Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
1.1: Scientific Investigation Scientific skills, and scientific attitucles and noble
values
1.2: Steps in a Scientific Investigation
1.3: A Scientific Investigation Method
1.4: To understand examples of investigation using the scientific investigation
method
2.1:
2.2:
2.3:
2.4:
2.5:
2.6:
2.7:
2.8:
2.9:
2.10:
3.1:
3.2:
3.3:
3.4:
3.5:
3.6:
3.7:
3.8:
3.9:
3.10:
4.1:
4.2:
4.3:
4.4:
4.5:
4.6:
4.7:
4.8:
4.9:
4.10:
4.11:
4.12:
4.13:
4.14:
5.5:
5.6:
5.7:
5.8:
THEME:
1.1
LeArning
Area
Introducing Science
Scientific Investigation Scientific skills,
and scientific attitudes and noble values
Notes:
1)
2)
At the same time, the study of science develops our skills to understand
what happens around us. To achieve this, it involves creative thinking and
scientific skills.
3)
4)
5)
6)
Review Questions
1)
2)
How has the knowledge of science helped you and your family in
everyday life? State four examples.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
3)
THEME:
1.2
LeArning
Area
Introducing Science
Scientific Investigation Steps in a
scientific investigation
Notes:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
Review Questions
1)
2)
3)
THEME:
1.3
LeArning
Area
Introducing Science
Scientific Investigation A Scientific
Investigation Method
Notes:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
aim of experiment
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
Analysis of data
i)
Interpretation of data
j)
Making a conclusion
Review Questions
1)
2)
___________________________________________________________
b)
___________________________________________________________
c)
___________________________________________________________
d)
___________________________________________________________
e)
___________________________________________________________
THEME:
1.4
Introducing Science
LeArning
Area
Scientific Investigation T
o understand
To
examples of investigation using the
scientific investigation method
Notes:
The diagram shows two balloons P and Q which
are filled with gas.
When the two balloons are let go, P rises but Q
falls to the floor. For the following statements,
9)
which are hypothesis and which are not? Tick (9
in the suitable boxes.
Hypothesis
Not a hypothesis
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Review Questions
1)
b)
constant: _______________________________________________
THEME:
2.1
LeArning
Area
MATTER IN NATURE
The Kinetic Theor
y of Matter
Theory
(P
ar
ticle Movement)
(Par
article
Notes:
1) Particles in a solid
a)
In a solid, the particles are packed together closely in a regular
pattern. The particles are in fixed position and they cannot move
around but they vibrate and spin in their positions. They move
forwards and backwards and from side to side. They do not move
away from their fixed positions.
b)
All solids are rigid and have a fixed shape and a fixed volume.
c)
Solids cannot be squashed as there are no spare spaces for the
particles to move to, so solids are not compressible.
d)
Solids have high densities and very strong attractive forces between
the particles.
2) Particles in a liquid
a)
The particles are still close together but they can move about in a
random manner past one another.
b)
A liquid will take a shape if it is placed in a container. The particles
will move around and take up the shape of the new container.
c)
The particles are still held together by attractive forces. If they are
squashed or compressed, there are no spaces for them to move into.
They cannot be compressed.
d)
Liquids do not have a fixed shape but they do have a definite
volume.
e)
Liquids have moderate densities.
3) Particles in a gas
a)
The particles are spread out, move around a lot and have big spaces
in between them. The particles are not held together so they move
around freely.
b)
As the particles are not held together in any way, a gas does not
have a shape or volume.
c)
Gases spread out to fill all available space. They can fill large and
small containers, whatever their sizes.
d)
Since particles in a gas are so spread out, they can be compressed.
e)
Attractive forces in between gas particles are weak and gases have
very low densities.
Review Questions
1)
THEME:
2.2
LeArning
Area
MATTER IN NATURE
Matter and substance Changes in the
state of matter (absorption or release of heat)
Notes:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Freezing when a liquid is cooled, heat is released and the particles lose
energy. Their kinetic energy gradually decreases and they move more
slowly. As the temperature falls, the particles continue to lose more and
more energy. At the freezing point, the particles become close enough to
allow the force of attraction to cause them to return to their fixed
positions in the solid state. The particles have a regular arrangement and
have enough energy to vibrate about their fixed positions. The liquid has
turned into a solid. eg. water ice.
Melting When a solid is strongly heated, the particles absorb energy and
their kinetic energy gradually increases. They vibrate more vigorously
about their fixed positions. As heating continues, the particles gain more
energy. At the melting point, they vibrate so vigorously that they break
free from one another. They overcome the attractive forces that held them
together, become randomly arranged and free to move about and further
apart. The substance has turned from a solid into a liquid eg. ice water.
Boiling The process that changes the state of matter from liquid to gas.
Heat is absorbed. When a liquid is heated continually, the particles gain
more kinetic energy, the attractive forces between the liquid particles
slowly weaken and the particles become further apart. At the boiling
point, the particles break free from one another from the surface of the
liquid and escape into the air. The particles now move at great speed and
are very far apart. The substance has changed from a liquid into a gas eg.
Water water vapour.
Sublimation A process that changes the state of matter from solid to
gas or from gas to solid without going through the liquid state. This
process involves heat absorption. The particles gain heat energy and
kinetic energy. Soon, the kinetic energy becomes strong enough to
overcome the attractive forces between the particles. A gas is formed.
When cooled, heat is lost by the gas, causing it to change into solid state
again e.g. iodine, solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) and ammonium chloride.
Review Questions
1)
2)
3)
___________________________________________________________
b)
___________________________________________________________
c)
___________________________________________________________
THEME:
2.3
LeArning
Area
MATTER IN NATURE
Matter and substance Structure of an atom
Notes:
1)
2)
3)
4)
An atom has a central part, the nucleus, which contains the subatomic
particles called protons, neutrons and electrons.
a) Each proton has positive electrical charge, almost like a tiny electrical
battery.
b) Neutrons are the same size as protons but they have no electrical
charge. They are not free to move freely.
c) Electrons are much smaller than protons and neutrons. They are not
in the nucleus. They are negatively charged particles in the atom,
travelling in orbits or fixed paths about the nucleus. Electrons in the
outer shell have more energy than those in the inner shells.
d) Usually an atom has the same number of protons and electrons, so
the positive and negative charges are equal which means that the
whole atom has no electrical charge.
5)
Review Questions
1)
2)
3)
A neutral atom loses a few electrons. How will this effect the
characteristic of the atom?
_______________________________________________________________
THEME:
2.4
MATTER IN NATURE
Matter and substance Proton number
and nucleon number
LeArning
Area
Notes:
1.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
2.
a)
b)
Review Questions
1)
2)
3)
neutron
:
:
:
:
THEME:
2.5
LeArning
Area
MATTER IN NATURE
Matter and substance Isotopes and
examples of isopotes
Notes:
1)
2)
The atoms of some elements are not all alike. Some have more neutrons
than others.
3)
4)
5)
Isotope 2 : Nucleus
Protons 17
Total weight 37 units
Neutrons 20
Electrons 2, 8, 7
The above two chlorine isotopes have identical chemical properties but
different weights. They contain the same number of protons but different
number of neutrons.
6)
7)
8)
9)
Some natural elements have two or three isotopes. Tin has 10 isotopes.
Review Questions
1)
2)
Isotope Uranium 235 is radio-active. What does the number 235 signify?
_______________________________________________________________
3)
The element P has a nucleon number 14 and a proton number 6. State the
number of electrons and neutrons for the isotope of the element P.
_______________________________________________________________
THEME:
2.6
LeArning
Area
MATTER IN NATURE
Matter and substance Classification of
elements in the periodic table
10
Notes:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
The periodic table was constructed by Russian chemist Dmitric Mededeleer (1834
1907) in 1968 to classify elements in a chart.
Elements have been placed systematically in the periodic Table according to their
properties and atomic number.
Each element is represented by a symbol of one or two letters.
Examples:
oxygen, O
chlorine, Cl
Sulphur, S
zinc, Zn
Carbon, c
sodium, Na (as in natrium)
Magnesium, Mg
Potassium, K (as in kalium)
Copper, Cu
silver, Ag (as in argentum)
(as in cuprum)
Iron, Fe (as in ferrum)
Every element in the periodic Table is given a number called the atomic number (or
proton number) and a relative mass number (or nucleon number)
a)
In the Periodic Table, each vertical column of element is called a group, labelled I
VIII arranged down the left and right sides. Elements in a group share similar
chemical properties eg. helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and radon in group VIII
are non-metallic noble gases and unreactive.
b) Moving down each group, certain features of the elements change: the outermost
electrons move easily and the density of the element increases
a)
Each horizontal row is called a period. As we move a period starting from elements
on the left to the elements on the right, we will see a change in properties from
metallic to non-metallic. The number of electrons in the outer shell of the elements
increases.
b) The melting points of the elements gradually increase to a maximum in group IV,
the carbon elements, decreasing again towards group VIII, the noble gases.
In the middle of the table, from scandium to zinc, from the yttrium to cadmium, and from
hafnium to mercury are the transition metals. They have high densities and are good
conductors of heat and electricity.
Review Questions
1)
The table below shows the Periodic Table, P, Q, R, S, T and U and represent specific
elements.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
THEME:
2.7
MATTER IN NATURE
LeArning
Area
11
Notes:
1.
a)
b)
c)
d)
2)
Atoms of many elements combine chemically with either atoms of the same
element or atoms of different elements to form molecules.
a) When atoms of the same elements combine together, a molecule of an
element is formed. Molecules of elements consist of a fixed number of one
kind of atom chemically combined together.
b) Some molecules consist of a variable number of the same atoms eg.
Oxygen, graphite and diamond.
Oxygen gas contains molecules of oxygen molecules. Each of these
oxygen molecules usually consists of two oxygen atoms. Diatomic
molecules are molecules that contain only two atoms each eg. oxygen,
nitrogen, hydrogen, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
c) When atoms of different elements combine, a molecule of compound is
formed. Molecules of compounds consist of a fixed number of different
kinds of atoms chemically combined together.
3)
When chemical changes occur in an element, its atoms may gain or lose
electrons to form charged particles called ions.
a) If an atom loses electrons, it will form a positive ion. eg. a sodium atom
losing one electron becomes a sodium ion with the symbol, Na+
b) If an atom gains electron, it will form a negative ion. eg. a chlorine atom
gaining one electron becomes a chloride ion with the symbol, Cl.
Review Questions
1)
2)
3)
Describe the difference between the molecules of an element and the molecules
of a compound.
_____________________________________________________________________
4)
State the number and types of atoms present based on the chemical formula of
the following compounds:
a) N2
: ___________________
b) H2O : ___________________
c) CO2
: ___________________
d) N H4 Cl : ___________________
THEME:
2.8
LeArning
Area
MATTER IN NATURE
12
Notes:
1)
2)
3)
Ions
a) The ions in substances are held together by strong electrostatic force or
ionic bonding. This great force results in close, compact and orderly
arrangement of the ions to form solids at room temperatures.
b) Great heat energy is required to split the ions held together by electrostatic
force. These substances made of ions have high melting and boiling points.
c) In the solid state, substances made of ions cannot conduct electricity
because the electrically charged ions cannot move freely. In the liquid
state, these electrically charged ions can move freely carrying electrical
charges from one place to another.
Review Questions
1)
2)
3)
4)
THEME:
2.9
LeArning
Area
MATTER IN NATURE
Matter and substance Proper
ties of
Properties
metals and non-metals
13
Notes:
1)
Metals
a) All metals are solids, except for mercury at room temperature.
b) About 75% of all the elements in a Periodic Table are metals. Most
metals have high densities.
c) Particles in solid metals are arranged with little space between them
so they cannot be compressed. The particles are tightly packed and
do not change shape easily due to strong metallic bonding, making
metals good conductors of heat.
d) Atoms of metals can easily glide over one another under stress
making the metals ductile and malleable.
e) Due to strong metallic bonding or strong attractive forces between
atoms, metals have high melting and boiling points.
f) Metallic atoms contain many free-moving electrons. This makes
metals good conductors of electricity.
2)
Non-metals
a) Non-metals which include elements like oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur
are commonly gases, liquids or solids with low melting and boiling
points.
b) Their electrons are tightly held to their atoms so non-metallic
substances do not readily conduct electricity or heat.
c) Non-metals cannot be hammered into sheets or drawn out into wires,
ie. not malleable and not ductile.
d) They have dull surfaces and are brittle.
e) At room temperature, carbon and sulphur exist as solids, bromine
exists as a liquid and oxygen and nitrogen exist as gases.
Review Questions
1)
2)
3)
4)
Describe the way how particles in a solid metal like copper are arranged.
_______________________________________________________________
THEME:
2.10
LeArning
Area
MATTER IN NATURE
Notes:
1.
a)
b)
c)
d)
2.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Review Questions
1)
2)
3)
14
THEME:
3.1
LeArning
Area
Notes:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Body coordination means the way a body manages all its part to work
together to the benefit of the organism and depend on one another in
order to work efficiently.
Body coordination is necessary when a body is stimulated by hormones
or nervous impulses from the surrounding and needs to react.
As parts of an organism have to be stimulated before they become active,
there must be coordination of these parts so that they work together with
one another. This control is provided by two systems the nervous
system and the endocrine system.
The central nervous system passes on impulses from one part of the
organism to another and sorts them out so that the important impulses
reach the organs they affect first. At first, the control of reactions occurs
in the cerebrum or concious part of the brain, but once coordination has
taken place, the control is gradually taken over by the cerebellum and
reaction occurs.
Although hormones are important in coordination, they are produced in
glands which are under the control of the central nervous system.
Hormones are transported to specific parts of the body through the blood
circulatory system. eg. hormones secreted by the pancreas controls the
level of glucose in the blood. Since the endocrine system does not have
delivery tubes or ducts, they release their chemical products, hormones,
directly into the blood stream.
Review Questions
1)
2)
3)
15
THEME:
3.2
Learning
Area
16
Notes:
1)
It is very important that humans and all living things be sensitive to their
environment. This sensitivity enables you to get food, avoid danger and
make life comfortable. This is the job of the nervous system.
2)
3)
The nervous system is divided into two parts the central nervous
system consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral
nervous system made up of the cranial nerves and spinal nerves. These
nerves connect the central nervous system to all parts of the body.
4)
Nerve cells are called neurones which carry messages or nerve impulses
around the nervous system.
5)
6)
7)
The signals in the nerves travel in the form of tiny electrical impulses
carried by the axon which is covered by the myelin sheath.
8)
When the signal reaches the end of a neurone, the message is passed
across a gap called a synapse to the dendrites of another neurone.
Review Questions
1)
2)
3)
What is the difference between the central nervous system and the
peripheral nervous system?
_______________________________________________________________
4)
What is a neurone?
_______________________________________________________________
5)
THEME:
3.3
LeArning
Area
17
Body coordination T
ype of neurones, receptors
Type
and effectors and their functions
Notes:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Review Questions
1)
Q
R
a)
b)
c)
d)
THEME:
3.4
LeArning
Area
18
Notes:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Review Questions
1)
2)
3)
4)
R Substance X
muscle
nerve
ending
S
Gap Y
The above diagram shows the body part involved in a reflex action.
a) Label the parts P, Q, R, S, X and Y.
P: ________________, Q: ________________, R: ________________,
S: ________________, X; ________________, Y: ________________,
b)
Even though pulling away the hand from the hot bulb is a reflex action, why
does the person still feel pain?
THEME:
3.5
LeArning
Area
19
Notes:
1)
2)
3)
4)
a)
b)
c)
The human brain has so many vital jobs to do that it is considered the
most important organ in the body. The brain functions in thinking,
remembering, making movement and feeling. It also controls important
body functions like heartbeat and breathing.
The brain contains about 100 billion neurones, all of which are
interneurones. Each of the neurones may receive messages from up to
10 000 other neurones and may send messages to about 1000 more.
Three layers of connective tissue cover the brain. The space between the
outermost layer and the middle layer is filled with a watery liquid. The
skull, the layers of connective tissue and fluid protect the brain from
injury.
The human brain is made up of three parts, the cerebrum, the cerebellum
and the medulla oblongata.
Cerebrum the largest part, divided into the right hemisphere and the left
hemisphere. The right hemisphere contains the neurones that send
impulses to the skeletal muscles on the left side of the body associated
with creativity and art. The left hemisphere controls the right side of the
body, associated with voluntary actions like Mathematical skills, speech,
writing and logical thinking. When you reach with your right hand for a
pencil, the messages that tell you to do so come from the left half of your
cerebrum.
Cerebellum the second largest part of the brain. It controls the
coordination of the body in movement, posture and balance, especially
when running or walking. Each hemisphere of the cerebellum consists of
internal white matter and an exterior of gray matter (mainly neurone cell
bodies).
Medulla oblongata lies between the cerebellum and spinal cord. It
controls involuntary actions that occur automatically eg. peristalsis,
heartbeat, breathing and blood pressure. It also controls reflex actions
such as swallowing, sneezing, coughing and knee-jerks.
Review Questions
1)
2)
3)
4)
THEME:
3.6
LeArning
Area
20
Notes:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It is the main base of
consciousness, various sensations, memory, voluntary actions,
intelligence and reason.
Different parts of the cerebrum do different jobs. Some areas deal with
sight and other areas deal with speech or hearing. The right hemisphere
of the cerebrum mainly allows us to express emotion and controls music
and art abilities. The left hemisphere mainly controls our ability to think
logically, use Mathematics and for speech.
In the auditory area, we experience the sensation of sound and its
different pitch, loudness and quality. We can also determine where the
sound is coming from, what is making it and, if it is a musical sound, what
kind of instrument is being used.
The olfactory lobes on the cerebral cortex are concerned with smell, the
optic or visual lobes are the centres for the sense of sight, the gustatory
area is responsible for taste and the somato sensory areas are
responsible for touch, pain, pressure and perception of body position.
The cortex evaluates, compares and puts together sensations into
meaningful concepts.
Example:
When we view an object, not only do we get a sense of light and dark but
we also experience the size and shape of the object, its colour and
various degrees of the brightness of light.
Review Questions
1)
C
A
B
G
A: _______________________________
B: _______________________________
C: _______________________________
D: _______________________________
E:
_______________________________
F:
_______________________________
G: _______________________________
2)
Which part of the cerebrum controls nerve signals from the skin?
______________________________________________________________
THEME:
3.7
LeArning
Area
21
Notes:
1)
The human body has two systems that regulate its activities, the nervous
system and the endocrine system,
2) The endocrine system works with the nervous system to help control many
parts of the body. It controls the long-term activities in the body such as growth
and reproduction, and helps prepare the body for stress.
3) The endocrine system is made up of glands and hormones. The function of the
glands is to make hormones and secrete them into the blood stream.
4) Hormones are chemical messages which cause changes in other organs and
tissue. These organs and tissue contain the target cells.
5) Hormones are transported by the blood and reach all cells in the body but target
cells respond to a particular hormone. The body has seven major endocrine
glands and more than fifty different hormones.
6) Pituitary gland the master gland, about the size of a pea, located at the base of
the brain. It releases about nine different hormones that control other glands.
One hormone is HGH human growth hormone, which controls how fast the
muscles, bones and organs grow and determines the height when adulthood is
reached. Other pituitary hormones control the production of thyroxin, sperms,
ova and secretion of milk by the milk glands.
7) Thyroid gland situated in the neck, controlled by the pituitary gland and
produces the hormone, thyroxine. It controls metabolism, the rate at which the
tissues use energy. Thyroxine contains the element iodine a lack of iodine in
the diet leads to goiter, a swelling of the thyroid gland.
8) Adrenal gland found just above the kidneys. It produces a hormone, adrenalin
which prepares the body for sudden action. Anything that makes you nervous or
excited will cause adrenaline to be secreted, your heartbeat increases and in
turn increases the flow of blood to the muscle. Breathing speeds up and your
liver increases the sugar level in your blood. All these will increase energy to
deal with emergencies. In a state of fear, adrenaline causes the contraction of
muscles, paleness and jerking of hands.
9) Pancreas produces hormones, insulin and glucagon, to control sugar level in
the blood.
10) Ovary produces estrogen (controls the changes in a young girls body such as
breast development) and progesterone (development of eggs and menstrual
cycle).
11) Testes release a male hormone testosterone which is necessary for sperm
production and physical changes such as hair growth in underarms and face,
and voice change.
Review Questions
1)
2)
Which part of the brain connects the nervous system with the endocrine system?
____________________________________________________________________
3)
THEME:
3.8
LeArning
Area
22
Notes:
1)
2)
Thyroid gland a deficient dietary supply of iodine gives rise to the dwarfed
condition called cretinism, retarded physical, sexual and mental development,
and a lowered metabolic rate. Lack of thyroxin in adults results in thickness
and puffiness of skin, coarseness and brittleness of hair and fingernails,
physical and mental lethargy, weight gain, slower pulse rate, reduced blood
pressure, a decreased body temperature and goitre.
Excessive thyroxin causes an enlargement of the thyroid gland, an increased
metabolic rate, weight loss, higher pulse rate, excessive perspiration and
protrusion of the eyeballs.
3)
Pancreas excessive insulin results in low level of blood glucose while lack of
insulin causes diabetes, a low level of insulin in the blood. Diabetics have high
blood glucose level, lowered glycogen content and decreased synthesis of fatty
acid.
4)
5)
Review Questions
1)
2)
THEME:
3.9
LeArning
Area
23
Notes:
1)
2)
The deliberate misuse of drugs for purposes other than medical ones is called
drug abuse. Medicines can also be abused drugs if they are used in a way for
which they were not intended
3)
Abused drugs start to affect the body very shortly affer they are taken. Different
drugs have different effects.
4)
Most common abused drugs such as marijuana, cocaine and alcohol, are
especially dangerous because they act on the brain and other parts of the
nervous system.
5)
Alcohol can cause confusion, poor muscle coordination and blurred vision.
These effects are especially dangerous such as when driving a car. The person
can become violent.
6)
Most abused drugs can change a persons mood and feelings. The mood of a
person under the influence of marijuana may change from calm to anxious.
7)
Review Questions
1)
2)
3)
What steps should be taken to prevent people from taking dangerous drugs
such as narcotics?
_____________________________________________________________________
4)
THEME:
3.10
LeArning
Area
24
Notes:
1)
2)
3)
Heavy drinking over a long period of time can cause significant health
problems. The abuse of alcohol can destroy cells in the brain and liver,
and it can also lead to addiction and emotional dependence.
4)
5)
The liver, which breaks down alcohol for elimination from the body, can
be damaged and not function properly.
6)
7)
Long term alcohol abuse can increase the risk of getting certain kinds of
cancer and death.
8)
Hepatitis (liver inflammation) and cirrhosis (in which the liver becomes
hard and yellowed) are common in heavy drinkers. Heavy drinkers
drinking without food in their stomachs are likely to develop stomach
ulcers and problems in the digestive system.
9)
10) Alcoholism not only affects the drinker but it creates problems for his
family members when he is drunk. This may lead to the breakdown of the
family which may cause the drinker to drink more.
Review Questions
1)
2)
THEME:
4.1
LeArning
Area
25
Notes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Review Questions
1.
2.
3.
What part of the nucleus determines the activities and inheritance of the
cell?
___________________________________________________________
4.
THEME:
4.2
LeArning
Area
26
Heredity and V
ariation Process of Mitosis
Variation
Notes:
1.
Review Questions
1.
2.
3.
How many cells and chromosomes are there in a human cell at the final
stage of mitosis?
________________________________________________________
THEME:
4.3
LeArning
Area
27
Heredity and V
ariation Process of Meiosis
Variation
Notes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
The cell divides into four new cells with only half the number of
chromosomes of the parent cell.
- n (haploid) - n (haploid)
- n (haploid)
- n (haploid) - n (haploid)
- n (haploid)
Review Questions
1.
2.
b)
sperm cell
: __________________________
THEME:
4.4
LeArning
Area
Notes:
Review Questions
1.
In the mitosis process, every part of the body cells are involved
except ____________________.
b)
c)
d)
For the process of mitosis in human beings, the parent cell has
____________________ chromosomes and the childs cell has
____________________ chromosomes.
e)
f)
28
THEME:
4.5
LeArning
Area
Heredity and V
ariation Dominant traits and
Variation
recessive traits in human beings
29
Notes:
Inherited features
Dominant gene
Recessive gene
Hair variation
Curly hair
Straight hair
Roller
Non-roller
Ear variations
No ear lobe
Eye lashes
Long
Short
Left or right-handed
Right-handed
Left-handed
Iris colour
Black or brown
Blue
Skin colour
Pigmented skin
Non-pigmented
skin (albino)
Height
Tall
Short
Presence of dimples
Has dimples
No dimples
Eye sight
Normal
Colour blind
Review Questions
1)
2)
3)
A person with two different genes, one dominant and one recessive, for a
characteristic is _______________ or _______________ for that
characteristic.
4)
In the gene pair Hh (for black and blond hair), which gene is dominant?
______________________________________________________________________
THEME:
4.6
LeArning
Area
30
Notes:
1)
The idea of genes was first discovered by an Austrian monk, Mendel, also
a biologist and mathematician in 1865. He came up with his theory by
looking at pea plants. Between 1856 and 1863, he grew nearly 30000 pea
plants in the monastery garden.
2)
3)
He crossed these plants together, planted their seeds and studied the
characteristics of the new plants.
4)
Mendel only obtained tall plants but he expected to get medium height
pea plants when he crossed a tall plant with a short one.
5)
6)
Review Questions
1)
2)
3)
4)
THEME:
4.7
LeArning
Area
31
explain Mendels e
xperiment
experiment
Notes:
1)
If a red-flowered parent plant is of a pure breed, its cell has two dominant
genes for red flowers.
2)
3)
During meiosis, gametes are produced. Genes from each pair separate
and move into other gametes. Each gamete has a gene from each pair of
genes.
4)
During fertilisation, the male gamete (sperm) fuses with the female
gamete (ovum) to form a zygote. Genes form new pairs.
5)
For the first generation of offspring, all the flowers are red. This is
because red is the dominant gene.
6)
If the parent cells are the offspring from the first generation, each cell has
one dominant gene for the colour red and one recessive gene for the
colour white, the gametes produced during meiosis will have a dominant
gene for red or a recessive gene for white.
7)
Review Questions
1)
2)
3)
If a tall male (pure breed-TT) marries a short female (pure breed-tt), what
type of children would they get?
_______________________________________________________________
THEME:
4.8
LeArning
Area
32
(Phenotype or Genotype)
Notes:
1)
People may have brown eyes, green eyes or blue eyes. The gene that
controls the development of eye colour exists in several different forms.
All the different forms of a gene are called alleles. So brown, green and
blue are alleles of the gene for eye colour.
2)
3)
4)
In mice, B and b are alleles of the gene for coat colour. B produces a dark
coat and b a light coat. A male whose genotype is BB is crossed or mated
with a female whose genotype is bb. This involves a pair of dominant
crossed with a pair of recessive alleles, forming a monohybrid cross. The
young are called the first filial generation or F1.
5)
F1 mice have the genotype Bb and phenotype of dark coat because dark
coat is dominant over light coat.
6)
When F1, mice are mated to produce F2 generation, young with dark
coats are three times more likely than young with light coats. (3:1)
Review Questions
1)
In fruit flies, R gives red eyes and r gives white eyes. What is the
phenotype of these genotypes : a) RR ? b) Rr ? c) rr ?
______________________________________________________________
2)
In mice, B gives dark hair and b gives light hair. What are genotypes for
dark-haired mice?
______________________________________________________________
THEME:
4.9
LeArning
Area
Heredity and V
ariation Determination of se
x
Variation
sex
chromosomes in humans
Notes:
1)
2)
3)
This pair of sex chromosomes will determine the sex of the person.
4)
5)
a)
b)
b)
6)
7)
8)
Review Questions
1)
2)
3)
33
THEME:
4.10
LeArning
Area
34
human beings
Notes:
1)
2)
For human beings, fertilisation is the fusion of the sperm with the ovum or
egg to form a zygote which will develop into a child.
3)
4)
5)
6)
The sex of the baby is actually determined by the father as the sex is
determined by the type of sperm which fertilizes the ovum.
7)
8)
Since there are equal numbers of X and Y sperms, a child has an equal
chance of being a boy or a girl.
Review Questions
1)
2)
3)
4)
THEME:
4.11
LeArning
Area
Heredity and V
ariation Occurrence of identical and
Variation
35
non-identical twins
Notes:
1)
Twins are formed from one ovum or two different ova which are fertilised.
2)
3)
Identical twins :
a.
b.
c.
They are alike in appearance and gender because they both have the
same genes.
d.
They are also alike physically and mentally, but they can be different
in their behaviour if they are brought up in different environments.
4)
If the zygotes are not totally split, Siamese twins are produced. Both the
babies are joined at some part of their body.
5)
Two ova are released at the same time and fertilised by two different
sperms to form two separate zygotes.
b.
c.
They may be of the same sex (both boys or both girls) or of different
sex (a boy and a girl)
d.
Both are not similar in appearance because they have different genes.
Review Questions
1)
2)
3)
THEME:
4.12
LeArning
Area
36
Notes:
1)
Identical twins are formed when one ovum is fertilised by one sperm. The
zygote splits into two. They share the same placenta and possess the
same genetic content or material. Both babies are either boys or girls.
They are difficult to be differentiated.
2)
Non-identical twins are produced when two ova are individually fertilised
by two sperms respectively. Both foetus have individual placentas. They
do not have the same genetic content. The offspring are either the same
or can be different. Can be easily distinguished.
3)
Embrio
(0-2 months)
Foetus
(2-9 months)
Baby
(after
birth)
Children
(2-18 years)
Adults
Review Questions
1)
2)
THEME:
4.13
LeArning
Area
Heredity and V
ariation Chromosome mutation,
Variation
37
Notes:
Illness
Type of mutation
Specific features
Downs syndrome
Chromosome
Klinefelters syndrome
Chromosome
Turners syndrome
Chromosome
Albino
Genes
Sickle-cell anaemia
Genes
Haemophilia
Genes
Colour blindness
Genes
Review Questions
1)
What is mutation?
_______________________________________________________________
2)
3)
State one genetic sickness caused by gene mutation and one caused by
chromosome mutation.
a)
___________________________________________________________
b)
___________________________________________________________
THEME:
4.14
LeArning
Area
38
discontinuous variation
Notes:
1)
If a group of people are arranged in a line from the shortest to the tallest,
their heights show continuous variation. It varies from short to tall with
many small differences in between.
2)
3)
People can either roll their tongues or they cannot. This is an example of
discontinuous variation. You can either do it or you cannot. There is no in
between state.
4)
5)
Some people have cleft chins or pointed chins. You cannot have both.
You can either have a cleft chin or a pointed chin.
Review Questions
1)
2)
3)
THEME:
5.1
NUCLEAR ENERGY
LeArning
Area
39
Notes:
1)
2)
3)
4)
The nucleus of an atom that contains protons and neutrons held together
tightly in a stable condition.
Some materials contain atoms with unstable nuclei. In time, each nucleus
breaks up or rearranges itself. As it does so, it shoots out a tiny particle, a
burst of wave energy or both. The particles and waves radiate from the
nucleus so they are called nuclear radiation. The materials they come
from are radioactive substances.
In the Periodic Table, elements 83-105 are radioactive elements.
Some examples of radioactive elements :Element
5)
6)
7)
Atomic
Number
Number of
protons
Number
of neutrons
Mass
number
Carbon - 14
14
Cobalt - 60
27
27
33
60
Radium - 226
88
88
138
226
Iodine - 131
53
53
78
131
Uranium 238
92
92
146
238
Review Questions
1)
2)
3)
4)
THEME:
5.2
LeArning
Area
NUCLEAR ENERGY
40
Notes:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Review Questions
1)
2)
3)
THEME:
5.3
LeArning
Area
NUCLEAR ENERGY
To compare and contrast the characteristics of
alpha, beta and gamma radiation.
41
Notes:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Alpha rays cannot penetrate paper, beta rays can penetrate paper but not
aluminum, while gamma rays can penetrate paper and aluminum but not a
piece of lead, 1 metre thick.
5)
In the Geiger-Muller tube (GM tube), a rate meter gives a reading in counts
per second eg. if 50 alpha particles are detected by a GM tube every
second, the rate meter reads 50 counts per second. An electronic counter
counts the total number of particles or bursts of gamma radiation
detected by the tube. An amplifier and loud speaker makes a click when
each particle or burst of gamma radiation is detected.
Review Questions
1)
Name the radioactive radiation that has the greatest penetrating power.
_______________________________________________________________
2)
Why is the alpha ray deflected the least by a magnetic field compared to
the beta ray?
_______________________________________________________________
3)
State the characteristics of the three radioactive rays with regards to:a.
Radiation charge :
___________________________________________________________
b.
Penetrating power :
___________________________________________________________
THEME:
5.4
LeArning
Area
NUCLEAR ENERGY
42
Notes:
1.
2.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Two new nuclei and two or three neutrons together with radioactive
radiation and abundant nuclear energy are produced.
a)
b)
c)
Review Questions
1)
2)
3)
4)
___________________________________________________________
b)
___________________________________________________________
THEME:
5.5
LeArning
Area
NUCLEAR ENERGY
43
Notes:
1)
Fusion is joining very light nuclei together to form heavier ones and
energy is released.
2)
Scientists and engineers are trying to design fusion reactors but the
problems are immense. Hydrogen must be heated to at least 40 million
degrees Celsius and kept hot and compressed, otherwise fusion stops.
No ordinary container can hold a super hot gas like this, so scientists are
developing reactors that trap the reacting nuclei in a magnetic field.
3)
4)
Fusion reactors have built-in safety. If the system fails, fusion stops. Their
hydrogen fuel can be extracted from sea water. Their main waste product,
helium, is not radioactive.
5)
Deep down in the core of the sun, the heat output and huge gravitational
pull keep the hydrogen hot enough and compressed enough to maintain
fusion. The sun has enough hydrogen left to keep it shining for another 6
billion years.
Review Questions
1)
How does the sun get its energy? What fuel does it use?
_______________________________________________________________
2)
3)
THEME:
5.6
LeArning
Area
NUCLEAR ENERGY
44
Notes:
1.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Review Questions
1.
2.
3.
THEME:
5.7
LeArning
Area
NUCLEAR ENERGY
45
Notes:
1.
Because of its ionizing effect, nuclear radiation can damage and destroy
living cells.
2.
It can stop vital organs in the body from working property and can cause
cancer.
3.
The stronger the radiation, and the longer the exposure time, the greater
the risk.
4.
Dangers from inside the body :- Radio active gas and dust are especially
dangerous because they can be taken into the body with air, food and
drink. Once absorbed, they are difficult to remove and their radiation can
cause damage in cells deep in the body. Alpha radiation is the most
harmful as it is the most highly ionizing.
5.
Dangers from outside the body :- There is less risk from radioactive
sources outside the body. Sources in nuclear power stations and
laboratories are well-shielded, and their radiation weakens as you move
further away. Beta and gamma rays are the most dangerous as they can
penetrate to internal organs while alpha particles are stopped by the skin.
6.
7.
Review Questions
1.
State the effect of radioactive rays to a person who has been exposed for
a long period of time.
_______________________________________________________________
2.
THEME:
5.8
LeArning
Area
NUCLEAR ENERGY
46
Nuclear Disaster
Notes:
1.
The disaster at Chernobyl nuclear power station caused more than 25000
people to be evacuated from their homes. Days later, the radioactive
cloud has spread as far as Scotland. Its radiation was weak but, all over
Europe radioactive rain was falling. In some areas, people were advised
not to eat fresh vegetables or drink fresh milk, and the sale of meat was
banned. The Chernobyl accident was the worlds worst nuclear accident.
2.
In Britain, people were convinced that all nuclear power stations should
be shut down, but the company running the power station does not agree
claiming that the kind of accident in Chernobyl cannot happen in Britain
as their reactors are of a much safer design. Fever deaths are caused by
the use of nuclear fuel than by mining for coal or drilling for oil and gas.
Nuclear accidents in Britain were rare compared with other types of
accidents such as air crashes, fires or dam collapses. More nuclear power
stations are essential because the worlds supplies of oil, coal and natural
gas are running out. Britain nuclear waste is piling up and it is going to be
radioactive for hundreds of years, so the search for sites to dump nuclear
waste is still going on.
Review Questions
1.
After the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, scientists are still concerned about
the health risks. Can you explain why?
_______________________________________________________________
2.
Radiation can help keep fruit fresh as the day they were picked. How is
this done?
_______________________________________________________________
THEME:
6.1
ENERGY IN LIFE
LeArning
Area
47
Notes:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
c)
sublimation
: ammonium chloride
chloride fumes
d)
Freezing
: water
e)
Solubility
: Sugar + water
substance formed)
f)
cooled
ammonium
ice
Sugar solution (no new
copper
Review Questions
1)
2)
3)
___________________________________________________________
b)
___________________________________________________________
(
(
(
(
(
(
)
)
)
)
)
)
THEME:
6.2
LeArning
Area
ENERGY IN LIFE
48
Notes:
1)
2)
The new substance does not have the same properties or characteristics
as the original components.
3)
During a chemical change, heat and light energy are sometimes released.
4)
5)
6)
7)
Review Questions
1)
b)
c)
2)
___________________________________________________________
b)
___________________________________________________________
THEME:
6.3
LeArning
Area
ENERGY IN LIFE
49
Notes:
1)
2)
Review Questions
1)
2)
Pure salt can be obtained from sea water. Is the process a chemical or
physical change? Explain.
_______________________________________________________________
3)
Fine sand and pebbles form a _____________ which can be separated into
their original components by ____________.
THEME:
6.4
LeArning
Area
ENERGY IN LIFE
Energy and Chemical Changes Ex
othermic and
Exothermic
endothermic reaction
50
Notes:
1)
2)
Exothermic reactions:
a) These reactions give out heat to the surroundings. Exo means
out. This can be summarised as:
Reactants
products + heat energy
b) If overall, a reaction gives out energy, it means the products have less
energy than the reactants.
c) Examples of exothermic reactions:
(i) neutralisation of an acid by an alkali
(ii) combustion of fuels
(iii) respiration in your body cells
3)
Endothermic reactions:
a) these reactions take in heat energy Endo means in. The heat
energy is transferred from the surroundings
reactants + heat energy
products
b) The products have more energy than the reactants. The reactants
must climb the energy gap for the reactions to go ahead, so they steal
energy from the surroundings.
c) Examples: (i) Takes place within food during cooking.
(ii) Photosynthesis takes in energy from sun light
(iii) Electrolysis energy provided is in the form of
electricity.
4)
Review Questions
1)
2)
b)
c)
d)
THEME:
6.5
LeArning
Area
ENERGY IN LIFE
Energy and Chemical Changes Ex
othermic and
Exothermic
endothermic reactions
51
Notes:
1)
2)
3)
Review Questions
1)
2)
3)
THEME:
6.6
LeArning
Area
ENERGY IN LIFE
Energy and Chemical Changes Reactivity series
of metals with water and acids
52
Notes:
1
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Some active metals react with water to form hydrogen and an alkali (a
hydroxide). This is an exothermic reaction (heat is released)
Active metal + water
hydrogen + alkali
Some metals react even quicker with cold water. When potassium reacts
with cold water, the reaction is very fast and the gas it gives off burns.
When a hydroxide dissolves in water, an alkali is formed.
A word equation for the reaction of a metal with water.
Metal + water
metal hydroxide + hydrogen
Magnesium is a metal but it does not react with cold water. It reacts
slowly in hot water.
When a metal reacts with an acid, hydrogen gas and a salt are always
formed.
The reaction is exothermic as heat is given out.
This reaction is also known as displacement because the metal displaces
the hydrogen from the acid.
The salt produced is obtained if the water in the salt solution is
evaporated.
Active metals react very actively with dilute acids compared to less
reactive metals.
Word equation: metal + dilute acid
hydrogen + salt.
eg.
(i) magnesium + dilute hydrochloric acid
hydrogen +
magnesium chloride (salt)
(ii) iron + dilute hydrochloric acid
hydrogen + iron
chloride (salt)
(iii) zinc + dilute sulphuric acid
hydrogen + zinc sulphate
(salt)
(iv) calcium + dilute sulphuric acid
hydrogen + calcium
sulphate (salt)
Potassium and sodium will react with dilute acid to produce an
explosion.
Review Questions
1)
2)
3)
4)
THEME:
6.7
LeArning
Area
ENERGY IN LIFE
Energy and Chemical Changes Reactivity series
of metals with o
xygen and arrangement of metals
oxygen
in order of reactivity
53
Notes:
1.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
2.
a)
b)
3.
a)
b)
c)
Review Questions
1.
Roslan finds a piece of shiny metal but he is not sure whether the metal is
silver or aluminum. How can he test the metal to help him identify what
metal it is?
_______________________________________________________________
2.
THEME:
6.8
LeArning
Area
ENERGY IN LIFE
Energy and Chemical Changes Process and
products of electrolysis of an electrolyte using
carbon electrodes
54
Notes:
1)
Review Questions
1)
2)
3)
THEME:
6.9
LeArning
Area
ENERGY IN LIFE
Energy and Chemical Changes Uses of
electrolysis e
xtraction of a metal, purification of
extraction
a metal and electroplating
55
Notes:
1.
a)
b)
c)
d)
2.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
3.
a)
b)
c)
d)
electrolysis
Aluminium+oxygen
Review Questions
1.
For each of the following metal, state its ore and the method of its extraction:
a) Aluminium
b) Iron
c) Copper
d) gold
_______________________________________________________________
2.
THEME:
6.10
ENERGY IN LIFE
LeArning
Area
56
Notes:
Comparison
Alkaline battery
1.
Cannot be charged
Cannot be charged
Can be charged
2.
Long-lasting, small as a
button
Long-lasting, expensive
3.
4.
5.
Negative terminal-zinc
Negative terminal-zinc
Negative terminal
cadmium
6.
Electrolyte- sodium
hydroxide or potassium
hydroxide
Electrolyte- potassium
hydroxide
Electrolyte potassium
hydroxide
Advantanges / Disadvantages
Uses
Light
Can be recharged
Strong electric current
Expensive
Handphone,
Hearing aids
Nickel-metylhydrate
Light
Can be recharged
Does not pollute the environment
Expensive
Camera
Satellites
Air cell
Can be recharged
Camera
Review Questions
1)
2)
dry cell:____________________________________
b)
simple cell:_________________________________
THEME:
6.11
LeArning
Area
ENERGY IN LIFE
Energy and Chemical Changes Chemical
reactions that occur in the present of light
57
Notes:
1.
a)
a)
c)
d)
2.
a)
a)
b)
light
Review Questions
1)
2)
3)
THEME:
7.1
LeArning
Area
ENERGY IN LIFE
Light, Colour and Sight Images formed
by a plane mirror
Notes:
1)
Incident ray is the ray that strikes the surface of the plane mirror.
2)
3)
The normal is the line which is perpendicular to the surface of the plane
mirror.
4)
The angle of incidence is the angle between the incident ray and the
perpendicular normal.
5)
The angle of reflection is the angle between the perpendicular normal and
the reflected ray.
6)
b)
Upright.
c)
Laterally inverted your right hand will appear as your left hand, the
image is reversed.
d)
e)
The image in a plane mirror is of the same distance behind the mirror
as the object is infront of it.
Review Questions
1)
2)
a)
a)
virtual
laterally inverted:
b)
58
THEME:
7.2
ENERGY IN LIFE
LeArning
Area
59
Notes:
1)
If three parallel rays pass through a convex or converging lens, the light
ray passing the centre of the lens and perpendicular to the curved surface
is the principle axis.
2)
The other two rays pass through the convex lens and after touching the
middle portion of the lens, AB, will bend and converge at a single point,
the focal point.
3)
4)
The principle axis will intersect with the centre of the curved surfaces of
the convex lens at a point called the optical centre or the principle axis is
the line that joins the two centres of its curved surfaces.
5)
The distance from the optical centre to the focal point is the focal length.
6)
The image formed by light rays passing a convex lens is real, inverted but
smaller than the object.
7)
For a concave lens, the light rays passing through it will diverge or spread
out to meet at a focal point in front of the lens. The image formed is
virtual, upright and smaller than the object.
Review Questions
1)
2)
3)
: ___________________________________________
b) focal point
: ___________________________________________
: ___________________________________________
THEME:
7.3
LeArning
Area
ENERGY IN LIFE
Light, Colour and Sight A lens camera and a
pin-hole camera
60
Notes:
1)
2)
Review Questions
1)
2)
3)
Which part of a lens camera controls the amount of light that enters it?
______________________________________________________________
a) For the given pin-hole camera, draw the
light rays to show the image formed?
b) What happens to the image if
i) the pin-hole is enlarged?
ii) the camera is moved closer to the
object?
For the 3 pin-holes in a pin-hole camera, draw
the image obtained of object Y in the pin-hole
camera.
THEME:
7.4
ENERGY IN LIFE
LeArning
Area
61
Notes:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Review Questions
1)
2)
3)
4)
THEME:
7.5
LeArning
Area
ENERGY OF LIFE
Similarities and differences between a camera
and a human eye
62
Notes:
1)
Similarities
a) Both sclera and camera case are light-tight boxes with a protective
function.
b) The choroids and black paint serve to absorb light and prevent
reflection.
c) The pupil and aperture are both holes for allowing light to enter.
d) The iris and the iris diaphragm are both used to control the amount of
light that enters.
e) The lens are used to focus light that enters.
f) Both the retina and the photographic film are sensitive to light.
g) The yellowish colour of the lens and the yellow filter serve as filters
for cutting off too much light from the blue end of the spectrum.
2)
Differences
a) The human eye is filled with liquid and jelly vitreous humour. The
camera is filled with air.
b) The lens of the human eye is elastic and transparent with variable
focal length. The glass lens of the camera is transparent with a fixed
focal length.
c) Focusing in a human eye is achieved by changing the shape of the
lens becoming thinner and longer or thicker and shorter. This alters
the focal length from the lens. The focusing in a camera is achieved
by moving the lens towards or away from the film. (or moving the lens
forward or backward).
d) The amount of light that enters the eye is controlled by the iris that
controls the size of the pupil. The amount of light that enters the
camera is controlled by the shutter and diaphragm which control the
size of the aperture.
Review Questions
1)
2)
The thicker the convex lens, the _____________ is its focal length.
_______________________________________________________________
3)
THEME:
7.6
LeArning
Area
ENERGY OF LIFE
63
Dispersion of light
Notes:
1)
2)
3)
In air, light travels at about 300 000 kilometres per second. Water is a
denser medium than air. When light travels through water, its speed is
slowed down to about 223 000 kilometres per second. Glass is even
denser than water so the speed of light through glass is even slower,
about 200 000 kilometres per second.
4)
5)
Those colours with shorter waves slow down more than the colours with
longer waves. This causes the colours to separate into a spectrum. This
splitting of white light is called dispersal of light.
6)
Red light, with longer waves, slows down the least, so it bends or refracts
the least. Violet light, with the shortest waves, slows down the most, so it
refracts the most.
7)
Review Questions
1)
2)
Why does white light disperse into a spectrum when it passes through a
glass prism?
_______________________________________________________________
3)
4)
THEME:
7.7
ENERGY OF LIFE
LeArning
Area
64
Primar
y and secondar
y colours and coloured filters
Primary
secondary
Notes:
1)
The three primary colours are red, blue and green. White light and other coloured lights
can be obtained by mixing the primary colours of light.
2)
Cyan, yellow and magenta are the secondary colours of light. They are produced by
mixing two of the three primary colours. Mixing all the three primary colours of light
produces white light.
3)
Light filters are materials that allow only certain colours to pass through them.
4)
The colour of the filter depends on the colour of the light that it allows to pass through.
5)
Subtraction of coloured light occurs when coloured lights are absorbed or reflected by
the filters.
6)
Addition of coloured lights such as red, green and blue produces other colours
(secondary colours) when mixed in the correct strength.
Green + red = yellow
Red + blue = magenta
Blue + green = Cyan
7)
First
filter
Second
filter
Colour that
passes through
Blue
Green
Red
Cyan
Magenta
Yellow
Blue
Green
Red
Yellow
Magenta
Cyan
Blue
Green
Red
Cyan
Magenta
Yellow
None
None
None
Blue
Blue
First
filter
Second
filter
Colour that
passes through
Green
Blue
Red
Magenta
Yellow
Cyan
None
None
None
Green
Green
Red
Blue
Green
Cyan
Yellow
Magenta
None
None
None
Red
Red
Review Questions
1)
When you send white light through a red filter, it will come out ___________.
b)
Filters let some colours of light pass through but ________ other colours.
c)
d)
2)
THEME:
7.8
LeArning
Area
ENERGY OF LIFE
Appearance of coloured objects under white
and coloured lights
65
Notes:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
We live in a colourful world because our eyes can detect the colours of
light emitted (given out) or reflected from the objects around us.
The retina that lines the inside of the human eye contains receptors that
are sensitive to three different colours and give us our colour vision. The
three colours that can be detected by the colour vision receptors in our
eyes are green, blue and red.
Primary colours red, green and blue reflect the colour themselves and
absorb all the other colours of white light.
An opaque and non-luminous object appears a certain colour because it
reflects that colour of light into our eyes. A red letterbox appears red in
white light because it reflects red light and absorbs all the other colours
of white light.
The black words in a book appear black because they absorb all the
colours in white light and do not reflect any light.
Our eye are best at receiving green light, the most common colour in
nature. Green plants reflect green light and absorb all the other colours in
white light. If a green leaf is placed under yellow light, it will appear green
because yellow light is a mixture of red and green light. The green leaf
reflects the green light which makes up the yellow light, but absorbs the
red light. The leaf under cyan light will appear green but under magenta
light, the green leaf will appear black.
Review Questions
1)
The diagram shows two torchlights using red and cyan filters.
a) State the colour seen at
X: ________________________________
Y: ________________________________
Z: ________________________________
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
THEME:
7.9
LeArning
Area
ENERGY OF LIFE
Light, colour and sight Impor
tance
Importance
of colour in daily life
66
Notes:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Review Questions
1)
2)
3)
plants:
___________________________________________________
b)
animals: ___________________________________________________
THEME:
8.1
LeArning
Area
CHEMICALS IN INDUSTRY
Turning a pure metal into an alloy
changes its proper
ties
properties
67
Notes:
1.
Review Questions
1.
2.
3.
THEME:
8.2
CHEMICALS IN INDUSTRY
LeArning
Area
68
Notes:
1.
An alloy is a very strong and hard metal. That is why alloys are used on a
large scale in industries.
2.
Alloys form the basic substances for making objects or for construction.
3.
4.
Various alloys
a.
b.
Review Questions
1.
2.
b)
Brass : ____________________________________________________
c)
Bronze : __________________________________________________
THEME:
8.3
LeArning
Area
CHEMICALS IN INDUSTRY
Proper
ties and uses of ammonia
Properties
in daily life
69
Notes:
1.
2.
3.
ammonia + heat
4.
The reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen only occurs at very high
temperatures and pressure.
5.
Uses of ammonia
a. making fertilisers ammonium suphate and ammonium nitrate.
b. By the process of oxidation, ammonia can be converted into nitric
acid in two processes.
heated
i) Ammonia + oxygen
nitrogen dioxide + water
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Review Questions
1.
2.
3.
THEME:
8.4
LeArning
Area
CHEMICALS IN INDUSTRY
70
Notes:
1.
The raw materials for the Haber process are hydrogen and nitrogen. The
gases are mixed and scrubbed (cleaned) to remove impurities.
2.
3.
Then, it goes to the converter a round tank containing beds of hot iron
at around 450C.
The iron catalyses the reaction :
N2 (gas) + 3 H2 (gas)
2 N H 3 (gas)
5.
The ammonia is run into tanks and stored as a liquid under pressure.
6.
The raw materials, air (from which 5 is nitrogen) and water (hydrogen is
usually made from natural gas or methane and water as steam) are easy
to obtain.
7.
Review Questions
1.
What catalyst is used in the process for making ammonia? What does it
do?
_______________________________________________________________
2.
What is the temperature and pressure used in the Haber process for
making ammonia?
_______________________________________________________________
3.
THEME:
8.5
CHEMICALS IN INDUSTRY
LeArning
Area
71
Notes:
1)
Urea
a)
b)
c)
Urea + water
ii)
Ammonium salts
a)
c)
Review Questions
1.
2.
3.
THEME:
8.6
LeArning
Area
CHEMICALS IN INDUSTRY
Manufacturing activities that
cause pollution
72
Notes:
1.
2.
Acid rain
a) Burning of fossil fuels produces harmful gases like sulphur dioxide
and nitrogen dioxide (oxides of nitrogen).
b) These are choking, irritating gases that can affect the respiratory
system of people and animals and cause asthma and bronchitis.
c) In addition, these gases dissolve in rain water to produce acid rain.
d) Acid rain can kill fish and other aquatic organisms, harm plants
which do not grow well in acidic soil and cause serious damage to
statues and buildings.
3.
Food chains and food webs are poisoned by toxic wastes. Mercury
causes brain retardation. Cadmium damages kidneys and lungs. Nickel
causes lung cancer. Lead affects the nervous system and causes
hypertension or high blood pressure.
Review
Questions
Review
Questions
1.
2.
3.
THEME:
8.7
LeArning
Area
CHEMICALS IN INDUSTRY
Effects of improper disposal of
industrial waste
73
Notes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Review Questions
1.
State one ill-effect of industrial toxic waste towards the health of mankind.
_______________________________________________________________
2.
3.
4.
THEME:
8.8
LeArning
Area
CHEMICALS IN INDUSTRY
Preparation of ammonium sulphate
(an ammonium fer
tiliser)
fertiliser)
74
Notes:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Review Questions
1)
2)
ANSWERS
1.1: Introducing science Scientific
Investigation
1) Science the systematic study of things
around us
Technology the application of scientific
knowledge to make our lives more
comfortable.
2 a) Communication becomes easier and
faster.
b) Household appliances make work
easier and life more comfortable.
c) Transportation- public transport helps to
minimise expenses and reduce
congestion.
d) Medicine cures diseases and illness.
3) It enables us to get a more accurate and
true picture of the world we live in and
minimises the influence of being unsure,
suspicious and bias.
2.5: Isotopes
1) Isotope chlorine-37 is heavier then isotope
chlorine 35
2) 235 shows the nucleon number, which is
the total number of protons and neutrons.
3) Number of electrons = 6
Number of neutrons = nucleon number
proton number
= 14-6
=8
e)
2)
2) a) 20m
b)
7.5m
red
absorb
reflects, white
it is a mixture of red and blue (primary)
colours.
3) To prevent certain colours from passing
through it.