Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 13

Philippine Historical Emergent

Phase
Cultural Developments circa First
to the 14th Centuries CE

Developments During the


Emergent Phase
Emergentmeans the appearance of a definable social
organization (political, economic, and religious) and
certain dominant patterns of culture (burial practices,
ceramic arts, social statuses as reflected in elaborate
markers and pabaon or food provisions for the dead)
in some and absence in others.
Trade, which began during the Incipient Phase, is one
of the major stimulus for the internal development, aside
from the manufacture and use of iron tools.
Community Growth, which revolved around trading:
domestic and foreign, also stimulated the development
of craft specializations, like pottery, iron smelting, jewelry
designing, and fabric weaving.

Other Developments
Writing was another factor which could have
facilitated the leveling of interisland differences.
Evidences:
1) A strip of gold with inscriptions found in Butuan
in the 1970s;
2) A clay pot with inscriptions on its shoulder found in
Calatagan,Batangas with ashes inside.
3) A copper plate found in Pila, Lagunawhich was
gauged to be a semiofficial document of acquittal of
a debt incurred by a person in high office, together
with his whole family, all relatives and descendants.
Inscriptions are believed to be in use in the 10th
Century, of Hindu cosmology.

Probable Functions of Writing


During the Proto-historic Period
It may not be mainly for communication;
Existing examples of ancient scriptwriting
can be found on the Hanunuo, a sub-tribe
of the Mangyan in Mindoro and of the
Tagbanua in Palawan.
The Hanunuo sub-tribe is known for its
Ambahan or love poems.

Other Developments on the


Emergent Phase
While there was a growing cultural
homogeneity, there was political heterogeneity
where each trading community was separate
from one another.
Evidence of this are seen on the elaboration of
ritual artifacts associated with burial. Some
graveyards have more pabaon (precious
artifacts buried with the dead) than others.

Evidences of Foreign Trade


With Indonesiaseen on identified loanwords
while Indian influence filtered into the
Philippines only indirectly. South Asian and
Indonesian influence may have enriched our
culture.
It was during the Madjapahit empire that that
the Indian cultural influence reached the
Philippines as evidenced by:
1) Syllabic writing
2) Different figurines made of clay, gold and bronze
dug in various sites in the Philippines.

Indian-Indonesian Cultural
Influences Thru Trade
Figurines:
1) A 21-carat gold figurine recovered from a riverbank in
northeastern Mindanaoprobably a Buddhist Tara (Queen
Mahamaya, mother of the Buddha), with Tantric connections;
now kept at the gem room of the Field Museum of Natural
History in Chicago, USA (a lot of our gold artifacts are now in
USA; looted during the Filipino-American War);
2) A BoddhisattvaLokesvara of the Siamese type; a threeinch diameter figurine found in 1843 in Cebu;
3) A clay medallion found in Calatagan, Batangas in 1961
Avalokitesvara-Padmapani artifact belonging to the 12th or 13th
Century CE Buddho-Siamese art;
4) A gold Garuda recovered in Brookes Point, Palawan; a
vahana (vehicle) of Vishnu

Indian Influence Thru Loanwords


1) 336 term in Filipino believed to be of
Sanskrit origin;
2) 150 of these identified as the origin of
some major Philippine terms like the
names of plants and animals:
champactsampaka in Filipino;
TulsiSulasi in Filipino; guro,
alibugha, Bathala/Battara.

Trade with China


Sino-Philippine contacts became extensive
probably at the turn of the 11th Century and
reached its peak by the middle of the 14th
through 15th Centuries where thousands of
porcelains and celadon reached the country;
1) Tang (618-906 CE)evidenced by the san tsai
(three-colored) porcelains found in Sta. Ana church
burial site;
2) Sung (960-1279 CE)celadon and porcelains are
dug in the Sta. Ana and Calatagan, Batangas sites;
3) From the Sung came mirrors, scales, coins, jade,
projectiles;

Trade with China


Philippines was a part of the Nan Hai Eastern Sea Trade
Route since the Sung Period as evidenced by the
numerous blue-and-white porcelain found even on
sunken vessels; jars also reached here;
Yuan (1279-1368) and Ming (1368-1644),when in
1372, Emperor Hung Wu of the Ming was reported to
have welcomed the Filipino tribute embassy at his court
and presented it, upon its departure, with valuable gifts,,
including some precious porcelain vases and a silk
gauze woven of gold and colored threads; later Emperor
Cheng Tsu in 1406 received another Filipino chieftain
in Nanking; Sulu king, Paduka Battara, met with
Emperor Yongle in 1417.

Trade With China


Jolo became the center of trade with the
Chinese, so with Ma-I, Ma-li-lu, Min-to-lang,
Pang-chia-hsi-nan;
Foreign traders brought in Chinese goods in
exchange for local pearls, mother-of-pearl shells,
beeswax, civet skin, gold, tripang or sea
cucumber;
It is only in the Philippines that the balimbingshaped porcelains are found; believed to be
used by local healers as oil containers.

Trade With Other Asian Countries


14th to the early 16th Century sawangkhalok
porcelain vessel from Siam are found in the
Philippines; most are of the Sukhotai and
Ayuthia periods but the Chakri dynasty wares
are also seen here, especially those made
during the reign of King Ramkanghaeng/Rama
I;
So with martaban jars from Burma;
Annamese/Vietnamese porcelains are also
found;

Trade with the Middle East


The Lena Shoal shipwreck artifacts found under the sea
off Balambagan in Palawan showed wide porcelain
plates that clearly showed a Middle Eastern route since
only the Arabs eat collectively on a common plate with
their bare hands; the blue-and-white porcelains found
here are of the Hongzhi period of the Ming while the
San Diego wreck of 1600s are of the Wanli period of the
Ming;
It was during the 2nd phase of the Chinese-Arabian trade
relations (bet. 10th and 12th Centuries) that Islam started
to gain roots in the region of Southeast Asia reaching
Mindanao area during the 15th Century. Raja Soliman
may have been a new convert since he has a Hindu/
Sanskrit title but a Muslim name.

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi