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DISSECTION
ARCHAEOPTERYX
First bird
Image from:
http://www2.thny.bbc.co.uk/education/darwin/exfiles/archaeopteryx.htm
PIGEON
KINGDOM _____________
ANIMALIA
LATIN meaning
CHORDATA
PHYLUM ____________________________
VERTEBRATA backbone
SUBPHYLUM ___________________________
AVES Plural of avis= bird
CLASS _______________________________
COLUMBIFORMES
ORDER _____________________________
FEATHERS
VANE
RACHIS
Image from:
http://www.biology.eku.edu/RITCHISO/554notes1.html
MODIFICATIONS of
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Feathers- (light weight & sturdy)
provide lift & prevent heat loss
Preen gland keeps feathers fly-able
Streamline body to decrease air/wind
resistance
BEAKS
Image from:
http://www.antbits.co.uk/ant_pages/bio-pages/bio-02.html
EXTERNAL NARES
CERE
NICTITATING MEMBRANE
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
inside head
SCALY SKIN on feet
CLAWS
EYES
See in COLOR
BROOD PATCH
Skin-to-egg
contact keeps
growing
babies WARM
Males that sit
on eggs have
it, too
Image by Riedell/VanderWal 2005
Image by Riedell/VanderWal2005
PREEN GLAND
Images by Riedell/VanderWal2005
SKELETAL
Hollow bones = light weight
MODIFICATIONS of
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Bones = hollow/air sacs extend into bones
to make them LESS DENSE
= fused to make them STURDY
FURCULA
stabilizes shoulders during flight
STERNUMattaches flight muscles
PYGOSTYLEsupport for tail
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
MODIFICATIONS of
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
HUGE PECTORALIS MUSCLE
provides power to move wings
CROP
Image by Riedell/VanderWal2005
CROP MILK
http://www.joanbramsch.com/images/feeding.jpg
HEART
RIGHT
ATRIUM
LEFT
ATRIUM
RIGHT
VENTRICLE
LEFT
VENTRICLE
COMPLETE SEPTUM
HOW FAST ?
A human heart beats ~ 60-90 times/min
http://www.deskpicture.com/DPs/Nature/Animals/hummingbird.jpg
HEART
Image by Riedell/VanderWal2005
1 loop
2 chambers
2 loops
3 chambers
Fish
amphibians
& reptiles
2 loops
4 chambers
birds &
mammals
4 CHAMBER HEART
2 LOOPS
Sinus
venosus
Atrium Atrium
Ventricle
Body
organs
Conus
arteriosus
Body
organs
RIGHT
Atrium
Right
Ventricle
Lungs
LEFT
Atrium
Left
Ventricle
BIRD CIRCULATION
MODIFICATIONS of
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Heart large for body size-pumps more blood
Closed 2 loop system- most efficient/faster
Complete septum/4 chamber heart- keeps
Low/High oxygen blood totally separated
Rapid heart rate- delivers more oxygen/faster
MODIFICATIONS of
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
THYROID GLAND CONTROLS RAPID
METABOLISM
BURNING GLUCOSE faster makes body
heat! (ENDOTHERMIC)
ENDOTHERMIC METABOLISMprovides maximum energy for
extended activity (flying)
LIVER
with
GALL
BLADDER
inside
PANCREAS
GIZZARD
LIVER
with
GALL
BLADDER
inside
PANCREAS
GIZZARD
STOMACH
PROVENTRICULUS
entry to gizzard
add acid
GIZZARD
Muscular
Contains gravel/rocks
to grind food
DUODENUM
SPLEEN
(circulatory)
In mesentery
Wrapped in
digestive
loops
Near
Gizzard
Image by Riedell/VanderWal2005
SMALL INTESTINE
(Duodenum & Ileum)
REALLY, REALLY
LONG SMALL
INTESTINE
Absorbs more
nutrients
COLIC CAECA
Image by Riedell/VanderWal 2005
Pouches at junction
of small & large
intestine
Contain bacteria to
digest plants
(cellulose)
LARGE INTESTINE
Image by Riedell/VanderWal 2005
LARGE INTESTINE
isnt very large!
Absorbs less water
back from feces
(Water is HEAVY!)
EXITS through
CLOACA
http://www.harrybliss.com/store/images/eat_like_a_bird.jpg
MODIFICATIONS of
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Fast efficient digestive system fuels endothermic
metabolism for more energy for extended activity
CROP- stores next batch so food always moving through
2 part stomach (Crop/Gizzard)so food moves through faster
COLIC CAECA- help break down plants
LONG SMALL INTESTINE-absorbs lots of nutrients
SHORT LARGE INTESTINEAbsorbs less water / feces not stored out of body as
it is made so weigh less
TRACHEA
BRONCHI
Cartilage rings
keep airway
open
Image by Riedell/VanderWal2005
SYRINX
VOICE BOX
Image by Riedell/VanderWal2005
LUNGS
AIR SACS
STORE AIR
No gas
exchange
OXYGEN
on the EXHALE
Animation from:
http://www.sk.lung.ca/content.cfm/birds
MODIFICATIONS of
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
SUPER EFFICIENT RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
gets the most oxygen possible
Extra AIR SACS allow oxygen in lungs on
both the INHALE AND EXHALE
Air sacs extending into bones makes skeleton
less dense
Alveoli increase surface area for more gas
exchange
MODIFICATIONS of
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Excrete nitrogen waste as URIC ACID- so
uses less water to dilute
No URINARY BLADDER- so urine
(water) not stored less weight
TESTES
TESTES
KIDNEYS
URETERS
CLOACA
INTERNAL FERTILIZATION
OVIPAROUS
Lay amniotic eggs
http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/avianreproduction.html
http://www.usgs.nau.edu/swwf/images/WIFL%20nest%20with%20eggs%20-%20MD.jpg
DIRECT DEVELOPMENT
2 KINDS OF BABIES
ALTRICIAL = HELPLESS
hatch without feathers, eyes closed,
cant walk, parents must feed every
20 min
Ex: songbirds,
pigeons, raptors
http://www.kathyskritters.com/tales/robins/images/baby_robins_5-13.jpg
DIRECT DEVELOPMENT
2 KINDS OF BABIES
MODIFICATIONS of
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
Female has only ONE OVARY & OVIDUCT
on left side less weight
OVIPARITY- lay eggs OUTSIDE of body
less weight
REPRODUCTIVE ORGANSenlarge during breeding season/shrink rest of
time less weight
TUBES IS TUBES?
OVIDUCTS- carry eggs from ovary to
cloaca
VAS DEFERENScarry sperm from testes to cloaca
URETERS- carry urine from kidneys to
cloaca
http://www.wtamu.edu/~rmatlack/pigeon_dissection/brain.jpg
MODIFICATIONS of
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Large brain for body size = smarter
Bigger CEREBRUM for more complex behaviors
problem solving; learning; navigation;
Bigger CEREBELLUM- for muscle coordination
Bigger OPTIC LOBES for better vision; 3D & Color
Concentration of iron in brain to act as compass