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Spring 2014
Today:
-- Homework questions:
-- Strain and Deformation
-- Normal Strain
-- Shear Strain
-- Homework: Read Section 2.1 to 2.2
Work Problems from Chap 2: 5, 27, 34, 35
Following today's class you should be able to:
-- Understand the difference between deformation and strain
-- Understand the difference between normal and shear strain
-- Be able to calculate strain from a body's deformation
In Statics, problems were solved assuming that they behaved as rigid bodies.
No matter how large the forces were, the bodies always maintained their
same shape.
Real materials are not rigid. Whenever an external force or moment acts on
real material, there is a change in length or shape associated with the
material. This change in shape is called deformation.
Deformation: a change in shape of material due to an applied load or other
external stimuli.
Undeformed
Deformed
Consider the case of two rods of the same cross sectional area and the same
material, but one is twice as long as the other.
P
LB
P
LB
LB'
LA
LA'
LA
If you were to apply the same force to each rod, you find that the longer rod
would deform more than the short rod. Apparently the geometry of a part
affects the deformation.
One way to try to express deformation without needing to account for the
size of the part is to calculate the deformation per unit length. Such a
quantify of unit deformation is called Strain.
L ' L L
L
L
Units:
mm/mm
in/in
none
x x ' x
Normal Strain
x
x
x'
Example 1:
The two wires are connected together at A. If the force P causes point A to
be displaced vertically 3 mm, determine the normal strain developed in each
wire.
B
Solution:
400 mm
30o
30o
400 mm
A
P
Geometry: no Load
200 mm
200 mm
346.4
mm
400
mm
30o
Change of length:
L 402.6 400 2.6mm
Strain:
L
2.6mm
0.0065
L
400mm
402.6 mm
346.4 + 3
= 349.4 mm
Shear Strain:
Consider an infinitesimal element of material
subjected to only shearing stresses. In order for
the element to be in equilibrium, shear stresses
must act along all four sides of the element.
Shearing stresses tend to deform the
angular appearance of a body. Shear
strain is measured by the change in the angular
deformation that the body undergoes
measured in radians.
/2
/2
Consider the block shown below fixed along the bottom plane and deformed
by the horizontal force P.
A'
1.5mm
30 mm
90o
The shear stress represents the change in the angular feature expressed in
radians. If the original corner of the block was a 90o angle, following
application of the force, P, the new corner angle can be found as
1.5mm
arctan(
) 87.14o 1.521 rad
30mm
30
so
1.5
C
300
D
400
Solution:
Example 2:
A piece of plastic is originally rectangular. Loads cause it to distort as shown
y
by the dashed lines.
a) Determine the shear strain at corner A
b) Determine the shear strain at corner B.
2
5
c) Determine the average normal strain that occurs
along the diagonal DB.
A 3
all units in mm
C
300
Solution:
a) Originally the each of angles A and B were
90 degrees. Following deformation, angle
A now appears to be obtuse and angle B is
acute.
400
A 3
all units in mm
302
arctan(
A'
A ' 180o
403
so
o
A ' 180 = 180o-89.6206o+0.2843o=90.6637o
therefore
A A A ' 90o 90.6637o 0.66370 0.01159rad
arctan(
so
403 '
B
302
Example 2:
A piece of plastic is originally rectangular. Loads cause it to distort as shown
y
by the dashed lines.
a) Determine the shear strain at corner A
b) Determine the shear strain at corner B.
2
5
c) Determine the average normal strain that occurs
along the diagonal DB.
304
LDB''
300
LDB
405
400
LDB
x2 y2
LDB
x2 y 2
DB
0.0120
L
500
The rectangular plate is subjected to the deformation shown by the dashed line. Determine the
shear strain, x'y' in the plate. The x' axis is directed from A through point B.
____________________________________________________________________________
Solution:
y
x'