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Introduction:
What is Vibration?
Objectives
To understand:
How it travels.
What is Vibration?
Question - What is Vibration?
Example
FFT
He established:
The waveform is
converted to an
amplitude/frequency
domain
Tim
e
Amplitude
Amplitude
Tim
e
This is called a
spectrum
cy
en
u
eq
Fr
Spectrums
Spectrums
Amplitude Units
E4
0.5
Route Spectrum
09-Feb-00 12:41:33
0.4
RMS Velocity in mm/Sec
C1 - Example 4
-MOH MOTOR OUTBOARD HORIZONTAL
Acceleration
0.3
Velocity
Displacement
0.2
0.1
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Frequency in kCPM
120
140
160
Freq: 2.937
Ordr: 1.000
Spec: .01038
Amplitude Units
Acceleration
Velocity
Displacement
Displacement
If we are to plot the actual movement of the weight (M) over time.
During one cycle we will determine the displacement
Displacement
Click for Animation
As the weight reaches the top of its travel this is its maximum movement
(Pk+) as it travels down to the bottom, this is the maximum movement (Pk-)
before coming to rest
Velocity
If we are to plot the velocity movement of the weight (M) over time.
During one cycle we will determine the relationship between velocity
and displacement
Velocity
Click for Animation
As the weight reaches the top of its travel this is its minimum velocity as it
travels down to the start position it is now at maximum velocity. Upon
reaching the bottom it will now be at minimum velocity again.
Acceleration
If we are to plot the rate of acceleration over time. During one cycle we
will determine the relationship between velocity, displacement and
acceleration
Acceleration
Click for Animation
As the weight reaches the top of its travel this is its maximum acceleration
(Pk-) as acceleration opposes displacement. Upon reaching the bottom it
will now be at minimum acceleration again (Pk+).
Amplitude Units
Displacement - microns
Acceleration - G-s
0.24
0.8
100
19T - Example 6
-G3H GBox Shaft 2 Inboard Horz
Route Spectrum
31-Jan-01 10:57:43
0.21
0.7
PK
Acceleration
inMicrons
G-s
P-P
RMS
Displacement
Velocity in in
mm/Sec
80
0.18
0.6
0.15
0.5
60
Velocity RMS
Good overall
value
Acceleration G-s
Accentuates the
high frequencies
(good for Bearings)
Displacement microns
Accentuates the
low frequencies
0.12
0.4
40
0.09
0.3
0.06
0.2
20
0.03
0.1
0
0
20000
40000
60000
Frequency in CPM
80000
100000
0.5
C1 - Example 4
-MOH MOTOR OUTBOARD HORIZONTAL
Route Spectrum
09-Feb-00 12:41:33
OVRALL= .5785 V-DG
RMS = .5716
LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 2937.
RPS = 48.95
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Frequency in kCPM
120
140
160
Freq: 2.937
Ordr: 1.000
Spec: .01038
Frequency Units
E6
0.7
19T - Example 6
-G3H GBox Shaft 2 Inboard Horz
Route Spectrum
31-Jan-01 10:57:43
0.6
0.5
2) Orders (NxRPM, is
integer of 1)
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
20000
40000
60000
Frequency in CPM
80000
100000
Non- Synchronous
Energy
Synchronous Energy
Sub-Synchronous
Energy
0.5
C1 - Example 4
-MOH MOTOR OUTBOARD HORIZONTAL
Route Spectrum
09-Feb-00 12:41:33
OVRALL= .5785 V-DG
RMS = .5716
LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 2937.
RPS = 48.95
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Frequency in kCPM
120
140
160
Freq: 2.937
Ordr: 1.000
Spec: .01038
Synchronous Energy
EX 8
1.0
Los - Example 8
-P2V Pump Outboard Vertical
Analyze Spectrum
15-Nov-95 10:00:16
RMS = 1.27
LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 737.
RPS = 12.28
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
6000
12000
18000
Frequency in CPM
24000
Label: Looseness
3) Gearmesh
30000
Freq: 736.86
Ordr: 1.000
Spec: .245
Non
-Synchronous Energy
Non-Synchronous
E5
2.0
BF - Example 5
-R4A ROLL BRG. #4 - AXIAL
Route Spectrum
12-Jul-96 17:16:42
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
6000
12000
18000
Frequency in CPM
24000
30000
Freq: 3888.9
Ordr: 10.24
Spec: .748
Sub
-Synchronous Energy
Sub-Synchronous
Belt Frequencies
Cage Frequencies
Lines of Resolution
Lines of Resolution
Example.
The diagram below shows data that has been collected using 400
LOR. Notice how the top of the peaks are capped. When the LOR
are increased the data becomes more accurate.
Lines of Resolution
TA16
0.20
0.5
L2 - TA 16
-M1H Motor Outboard Horizontal
Analyze Spectrum
13-Mar-01 09:14:16
09:13:53
0.16
0.4
PK Acceleration
Acceleration in
in G-s
PK
G-s
PK = .3852
.7078
LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 1497.
1496.
RPS = 24.95
24.94
0.12
0.3
0.08
0.2
0.04
0.1
0
0
400
800
Frequency in Hz
1200
1600
Lines of Resolution
Review of Objectives
To understand:
How it travels.
Analysis Techniques
Measurement Point Identification
Locating Turning Speed
Measurement Points
This helps the analyst know what the machine is and where the data was
collected.
Also helps to ensure the data is collected at the same point on the
machine every time to help with repeatability of data
P = Pump
G = Gearbox
M = Motor
H = Horizontal V = Vertical
A = Axial
P = Peakvue
The number refers to which side of the machine the data was collected
M = Motor 1 = Outboard
H = Horizontal
M1H
Question 2
M2A
P2H
Pump Outboard
Motor Inboard
Horizontal
Axial
Identifying
Measurement Points
M2V
M2A
P1V
M1H
M2H
P1H
M1P
M2P
P1P
P2V
P2H
P2A
P2P
M1P
M1H
M2V
M2P
M2H
M2A
E
S
No readings will be
taken on the bowl as
there is no direct
transmission path.
G6V
G3V
M1V
M2V
M2A
G4V
G1V
G2V
O/P
G6A
G4A
G2A
G6H
G6P
G4H
M1H
M1P
M2H
G1H
G2H
M2P
G1P
G2P
G4P
M2V
M1H
M2H
M1P
M2P
M2A
F1V
F2V
F1H
F2H
F1P
F2P
F2A
Locating Turning
Speed
Turning Speed
When the turning speed has been located, the software will recalculate all the frequencies to this exact speed.
Turning Speed
The spectrum is showing
numerous impacts appearing at
different frequencies.
Ex6
12
BFI - Example 6
-P2V PUMP OUTBOARD VERTICAL
Route Spectrum
30-Jan-96 15:14:51
OVRALL= 13.52 V-DG
RMS = 13.46
LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 2987.
RPS = 49.78
10
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Frequency in kCPM
120
140
160
Freq: 2.987
Ordr: 1.000
Spec: .115
1.0
Los - Example 3
-P2V Pump Outboard Vertical
Analyze Spectrum
15-Nov-95 10:00:16
RMS = 1.27
LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 737.
RPS = 12.28
0.8
RMS Velocity in mm/Sec
0.6
P2V
Synchronous Energy
0.4
0.2
0
0
6000
12000
18000
Frequency in CPM
24000
30000
Freq: 736.86
Ordr: 1.000
Spec: .245
Review of Terminology!
Acceleration (G-s)
Velocity (RMS)
Rate of movement
Displacement (Microns)
Orders
CPM
Hz
Review of Terminology!
Synchronous Energy
Sub-Synchronous Energy
Non-Synchronous Energy
Measurement Point
Basic Vibration
Analysis
Fault Diagnostics
Introduction
Imbalance
Misalignment
Looseness
Gears
Bearings
Belts
Electrical
Resonance
Imbalance
What is Imbalance?
Imbalance
System balanced
Centre of mass
rotating around the
centre of gravity
System imbalance
Centre of mass not
rotating around the
centre of gravity
Characteristics
Radial in nature
Causes
Improper assembly
Imbalance in a Spectrum
6
Ex2
IF - Example 2
-F1H Fan Inboard Horizontal
Route Spectrum
16-Sep-99 08:36:2
Synchronous energy
0
0
20000
40000
60000
Frequency in CPM
Freq:3000.0
80000 Ordr: 1.000
Spec:4.539
Imbalance in a Waveform
Ex2
1.0
IF - Example 2
-F1H Fan Inboard Horizontal
Waveform Display
02-Feb-00 15:13:51
0.8
PK = .5289
LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 2985.
RPS = 49.76
0.6
Acceleration in G-s
0.4
Sinusoidal time
waveform is expected
PK(+) = .8332
PK(-) = .8893
CRESTF= 2.38
0.2
-0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Revolution Number
4.0
4.5
5.0
Trendable Data.
The best way is to look at the trend data, and determine the change
over time
E02N - JB1420C CONDY RECOVERY PUMP
JB1420C -M1H Motor Outboard Horizontal
14
Trend Display
of
1xTS
12
10
Normal Running
Condition
Change in
Condition
FAULT
0
0
100
200
300
Days: 07-Apr-00 To 21-May-01
400
500
Date: 21-May-01
Time: 14:24:29
Ampl: 11.21
Imbalance Problem?
Imbalance
An imbalance is being
detected on a fan unit (As
Shown)
Imbalance Problem
Imbalance
Imbalance force
Combined
Imbalance
2nd Imbalance
force
Imbalance in a Spectrum
6
Ex2
IF - Example 2
-F1H Fan Inboard Horizontal
Route Spectrum
16-Sep-99 08:36:2
OVRALL= 4.58 V-D
RMS = 4.56
LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 3000.
RPS = 50.00
0
0
20000
40000
60000
Frequency in CPM
Freq:3000.0
80000 Ordr: 1.000
Spec:4.539
Misalignment
Looseness
Imbalance Summary
We expect to see this very clearly in the horizontal and vertical direction.
Very little axial vibration is expected
Shaft Misalignment
(Radial/Axial)
Misalignment is:
Characteristics of Misalignment
Present on both the Driver and Driven machine (either side of the
coupling)
Misalignment in a Spectrum
Misalignment appears at
2 Orders but can also
appear at 1 Order
Misalignment is synchronous
energy.
Velocity is the best unit of
measurement as no high
frequency data is present
Route Spectrum
15-FEB-93 11:04:1
6
RMS Velocity in mm/Sec
0
0
10000
20000
30000
Frequency in CPM
40000
Freq:2925.0
50000 Ordr: .983
Spec:2.046
Misalignment in a Waveform
40
Waveform Display
26-MAR-93 13:32:52
30
Velocity in mm/Sec
RMS = 17.00
LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 2996.
RPS = 49.93
20
PK(+) = 30.66
PK(-) = 26.81
CRESTF= 1.82
10
-10
-20
-30
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Revolution Number
4.0
4.5
5.0
Bearing Misalignment
Misalignment Summary
Looseness
(Structural & Rotating)
Characteristics of looseness
Structural
Rotating
Base Mounts
Impellers
Split Casings
Fans
Bearing Caps
Couplings
Bearing Supports
Structural Looseness
0.20
Route Spectrum
04-Oct-01 12:58:32
OVERALL= .4165 V-DG
RMS = .4197
LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 990.
RPS = 16.51
0.15
R M S V elo c it y in m m /Se c
0.10
0.05
0
0
20000
40000
60000
Frequency in CPM
80000
100000
Freq: 991.55
Ordr: 1.001
Spec: .07555
1.5
Route Waveform
04-Oct-01 12:58:32
1.2
RMS = .4103
LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 990.
RPS = 16.51
0.9
V elo c it y in m m /Se c
0.6
PK(+) = 1.19
PK(-) = 1.25
CRESTF= 3.04
0.3
0
-0.3
-0.6
-0.9
-1.2
-1.5
0
3
Revolution Number
Rotating Looseness
Looseness in a waveform
We can see
three clear
impacts per
revolution
Theres no
clear
sinusoidal
waveform per
revolution
Rotating Looseness
EO2C - J1425F LEAN ABSORBANT PUMP
J1425F -P2V Pump Outboard Vertical
2.0
Route Spectrum
04-Oct-01 13:54:49
OVERALL= 5.71 V-DG
RMS = 5.69
LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 2980.
RPS = 49.66
IMPELLER LOOSE
R M S Velocity in mm /Sec
1.5
A Loose Impeller
1.0
0.5
0
0
40
80
120
Frequency in kCPM
160
200
240
Freq: 14.90
Ordr: 5.000
Spec: 1.539
Loose Bolts
Loose Keys
Belt Problems
Coupling Defects
Coupling Inserts
Loose couplings
Looseness Summary
Structural Looseness
Rotating Looseness
Rule of Thumb
Imbalance decreases in a
spectrum from 1-2 Orders
Misalignment generally
increases in a spectrum from 12 Orders
Looseness maintains an
average constant level across
the spectrum (up to around 10
Orders)
Gears
(Helical and Spur)
Gear Characteristics
Side Bands
Spacing between side bands indicate which gear has the problem
Spur gears
Vibration defects appear more clearly in the radial plains with these
types of gears.
Helical gears
The teeth are cut angular to the shaft
Much quieter than spur gears
A lot of axial thrust is created due to the angular mesh
Vibration defects appear more clearly in the axial plain with these types
of gears.
To avoid high axial thrusting, double helical gears are often used.
100t
1000RPM
GMF = 1000 x 50
The GMF is the same for both gears as they mesh with each other.
Output speed is 500 CPM
100 x 500 = 50 000 CPM
20t
50t
40t
10t
100RPM
20t
50t
1000RPM
40t
Side Bands
The side band spacing indicates which gear has the problem.
50t
1000RPM
100t
Side Bands
The difference in frequency
between each peak will equate to a
shaft speed
GMF in a Spectrum
ST.1 - Reductor *CH Tandbreuk
HP-12 1222-*DA h OUTBOARD AXIAL
Route Spectrum
17-MAR-94 17:26
0.5
OVRALL= .9952 V
RMS = .7378
LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 1453.
RPS = 24.22
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
Frequency in CPM
Freq:18884.
50000 Ordr: 13.00
Spec: .357
GMF in a Spectrum
ST.1 - Reductor *CH Tandbreuk
HP-12 1222-*DA h OUTBOARD AXIAL
Route Spectrum
08-MAR-94 17:2
1.0
0.8
0.6
Gear Wear
0.4
0.2
0
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
Frequency in CPM
Label: 1 tooth missing
Freq:19066.
50000 Ordr: 13.00
Spec: .699
Gears Summary!
Sidebands
Waveform
Bearings.
(Rolling Element)
Characteristics
Causes
2.0
BFO - Example 4
-R4A ROLL BRG. #4 - AXIAL
Bearing Wear
Route Spectrum
12-Jul-96 17:16:4
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
6000
12000
18000
24000
Frequency in CPM
Label: Outer Race Defect
Priority: 1
Freq:3888.9
30000 Ordr: 10.24
Spec: .748
Bearing Defects
Outer race
impacting
Inner race
impacting
2.0
BFO - Example 4
-R4A ROLL BRG. #4 - AXIAL
Route Spectrum
12-Jul-96 17:16:42
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
Advanced stages of
bearing wear is easy to detect
with vibration
0.8
0.6
Defined non-synchronous
impacting peaks show up
clearly in the spectrum
0.4
0.2
0
0
6000
12000
18000
Frequency in CPM
Label: Outer Race Defect
Priority: 1
24000
Freq: 3888.9
30000 Ordr: 10.24
Spec: .748
Ex6
20
Route Waveform
16-Oct-95 14:52:06
15
PK = 7.02
LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 2909.
RPS = 48.48
10
Acceleration in G-s
PK(+) = 16.24
PK(-) = 16.48
CRESTF= 3.32
-5
-10
-15
-20
0
4
5
Revolution Number
Jm/c
A7Ex6
- BOTTOM
- Example
RECIRC
146
FAN
- Example
Distinct
Impact
Distinct
Followed
Impacts
by
a Ring Down
BRF
m/c
-M1H
Motor
Outboard
Horizontal
Ex14
-B1H
Bearing
Inboard
Horizontal
High
GJ Levels
- No
Distinct
Ex6
-P2V
PUMP
OUTBOARD
VERTICAL
Pattern, Impacts are Present
1.615
RouteWaveform
Waveform
Route
Route
Waveform
04-Feb-02 13:27:23
13:47:57
31-Jan-02
16-Oct-95
14:52:06
PK === .3538
.3335
PK
PK
7.02
LOAD===100.0
100.0
LOAD
LOAD
100.0
RPM=== 2909.
1619.
RPM
RPM
900.
RPS=== 15.00
26.98
RPS
48.48
RPS
1.2
0.410
Acceleration
Acceleration in
in G-s
G-s
Acceleration in G-s
0.8
PK(+)===1.80
.7071
PK(+)
16.24
PK(+)
PK(-)===1.09
.7243
PK(-)
16.48
PK(-)
CRESTF=
CRESTF=7.21
3.32
3.07
CRESTF=
0.4
0 0
0.0
-5
-0.4
-0.4-10
-0.8
-15
-1.2
-0.8-20
-1.6
0
00
1
0.5 1
1.0
32
4
3 5 2.0
1.5
Revolution Number
Number
Revolution
Revolution Number
42.5
8
3.05
Rev : .766
Ampl: -.03992
Impacting is non-synchronous
Peakvue
If you think of a stone being dropped into a pool of water. The stone is the
initial impact generated by the fault. The effect of the stone being dropped
into the water cause a ripple on the surface of the water which, spreads
over a wide area.
Peakvue
Peakvue
Are filtered out (this can be seen by the band of noise along the
spectrum floor)
If any stress waves are detected (caused by metal to metal impacts)
they appear above the filtered noise level as shown
EX 7
2.5
A4 - Example 7
-F2P Fan Outboard Horz Peakvue
Analyze Spectrum
04-Apr-01 11:33:50
(PkVue-HP 5000 Hz)
2.0
PK Acceleration in G-s
PK = 7.48
LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 943.
RPS = 15.72
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
0
200
400
600
Frequency in Hz
800
1000
Bearing Summary!
Electrical
Electrical
How ever this does not mean that detecting an electrical fault is
impossible by using vibration. There are certain patterns we look
for.
2xLf = 100Hz.
Electrical
Electrical
The problem that can occur here is it can easily be passed for
misalignment
Ex1
0.6
EFP - Example 1
-M1H Motor Outboard Horizontal
Route Spectrum
08-Nov-00 14:27:35
OVRALL= .5613 V-DG
RMS = .5607
LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 2969.
RPS = 49.48
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
20
40
60
Frequency in kCPM
80
100
120
Freq:
Ordr:
Spec:
2.974
1.002
.121
Electrical
The motor is a two pole motor (3000CPM) 2xLf is at 6000CPM
(100Hz) very close to 2xTs (turning speed)
Ex1
0.6
EFP - Example 1
-M1H Motor Outboard Horizontal
Route Spectrum
08-Nov-00 14:27:35
OVRALL= .5613 V-DG
RMS = .5607
LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 2967.
RPS = 49.44
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
400
800
1200
Frequency in Hz
1600
2000
Freq: 100.00
Ordr: 2.023
Spec: .386
Electrical or Mechanical
Belts
Belt Characteristics
Using the formula given, calculate the belt frequency for the data
given
= 697.08 RPM
2000
Belt Characteristics
FRQ.Orders
Belt Characteristics
Belt defects can be detected in the Axial and Radial plains. Severity
is judged by the number and amplitude of the harmonics
Belt Drives
Belt Type
Endless Woven
Poly-V
Link (without rivets)
Link (with rivets)
Wide Angle
Timing
Multiple V
Standard V
Open End
Severity
100
60
50
40
30
25
12
10
5
Shown below are the three most common types of pulley belts used
in industry.
V Belt
Multiple V Belt
Timing Belts
Belt Misalignment
Offset Misalignment
Angular Misalignment
Angular
Offset
Physical Observations
Belt defects are often visible when the belts are frozen
Resonance
What is resonance
This fN does not cause any problems until another vibration source
runs at a same/similar frequency.
When this happens the fN excites the other vibration source causing
increases in vibration amplitude.
1) Stiffness
Stiffness
2) Mass
The stiffer or more rigid a structure is, the higher its natural frequency
will be. The less stiff or rigid a structure is the lower natural frequency
will be.
E.G. By tightening a guitar string, the rigidity increase and the pitch
(Frequency) of the note increases. Similarly loosening the string
reduces the rigidity and also the frequency!
Mass
Resonance
4) Dampening
Resonance
Resonance Analysis
Characteristics of Resonance
Speed sensitive
Resonance Analysis
Resonance in a Spectrum
Base Plates
Pipework
Resonance Analysis
Resonance
Resonance
Have a look at the spectral data shown. The cursor indicates a 1xTs
peak (1 Order). What Fault appears at 1xTs?
7
J2200A
EOD - J2200A EO
PUMP
EOD
- J2200A EO PUMP
-M1H J2200A
Motor Outboard
Horizontal
- Multiple
Points (27-Sep-01)
Max Amp
5.28
6
6
Route Spectrum
27-Sep-01 13:59:25
5
OVERALL= 5.48 V-DG
RMS = 5.44
4
LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 1488.
RPS = 24.80
3
2
1
0
M1H 13:59
0
00
30
8000
60
16000
Frequencyin
inCPM
kCPM
Frequency
90
24000
120
32000
M1V 13:59
Freq: 1488.1
Ordr: 1.000
Spec: 5.373
Resonance Summary!
Resonance is directional in
nature
Summary of Faults
Belt
Frequency
Misalignment
Electrical
Imbalance
Resonance
Looseness
Electrical
Advanced Bearing
Wear
Lower Gearmesh
Severe
Frequencies
Misalignment
Severe Looseness
c c
c c c