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Mineral Deposit Research Unit

discovery through research

through research
Tracking Fluid Exhaust from Polymetallic Carbonate discovery
Rock-Hosted
Ore Deposits: Examples from Central Per

Richard Tosdal, Thomas Bissig, Abraham Escalante,


Greg Dipple, Shane Ebert, Julio Jurado - MDRU
Manuel Pacheco, Eric Lipten, Jhon Espinoza - Minera Antamina
Angel Sabastizagal - Minas Buenaventura

Gervasio Rodriguez - Minera Corona

A joint project between the


Mineral Deposit Research Unit, Anglo American Peru, BHP Billiton, Cia. Minera Antamina;
Cia. Minas de Buenaventura, Falconbridge(Noranda), Phelps Dodge Peru, and Teck Cominco
Additional support from Natural Science
and Engineering Research Council of
Gracias a Minera Corona y Volcan Compania
Fluid pathways around carbonate Canada
hosted polymetallic deposits

Mineral Deposit Research Unit

discovery through research

Predictable halos surround


skarn, vein, and carbonate
replacement deposits that
reflect the composition of
the host rock as well as the
depth of formation and
deposit type.
Visual
Mineralogic
Geochemical

Fluid pathways around carbonate hosted polymetallic deposits

Mineral Deposit Research Unit

discovery through research

Simplified geology of Central Per


Major Miocene Intrusions

Antamina

Miocene volcanic
and sedimentary rocks

Uchucchacua

Paleocene to Oligocene volcanic rocks

Cerro de Pasco
Coastal Batholith
(Late Cretaceous to ~Eocene)

Colquijirca
Iquitos
Piura

Cretaceous

Tarma
La Oroya

Jurassic

Trujillo

Paleozoic
and Precambrian

Lima

Huancayo

Ica

Producing mine

Arequipa

Yauricocha

Fluid pathways around carbonate hosted polymetallic deposits

Mineral Deposit Research Unit

discovery through research

Visual mineral zoning


Deeper deposits have thermal aureoles
and distal Ag-veins
Bleaching of host rocks and
conversion to marble nearest the
intrusions
Predictable set of veins dispersed
laterally and vertically
All deposit surrounded by
geochemical halo
Minerals and alteration around
deposits dependant on depth of
formation and host rocks

Antamina

Fluid pathways around carbonate hosted polymetallic deposits

Mineral Deposit Research Unit

discovery through research

Skarn environment
Cu-Zn skarn core through
Marble-hornfels aureole to
limestone
The dominant fluid escape
structures are sedimentary
layering and early-stage
quartz feldspar porphyry
dikes

Antamina

Fluid pathways around carbonate hosted polymetallic deposits

Mineral Deposit Research Unit

discovery through research

Bleaching of limestone at depth near stock

T-16

T-17

West Wall

Fluid pathways around carbonate hosted polymetallic deposits

Mineral Deposit Research Unit

discovery through research

Cordilleran base metal lode


(deep)
Cachi Cachi

Yauricocha District
Regionally and locally defined 3 broad
alteration zones surrounding the
sulfide deposits
Zone A: Inner and adjacent to stock -

Mina Central

Cachi Cachi --Bleached marble


Mina Central -- Mn-flooding of marble
Zone B: Intermediate
Cachi Cachi -- Bedding controlled
bleaching
Mina Central - Grey marble with
carbonate veins
Zone C: Fresh limestone with some
areas of bleached limestone

Fluid pathways around carbonate hosted polymetallic deposits

Mineral Deposit Research Unit

discovery through research

Mina Central Zone A - Bleached marble with Mn

Mn in veins and pervasive in rock

Zone A

Zone B
Fluid pathways around carbonate hosted polymetallic deposits

Mineral Deposit Research Unit

discovery through research

Zoning around deeper carbonate rock hosted systems


Fluid pathways around carbonate hosted polymetallic deposits

Mineral Deposit Research Unit

discovery through research

5000m

Marker
horizon

Rosa Vein

4800m

Rosa 2 Vein

4940m
4900m

Surface

Upper Jumasha Fm.

Rosa 3 Vein

Shallow
veins

SE

Ag ore zone
Vein, fault

NW

4725m

4700m

Uchuccachua
Middle
Jumasha Fm.

4600m

4500m
4450m
4400m
4360m
Rosa Vein

4300m

Rosa vein
4200m
4180m
Lower Jumasha Fm.
4100m
100

0
Meters

4450 m level
Fluid pathways around carbonate hosted polymetallic deposits

Mineral Deposit Research Unit

discovery through research

Cordilleran base metal lode (shallow)

3 Visual Alteration Zones


Inner Dolomitized Limestone
Intermediate White Marble
fresh Pucara Limestone

Jasperoid Bodies within


dolomitized zone
Sulfide-bearing carbonate veins
in fresh limestone

Fluid pathways around carbonate hosted polymetallic deposits

Mineral Deposit Research Unit

discovery through research

Mineral zoning
Shallow or very distal in marls characterized by dolomite halos and jasperoid

Colquijirca - dark jasperoid with dolomite halo

Cerro de Pasco - Irregular jasperoid in


dolomitized limestone about 500 m from
ore body; fresh limestone is behind
the dark jasperoid body

Fluid pathways around carbonate hosted polymetallic deposits

Mineral Deposit Research Unit

discovery through research

Vein zoning
Veins surrounding skarn and deeper CRD - characterized by calc-silicate, Mn-oxide, and
orange brown carbonate with the latter having the greatest lateral and vertical extent.

Orange brown carbonate veins

Mn-oxide rich veins

Fluid pathways around carbonate hosted polymetallic deposits

Mineral Deposit Research Unit

discovery through research

Vein types
Type 1 - Calc-silicate
a. Garnet
b. Wollastonite
c. Calc-silicate

Cachi Cachi, Yauricocha

Type 1a: Garnet pods

High-temperature
veins near to
magmatic source
Type 1b: Wollastonite network
Fluid pathways around carbonate hosted polymetallic deposits

Mineral Deposit Research Unit

discovery through research

Vein types
a. Orange-brown carbonate
calcitequartzpyrite
b. Orange-brown
carbonatecalcitequartzpyriteMn
oxides

500 m above and lateral from


Antamina

400 m from Mina


Central, Yauicocha

Fluid pathways around carbonate hosted polymetallic deposits

Mineral Deposit Research Unit

discovery through research

Vein types
a. Mn-oxideorange-brown
carbonatecalcitequartzpyrite
b. Pervasive Mn-oxide-orangebrown carbonate
c. Mn-oxidequartzpyrite

Concentrated close to cordillera base


metal lode

Mina Central,
Yauicocha

Fluid pathways around carbonate hosted polymetallic deposits

Mineral Deposit Research Unit

discovery through research

5000m

Marker
horizon

Rosa Vein

4800m

Rosa 2 Vein

4940m
4900m

Surface

Upper Jumasha Fm.

Rosa 3 Vein

Shallow
veins

SE

Ag ore zone
Vein, fault

NW

4725m

4700m

Uchuccachua
Middle
Jumasha Fm.

4600m

4500m
4450m
4400m
4360m
Rosa Vein

4300m

Rosa vein
4200m
4180m
Lower Jumasha Fm.
4100m
100

0
Meters

4450 m level
Fluid pathways around carbonate hosted polymetallic deposits

Mineral Deposit Research Unit

discovery through research

Shallow barren calcite veins


Uchucchacua

White comb calcite cut by Mn-oxide


cemented veins and breccia, Rosa
Vein

Fluid pathways around carbonate hosted polymetallic deposits

Mineral Deposit Research Unit

discovery through research

Cordilleran base metal lodes


(shallow)

Introduction of silica (creamy distal


and darker with presence of increase
sulfide)
Colquijirca

Recrystallization of limestone,
Cerro de Pasco

Fluid pathways around carbonate hosted polymetallic deposits

Mineral Deposit Research Unit

discovery through research

UV Fluorescence
White, yellow, green, blue, and red-orange
fluorescence with UV light associated with
distinct elements in calcite.
Red-orange fluorescence associated with Mn
and Ag, and is spatially associated with
sulfide deposits
Seen up to 1-km from Antamina

Fluid pathways around carbonate hosted polymetallic deposits

Mineral Deposit Research Unit

open

discovery through research

Trace elemental changes with depth


As
Ag
open

1000

100

Surface 4725m
As (ppm)

Ag (ppm)

Surface 4725m
10
1
0.1

100

10

0.01

0.001
0

30

60

90

120

150

30

60

90

120

150

100

Ag (ppm)

4180 Level
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0

30

60

90

120

150

Distance from the vein (m)

Distance from the vein (m)

Gray limestones
Ailcocha limestones
Brecciated limestone

Limit of geochemical halo


Threshold

Uchucchacua (Escalante unpublished)

Fluid pathways around carbonate hosted polymetallic deposits

Mineral Deposit Research Unit

discovery through research

Lateral elemental dispersion


Element distribution
As increases in rocks and veins
away from bleached marble and
the intrusion.
As enriched in marble over
limestone
Similar patterns for Sb

As enriched in orange-brown
carbonate and Mn-rich veins
over high T calc-silicate veins

Cachi Cachi
(Jurado, 2006)

Fluid pathways around carbonate hosted polymetallic deposits

Mineral Deposit Research Unit

discovery through research

Geochemical halos
Elements distributed in regular
arrangements both vertically and
laterally.
Forms 1-km scale halo
High temperature elements found
closer to thermal source

Uchucchacua

Low temperature elements found


farther away.
Elemental distribution is vertical
and lateral.

Fortuna

Distribution dependant on the


permeability structure.

Antamina

Fluid pathways around carbonate hosted polymetallic deposits

Mineral Deposit Research Unit

discovery through research

Shallow Cordilleran
base metal lodes

Sr removal accompanied recrystallization


of host limestone to dolomitic limestone
Sr depletion potential to discriminate
hydrothermal dolomite from diagenetic
dolomite

Cerro de Pasco (Bissig et


al, unpublished)
Fluid pathways around carbonate hosted polymetallic deposits

Mineral Deposit Research Unit

discovery through research

Jasperoid in shallow
cordilleran base metal
lodes
Jasperoid - replaces dolomitized
limestone accompanied by As, Sb,
Hg, Tl and maybe Cs
Can distinguish hydrothermal from
diagenetic silica replacement
Fluid pathways around carbonate hosted polymetallic deposits

Mineral Deposit Research Unit

discovery through research

Distal Alteration Synopsis

Vertical and lateral zonation


dependant on host rocks and
permeability structure
Halos can extend to 1000m along
fluid pathways. Much shorter across
permeability.
Key is to recognize the pathway

Fluid pathways around carbonate hosted polymetallic deposits

Mineral Deposit Research Unit

discovery through research

Predictable halos surround


skarn, vein, and carbonate
replacement deposits that
reflect the composition of
the host rock as well as the
depth of formation and
deposit type.
Visual
Mineralogic
Geochemical

Fluid pathways around carbonate hosted polymetallic deposits

Mineral Deposit Research Unit

discovery through research

Geochemical guias

Fluid escape structures are sedimentary layering, intrusive contacts, faults, cleavage
and fracture mesh.
High T elements (Cu, Bi and Mo) form large halos close to the skarn
Moderate to low T elements (Mn, Hg and Tl) define halos at higher levels around
veins.
Sr depletion accompanies shallow cordilleran base metal lodes
As, Sb, Hg, Tl and maybe Cs
distinguishes hydrothermal jasperoid
from diagenetic replacement
Orange-red UV fluorescence (high Mn)
up to 1 km away
Peripheral veins have characteristic
colors, chemistry, and spatial
distribution around deposits; up to 1 km
but mostly <500 m from source

Fluid pathways around carbonate hosted polymetallic deposits

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