211.

1-10 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT

sincethespecific
gravitiesof
Table 6.3.4(b) pozzolanicmaterials
Maximum
arenormallyless
permissible
thanthatofcement.
water-cement or
waterThe equations
cementitious
for converting a
materials ratios
target watercement
for concrete In
ratiow/c toaweight
severe
ratio of water to
exposures*
cement

plus
pozzolanic
Structurewetcontinuously
materials w/(c + p)
orfrequentlyandexposed
by (1) weight
Typeofstructure
tofreezingandthawing+
equivalency or (2)
Thinsections (railings,
curbs,sills, ledges,
volumeequivalency
ornamental work)
areasfollows:
andsections
with
lessthan1in.cover
oversteel
Allotherstructures

*Basedonreportof
ACICommittee201.
Cementitiousmaterials
otherthancementshould
conformtoASTMC618
andC989.
"Concreteshouldalsobeair
entrained.
+If sulfate resisting
cement(TypeIIorTypeV
of ASTM C 150) is used,
pcrmissiblewatercementor
watercementitious materials
ratio may be increased by
0.05.

cementplus
pozzolanic
materials,expressed
asadecimalfactor,
is
Fw=&
c+
p
where
Fw = pozzolanic

materials
percentage
byweight,
expressed as
adecimal
factor

Eq. (6.3.4.1)--Weight
equivalency

w
weight
ratio,
weight
equivale
ncy = w
C

c+p

proachesnormallyusedin
determiningthew/(c + p) where
w
ratiothatwillbe
=
consideredequivalentto
weight of
thew/cofamixture
containingonlyportland
water
cement:(1)equivalent
divided by
weightofpozzolanic
weight
materialsor(2)equivalent
c+p
absolutevolumeof
of
pozzolanicmaterialsinthe
cem
mixture.Forthefirst
ent
approach,theweight
+
equivalency,thetotal
pozz
weightofpozzolanic
olan
materialsremainsthe
ic
same[thatis,w/(c + p)=
mat
w/cdirectly]:butthetotal
eria
absolutevolumeof
ls
cementpluspozzolanic
materialswillnormallybe
slightlygreater.Withthe
secondapproach,using
the Eq.(6.3.4.2),aw/(c+
p)byweightiscalculated
thatmaintainsthesame
absolutevolume
relationshipbutthatwill
reducethetotalweightof
cementitiousmaterial

w
e
i
g
h
t

o
f

p
o
z
z
o
l
a
n
i
c

m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s

c
=

w
e
i
g
h
t

o
f

c
e
m
e
n
t

(Note: If only the

desired pozzolanic
materials
percentage factor
byabsolutevolume

Fv, is known, it can be of the cementitous

converted to Fw as material in the

a
n
d

mixture by weight
(Fw = 0.20), thenthe
required waterto
cement

plus
pozzolanic material
ratio on a weight
equivalencybasisis

follows

c
+
p

where

=pozzolanicmaterialspercentagebyabsolutevolume
ofthetotalabsolutevolumeofcementplus
pozzolanicmaterialsexpressedasadecimalfactor
=
G P =specificgravityofpozzolanicmaterials
3.15 =specificgravityof
portland cement
[use actual value
if known to be
=
different])

Fv

Example 6.3.4.1 -- Weight

equivalency

If a watercement
ratio of 0.60 is required
andaflyashpozzolanis
to be usedas 20 percent
t
w

=
t
a
r
g
e
t
w
a
t
e
r
c
e
m
e
n

r
a
t
i
o
b
y
w
e
i
g
h
t

When the
weight

0
.
6
0
,
equivalency
approach is
used, theAssuming
percentage an
orfractionofestimated
mixing
pozzolanic
water
materials
requiremen
used in thet of 270
cementitious lb/yd3,
material isthen the
usually
required
expressedbyweight of
weight. Thatcement +
is, F w , thepozzolanis
pozzolanic 270+0.60
= 450 lb;
materials
percentage and the
weight of
byweightof
pozzolanis
total

(0.20)
(450)

1=
90
lb. The
weight of
cement is,
therefore,

F
w

=P

=
0
.
2
0
c
+
p
45090=
360 lb. If
instead of
20 percent
fly ash by
weight, 20
percent by
absolute
volume of
cement
plus
pozzolan
was
specified
(FV
2=
0.2
0), the
correspond
ing weight
factor is
computed
as follows
for a fly
ashwithan
assumed
gravity of
2.40:

PROPORTIONS FOR NORMAL, HEAVYWEIGHT, AND MASS CONCRETE

t
a
1
r
g
e
t
w
a
t
e
r
c
Fw=
e
1+(1.31)(4)=1+5.24
m
Inthiscase20percentby e
absolute volume is 16 n
percent by weight, and t
theweightofpozzolanin r
thebatchwouldbe(0.16) a
(450) = 72 lb, and the
weightofcement45072 ti
=378lb.
o
b
Eq. (6.3.4.2) -- Absolute
y
volume equivalency
w
W
e
i
weight ratio, g
absolute
h
c+p
t
volume
equival c
ency
3.15 = specific
=
gravity
of
portlan
d
3.15
cement
2
(use
actual
c
value if
3.l5(l
known
OF,,) +
to be
differen
Gp(F
t)

l+
(y(i
hl)

where
w = weightofwaterdivided
byweightofcement+
c+p
pozzolanicmaterials

Fv = pozzolan
percenta
ge by
absolute
volume

of the
total
absolute
volume
of
cement
plus
poxzola
n,
express
ed as a
decimal
factor
(Note: If only
the desired
pozzolan
percentage by
weight Fw is
known,itcanbe
convertedto F v
asfollows

211.1-11

pozzolanratiobeestablishedcalculated in
on the basis of absoluteExample 6.3.4.1,
volume,whichwillmaintain,the weight of fly
inthemixture,thesameratioashto be usedis
ofvolumeofwatertovolume(O.16)(429) = 69
of cementitious materiallbandtheweight
when changing from cementofcementis429
onlytocementpluspozzolan.69=360lb.The
Again the required watervolume
cementratiois0.60,anditis equivalency
assumed initially that it isprocedure
desiredtouse20percentby provides lower
absolutevolumeofflyash(Fvweights

of
= 0.20). The specific gravitycementitious
of the fly ashis assumedtomaterials.
be2.40inthisexample
Checking the
absolutevolumes

fi

fly
ash
=

3.15(1

(2.4

(Or&I)

(3.15)

(3.15)
0.80)+
(2.40)
(0.20)
1.89
=1.89
=0.63

+2.52+0.48
3.00

Sothetargetweightratioto
maintainanabsolutevolume
equivalency is w/(c + p) =
0.63. If the mixing water is
again 270 lb/y3, then the
required weight of cement
+pozzolan is 270 + 0.63 =
429 lb, and, since the
corresponding

weight
percentage factor for F v =
0.20 is F w = 0.16 as
sameas
defined
previously
.)

wherethese
symbolsarethe

,.3
.1
5(
w)
-F,):G (Fv)
=

.
1
5
)

(
6
2
.
4
)

Example
6.3.4.2 -Absolute
volume

otal=
0,461
+
1.832
=
2.293ft
3
percen
t
pozzol
an =
0.461
x 100
=20
percen
t
by volume
2.293

69

0)
(62.
4)

0.4
61f
t3
cement = =

360

1
.
8
3
2
f
t
3
(
3

equivalen
cy
Use
thesame
basicdata
as
Example
6.3.4.1,
butit
shouldbe

If,insteadof20
percent fly ash
byvolume (Fv =
0.20), a weight
percentage of
20 percent was
specified( F w =
0.20),itcouldbe
converted to Fv
usingG p=2.40
and

the
appropriate
formula

specified
thatthe
equivalent
waterto
cement
plus

-
F

1 + (g) (&-1)
=

+
1 (0.762)

1
=
4.048

=0.247

Inthis

case20 weightis
percentby almost25

percentby

ACI COMMllTEE REPORT

211.1-12

absolute volume. The

equivalentw/(c+p)ratio
byvolumewillhavetobe
recomputed for this
conditionsinceF,hasbeen
changed from that
originally assumed in this
example

c+p3.15(1F,)+

W
G
,
(
F
,
)

(
3
.
1
5
)
(
0
.
6
0
)

2
.
3
6
+

0
.
6
0
2
.
9
6

Totalcementitious
materialwouldbe
270+0.64=422lb.
Ofthisweight20
percent(F,,, =0.20)
wouldbeflyash;
(422)(0.20)=84lb
offlyashand422
84=338lbof
cement.
6.3.5 Step
5. Calculation of
cement content -The amount of
=
3.15(0.75) cement per unit
volumeofconcrete
+
is fixed by the
2.40(0.25) determinations
1
madeinSteps3and
.
4 above. The
required cement is
8
equal to the
9
estimated mixing

watercontent (Step
1
3) divided by the
.
watercement ratio
8
(Step 4). If,
9
however, the
specification

includes a separate
=
minimum limit on

cement in addition
=
to requirements for
strength

and
durability, the
mixture must be
basedonwhichever
=
criterion leads to
0
the larger amount
.
ofcement.
6

Theuseof
pozzolanicor
chemicaladmixtures
willaffectproperties
ofboththefreshand
hardenedconcrete.
SeeACI

212.

6.3.6Step 6.
Estimation of
coarse
aggregate
content --

Aggregates of
essentiallythesame
nominal maximum
size and grading
will

produce
concrete

of
satisfactory
workability when a
given volume of
coarseaggregate,on
an ovendryrodded
basis, is used per
unit volume of
concrete.
Appropriate values
for this aggregate
volumearegivenin
Table 6.3.6. It can
be seen that, for
equal workability,
the volume of
coarse aggregate in
a unit volume of
concrete

is
dependent only on
its

nominal
maximum size and
thefine

Table
6.3.6 Volume
of coarse
aggregat
e per unit
of
volume
of
concrete
Nominal

maximumsize

ofaggregate,in.

Volumeofovendryroddedcoarse
aggregate*perunitvolumeof
concretefordifferentfinenessmoduli

2.401

offineaggregate+
2.601
2.801

3.00

nessmodulusofthe
fine aggregate.
Differences in the
1
1%
amount of mortar
2
required

for
3
6
workability with
*Volumes are based on different
aggregates in ovendry
rodded condition as aggregates, due to
describedinASTMC29.
in
These volumes are differences
selected from empirical particle shape and
relationships to produce
concrete with a degree of

are
workability suitable for grading,
usual

reinforced
construction. For less compensated for
workable concrete, such as
required for concrete automatically by
pavementconstruction,they
may be increased about 10 differencesinoven
percent.Formoreworkable
concreteseeSection6.3.6.1. dryrodded void
SeeASTMC1.36for
calculationoffineness
content.
modulus.
The volume of
aggregateinft3,on
anovendryrodded
basis, for a yd3 of
concreteisequalto
the value from
Table

6.3.6
multiplied by 27.
This volume is
converted to dry
weight of coarse
aggregate required
inayd3ofconcrete
bymultiplyingitby
the ovendry
rodded weight per
ft3 of the coarse
aggregate.
%I
1%
3/4

6.3.6.1
For more workable
concrete, which is
sometimes required
when placement is
by pump or when
concrete must be
worked around
congested
reinforcing steel, it
may be desirable to
reducetheestimated
coarse aggregate
content determined
usingTable6.3.6by
up to 10 percent.
However, caution
mustbeexercisedto
assure that the
resulting slump,
watercement or
watercementitious
materials ratio, and
strength properties
of the concrete are
consistent with the

recommendations in
Sections6.3.1and

6.3.4

and meet
applicable
project
specification
requirements.

6.3.7

Step
7.
Estimat
ion of
fine
aggreg
ate
content
-- At

completionof Step
6,allingredientsof
the concrete have
been estimated
except the fine
aggregate. Its
quantity

is
determined by
difference. Either
of two procedures
may be employed:
the weight method
(Section6.3.7.1)or
theabsolutevolume
method (Section
6.3.7.2).
6.3.7.1
Iftheweightofthe
concrete per unit
volume is assumed
orcanbeestimated
from experience,
therequiredweight
offineaggregateis
simply

the
difference between
theweightoffresh
concrete and the
total weight of the
other ingredients.
Often the unit
weight of concrete
is known with
reasonable
accuracy from
previousexperience
with the materials.
In the absence of
such information,
Table 6.3.7.1 can
be used to make a
firstestimate.Even
if the estimate of
concreteweightper
yd3 is rough,

mixture proportions will

besufficientlyaccurateto
permiteasyadjustmenton
the basis of trial batches
as will be shown in the
examples.

ofaggregate,in.
3/8
l/2
%i
1
1%
2
3
6

available:foreach10
lbdifferencein
mixingwaterfromthe
Table6.3.3valuesfor
3to4in.slump,
correcttheweightper
yd315lbinthe
oppositedirection;for
each100lbdifference
incementcontent
from550lb,correct
theweightperyd315
lbinthesame
direction;foreach0.1
bywhichaggregate
specificgravity
deviatesfrom2.7,
*Valuescalculated
correcttheconcrete
byEq.(6l)for
weight100lbinthe
concreteofmedium
samedirection.For
richness(550lbof
Table 6.3.7.1 airentrainedconcrete
cementperyd3)and
theaircontentfor
mediumslumpwith
severeexposurefrom
aggregatespecific
First estimate of
Table6.3.3wasused.
gravityof2.7.Water
Theweightcanbe
requirementsbasedon
weight of fresh
increased1percent
valuesfor3to4in.
foreachpercent
slumpinTable6.3.3.
reductioninair
Ifdesired,the
concrete
contentfromthat
estimatedweightmay
amount.
berefinedasfollows
Nominal
Firstestimateofconcreteweight,lb/yd3*
ifnecessary
maximumsize
Nonairentrained
informationis

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