ERIA-DP-2015-08

ERIA Discussion Paper Series

Host-site Support, Foreign Ownership,

Regional Linkages and Technological
Capabilities: Evidence from Automotive Firms
in Indonesia*
Rajah RASIAH
Development Studies Department, University of Malaya

Rafat Beigpoor SHAHRIVAR

Development Studies Department, University of Malaya

Abdusy Syakur AMIN

Faculty of Engineering, University of Pasundan
February 2015
Abstract: This study analyses the influence of host-site institutional support, foreign
ownership and regional production linkages on firm-level technological capabilities
using data from automotive firms in Indonesia. The results show that host-site
institutional support and foreign ownership are positively correlated with
technological capabilities. In addition, regional linkages show a significant and
positive link on technological capabilities. However, regional linkages and foreign
ownership explain more strongly technological capabilities than host-site
institutional support in automotive firms in Indonesia. This evidence suggests that
the supporting high tech environment require further strengthening to stimulate
higher technological capabilities in the automotive industry in Indonesia.
Keywords: automotive firms, institutional support, Indonesia, regional linkages,
technological capabilities
JEL Classification: L62, L22, L14, O31

: We acknowledge financial support from the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East
Asia (ERIA). We are grateful to useful comments from to referees. The paper is under review for
a special issue of Asia Pacific Business Review (www.tandfonline.com/fapb).
Corresponding author, email: rajah@um.edu.my

1. Introduction
The automotive industry is a key contributor to national economic growth,
particularly in large industrialised countries. The global automotive industry produced
approximately 70 million units each year since the turn of the millennium (Ulengin,
nsel, Aktas, & Kabak, 2010). While the United States, Japan and Germany are the
major automobile producers of national brands in the world, others such as Korea,
China and India have increasingly become important.
A number of developing countries introduced policies to promote automotive
assembly as an engine of industrialization, as well as, to save foreign exchange through
import-substitution. Indonesia is no different as through import substitution foreign
assemblers were attracted to the country. A localization policy was continued strongly
during Suhartos long presidency that stimulated even the introduction of Indonesiabased models by foreign firms, such as Toyota. The introduction of regional
production strategies and a strong domestic market helped Indonesia sustain growth in
automobile production despite the liberalization that followed as President Habibie
succeeded President Suharto.
The growing technological capabilities enjoyed by automotive firms in Indonesia
was identified by Rasiah and Amin (2010). It will be interesting to identify the drivers
of such technological capabilities. Hence, this study seeks to examine the influence of
host-site institutional support, foreign ownership and regional linkages on firm-level
technological capabilities in the automotive industry in Indonesia. The rest of the essay
is organized as follows. The next section discusses the development of the industry in
Indonesia followed by the theoretical considerations and methodology. The
subsequent section analyses the results. The final section presents the conclusions.

2. The Automotive Industry in Indonesia

The development of the automotive sector in Indonesia has certainly benefited
from a reformist agenda over the past decade, although still shaped to a degree by the
legacy of government policies dating back to the 1970s. At that time, the government

introduced strict controls over the domestic automotive industry, including the banning
of imported CBU (completely built up) vehicles. Foreign companies were also
prevented from investing directly in assembly and distribution activities within the
industry. Since then, Indonesia has become a more welcoming place for foreign
automotive manufacturers thanks to the removal of foreign ownership restrictions and
other deregulation measures during the 1990s (KPMG, 2014).
In 1983, government attempted to rationalize the automotive industry by requiring
car assembler to reduce the number of car brands and models they assembled to
achieve economies of scale. However this regulation was not implemented effectively
because of strong rejection from vested interests in the industry. Another decree was
stipulated in 1983 on compulsory use of locally made components. However this
decree was not successful due to the lack of technology, capital and skills in technical
areas of the small and medium scale manufacturers. In 1993 government terminated
the deletion program and replaced it with the Incentive program. Indonesian
government introduced harmonized system under WTO system in 1999. In this
harmonized system, the local content programs were removed and Indonesia signed
the trade-related investment measures (TRIMS).
Automotive production has developed rapidly in Indonesia since 1980 with the
number of car and motorcycle parts producers expanding by three folds and four folds
respectively. Although Indonesias prominence as an automotive player is low in
comparison to some of its neighbours, the potential market for automotive producers
and importers in the country is expected to expand. Growth is expected to be driven
by an expanding middle class and a broadening economic base.

3. Theoretical Considerations
Technological capabilities (TC) form the main concept of this paper, and the key
relationships that will be examined in this article are TC, and host-site institutional
support (HI) and foreign ownership (FO), and TC and regional linkages (RL). The
influence of the control variables of age and size on the dependent variables is also
examined.

3.1. Institutional Support and Technological Capabilities

The importance of institutional support to stimulate innovation was first
articulated by industrial policy exponents (Smith, 1776; Hamilton, 1791; List, 1885).
North (1990) referred to institutions as the rules of the game and organizations and
entrepreneurs as the players. Williamson (1985) associated institutions with
governing structures that mould economic activity, like a nations financial
institutions, or the way firms tend to be organized and managed. The fundamental
difference in the definition of institutions by evolutionary economists is the specificity
of a blend of institutions effecting technical change, which is conditioned by the
location, industry-type and timing of strategies by firms and organizations (Nelson,
2008).
Host-site institutions and meso organizations associated with generating and
supporting the appropriation of knowledge are critical to stimulate firm-level
technological upgrading. In the developed countries, including in Korea, Taiwan and
Singapore, the government is a major financier of public goods, such as R&D,
including knowledge generation through the provision of R&D grants (OECD, 2013).
Lall (2001) was to assert that economies that failed to develop their innovation
capabilities became losers in the globalization process.
Where foreign firms have been instrumental in galvanizing technology transfer to
national firms, they are unlikely to relocate frontier R&D activities at host sites unless
it involves the exploration or development of rare host-site resources, or when the host
site is endowed with strong research-based universities. Also, there is evidence of
multinationals undertaking R&D in pharmaceuticals in South Africa owing to the
availability of rare flora and human capital, and off-shoring of electronics R&D to
benefit from strong high tech support institutions in Taiwan (Ernst, 2006). These
developments obviously depend on the motives of the multinationals as well as the
nature of activity they are engaged in (see Cantwell and Mudambi, 2001). Also, in the
integrated circuits industry there is only evidence of MNCs frontier R&D activities
being relocated at host-sites endowed with strong research universities, e.g. Samsung
Semiconductor and Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company in the United
States (Gartner, 2013).

Although employees in firms gain significant parts of their knowledge through

training and learning by doing in firms (Marshall, 1890; Penrose, 1959), universities
and R&D laboratories are important silos of knowledge that firms access through
hiring graduates, contract training projects and R&D activities to generate new
products and processes. However, as the evolutionary economists have argued both
market and non-market institutions are equally important in explaining the drivers of
university-industry R&D collaboration (Nelson and Winter 1982; Nelson 2008).
Especially in high tech industries firms rely extensively on both the hiring of
competent engineers and scientists to undertake R&D activities and to also work
jointly with universities and R&D laboratories to carry out commercialization (Nelson,
1993).
While it is important that host-site organizations participate in generating
knowledge that is essential for firms, it is also critical that they are cohesively
integrated with firms (Mytelka, 2001). Nelson (2008), Lundvall (1988) and Edquist
(2004) discussed the importance of interdependence and interactions between
economic agents. While this is a broad concept that address all the economic agents,
for the purpose of measurement in this article we limit it to coordination links between
high tech organizations and firms. In the case of Taiwan, it will be important to capture
the links between firms and the high tech organizations. Connectivity and coordination
is critical for knowledge flows- beyond simply codified information that markets can
coordinate. If firms are to upgrade to participate at the frontier of product technologies,
then technological innovation that is produced by R&D laboratories will become
important. Basic research is generally done in universities and developmental research
that is undertaken in-house or at publicly financed laboratories will be important. Also,
training is a critical pillar in institutional support that is important for automotive firms
to strengthen their technological capabilities. Hence, although Indonesia is still a
developing economy the link between host-site institutions and firm-level
technological capabilities is still expected to be positive and statistically significant.

3.2. Technological Capabilities and Regional Linkages

The rapid expansion of East and Southeast Asia has attracted the formulation of
regional theories on agglomeration of production. Regional trade and investment
linkages in East Asia can be first traced to Akamatsu (1962).
Akamatsu (1962) had pioneered the first regional trade and investment linkages
theory using the flight of a flock of geese to explain economic growth and structural
change (see Rasiah, Kimura and Oum, fortcoming). This regional model explains the
movement of investment and trade sequentially with wedges of geese following the
leading goose, i.e. Japan. For a while it appeared a powerful theory as the following
Korean and Taiwanese geese emerged. However, the supplanting of Japanese lead
firms by Korean and Taiwanese firms undermined its usefulness. Nevertheless, the
basic underlying rationale of regional economic integration and its effect on
integrating economies is still relevant today.
The specificity of the automotive industry has also encouraged regional
specialization among the major economies so that cars are still assembled in the
Southeast Asian countries of Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam.
Automotive firms have not only shown a tendency to assemble particular models in
particular locations, but also to source particular components and completely knocked
down parts from particular locations (Rasiah, Kimura and Sothea, 2015). The
introduction of the ASEAN Industrial Cooperation (AICO) Scheme in 1996 has
stimulated such inter-border complementation initiatives especially among automotive
firms (ASEAN, 2000).
Although technological advancement and increasing liberalization have made
global trade and investment swifter and cheaper, geographical distance have continued
to play an important role in the automotive industry. Continuous economic integration
in the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), and the greater ASEAN members of China,
Japan, South Korea and Taiwan has been driven considerably through cooperation
from all ASEAN member countries. Hence, it is worth testing if growing RL is
reflected in the TC of automotive firms among countries in the lower rungs of the
technology ladder, such as, Indonesia.

3.3. FDI and Technological Capabilities

The theory of foreign direct investment (FDI) posits that multinationals enjoy asset
specific (tangible and intangible) advantages over local firms (see Hymer, 1976;
Dunning, 1958, 1974). Whereas the portfolio theory of FDI of Hymer (1976)
emphasized ownership and host-site advantages that explain international operations,
Dunning emphasized ownership, localization and internationalization (OLI) elements
in the relocation process. Access to superior resources in parent plants abroad is one
factor considered to explain this advantage. The relocation of such an activity to
developing economies allows multinationals to internalize such resources. In contrast
to Vernon (1966; 1971) argument that MNCs would retain production of new products
at parent sites, Helleiner (1973) showed evidence of the decomposition of production
especially in light manufacturing to suggest that MNCs instantaneously relocate
particular production components abroad without waiting for them to mature.
However, there has remained a doubt that the most novel aspects of R&D will be
relocated abroad (see Amsden and Tschang, 2003). Nevertheless as Caves (1974) had
argued, MNCs bring the potential to provide competition, technology diffusion, trade
linkages and demonstration effects on national firms.
Largely a consequence of competition between firms and national policies to
stimulate supplier linkages, there has been growing participation of MNCs in the
development of national suppliers, as well as, R&D off-shoring in developing
economies (see Dunning, 1994; Cantwell, 1995; Prasada, 2000; Hobday, 1996; Rasiah,
1994, 2004; UNCTAD, 2005; Ernst, 2006). Hence, is likely that foreign MNCs may
show higher technological capabilities then national firms.

4. Methodology and Data

The analytic framework focuses directly on the statistical relationship between
technological capability and high tech institutional support, and technological
capability and regional production linkages. The dependent variable examined in this
article are technological capability. In the first model, the focus is on examining the
influence of host-site institutional support on technological capabilities, while in the

second the focus is on the influence of regional production linkages on technological

capability.

Technological capability (TC) was estimated using the following 6 proxies:

TC - f (CIQT, AC, PD, RD, TE, PAT)

Where CIQT refers to cutting-edge inventory and quality control techniques

(CIQT) of statistical process control (SPC), quality control circles (QCC), any one of
the international standards organization (ISO) series, total preventive maintenance
(TPM), integrated materials resource planning (MRP2) and total quality management
(TQM). A score of 1 was added for presence of each of these techniques; AC refers to
the presence of adaptive capabilities (AC) on processes, layouts, machinery and
products. A score of 1 was added for the presence of each of them; PD refers to the
presence of product development (PD) which is counted as 1 if it exists and 0
otherwise; RD refers to R&D expenditure as a share of sales; TE refers to training
expenditure as a share of payroll; PAT refers to the number of patents taken in the
United States.

High tech institutional (HI) support was estimated using the following 5 proxies:
HI - f (RDG, TTI, RU, RDSE, IRD)
Where RDG refers to R&D grants enjoyed by the firm from the host government
(Yes=1; No=0); TTI refers to Likert scale rating (1-5) of the presence of technical
strong training institutions, RU refers to Likert scale rating (1-5) of the presence of
research universities; RDSE refers to Likert scale rating (1-5) of the presence of strong
supply of R&D scientists and engineers; IRD refers to Likert scale rating (1, 5) of the
presence of incentive for R&D activities.
Regional production linkages (RL) is also used as an explanatory variable. RL were
estimated using the following formula:
RL = RS/TS + RP/TP

Where RS/TS refers to percentage share of intermediate sales in total sales to firms in
East and Southeast Asia; RP/TP percentage share of intermediate purchases in total
purchases from East and Southeast Asia.
Foreign ownership (FO), Size (S) and age (A) were used as the control variables,
and were measured as follows:
FO = foreign equity in total equity.
A = age of the firm
S = workforce
Tobit regression model was used to investigate the relationship between TC and HI;
and TC and RL controlling for FO, size and age using the following equation:
TC = + 1 HI + 2 FO + 3 A +
TC = + 1 RL + 2 S + 3 A +

(1)
(2)

A stratified random sampling procedure based on size was adopted to gather data
from the automotive firms in Indonesia. The survey questionnaire was sent to
automotive firms in 2013. Although data on employment, sales, exports, R&D
expenditure and training expenditure were drawn from the years 2000, 2006 and 2011,
the analysis is confined to 2011. The empirical analysis is based on 93 automotive
firms, which amounted to 68.9 percent of the population of automotive firms in
Indonesia.

5. Results and Analysis

First, the descriptive statistics of the dependent and independent variables are
presented.
The mean and median of the variable TC are 12.06 and 11.90 respectively. The
standard deviation for TC is 2.09 respectively. The Jarque-Bera statistics show that the
distribution for the variables TC, HI, FO, S and A are normal (p>0.05).
The mean and medians of the logarithm of HI are 0.85 and 0.84 with the highest
score achieved is 0.95, while the lowest is 0.77. The firms in the sample show mean

and median of the logarithm of ages 3.10 and 3.13 years respectively with a minimum
age of 1.94 years and a maximum age of 3.71 years. The mean and median of foreign
ownership are 0.67 and 0.66 with maximum and minimum of 0.89 and 0.52. The mean
and median of the logarithm of S are 6.24 and 6.13 respectively. The standard
deviation for S is 1.00 with maximum and minimum of 9.00 and 4.00.
Before analysing the relationship between technological capabilities and
institutional support, and technological capabilities and regional production linkages
we checked for heteroscedasticity problems using the White test as a cross-sectional
regression model is deployed here. Table 1 and 2 show the results. The p-value of Fstatistic for first equation and second equation are 0.2639 and 0.8030, which fail to
reject the null hypothesis, and hence, they do not suffer from hoteroskedasticity
problem.
Table 1: Equation (1): White test for Heteroskedasticity
F-statistic
Obs*R2
Scale exp. SS

1.312156
11.37162
7.448134

Prob. F (9,37)
Prob. 2 (9)
Prob. 2 (9)

0.2639
0.2511
0.5906

Source: Authors (2014).

Table 2: Equation (2): White test for Heteroskedasticity

F-statistic
Obs*R2
Scale exp. SS

0.587438
5.622367
4.744077

Prob. F(9,69)
Prob. 2 (9)
Prob. 2 (9)

0.8030
0.7770
0.8560

Source: Authors (2014).

For testing the multicollinearity problem in models among independent variables,

the auxiliary regressions of independent variables are estimated to calculate their
variance inflation factor (VIF). The VIF is calculated for each independent variable by
doing a linear regression of that predictor on all the other predictors, and then obtaining
the R2 from that regression. We estimated The VIF in two ways by using formula (1/
(1-R2)) and Eviews. Both results in Table 3 and 4 indicate that all VIFs are less than
5, thereby confirming the absence of multicollinearity problems in both equations.

Table 3: Variance Inflation Factor for Equation 1

Variable
HI
FO
A

R2
0.030746
0.064518
0.057801

VIF
1.031721
1.068968
1.061347

Source: Authors (2014)

Table 4: Variance Inflation Factor for Equation 2

Variable
R2
RL
0.013871
S
0.084902
A
0.074911

VIF
1.014066111
1.092779134
1.080977074

Source: Authors (2014).

In this section, we estimated influence of institutional support on technological

capabilities with control variables of age and foreign ownership by using Tobit
regression. Table 5 presents the results. The results show a statistically significant
relationship between technological capability and institutional support (at 10 percent
level), and they are positive. Also, the relationship between FO and TC was also
statistically significant and positive (at 5 percent level). Age was not significant. The
constant is also insignificant, suggesting that the equation does not suffer from
endogeneity problem. While institutional support has been important foreign
ownership enjoyed stronger relationship with technological capabilities.

Table 5: Firm-level Technological Capability and Host-site High Tech

Infrastructure, 2012
Dependent Variable: TC
Method: ML - Censored Normal (TOBIT) (Quadratic hill climbing)
Covariance matrix computed using second derivatives
Variable
Coefficient
Std. Error
z-Statistic
Prob.
C
-2.810081
5.107501
-0.550187
0.5822
HI
10.41989
5.706882
1.825847
0.0679
A
0.775880
0.718136
1.080409
0.2800
FO
5.702213
2.620115
2.176321
0.0295
LL
-99.320
Source: computed from Indonesia survey (2014).

Table 6 shows that the relationship between RL and TC is significant. The Tobit
regression shows that RL is positively correlated with TC at 5 percent significance

10

level. Regional trade linkages have been important in stimulating firm-level

technological capabilities among automotive firms in Indonesia. In addition, the
influence of Size on TC is significant and positive but age is not significant,
demonstrating the importance of scale in supporting technological capabilities. These
results are robust as they do not suffer from endogeneity problems since the constant
is statistically insignificant.

Table 6: Technological Capability and Regional linkages, Automotive Firms,

Indonesia, 2012
Dependent Variable: TC
Method: ML - Censored Normal (TOBIT) (BHHH)
QML (Huber/White) standard errors & covariance
Variable
Coefficient
Std. Error
z-Statistic
C
0.213685
0.594591
0.359381
RL
6.662869
2.130318
3.127641
A
-0.002088 0.047927
-0.043560
S
0.061945
0.022737
2.724350
LL
33.85814

Prob.
0.7193
0.0018
0.9653
0.0064

Source: computed from Indonesia survey (2014).

Overall, RL showed the highest relationship (at 1 percent) with technological

capabilities among automotive firms in Indonesia compared to foreign ownership (5
percent) and host-site institutional support (at 10 percent). The results show that while
all three explanatory variables of RL, FO and HI have been important in stimulating
technological capabilities among automotive firms, the relationship is strongest with
RL followed by FO and HI.

6. Conclusions
The statistical results show that the relationship between HI and TC is significant
and positive suggesting that the provision of training institutes, R&D labs and
universities, and R&D scientists and engineers has helped strengthened firm-level
technological capabilities in the automotive firms in Indonesia. FO and RL are also
important as it is positively correlated with TC. The results support a strong role for

11

host-site institutional support as essential to stimulate firm-level technological

upgrading. However, regional linkages were the strongest correlated with and
technological capabilities followed by foreign ownership. The results show that firmlevel technological capabilities in automotive firms in Indonesia are influenced by
regional trade linkages and foreign ownership than by host-site supporting institutions.
The results also suggest that foreign automotive firms seeking to access regional
markets for sales, as well as, suppliers have upgraded their technological capabilities
at host-sites through both buyer-supplier trading links in East Asia, as well as, in-house
development. While the positive role of regional trade both imports and exports
within East Asia has been important, the government should strengthen high tech
institutional support through strengthening of automotive-related training, research at
universities and public R&D labs and to improve the incentive system to stimulate
further upgrading of technological capabilities among automotive firms in Indonesia.

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14

ERIA Discussion Paper Series

No.

Author(s)

Title

2015-08

Rajah RASIAH, Rafat

Beigpoor
SHAHRIVAR, Abdusy
Syakur AMIN

Host-site Support, Foreign Ownership, Regional

Linkages and Technological Capabilities:
Evidence from Automotive Firms in Indonesia

Yansheng LI, Xin Xin

KONG, and Miao

Industrial Upgrading in Global Production

Networks: The Case of the Chinese Automotive

ZHANG

Industry

2015-06

Mukul G. ASHER and

Fauziah ZEN

Social Protection in ASEAN: Challenges and

Initiatives for Post-2015 Vision

2015-05

Lili Yan ING, Stephen

MAGIERA, and Anika
WIDIANA

Business Licensing: A Key to Investment Climate Feb

2015
Reform

2015-07

Gemma ESTRADA,
James ANGRESANO,
Jo Thori LIND, Niku
MTNEN, William
2015-04

2015-03

2015-02

MCBRIDE, Donghyun
PARK, Motohiro
SATO, and Karin
SVANBORGSJVALL
Erlinda M. MEDALLA
Archanun
KOHPAIBOON and
Juthathip

Year

Feb
2015

Feb
2015
Feb
2015

Fiscal Policy and Equity in Advanced Economies: Jan

Lessons for Asia

Towards an Enabling Set of Rules of Origin for

the Regional Comprehensive Economic
Partnership

Use of FTAs from Thai Experience

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Jan
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2015

JONGWANICH
2015-01

Misa OKABE

Impact of Free Trade Agreements on Trade in

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Jan

2014-26

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Coverage of Trade in Services under ASEAN+1

FTAs

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2015

2014

No.

Author(s)

Title

Year

2014-25

Junianto James
LOSARI

Searching for an Ideal International Investment

Protection Regime for ASEAN + Dialogue
Partners (RCEP): Where Do We Begin?

2014-24

Dayong ZHANG and

David C. Broadstock

Impact of International Oil Price Shocks on

Consumption Expenditures in ASEAN and East
Asia

Dandan ZHANG,
Xunpeng SHI, and Yu

Enhanced Measurement of Energy Market

Integration in East Asia: An Application of

SHENG

Dynamic Principal Component Analysis

Yanrui WU

Deregulation, Competition, and Market

Integration in Chinas Electricity Sector

2014-21

Yanfei LI and Youngho

CHANG

Infrastructure Investments for Power Trade and

Transmission in ASEAN+2: Costs, Benefits, Nov
Long-Term
Contracts,
and
Prioritised 2014
Development

2014-20

Yu SHENG, Yanrui
WU, Xunpeng SHI,
Dandan ZHANG

Market Integration and Energy Trade Efficiency:

Nov
An Application of Malmqviat Index to Analyse
2014
Multi-Product Trade

2014-19

Andindya
BHATTACHARYA
and Tania
BHATTACHARYA

ASEAN-India Gas Cooperation: Redifining Nov

2014
Indias Look East Policy with Myanmar

2014-18

Olivier CADOT, Lili

Yan ING

How Restrictive Are ASEANs RoO?

2014-17

Sadayuki TAKII

Import Penetration, Export Orientation, and Plant July

2014
Size in Indonesian Manufacturing

2014-16

Tomoko INUI, Keiko

ITO, and Daisuke
MIYAKAWA

Japanese Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises

July
Export Decisions: The Role of Overseas Market
2014
Information

2014-15

Han PHOUMIN and

Fukunari KIMURA

Trade-off
Relationship
between
Energy
Intensity-thus energy demand- and Income Level: June
Empirical Evidence and Policy Implications for 2014
ASEAN and East Asia Countries

2014-14

Cassey LEE

The Exporting and Productivity Nexus: Does May

2014-23

2014-22

16

Dec
2014

Nov
2014

Nov
2014
Nov
2014

Sep
2014

No.

Author(s)

Title

Firm Size Matter?

Year
2014

2014-13

Yifan ZHANG

Productivity Evolution of Chinese large and May

2014
Small Firms in the Era of Globalisation

2014-12

Valria SMEETS,
Sharon
TRAIBERMAN,
Frederic WARZYNSKI

Offshoring and the Shortening of the Quality May

2014
Ladder:Evidence from Danish Apparel

2014-11

Inkyo CHEONG

2014-10

2014-09

2014-08

2014-07

Koreas Policy Package for Enhancing its FTA

May

Utilization and Implications for Koreas Policy

2014

Sothea OUM, Dionisius Constraints, Determinants of SME Innovation,

NARJOKO, and
and the Role of Government Support
Charles HARVIE
Christopher PARSONS Migrant Networks and Trade: The Vietnamese
and Pierre-Louis Vzina Boat People as a Natural Experiment
Kazunobu
Dynamic Tow-way Relationship between
HAYAKAWA and
Toshiyuki MATSUURA Exporting and Importing: Evidence from Japan
Firm-level Evidence on Productivity
DOAN Thi Thanh Ha
Differentials and Turnover in Vietnamese
and Kozo KIYOTA
Manufacturing

May

2014-06

Larry QIU and Miaojie

YU

Multiproduct Firms, Export Product Scope, and

Trade Liberalization: The Role of Managerial
Efficiency

2014-05

Han PHOUMIN and

Shigeru KIMURA

Analysis on Price Elasticity of Energy Demand

in East Asia: Empirical Evidence and Policy
Implications for ASEAN and East Asia

2014-04

Youngho CHANG and

Yanfei LI

Non-renewable Resources in Asian Economies:

Perspectives of Availability, Applicability,
Acceptability, and Affordability

2014-03

Yasuyuki SAWADA
and Fauziah ZEN

Disaster Management in ASEAN

2014-02

Cassey LEE

Competition Law Enforcement in Malaysia

2014-01

Rizal SUKMA

ASEAN Beyond 2015: The Imperatives for

Further Institutional Changes

17

2014
May
2014
May
2014
Apr
2014

Apr
2014

Apr
2014

Feb
2014
Jan
2014
Jan
2014
Jan
2014

No.

Author(s)

Title

Year

2013-38

Toshihiro OKUBO,
Fukunari KIMURA,
Nozomu TESHIMA

Asian Fragmentation in the Global Financial

Crisis

Dec

2013-37

Xunpeng SHI and

Cecilya MALIK

Assessment of ASEAN Energy Cooperation

within the ASEAN Economic Community

Dec

2013-36

Tereso S. TULLAO, Jr.

And Christopher James
CABUAY

Eduction and Human Capital Development to

Strengthen R&D Capacity in the ASEAN

Dec

Paul A. RASCHKY

Estimating the Effects of West Sumatra Public

Asset Insurance Program on Short-Term

2013-35

Recovery after the September 2009 Earthquake

2013-34

2013-33

2013

2013

2013
Dec
2013

Nipon
Impact of the 2011 Floods, and Food
POAPONSAKORN and
Management in Thailand
Pitsom MEETHOM
Development and Resructuring of Regional
Mitsuyo ANDO
Production/Distribution Networks in East Asia

Nov
2013
Nov
2013

2013-32

Mitsuyo ANDO and

Fukunari KIMURA

Evolution of Machinery Production Networks:

Linkage of North America with East Asia?

Nov

2013-31

Mitsuyo ANDO and

Fukunari KIMURA

What are the Opportunities and Challenges for

ASEAN?

Nov

2013-30

Simon PEETMAN

Standards Harmonisation in ASEAN: Progress,

Nov

Challenges and Moving Beyond 2015

2013

2013-29

Jonathan KOH and

Andrea Feldman
MOWERMAN

Towards a Truly Seamless Single Windows and

Trade Facilitation Regime in ASEAN Beyond
2015

2013-28

Rajah RASIAH

Stimulating Innovation in ASEAN Institutional

Support, R&D Activity and Intelletual Property
Rights

2013-27

Maria Monica
WIHARDJA

Financial Integration Challenges in ASEAN

beyond 2015

2013-26

Who Disseminates Technology to Whom, How,

Tomohiro MACHIKITA
and Why: Evidence from Buyer-Seller Business
and Yasushi UEKI
Networks

2013-25

2013-24

Fukunari KIMURA
Olivier CADOT
Ernawati MUNADI

2013

2013

Nov
2013

Nov
2013
Nov
2013
Nov
2013

Reconstructing the Concept of Single Market a

Production Base for ASEAN beyond 2015

Oct

Streamlining NTMs in ASEAN:

The Way Forward

Oct

18

2013

2013

No.

Author(s)

Title

Year

Lili Yan ING

2013-23

Charles HARVIE,
Dionisius NARJOKO,
Sothea OUM

Small and Medium Enterprises Access to

Finance: Evidence from Selected Asian
Economies

2013-22

Alan Khee-Jin TAN

Toward a Single Aviation Market in ASEAN:

Regulatory Reform and Industry Challenges

Hisanobu SHISHIDO,

Moving MPAC Forward: Strengthening

2013-21

Shintaro SUGIYAMA,
Fauziah ZEN

Public-Private Partnership, Improving Project

Portfolio and in Search of Practical Financing
Schemes

Oct

2013-20

Barry DESKER, Mely

CABALLERO-ANTH
ONY, Paul TENG

Thought/Issues Paper on ASEAN Food Security:

Towards a more Comprehensive Framework

Oct

2013-19

Toshihiro KUDO,
Satoru KUMAGAI, So
UMEZAKI

Making Myanmar the Star Growth Performer in

ASEAN in the Next Decade: A Proposal of Five
Growth Strategies

Ruperto MAJUCA

Managing Economic Shocks and

Macroeconomic Coordination in an Integrated

2013-18

Region: ASEAN Beyond 2015

2013-17

2013-16

Cassy LEE and Yoshifumi

FUKUNAGA
Simon TAY

Oct
2013
Oct
2013

2013

2013

Sep
2013

Sep
2013

Competition Policy Challenges of Single Market Sep

2013
and Production Base
Growing an ASEAN Voice? : A Common
Platform in Global and Regional Governance

Sep
2013

Impacts of Natural Disasters on Agriculture, Food

2013-15

2013-14

Danilo C. ISRAEL and

Security, and Natural Resources and Environment in

Aug

Roehlano M. BRIONES

the Philippines

2013

Allen Yu-Hung LAI and

Seck L. TAN

2013-13

Brent LAYTON

2013-12

Mitsuyo ANDO

Impact of Disasters and Disaster Risk Management in

Singapore: A Case Study of Singapores Experience
in Fighting the SARS Epidemic

Aug
2013

Impact of Natural Disasters on Production Networks

Aug

and Urbanization in New Zealand

2013

Impact of Recent Crises and Disasters on Regional

Aug

19

No.

2013-11

Author(s)

Le Dang TRUNG
Sann VATHANA, Sothea

2013-10

OUM, Ponhrith KAN,

Colas CHERVIER

Title

Year

Production/Distribution Networks and Trade in Japan

2013

Economic and Welfare Impacts of Disasters in East

Aug

Asia and Policy Responses: The Case of Vietnam

2013

Impact of Disasters and Role of Social Protection in

Aug

Natural Disaster Risk Management in Cambodia

2013

Sommarat CHANTARAT,
Krirk PANNANGPETCH,
2013-09

Nattapong
PUTTANAPONG, Preesan
RAKWATIN, and Thanasin

Index-Based Risk Financing and Development of

Natural Disaster Insurance Programs in Developing
Asian Countries

Aug
2013

TANOMPONGPHANDH
2013-08

2013-07

Ikumo ISONO and Satoru

Long-run Economic Impacts of Thai Flooding:

July

KUMAGAI

Geographical Simulation Analysis

2013

Yoshifumi FUKUNAGA

Assessing the Progress of Services Liberalization in

May

and Hikaru ISHIDO

the ASEAN-China Free Trade Area (ACFTA)

2013

A CGE Study of Economic Impact of Accession of

May

Hong Kong to ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement

2013

Ken ITAKURA, Yoshifumi

2013-06

FUKUNAGA, and Ikumo

ISONO

2013-05

2013-04

2013-03

2013-02

Misa OKABE and Shujiro

URATA
Kohei SHIINO

The Impact of AFTA on Intra-AFTA Trade

Impact on Trade in Goods?

2013

Cassey LEE and Yoshifumi

ASEAN Regional Cooperation on Competition

Apr

FUKUNAGA

Policy

2013

Yoshifumi FUKUNAGA

Taking ASEAN+1 FTAs towards the RCEP:

and Ikumo ISONO

A Mapping Study

Ken ITAKURA

and Facilitation in ASEAN for the ASEAN Economic

Community

2012-17

2013

How Far Will Hong Kongs Accession to ACFTA will May

Impact of Liberalization and Improved Connectivity

2013-01

May

Jan
2013

Jan
2013

Sun XUEGONG, Guo

Market Entry Barriers for FDI and Private Investors:

Aug

LIYAN, Zeng ZHENG

Lessons from Chinas Electricity Market

2012

20

No.
2012-16

2012-15

2012-14

2012-13

2012-12

2012-11

Author(s)
Yanrui WU

Youngho CHANG, Yanfei

LI

Yanrui WU, Xunpeng SHI

Electricity Market Integration: Global Trends and

Aug

Implications for the EAS Region

2012

Power Generation and Cross-border Grid Planning for

the Integrated ASEAN Electricity Market: A Dynamic
Linear Programming Model

Aug

Energy Demand: Implications for East Asia

2012

Minsoo LEE, and

Inequality: A Conceptual Overview with Special

Donghyun PARK

Reference to Developing Asia

Hyun-Hoon LEE, Minsoo

Growth Policy and Inequality in Developing Asia:

July

LEE, and Donghyun PARK

Lessons from Korea

2012

Knowledge Flows, Organization and Innovation:

June

Firm-Level Evidence from Malaysia

2012

Globalization, Innovation and Productivity in

June

Manufacturing Firms: A Study of Four Sectors of China

2012

Cassey LEE

MOHNEN, Yayun ZHAO,

Ari KUNCORO

from Micro-Data on Medium and Large Manufacturing

Establishments

2012-07

Alfons PALANGKARAYA

2012

June
2012

The Link between Innovation and Export: Evidence

June

from Australias Small and Medium Enterprises

2012

Direction of Causality in Innovation-Exporting Linkage: June

Chang-Gyun PARK

Evidence on Korean Manufacturing

2012

Source of Learning-by-Exporting Effects: Does

June

Exporting Promote Innovation?

2012

Trade Reforms, Competition, and Innovation in the

June

Philippines

2012

Keiko ITO

2012-05

Rafaelita M. ALDABA
Toshiyuki MATSUURA

The Role of Trade Costs in FDI Strategy of

and Kazunobu

Heterogeneous Firms: Evidence from Japanese

HAYAKAWA

Firm-level Data

Kazunobu HAYAKAWA,
2012-03

July

Chin Hee HAHN and

2012-06

2012-04

2012

Economic Development, Energy Market Integration and

Globalization and Innovation in Indonesia: Evidence

2012-08

Aug

The Relationship between Structural Change and

and Feng ZHEN

2012-09

Year

Joshua AIZENMAN,

Jacques MAIRESSE, Pierre

2012-10

Title

Fukunari KIMURA, and

Hyun-Hoon LEE

June
2012

How Does Country Risk Matter for Foreign Direct

Feb

Investment?

2012

21

No.

Author(s)
Ikumo ISONO, Satoru

2012-02

KUMAGAI, Fukunari
KIMURA

2012-01

Mitsuyo ANDO and

Fukunari KIMURA

Title

Year

Agglomeration and Dispersion in China and ASEAN:

Jan

A Geographical Simulation Analysis

2012

How Did the Japanese Exports Respond to Two Crises

in the International Production Network?: The Global
Financial Crisis and the East Japan Earthquake

Jan
2012

Interactive Learning-driven Innovation in

2011-10

Tomohiro MACHIKITA

Upstream-Downstream Relations: Evidence from

Dec

and Yasushi UEKI

Mutual Exchanges of Engineers in Developing

2011

Economies
Joseph D. ALBA, Wai-Mun Foreign Output Shocks and Monetary Policy Regimes
2011-09

2011-08

CHIA, and Donghyun

in Small Open Economies: A DSGE Evaluation of East

PARK

Asia

Tomohiro MACHIKITA
and Yasushi UEKI

2011

Energy Market Integration in East Asia: A Regional

Nov

Public Goods Approach

2011

Yu SHENG,

Energy Market Integration and Economic

Oct

Xunpeng SHI

Convergence: Implications for East Asia

2011

Sang-Hyop LEE, Andrew

Why Does Population Aging Matter So Much for

MASON, and Donghyun

Asia? Population Aging, Economic Security and

PARK

Economic Growth in Asia

Xunpeng SHI,

Harmonizing Biodiesel Fuel Standards in East Asia:

May

Shinichi GOTO

Current Status, Challenges and the Way Forward

2011

Liberalization of Trade in Services under ASEAN+n :

May

A Mapping Exercise

2011

Location Choice of Multinational Enterprises in

Mar

China: Comparison between Japan and Taiwan

2011

Charles HARVIE,

Firm Characteristic Determinants of SME

Oct

Dionisius NARJOKO,

Participation in Production Networks

2010

Philip Andrews-SPEED

2011-02

Hikari ISHIDO
Kuo-I CHANG, Kazunobu

2011-01

HAYAKAWA
Toshiyuki MATSUURA

2010-11

2011

for the EAS Region

2011-06

2011-03

Auto-related Industries in Developing Economies

Nov

Nov

Yanrui WU

2011-04

Econometric Case Studies of Technology Transfer of

2011

Gas Market Integration: Global Trends and Implications

2011-07

2011-05

Impacts of Incoming Knowledge on Product Innovation:

Dec

22

Aug
2011

No.

Author(s)

Title

Year

Sothea OUM

2010-10
2010-09

Machinery Trade in East Asia, and the Global

Oct

Financial Crisis

2010

Fukunari KIMURA

International Production Networks in Machinery

Sep

Ayako OBASHI

Industries: Structure and Its Evolution

2010

Mitsuyo ANDO

Tomohiro MACHIKITA,
2010-08

Shoichi MIYAHARA,
Masatsugu TSUJI, and
Yasushi UEKI
Tomohiro MACHIKITA,

2010-07

Masatsugu TSUJI, and

Yasushi UEKI

Detecting Effective Knowledge Sources in Product

Innovation: Evidence from Local Firms and
MNCs/JVs in Southeast Asia

Xunpeng SHI

Aug

Firm-level Evidence in Southeast Asia

2010

Summit Region: Spillover Effects to Less Developed

Countries

Kazunobu HAYAKAWA,
2010-05

Fukunari KIMURA, and

Tomohiro MACHIKITA

2010-04

2010-03

2010-02

2010-01

2009-23

Tomohiro MACHIKITA
and Yasushi UEKI

2010

How ICTs Raise Manufacturing Performance:

Carbon Footprint Labeling Activities in the East Asia

2010-06

Aug

July
2010

Firm-level Analysis of Globalization: A Survey of the Mar

Eight Literatures
The Impacts of Face-to-face and Frequent
Interactions on Innovation:
Upstream-Downstream Relations

2010
Feb
2010

Tomohiro MACHIKITA

Innovation in Linked and Non-linked Firms:

Feb

and Yasushi UEKI

Effects of Variety of Linkages in East Asia

2010

Tomohiro MACHIKITA
and Yasushi UEKI
Tomohiro MACHIKITA
and Yasushi UEKI
Dionisius NARJOKO

Search-theoretic Approach to Securing New

Suppliers: Impacts of Geographic Proximity for
Importer and Non-importer
Spatial Architecture of the Production Networks in
Southeast Asia:
Empirical Evidence from Firm-level Data
Foreign Presence Spillovers and Firms Export
Response:
Evidence from the Indonesian Manufacturing

23

Feb
2010
Feb
2010
Nov
2009

No.

Author(s)

Title

Year

Kazunobu HAYAKAWA,
2009-22

Daisuke HIRATSUKA,
Kohei SHIINO, and Seiya

Who Uses Free Trade Agreements?

Nov
2009

SUKEGAWA
2009-21
2009-20

Ayako OBASHI
Mitsuyo ANDO and
Fukunari KIMURA

2009-19

Xunpeng SHI

2009-18

Sothea OUM

Resiliency of Production Networks in Asia:

Evidence from the Asian Crisis
Fragmentation in East Asia: Further Evidence

Oct
2009
Oct
2009

The Prospects for Coal: Global Experience and

Sept

Implications for Energy Policy

2009

Income Distribution and Poverty in a CGE

Jun

Framework:

2009

A Proposed Methodology

Erlinda M. MEDALLA

ASEAN Rules of Origin: Lessons and

Jun

and Jenny BALBOA

Recommendations for the Best Practice

2009

2009-16

Masami ISHIDA

Special Economic Zones and Economic Corridors

2009-15

Toshihiro KUDO

2009-17

2009-14
2009-13
2009-12
2009-11

May

Periphery into the Center of Growth

2009

Claire HOLLWEG and

Measuring Regulatory Restrictions in Logistics

Apr

Marn-Heong WONG

Services

2009

Loreli C. De DIOS

Business View on Trade Facilitation

Patricia SOURDIN and

Richard POMFRET

Monitoring Trade Costs in Southeast Asia

2009-08

Apr
2009
Apr
2009

Philippa DEE and

Barriers to Trade in Health and Financial Services in

Apr

Huong DINH

ASEAN

2009

Sayuri SHIRAI

the World and East Asia: Through Analyses of

Cross-border Capital Movements

2009-09

2009

Border Area Development in the GMS: Turning the

The Impact of the US Subprime Mortgage Crisis on

2009-10

Jun

Mitsuyo ANDO and

Akie IRIYAMA

International Production Networks and Export/Import

Responsiveness to Exchange Rates: The Case of
Japanese Manufacturing Firms

Apr
2009
Mar
2009

Archanun

Vertical and Horizontal FDI Technology

Mar

KOHPAIBOON

Spillovers:Evidence from Thai Manufacturing

2009

24

No.

Author(s)
Kazunobu HAYAKAWA,

2009-07

Fukunari KIMURA, and

Toshiyuki MATSUURA

Title
Gains from Fragmentation at the Firm Level:

Mar

Evidence from Japanese Multinationals in East Asia

2009

Plant Entry in a More

2009-06

Dionisius A. NARJOKO

LiberalisedIndustrialisationProcess: An Experience
of Indonesian Manufacturing during the 1990s

Kazunobu HAYAKAWA,
2009-05

Fukunari KIMURA, and

Firm-level Analysis of Globalization: A Survey

Tomohiro MACHIKITA
2009-04
2009-03

2008-03

2009

Chang-Gyun PARK

A Plant-level Analysis

2009

Stability of Production Networks in East Asia:

Mar

Duration and Survival of Trade

2009

Ayako OBASHI

Fukunari KIMURA

Networks and Its Implication for Technology

Mar
2009

Fukunari KIMURA and

International Production Networks: Comparison

Jan

Ayako OBASHI

between China and ASEAN

2009

Kazunobu HAYAKAWA

The Effect of Exchange Rate Volatility on

Dec

and Fukunari KIMURA

International Trade in East Asia

2008

Toshitaka GOKAN,
Ikumo ISONO, and
Souknilanh KEOLA

Predicting Long-Term Effects of Infrastructure

Development Projects in Continental South East
Asia: IDE Geographical Simulation Model

Kazunobu HAYAKAWA,
2008-01

Mar

Mar

Satoru KUMAGAI,
2008-02

2009

Learning-by-exporting in Korean Manufacturing:

Transfers and Spillovers

2009-01

Mar

Chin Hee HAHN and

The Spatial Structure of Production/Distribution

2009-02

Year

Fukunari KIMURA, and

Firm-level Analysis of Globalization: A Survey

Tomohiro MACHIKITA

25

Dec
2008

Dec
2008