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Tracking Fluid Exhaust from Polymetallic Carbonate discovery
Rock-Hosted
Ore Deposits: Examples from Central Per
Antamina
Miocene volcanic
and sedimentary rocks
Uchucchacua
Cerro de Pasco
Coastal Batholith
(Late Cretaceous to ~Eocene)
Colquijirca
Iquitos
Piura
Cretaceous
Tarma
La Oroya
Jurassic
Trujillo
Paleozoic
and Precambrian
Lima
Huancayo
Ica
Producing mine
Arequipa
Yauricocha
Antamina
Skarn environment
Cu-Zn skarn core through
Marble-hornfels aureole to
limestone
The dominant fluid escape
structures are sedimentary
layering and early-stage
quartz feldspar porphyry
dikes
Antamina
T-16
T-17
West Wall
Yauricocha District
Regionally and locally defined 3 broad
alteration zones surrounding the
sulfide deposits
Zone A: Inner and adjacent to stock -
Mina Central
Zone A
Zone B
Fluid pathways around carbonate hosted polymetallic deposits
5000m
Marker
horizon
Rosa Vein
4800m
Rosa 2 Vein
4940m
4900m
Surface
Rosa 3 Vein
Shallow
veins
SE
Ag ore zone
Vein, fault
NW
4725m
4700m
Uchuccachua
Middle
Jumasha Fm.
4600m
4500m
4450m
4400m
4360m
Rosa Vein
4300m
Rosa vein
4200m
4180m
Lower Jumasha Fm.
4100m
100
0
Meters
4450 m level
Fluid pathways around carbonate hosted polymetallic deposits
Mineral zoning
Shallow or very distal in marls characterized by dolomite halos and jasperoid
Vein zoning
Veins surrounding skarn and deeper CRD - characterized by calc-silicate, Mn-oxide, and
orange brown carbonate with the latter having the greatest lateral and vertical extent.
Vein types
Type 1 - Calc-silicate
a. Garnet
b. Wollastonite
c. Calc-silicate
High-temperature
veins near to
magmatic source
Type 1b: Wollastonite network
Fluid pathways around carbonate hosted polymetallic deposits
Vein types
a. Orange-brown carbonate
calcitequartzpyrite
b. Orange-brown
carbonatecalcitequartzpyriteMn
oxides
Vein types
a. Mn-oxideorange-brown
carbonatecalcitequartzpyrite
b. Pervasive Mn-oxide-orangebrown carbonate
c. Mn-oxidequartzpyrite
Mina Central,
Yauicocha
5000m
Marker
horizon
Rosa Vein
4800m
Rosa 2 Vein
4940m
4900m
Surface
Rosa 3 Vein
Shallow
veins
SE
Ag ore zone
Vein, fault
NW
4725m
4700m
Uchuccachua
Middle
Jumasha Fm.
4600m
4500m
4450m
4400m
4360m
Rosa Vein
4300m
Rosa vein
4200m
4180m
Lower Jumasha Fm.
4100m
100
0
Meters
4450 m level
Fluid pathways around carbonate hosted polymetallic deposits
Recrystallization of limestone,
Cerro de Pasco
UV Fluorescence
White, yellow, green, blue, and red-orange
fluorescence with UV light associated with
distinct elements in calcite.
Red-orange fluorescence associated with Mn
and Ag, and is spatially associated with
sulfide deposits
Seen up to 1-km from Antamina
open
1000
100
Surface 4725m
As (ppm)
Ag (ppm)
Surface 4725m
10
1
0.1
100
10
0.01
0.001
0
30
60
90
120
150
30
60
90
120
150
100
Ag (ppm)
4180 Level
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0
30
60
90
120
150
Gray limestones
Ailcocha limestones
Brecciated limestone
As enriched in orange-brown
carbonate and Mn-rich veins
over high T calc-silicate veins
Cachi Cachi
(Jurado, 2006)
Geochemical halos
Elements distributed in regular
arrangements both vertically and
laterally.
Forms 1-km scale halo
High temperature elements found
closer to thermal source
Uchucchacua
Fortuna
Antamina
Shallow Cordilleran
base metal lodes
Jasperoid in shallow
cordilleran base metal
lodes
Jasperoid - replaces dolomitized
limestone accompanied by As, Sb,
Hg, Tl and maybe Cs
Can distinguish hydrothermal from
diagenetic silica replacement
Fluid pathways around carbonate hosted polymetallic deposits
Geochemical guias
Fluid escape structures are sedimentary layering, intrusive contacts, faults, cleavage
and fracture mesh.
High T elements (Cu, Bi and Mo) form large halos close to the skarn
Moderate to low T elements (Mn, Hg and Tl) define halos at higher levels around
veins.
Sr depletion accompanies shallow cordilleran base metal lodes
As, Sb, Hg, Tl and maybe Cs
distinguishes hydrothermal jasperoid
from diagenetic replacement
Orange-red UV fluorescence (high Mn)
up to 1 km away
Peripheral veins have characteristic
colors, chemistry, and spatial
distribution around deposits; up to 1 km
but mostly <500 m from source