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Ahmar Mumtaz
11-EE-81
Kashif Ali
11-EE-150
Yasir Shafique
11-EE-174
Objectives of Project
Off-Grid System
Project Description
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Project Cost
10
Reference
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Since the beginning of time, people have been fascinated by the sun. Throughout
history, farming and agriculture efforts have relied upon the suns rays to grow
crops and sustain populations. Only recently, however, have we developed the
ability to harness the suns awesome power. The resulting technologies have
promising implications for the future of renewable energy and sustainability.
Solar power is a form of energy harnessed from the power and heat of the suns
rays. It is renewable, and therefore a green source of energy. Just like wind
power, solar power is a virtually unlimited and inexhaustible resource . As
technologies improve and the materials used in PV panels become greener, the
carbon footprint of solar power becomes smaller and smaller and the technique
becomes more accessible to the masses.
Every hour the sun beams onto Earth more than enough energy to satisfy global
energy needs for an entire year Today, the technology produces less than one tenth
of one percent of global energy demand.Some uses of solar energy are:
Solar Panel
The most common way of harnessing energy from the sun is through photovoltaic
(PV) panels those large, mirror-like panels youve likely seen on rooftops,
handheld solar devices, and even spacecrafts. However,This type of energy also
depend upon the climatic conditions of the region i.e. Sunlight.
Solar Turbine
On a much larger scale, solar thermal power plants employ various techniques to
concentrate the sun's energy as a heat source. The heat is then used to boil water to
drive a steam turbine that generates electricity in much the same fashion as coal
and nuclear power plants, supplying electricity for thousands of people.
Objective of project
The aim of our project is to implement a Solar system with the purpose of
extracting maximum power from the system. For this we want to implement the
system using both the electronic tracking and mechanical tracking.
Project Description
Block Diagram
Solar Tracker
Maximum Power Point Tracker
Sensors
Microcontroller Unit
Battery
Protection Parameters
Solar Trackers
A solar tracker is a generic term used to describe devices that
orient photovoltaic panels towards sun. In photovoltaic
applications trackers are used to minimize the angle of incidence
between the incoming light and a photovoltaic panel. This
increases the amount of energy produced from a fixed amount of
installed power generating capacity. More energy is collected by
Sensors
Voltage Sensor
In order for the MPPT controller to measure the voltage provided by the solar
panel, two resistors are employed in parallel with the solar panel to act as a voltage
divider.
Current Sensor
For current sensing we have used 0.1 ohm resistor. Voltage drop across it
corresponds to the amount of current flowing in the circuit.
Light Sensor
Light sensor detects the intensity of sunlight. We have used Light dependent
resistors to sense the intensity of the light. There are two sensors located at East
and west. These sensors are used to sense the position of the light. When Sun is
Present in front of any sensor its resistance decreases which results in a high signal.
This high signal is fed to controller which generates further control signals.
Microcontroller Unit
The most important part of the project is the microcontroller
unit.The PIC18F452 is used in this project.
In this project microcontroller performs the following functions:
Implements MPPT algorithm
Generates PWM
Operates Relays for battery cutoff
Operates relays that are used for motor control of
mechanical tracker
Does analogue to digital conversion
Battery
In a photovoltaic power supply system, batteries are used as an energy buffer. This
buffer is necessary because the sun is not consistently available due to a variety of
factors: the weather, time of the day, and for vehicles rapidly changing insulations
due to vehicle motion. Using the batteries to store the electrical power from the
solar panels in the form of chemical energy makes the generated energy readily
available whenever it is needed, independent of the current weather conditions and
time. A typical 12V battery will be used.
Protection Parameters
Relays and diodes are used for:
Blocking Reverse Current
Preventing Overcharge
Low Voltage Disconnect (LVD)
DC Load
We will use DC operated instruments as load in our project.
Specification
Resistor
Capacitors
Diodes
LEDs
BJTs
FET
Relays
Variable Resistors
Microcontroller
Crystal
DC Servo motor
PCB Board
LCD
1N4007, 4148
75N75
Pic18f452
Reference
http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/solarpower-profile/
http://solarpowerfactsguide.com/solar-energy-fun-facts/
http://www.justenergy.com/blog/shine-on-an-introduction-to-solar-power/
http://renewableresourcesinc.com/solar-pv/#.VCOsy_uSyVU
http://www.wikipedia.com