Donte a} PERFORMANCE ART kee Carron Ce iFor Pauline and Allon ‘Gono ee Gang, Liter Roa hen ool ae rd Tony Stoke Spee hn sha a Bako Jiu os eng pp nd pn. apy © 1979 9 Rose Golibrg Fan LY te Po Contents Foreword Serretion Living Arte. 193 10 the poe “The Art of Meas and the Media Generation 198 to 1986 Bane Select Bibliography nex‘The Art of Ideas and the Media Generation 1968 to 1986 “The Art of tdeas “The year 196 prematurely marked the begining ofthe decade ofthe “rote nesta political event seer areal ands e ‘noughoutKarope sd the United isto The moed was one of ertasion 2 angor wth povaling values and rere Whi sadn nd worker ‘Rowred logan and tected sce bareades in prower agai "the ‘blahment, may younger ater approached the rion of art with ‘Shut lest olen diam They qastoned she aecepled prems OF at Sndatenipee eo redefine ss meaning and ene, Moreover, as ook i Spon themcles 0 expr these nes etn lengthy tet her thar leave tat spony heen] mediator the ae re The trlery was staked tan nueution of commerciam and other eee Sag for commmuncting est he pbb On peroal eve ses = tine when ich yt resalgted ior her wn tno or making 3 Ind when sic scion wart bessen spr ofa ver svesipon 9 rose snot, pradoncly, se an appeal for poplar ceptance ‘The tt objet come fo be consered coil peda with hit esheticandehe notion of concept! at wa eral aco which ‘he material concept. Drege forthe aot ws inked eo sts bg Scenesmere pawn the aft market the ncn otha yc a team econo ne theagurent went the conrpal wrk could have to such su, Althougheconomi notes made ha shoved drm, [evformance-inthicontebecinea xenon of ichan ey aoug Thera inngibl, efi encenandtcold oe beboughtand Finally erortance wae tem serefecingthe lament of slenation betes performer an! ver sonething that fied well the oe i piution of be ectgaion of te Fanci fat anes Both aden znd peroumer execs the work smlaneoty. Performs the ast te yous fhe te an ofthe aly vee: ‘efx conceal a igen of asitonalmteraiofanen, bro ‘cs wih pertormer amin to thee wn bien st mater Klin and Manznt had done some yeas proly, For concept = 133 Implied he expeione of tie, space and mater rather than de reprsntation nthe form of eet and de Body became the mos dee tmefinm of expreion, Performances therefore an ill ene 80 Imari conepe nd euch athe pacicecortepanding thy "sku theories, Forexampl, seston pce oul jt sr wll bene inczu space abn the conventional two-dimen format the pated ‘vaste ould be sagged de drain of performer withthe ‘of videomonitorsnd ideo feedback, Sense tebeedoscalpare Slach athe tomar of mater or obec iy space ~ beets even more {ange in ive presentation, Ths ensaton of concept ito Hive works resiod in many performances which nen speared gute sui he Hever sce Gow war eklom an tiempo cette areal il Inpreion or to provide ce tothe work through the eof abst or ramacve Rather the viewer coil, by aoiton, sin tvght so ee pacar expenence the the performer demons "The demarurstns which Conrad on te tes dy mater cary wo be Known a iy a However, thi frm Ws oon oe Slowing ora wie variety ofnterpretton, Wh some Body aus ed ther own penoneat ae mater, ther poiioned heme again wl tneorens ran open fen making hom sal lor napce Ore fonsracte spaces which bok hey abd th Viewers seein of ace ‘woul be determined by the pair envronment. erormer who ad Promceed the srl ‘new dance” sever) yeu cay, refined thir ovement fo prec conigartons developing + vasbulry of mover ‘nent forthe body in sacs ‘Some rity dati withthe somewhac mari explortion ofthe body, sumed pose and_wore conumes{n performance and ako in cveryy I), cresting ling sapere. The conentation onthe Peronalty an appearance ofc arte tec 0 ge ody of work Shich came to be called “wtobiograpica, since the conten? of the Petformances wed aspects ofthe perms personal hisor. Sieh 9 ‘Reonsraton of pvate memory has complementin the work of many Fevformer who tamed to coecive memory ~the dy of a and SSremomics forthe ours of the work page, Chan oe American Indust ofen sugges the format of ive even A Cte ee othe ssjleand conten of many perfomance wa he org dsepne of many -Mtss, whether in pore, ruse, dance, sing, seupre oe "Yet anther peformance sap tle on the psec of th ae in pubic as inclactor, a eal in Beu' guston ap ser sexo ome ate pve isrcton 2 the viewer, mggeing ha they sac dh performances thelr. Above all sence wee provoked meo king Jt ra wore he Bourne of ar wher fe anes dl scene 0 1shophiel engairy cal and are gin, oF what dstingisbed hein ine mabout 16 on hud an enor fet aman evan younger fenerion of fom at schoo where Wve Manon II 3th Theis Ars Decor n Pa (909 pra arise were teaching. By 1973 the fandmenl quston red rym sy. The aden ound on arate chen ‘te been absorbed the et work. ete for sence: dramatic acto wats aage can stipes Sor works wes Soci change and emancipation ~saent,woe’ chin’ had been read siderably dampened. World metry aed energy cries uly ered meant teh Iie syle and prcoecoputons The inton of the galley, once iy viewed at ete fore explain ofa, wa eae conven at The Americ rt Jaes Ls Biya acterped vo change te ptcepton mance sect thee ‘Sarsrdinry prodaconsot pop bn the snore ofthe wkted nivel cold go on Who, rom Roxy Aluie to Alice Cooper ~ the new prorinnce Beane time, He cwen pt World Question Center at the Lox Angles Coun rh Renba nd Mosc 2 pr ofthe Are and Technolgy exbbon fo The ren The pevformancs tha eed tenn egy we {itt Bernat Venet posed action by impltion snd phar toundari. wt 98) the Jon Menai © poss which the ender cold peor map vibe Dah ats te ehibicon rope 1969" wale ‘Some mines Fo rato capie the eretomip econ sera them Th Frc a Dane oe ciped pm fee 1966 — be ng 0 enptaize“The artes body This tempt so trate theencnial elements of one dil into another “harerersed he early work ofthe New York rie VitoAetons Around to, Acconci ed Me body co provi an aemaivegroune'o the page round headed wa por casa ay, hea, offing the cs rom Sronde co Bel an image. So intead of wring » poem about lowing, econ! ared oe Folbwing Pea pat of Set Works 1" (ines), The piace consid ply of Acconefloring randomly chown fnivdastin he rec, sbuadonmg the ane they ether seers Tuling. wat ini that people were nsware that twas going om [Acconet made veverl eter pies which were equal privates Thou ineonpeevethey were ho te work of arta ooking a hel an lage seeing the art's others might shin: Acct self Imargioal presence. tying inv ongoing stuion. Each work dele imiha ew image for example in Cnvrae (970 heatemped cone ‘Bs rmasunty by bung hit bey hia tench ean ae "romp eo prodace female reas’ "and id hpi between bi es Bat Sich priate seca only underlined even more emphasaly thes ontedicrory character af his ae for whatever dover ie made a {hi procen of telarching, he had no way of‘pblaing them stone ‘would poem, I became nscensry, therfore, frm to mk "body ovuy’ more peble “The fr public works were coullyitonpecive and poetic. For cxample, Telling Set: (2072) took place in dark doered aed on he Husson itvertthecarly hous ofteeold wancr moraine From 11923, ‘ovonl whiperedserets~ which could have brn wt detrimental ea tneifpsblicaly reveled’ ~sodhelatenpht vitor, Agen ths work couldbe feed the equivalent of = pct joing down private hough which once fesse for publason could be deme im ena conte “The lcation of the ns sutuent pesTormanes el Acco eo the nation of power iti ay deeribd by he poychologse Rut Lew in The Primiple sf Teplogal Psy. oat work cone found = Resign of how each individual adated penn ower hich {noes al pone neracon withers people and objet ysl space Ms wks om voy deat with his powerseld Bowen imei? and exer in specily contracted sac: beat concer with Seng ap id in which he science ws that hey bees» pr of snhut twas doing hey beame pert ofthe ply space which E Ioved Seed (7), performed a the Somabend Gallery, New York, Ireame the mostnotonourof he Wes nwt Acconermanurinedunders ‘ap bal ine he gallery over which he wists led 156 ‘Thee works fed Accone co iter icerpetion of he power signing» space hich mgd hit pero presence, These potent erformancer werejunasimporean sacra pertormancs Fnaly Accon Uhthdrw trom performance altogether Command Pajomane (974) Consed of an empty pace, an emy char and 3 ideo mona, he souderack vig the ser to ete his or rom efomance While many of Accones performances sopgened he Beckproun i post, toe of Deans Oppenheits showed acs of hi ning 3 2 eulprrin Calon Like many ais of thine he wie counteract the nveriming infuence of minimalist cup, According to Oppewe beim body atbeeimes celts, malicooxandstatgic ploy gsi the ‘mili preoespation wich th esence ofthe bj at tans to Focat onthe" abject’ the maker ~ ater than on the objet ele So Oppenteim made several works n whic the prime ence was the spencer of wulpaal forms and. att rather thi thir tal oration In Pal Ste (70) he ona ge ond of ith 136 that would aca model for com dermosran, Thee ng hina From pall brick walls olin ont he wal within bands a fet Creting 3 body cuve which edad the supe of the moundarc le. the intention being sierly to act eat cen lpr scoatons,sichsssmeling an eduction The afi wasreplced by Tend pipe which war then mele by blowtorch, cing the ans cy titwnevely sve seu’ wat Bq cat sane Yer Open took dese experiment fanher ins work which executed none Beach {Eon band In eating Paton Seond Dera be was oneeroed| ‘nih hemotion of colour change, raional abr concent nth {hse his own skin became papment lying onthe beach, 2 Tage book oveinghisbare cho Oppenheim remained oni thesun had ume sree Exposed toh fering color change’ bythe splot mews “Spent belcrd shat body ae wa es in ts apletin. We vas pining the scents tht go aa making artwork. Conde hs stay Halas repented fil to sblimane etre egy io producing tect By 197 tke many bay ane nrlved nsrarnospectve end ‘lien phyealy dangsras explorations ei olive performance Jos Acco had don with is power-fels, Oppenbin dered work which Singened per ofen wed puppet eather than human performers The le wooden figures som ped by feed songs tad rs contnsd ok the fundamen queions aed by concep Ine te the rot of art, whe were he monet for ai tnd wht Dy tehind scommgly autonomous aroe decion? One example Wat "Ther ora ge tt (1999) wherein» dimly he oom a only Puppet “The Californian ats Chi Burden wen ehrough sim eon co that of Aecone and Oppenicn, began with performanes that aid phys exercon and concentration beyond the Bound noma er ince, and withdrawing fom performance afer seve yen of dent the snden locker eam athe Univery of Carns livin Tt urdnsnaledhsmelin 22" 3 looker fore yeh oly spi forth igh-Seing ay bing sage tle of water, he conte of hich tree piped to him vi the locker above. Inthe same yar, in Venice Gains, heed frend 0 ont im nee ene Showing Pie Teale, redtrom en etsy, hldbve ese Beata ofthe fllowing year war another also-sriows game with dea: Helaywrapedin sana: bg inthe mde of ny Los A Boulevard. Lully ne wa unhurt athe police pt nee thi ork by ares him forcing fae emergeney tobe reported. Silly deat ying ats were repented seule terval cath cold have eed in Dusen death, bude cluster nvaved as, be mi an eer they wereakos meaito-Teetactcertain Ameria cick shooting ler peoples pereeion of vilnce. Cerny sich danger bad Been Fovtyed on cnvasor snus in teat sens: Borden performances, Involving weal danger bad grendow sine 20 ker ee ory of representation of sah themes for al in “The body in apace At the same ine tht ats wee working on ther Bdis obec, Ianiuling then they mos spc of pene oso a oc, ‘hee devlps ore rtd penormance wih xl boy te slemene me or cx the Cairn avoe Brae Nauman faSqure (68) whichhadadretrcatonshiptohscalpre By wang Slmesions of hs cuptiral works which so dealt with volume andthe bcrnent of been pace The Geman att Kt Rin method fandated he trer-dimcnnal eopers of xls nee peng Creed wit hs pros Moni umgae ogee tiey mae perme configurations, ng wtf ove poston oh mex sl fr ‘Sveniboamats tine A wall carted oorma neh tinerook to make eath slprral ape. According to Rinke these works swells ng the shape and the work Shand pasiveypesttrin one and the me person. So he troduced miro Zu wideo equipment which wosld lo perormer to bee spectators of their ow atts Thu seserutny wa intended st wp 1 heghened onsioumen of every goture. In Tus Conon Precion (1922) ‘Grama crested stuation which wool inet tht conecournes even farther sine two people were sed to verb (n ont ofan auc) how hey wewed one of partes. A woman satin ant ofa deo see tohich thaw he fe, wile 1 man Tooked tough the video comets Cainedon esc Abcoxatined be fee and decribed what se, theman at there tine, elated bow he tear face fn hwy, both he Imanand worsan were activein tha hey were cresting the perfomance, but ‘hey were ao posi spectator int hey were wating themelves perorming (Grins theory of audience performer slips wat bucd on Berl Broce cs of imposing an wncomforabie and conscious te Go the auaience ip an atemptto rece the gup Been the two. Ia ‘Sibeguent works Graham explore hse addigthedemens of tne iudspne: Vico tesbmaqeeand ios were ued to cles soe of pt Proent ad fates with on conse sac Inner sch Peet Coins Pe (57) te ivr need wa reecton of proce ie, wile ‘eo cdc showed he prformerpecator nhs aethe publi) Hee Patt action, According to Grahim, imo tefl inate ine Sinoutdurtion. wheres video edbick desu the oppo, rls The twins Kind oC duatioal ine flow’, So on entering the eonsrcted ube ned with mcrorthe viewer sw tomas fie nthe mio nd then, eight second ters those miroted etions aed o the video "Pree time’ wat the iewersimmedite eon, which wo hen ke wp bythe miro and vido sn reson. The veer derefre would we before ‘hein what they had ecenty permed but ko knew hat any Free [stone wold appear om the dco 3 fare tne The Now York performer Tit Brownaée fhe dimension tothe ‘Sida ling (19), 9 Weleng othe Wal (7), were eget Alnor theaudence'sone of ravtatonalalnce. The fe conste dof tran srpped in moanainecrng Sere walking down the verecl wal Face of yeven-tory bldg lower Manta The second work, ing the tie mechanical suppore, ook playin + galery atthe Whimey Museum, where performs moved along the wal argh angles to the ouience. Sir works explored movement psi in space, Wile {Eas (575 related the actual movers nace 4 two-dimen plan The prtnmance wat deed oialy trap dang an Brown forked on thr methods of notation simalancaedy sachet a fc: tse dew a cae then she wrote out number nq sed on ername which wasthen matched with heneecting Hse cdbe She dnd tire dancer choreographed » work determined by the bed eave Ihe in New York, Lacinds Chids crested sve performances cording tocarfally worked ototation, Conon efor a0 Oia {ions wes oe sich work where ve dance travelled on 8 of agora tow he pace, exploring trough the dace he vt combinations indeed the rein Sir, Laura Danan he cleagus followed rece prang patter nde onthe or, in Cir Dace (972) Pte nfloenee of Amenian new dace exponen wae lim England whereshe Ting Theat of Maker up scolibortive morkbop i 197¢ {Donnas te arerexpernens Tey put together he vaso motors veloped by Amer dance poner orm the fies and sis i 4 endboo, Te loon of efor A pubhed in so, On othe" strh exp texts onthe ery and peace of performance, te Book tnd erie of exer: for potential perme. A Waal (197) presented onthe forecourtand on ofthe rac ofthe Hayward Clery in {Son ilated ome of th noon xpd in he Dok, cha ok tonented scons here the rou of fe we of objects 8 pal and ‘Spor nda This parclar work developed fom the companys Imero srceting performances ccrdag io ovale ative eth ‘tv Waiyerionners ostoned vague on ase aig and Feng comancr, water warcooweyed up ad hen down gin ceaing ‘is 0 wnt exch one hoor og. Ritual Incontrat to pesfrmancs which wth arms properties of the body space and ne, eters were fr more emotive ad expresonsi in mie “Thon othe Ausra ret Hermann Nah, Dginnng nt, nln ‘ian and blond, were devribed sn aexhctc way af paying’. Ancen Donysam and Christan rts were rexnacted m3 modern content, “appre ihtraing Arto fata hon trorsnd ‘Sorpaion. Nicch sw these rae ores stan extension of ston Fring, sclling the Fourie Car's sgeiion” yo mest puny 3b Snr nga! vomit sand, soe and sel His Ong, Mrin, The projects were repented tegen Ahroughourthesevense A ypieaiaionlsedseverT host k would begin ttt the wound ef ud mune the ety creed bythe lode ponble Treated none ~filowed by Niwth giving orden forte ceremony 0 bs ‘aught lr woul be brought on wage by asians, Ete headed. Then the animal won be dembowed cas and poreaion Mall, appropriate tothe works af cr 173),Tae choise of inlitie protryper Ie to very deen kinds of performances While the Vienne stone fied the expestonise std aychologclieresnlong coeds Vienne carci the work ‘how ofthe American Indias Joun Jonas work tcferd back tothe ‘pious cercmonisof the Zu and Hopi tbr of the acc cea these trea re up. Those nin ts tok cet he facet hlson which the nb hvsd an were conduc bythe smn of the be nJonats New York work Delay Dey a the aience wa simialy sist ata dance above the peformance, From the top of five sarey Tot buildings they watched hon performer duped tnouphout te pty ct lo wich were marked with lange sgn indenting the amber ff paces sony from the lf bulking, The performer clapped wooden blocks th chow of which provided the only phys onneton been Poe nde} pri i xp Iniror apd ieo to provide he illson of Sep spe anaes) was Viewed smutanzanly imran sndins monitored mage Cura ited The room ns three inctsptal chrctersach contain rope ge pies veining eae a a op Oh dor we qty ofthe outdoor pics trough the ine of mak, fends of Tina Girosrd's performances were ako Blt sft costes and ceremonies pied by the Mai Gras fetes (be wes born the Amersain wut, and Hop Idan sex Cambinng semen rom tee Ceremonial precedents, Grouard presented Pnwhe! (977) the New ‘Osksns Meum of Art. In thi work, sever! performers rated oa > agesteon the or ofthe min ean ofthe aun, ng heb 0 separate the agar our ection repressing sil veel, miea nd ether sealed "peranae’. Slowly abi ahve pags were ‘eremnouly aed by se performer tasonning the esting pater ing wht the rt consdred to be a eve of chetypal word sage Girourd ited he the sald scion would ple he aco context symbole of the universe yi of nda eran nd by $0 doing reste preset far moderry verso, Much pecformance work originating in 2 coneproatfamework wa amour, dept chen prs tention fv a a England thatthe resign of amour and se emerged tn 196, ies and Gorge wer sents tS Mar Schoo Artin London. Along with exer young aris sch a Rech Long, Hah Falta snd Join Hillard, thse St Martins dents wee evenly to [Become the ora for Engl concept, alert and Gearge pene thes of as they themes bee art by declaring deere rng ‘cuprte Theis singing eulprre” Une dense "oto consitedofthewwo rts fee pine gold, wearing nd), necaryinga Waking stick nde hers love~moving ns mesh poppertike fshion von i small table fr about nt rime to the Secampaniment ofthe Flinagan and Allen song of te same ame ‘ike Manone heen toy of focusing the artwork an ie own ens and wring heme ita the att wa the sme ine 2 ‘roa: mean of manipulating or commenting apon dtl et bo sre nthe writen dtisionto Undated (The mostntliget coating serosal beau apiece you ave eer se they oid The Law of Sclpeor="t. Always be smartly arene, wll eocme ‘aed endl ple andin complet control» Make te worl Inyou anda poy bev fot pevilege 9 Never warty ss dest or rite bu remain gue sapectl and alm. ¢ The Lord el il 0 don't ave your enc for long For Gland George he ano ‘epurstion whatever betwen thir sts snares haat,4a {ot Gir an Cg, Th et Spr tre Tages 9 in yea if. Thesteam of poems and tees sch no be wth atl ‘weak’. emphid ths pose priedonprchmentike paper an slays eying ther offical gin monogram scmbling te royal ne over that logo "Ar for Al thee statements provide» key tote mention of thee angle wl whith thoy periormed for seveol year vay changed, Eoglnd, and in Amore 1 ‘Another exly work, The Ma te May 19), bed simi embodied hei concern to emsnaethepnton tected an Theis ‘whic fad been seme ou oa thousnd people readable snd Doreen Mart wil cook s ml forthe two seulpor Gilbert and Grog sn the guest, Mr David Hockey, th usr Riched Wess wil Poe water ‘They wll dine in Heli’ bet ase room a "Ripley Sunridge Avenue, Bromley, Kent. On handed numbered nd sige fede souvent kets are now wail this inet ach We > hope you afeabe tobe presente importants oesasion Record West ‘wat Lond Snowdon’ bt, and el Becton reportedly stant elive Utike Vstran geszonote, Mie Becton hove wimpranar ees were Sd, Avelaorse nl meservedeo heal mame af ey gs ho [Me scatly fora peo of one horn ewety mine. Dai Hockney Cnmending Gilet and George for ing arveow sere eb {ond ed" think what hy ate dongs a exzeson ofthe es that Urgone cn bean at, thi what they mayor da can Bete Concept ai ‘head of ine, widening horizon” Subsequent works were snialy bad on everyday activites Drinking Spar sok them trough London Fas nd ps, ad pois on que river banke became the subject for ees age pastoral ding and ‘Photographie pecs, exhibited im Between che soy developed ing fculptre Tht work The Red Salpare (973), fie presented Tokyo Ted niet minute and ws pape her mos ‘rac andthe a performance work. Faces and nd pines Brine re eo es fnoved into slowly paced poser iinet relton to command ke Str which were ped and played on spe recorder Thesedutve ppeal of ane coming sna bet, wih eed in numerous foto living seule, wa ply he elt of he loo ‘tthe rock word ofthese the New York ger Low Reed. and Engin group Roxy Mase, for example, were coe ening alee both onan a sage. Te atonship betwee he wo wa highghed sp eaubion eile “Trartormer (974) athe Kops, eee ili work ys ats Ure Lith Katharina Severding an scan Cael Tranformer a al fered othe notin of andro een, {fom the fini genion ta raion female and male roles oul en in hon be eguaeed. So Lith a hore, round Zach arse inopersonated hit hin, beni gitiend Manon, heb id hey ‘ake ipand then ches atserof pond performance whichsbe Ide, byalapperaer, wes inechangeble, Ambiance wa he the mos anes cet pet of hs werks tenn Sel Porta (979) Sinilny the Duseor sas Sieverding and ists Matig hoped in ‘Motr Kmes (173), tse tan nerhange of eis’ by cg tutstenerdomratistextns for which hey were drewedndimade po Ibsiuncinnly ake fn Lacene, Canlicestedexoscenvzcrmentsachst Deere Slr (19) which he by srtounded by prspbernalt fiom a anwveaie wardrobe, make-up bo and pow album ‘nother oho a living sculpare wat les nae ome ait explored the eral qualities of pss and gestern a set of alae ‘het nly, uns Knell pressed work which combined animate nd inanimate xulpeure- Table (1979) consined of 3 ale ssewn wh ffagncts fom a ancient Roman Apolo store next te which ma, 16