x) with /a, are studied. In particular,
antisymmetric 0/90 and symmetric 0/90/0 laminates are considered. In Table 1, the results obtained using the refined models
are put in comparison with the exact three-dimensional analytical
solution (3D AS) obtained by Pagano 33 and with those recovered through the classical Mindlin-Reissner theory FSDT. In
particular, FSDT solutions are obtained considering the shear corrector factor equal to 0 5/6 and the exact value of shear
corrector factor proposed by Whitney W , 8. Results are reported in terms of the dimensionless maximum displacement w max
defined as
w max100
386 Vol. 70, MAY 2003
E Tw C
p 0h 4
Tk LT Yk 1 L T LT Bk 1 LdA
LT 0.25,
A k1
1 k T k 1
T L X Lu T Tk LT Yk 1 L T LT Ak 1 LudA
2
5 s w,u, ext .
E5 u,w, Emb u, H
EL
25,
ET
(52)
L X
T
k1
k 0
LuLT Yk 0 L dA.
(49)
Homogeneous
0/90
0/90/0
0.7347060
0.7347060
0.7347060
0.7347060
0.7347060
0.7347033
0.7316710
2.9662221
2.9713422
2.9482925
2.9722354
2.9722354
2.9721543
2.9502480
0.8136198
0.9443031
0.7902380
0.9443031
0.9443031
0.9443031
0.9306170
Fig. 1 Dimensionless shear stress 1 z p 0 at x 1 0 for homogeneous plate in cylindrical bending; comparison between the
different solutions
In Table 2 the dimensionless maximum displacement w max defined by formula 52 is reported; in particular, results are obtained, considering
the classical FSDT analytical solution with 0 5/6,
the finite element solution (FEM 0 ) with 0 ,
N 11M 110
at x 1 0
and
x 1 a
u 1 w 1 0
N 22M 220
at x 2 0
and
x 2 a.
Results are computed for homogeneous plate and for 0/90 and
0/90/0 laminates.
Fig. 2 Dimensionless shear stress 1 z p 0 at x 1 0 for homogeneous plate in cylindrical bending; comparison between the
different solutions computed considering one, three, and ten
equal layers
w max
Homogeneous
0/90
0/90/0
FSDT 0
FEM 0
FEM
RM1
RM2
RM3
RM4
3D
0.6382997
0.63834
0.63834
0.6382997
0.6382997
0.6382997
0.6382997
0.6338085
1.237270
1.2373
1.2319
1.231817
1.231817
1.231817
1.224799
0.669302
0.66930
0.76377
0.763779
0.763779
0.763779
0.751425
Fig. 5 Dimensionless shear stress 1 z p 0 for the 090 laminate computed at x 1 0, x 2 a 2; comparison with the threedimensional analytical solution
Fig. 7 Dimensionless shear stress 1 z p 0 for the 0900 laminate computed at x 1 0, x 2 a 2; comparison with the threedimensional analytical solution
Fig. 6 Dimensionless shear stress 2 z p 0 for the 090 laminate computed at x 1 a 2, x 2 0; comparison with the threedimensional analytical solution
u 1 w 2 0
N 12M 110
at x 1 0
and
x 1 a
u 2 w 1 0
N 12M 220
at x 2 0
and
x 2 a.
In Table 3 the dimensionless maximum displacement w max defined by formula 52 is reported; in particular, results are obtained, considering
the classical FSDT analytical solution with 0 and
the RM2, RM3, and RM4 analytical solutions.
It can be noted that the RM2, RM3, and RM4 models give all
the same results which differ from the FSDT solution obtained
adopting the shear correction factor 5/6. Finally, in Fig. 10 the
shear stress profile 1z /p 0 for the angle-ply laminate is plotted.
Fig. 8 Dimensionless shear stress 2 z p 0 for the 0900 laminate computed at x 1 a 2, x 2 0; comparison with the threedimensional analytical solution
Conclusions
Refined laminate models are presented. They are derived considering mixed variational formulations of the laminate problem,
introducing suitable representation forms of the shear stresses in
the plate thickness. It is obtained that independent approximations
of the shear stresses can lead to unsatisfactory models, which are
not able to recover the correct profiles of the stresses.
The proposed RM2, RM3, and RM4 models, obtained representing the transverse shear stress profile by using the threedimensional equations, are very satisfactory; in fact, the solutions
obtained by these models are in very good accordance with the
three-dimensional analytical solution.
The RM2 approach appears the more suitable in view to develop effective laminate finite elements. In fact, the RM3 model
Table 3 Dimensionless maximum displacement w max defined
by formula 52 for the 4545 angle-ply composite laminate
Model
w max
FSDT 0
RM2
RM3
RM4
0.8828107
0.8929168
0.8929168
0.8929168
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