Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
dU = Fds cos
dU = F dr
Unit of work: Nm or Joule (J)
Force
Displacement
Work
Positive
Negative
0
Fixed point
(zero disp.)
U1 2
r1
s1
U1 2 = Fc cos ds
s1
= Fc cos ( s2 s1 )
U1 2
r1
r1
r2
= mg dy = mg ( y2 y1 )
r1
U12 = mgy
s2
s1
s1
U1 2 = Fs ds = ks ds
1 2 1 2
= ks2 ks1
2
2
positive
U1 2
1 2 1 2
= ks2 ks1
2
negative
Up Hill
Force
Work (Positive/
Negative)
Downhill
Force
Towing force T
Towing force T
Weight W
Weight W
Normal force N
Normal force N
Friction
Friction
Work (Positive/
Negative)
Resultant FR = F = Fn + Ft
Work done by resultant (all forces)
= 0, ( Fn s )
r2 r2
= FR dr = Fn dr + Ft dr
r2
U1 2
U1 2
From
vdv = at ds
r1
r2
r1
r1
s1
s2
s2
= Ft dr = Ft ds = mat ds
s2
U1 2
r1
s1
1 2 1 2
= mvdv = mv2 mv1
2
2
s1
From
U1 2
1 2 1 2
= mvdv = mv2 mv1
2
2
s1
If v1 = 0, v2 = v
U1 2
1 2
= mv
2
Kinetic energy: The total work which must be done on the particle
to bring it from a state of rest to a velocity v.
From
U1 2
1 2 1 2
= mvdv = mv2 mv1
2
2
s1
U1 2 = T2 T1 = T
or
T1 + U1 2 = T2
The particles initial kinetic energy plus the work done by all the
forces is equal to the particles final kinetic energy
FRi = Fi + f i
From T1 + U1 2 = T2
si 2
si 2
1
1
2
mi vi1 + ( Fi ) t ds + ( f i ) t ds = mi vi22
2
2
si 1
si 1
Work and energy equation for the system
si 2
si 2
1
1
2
2
+
+
=
m
v
(
F
)
ds
(
f
ds
m
v
)
2 i i1 i t i t 2 i i 2
si 1
si 1
Note Int. forces on adjacent particles are equal and opposite, but the
work done will not cancel out since the paths will be different.
i2
1
1
2
2
m
v
+
F
ds
=
m
v
(
)
2 i i1 i t 2 i i 2
si 1
From
dU
P=
dt
dU F dr
dr
P=
=
=F
dt
dt
dt
Efficiency
Power output Energy output
=
=
Power input
Energy input
The efficiency is always less than 1.
P = F v
Potential Energy
Gravitational P.E.
Elastic P.E.
Vg = Wy = mgy
1 2
Ve = ks
2
(always positive)
PE is the work of a force will do when it moves from a given position to the datum.
Conservation of Energy
Work-Energy Equation
From
U1 2 = T2 T1 = T
T1 + Vg1 + Ve1 + U1 2 = T2 + Vg 2 + Ve 2
Conservation of Energy
U1 2 = T2 T1 = T
All forces must be considered
N path work = 0
U12 = T + Vg + Ve
F1 and F2 are considered
Vg and Ve are added in
calculation
Conservation of Energy
From
U12 = T + Vg + Ve = E
where
E = T + Vg + Ve
For problems where the only forces are gravitational, elastic, and
nonworking constraint forces,
E = 0
or
E = constant
Conservation of Energy