Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 2
Wave Motion
Example
Given expression: x, t ax bt c 2 , where a>0, b>0
Does it correspond to a traveling wave? What is its speed?
Solution:
2ax bt c b
t
2
2
2b
t 2
2ax bt c a
x
2
2
2a
x 2
2. Speed:
2
1 2
2 2
2
x
v t
b
1 2
v
2 a 2 2b
a
v
Direction: negative x direction
2
A sin k ( x vt )
Wave parameters:
- for wave moving right
+ for wave moving left
Alternative forms:
x t
A sin 2
A sin2 x t
A sinkx t
x
A sin 2 t
v
mostly
used
k - propagation number
- wavelength
- period
- frequency
- angular temporal frequency
- wave number
k 2
v
1
2 2
single frequency
t 0
x, t A sin k x a t
x, t A sin kx t ka
x, t A sin kx t
phase: kx t
- initial phase
x, t A sin kx t
x, t A coskx t 2
x
equivalent equations
x, t A sin kx t
x, t A sin t kx
x, t A cost kx / 2
t x
k
x t
t x
x
v
x t
k
t
2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2
2
v
x
t 2
=
2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
v t
v t 2
x
x
=
Note: once waves pass the intersecting region they will move
away unaffected by encounter
Superposition of traveling waves:
http://vnatsci.ltu.edu/s_schneider/physlets/main/waves_superposition.shtml
1 A1 sin kx t
2 A2 sin kx t
A1 A2 sin kx t
Amplitude of the resulting wave
increases: constructive interference
1 A1 sin kx t
2 A2 sin kx t
2 A2 sin kx t
A1 A2 sin kx t
Amplitude of the resulting wave
decreases: destructive interference
Argand diagram
ei e i
ei e i
cos
, sin
2
2i
i
~
Complex conjugate: z x iy x iy re re i
1 2
~
z1 r1 i 1 2
e
~
z2 r2
1 ~ ~
~
Rez z z
2
1
Im z z z
2i
~
z1 ~
z2
~
z1 ~
z2
e e
~
z
e ex
e i 2 1
e i 1
e i / 2 i
e
~
z i 2
~
z
Phasor
Lets rotate the arrow in Argand
diagram at angular frequency :
t
This rotating arrow is
called phasor A
CCW rotation - wave
moves left
CW rotation - wave
moves right
moving left
x, t A sin kx t
Phasor: superposition
Adding two waves can be done using phasors
1 2 A1ei A2 ei
1
Aei
Complex numbers can be added as vectors
Phasor: superposition
Adding two waves can be done using phasors
1 2 A1ei A2 ei
1
Aei
Complex numbers can be added as vectors
Example: out-of-phase waves
1 A1 A2 sin kx t
Amplitudes subtract
Phase does not change
3-D waves
Surfaces joining all points of equal phase are called wavefronts.
Example:
Wavefronts of 2-D circular
waves on water surface
(superposition where waves
overlap)
http://www.falstad.com/wavebox/
Unit vectors
r Asin k r
or r A cos k r
ik r
or r Ae
Plane waves
r sin k r
r r
In exponential form:
ik r
ik r k / k
ik r ik
r Ae Ae
Ae e
For that to be true: e
i 2
k 2
k
ik r
r Ae
To make it move need to add time dependence the same way as for
one-dimensional wave:
i k r t
Plane wave equation
r , t Ae
r
|| i
i k r t
r
, t Aei kx t
r , t Ae
We have shown that for 1-D wave phase velocity is:
v
+ propagate with k
- propagate opposite to k
i k r t
Ae
Same speed v:
1=2==kv
Dot product:
k r kx x k y y kz z
Wave 1: k1 r k1 z kz
1 A1e
direction
i k z t
1 A1 coskz t
Wave 2: k2 r k2 sin y k2 cos z
2 A2ei k
y sin z cos t
Example
Given expression
x, t ax 2 bt
2 x 3
x
b
t
2
2
4
0
6ax
2
2
t
x
2. Wave equation:
2 2 2
1 2
2 2 2 2
2
y
z
x
v t