Name: __________________________ Date: _____________

Directions: choose the option that BEST answers the statements below.
Chapter 1
1. Wilhelm Wundt believed the focus of psychology should be
a. questioning the nature of existence
b. studying stimulus-response associations
c. determining peoples unconscious motivation for behavior
d. examining peoples awareness of their immediate experience
2. Dr. Lee is studying pain perception using a functionalist perspective. It is most
likely that Dr. Lee would suggest that we can only understand the conscious
experience of pain
a. if all the component parts that make up the experience of pain are understood
b. by observing the outward expression of pain in response to different stimuli
c. if we first understand the role of pain in human survival and adaptation
d. if we understand the unconscious processes that initiate the sensation of pain
3. According to Sigmund Freud, an individuals personality is largely determined by
a. self-actualizing tendencies
b. forces in the environment
c. strivings for superiority
d. forces in the unconscious
4. Organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes, and they tend not
to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes. These words would
most likely have been said by
a. Wilhelm Wundt
b. William James
c. B. F. Skinner
d. Abraham Maslow
5. Manny tends to be very passive and allows people to take advantage of him. What
would a humanist be most likely to say about Manny?
a. Manny will find it difficult to change because he probably has deep-seated
feelings of inferiority.
b. Manny can become more assertive once he begins to feel better about himself
and recognizes that he has the ability to fulfill his potential.
c. Manny simply needs to take an assertiveness training class in which he can
learn and practice assertive behaviors.
6. Which of the following sounds LEAST like the work of an applied psychologist?
a. finding ways to teach learning disabled children
b. studying basic learning processes in rats
c. treating someone with a phobia
d. looking for ways to increase efficiency in an organization

7. The Human Genome Project involves a large number of scientists who are trying to
determine the biochemical nature of all the genes on each chromosome in the human
body. These scientists come from a variety of areas, including psychology. The
psychologists working on this project are most likely
a. evolutionary psychologists
b. cross-cultural psychologists
c. behavioral psychologists
d. biological psychologists
8. Researchers in psychology have to see it to believe it. This orientation is most
consistent with
a. empiricism
b. structuralism
c. functionalism
d. humanism
9. A biopsychosocial approach to explaining your performance in a course would most
likely focus on
a. personal factors more than situational factors
b. situational factors more than personal factors
c. both personal and situational factors
d. the relationship between you and your professor
10. Nature is to nurture as
a. experience is to environment
b. learning is to knowing
c. heredity is to environment
d. behavior is to doing
11. Dr. Malm predicts that if teachers ignore students who act up in class, fewer
students will act up in class. Dr. Malms prediction is an example of
a. an operational definition
b. a theory
c. inferential statistics
d. a hypothesis
12. An operational definition
a. describes the actions and procedures used to measure or control a variable
b. separately defines each term used
c. provides a logical basis for each term
d. states relationships to other variables

13. The experiment is a research method in which the investigator

a. systematically observes two variables to see whether there is an association

between them
b. observes behavior as it occurs in its natural environment
c. conducts an in-depth investigation of an individual subject
d. manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes
whether there are changes in a second variable as a result
14. Researchers who were studying plant growth raised plants in two separate rooms.
One room had taped conversations playing 24 hours a day; the other room was
silent. The researchers found that the plants grew better in the room which had the
conversations playing. In this study, the type of room (conversation or silence)
would be
a. the dependent variable
b. an extraneous variable
c. a placebo
d. the independent variable
15. A group of researchers wants to determine if people are more likely to follow
directions if the person giving the directions is in a uniform. Half the participants are
directed to a parking spot by a uniformed security guard, the other half are directed
to a parking spot by an individual wearing blue jeans and a t-shirt. In this study, the
dependent variable would be
a. the number of participants who park in the spot they are directed to
b. the type of clothing worn by the person giving the directions
c. the gender of the person driving into the parking lot
d. the distance between the parking spot and the entrance
16. David and Alexandra both take part in a research study that is investigating the
effects of sleep deprivation on reaction time. David is kept awake for 24 hours
straight, while Alexandra follows her normal sleep routine. In this study, David is
part of the
a. hypothesis group
b. experimental group
c. control group
d. dependent variable group
17. The purpose of the control group is to
a. make the experiment more complex
b. isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable
c. make statistical significance more likely
d. isolate the effect of the dependent variable on the independent variable

18. The experimental group

a. consists of the subjects who receive some special treatment with regard to the
independent variable
b. consists of the subjects who receive some special treatment with regard to the
dependent variable
c. consists of the subjects who do not receive the special treatment
d. must be chosen so as to be as different from the control group as possible
19. A researcher wants to see if a protein-enriched diet will enhance the maze-running
performance of rats. One group of rats is fed the high-protein diet for the duration of
the study; the other group continues to receive ordinary rat chow. In this experiment,
the group of rats that is fed the high-protein diet is __________ group; the group
that receives ordinary rat chow is __________ group.
a. a control; a control
b. a control; an experimental
c. an experimental; an experimental
d. an experimental; a control
20. A researcher has children watch 30 minutes of violent television, and then counts
the number of times they hit each other afterward in a one-hour play period as a
measure of aggression. The researcher concludes that television violence causes
aggression. However, this conclusion may be invalid because
a. the study is strictly correlational
b. aggression wasnt operationally defined
c. there was no control group
d. it is unethical to force children to watch violent television
21. Dr. Macator predicts that people will act more aggressively during the heat waves of
summer than they will during the cold spells of winter. This suggests that Dr.
Macator believes that temperature and level of aggression are
a. negatively correlated
b. independent variables
c. uncorrelated
d. positively correlated
22. The FDA found that people who used a particular diet drug combination had more
heart valve defects than people who had not taken the diet drug combination. This
suggests that the use of the diet drug combination and heart valve defects are
a. negatively correlated
b. independent variables
c. positively correlated
d. interactive variables
23. Of the following, the correlation coefficient that indicates the STRONGEST
relationship between the two variables being measured is
a. +0.65
b. -0.89

c. 0.00
d. +3.45
24. Perhaps the greatest disadvantage or limitation associated with descriptive research
methods is
a. the inability to look at important variables like nutritional effects on behavior
b. an insensitivity to ethical concerns
c. the inability to control events and isolate cause and effect linkages
d. the fact that these methods usually focus attention too narrowly on a single
variable
25. By definition, a sample
a. is that group of people to whom the conclusion of the study will apply
b. is a subset of the population who actually participate in a research study
c. contains less than 50 people or animals
d. must only include volunteers who express an interest in the study
26. To determine whether students would like more courses scheduled in the late
afternoon and evening hours, the Student Services department sends questionnaires
to 50 students selected at random from the 5,000 who are registered at the campus.
In this instance, the 5,000 students who are registered at the campus would be
a. a population
b. a representative sample
c. a biased sample
d. the independent variable
27. In an investigation of the effects of caffeine on concentration, half the participants
were given regular colas which contained caffeine and half were given decaffeinated
colas. In this study, the decaffeinated colas are being used as
a. a confounding variable
b. a random factor
c. the dependent variable
d. a placebo
28. Darla has sent out a survey in which she is asking people to provide information
about their attitudes on a number of sensitive subjects. When the surveys are
returned Darla needs to be aware that the responses may be distorted due to
a. placebo effects
b. self-report biases
c. statistical artifacts
d. meta-analytic controls

29. The fact that many times researchers unintentionally influence the outcome of their
studies implies the existence of

a.
b.
c.
d.

experimenter bias
a placebo effect
sampling bias
social desirability

30. Experimenter bias occurs when

a. experimenters explicitly instruct the subjects to behave in a way that will be
consistent with the hypothesis
b. experimenters desire to make a favorable impression on their subjects
c. experimenters beliefs in their own hypotheses affect either the subjects
behavior or their observations of the subjects
d. experimenters conduct their studies in a completely objective manner
31. The experimental procedure in which both the experimenter and subject are unaware
of who is in the experimental and who is in the control group is referred to as the
a. placebo control procedure
b. stereotaxic procedure
c. single-blind procedure
d. double-blind procedure

Chapter 4: Lifespan Development Review

____ 17. Erikson's crisis of integrity versus despair is associated with
a. adolescence
b. early adulthood
c. middle adulthood
d. late adulthood
____ 18. Piaget believed that children first become capable of hypothetical thinking during the
a. concrete operational stage
b. sensorimotor stage
c. formal operational stage
d. preoperational stage
____ 19. Which of the following is not characteristic of adolescence?
a. identity versus confusion
b. formal operational stage of cognitive development
c. preconventional level of moral development
d. growth spurt
____ 20. Mothers who are inconsistent or insensitive in responding to their infants are more likely to have
infants who exhibit _______ attachments.
a. especially strong
b. secure
c. anxious-ambivalent or avoidant
d. separation
____ 21. The sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death
defines
a. prenatal development
b. maturation

c. development
d. aging
____ 22. Of the following children, who is most likely to be confronting the fundamental question of "Can
I do things for myself or must I always rely on others?"
a. Amanda who is two years old
b. Brian who is four years old
c. Cathy who is six years old
d. Derek who is nine years old
_____ 23. Harlow found that _________________ creates attachment.
a. Giving an infant food
b. Giving an infant water
c. Giving an infant contact comfort
d. Giving an infant shelter
____ 24. Two trays holding the same numbers of candies are placed in front of a group of children. The
children watch as one tray of candies is spread apart, while the other tray of candies is not moved
at all.. The children are then asked, "Does one tray have the same, more, or less candy than the
other tray?" Which child is most likely to correctly state that the trays have the same amount of
candy?
a. Alan who is two
b. Brandon who is four
c. Carol who is five
d. Debbie who is eight
____ 25. Individuals who base their moral judgments on avoiding punishment from an authority figure are
in the ______________ phase of moral development.
a. preoperational
b. postoperational
c. preconventional
d. conventional

26. Thinking about abstract concepts like justice and free will mark the
________________ phase of cognitive development.
27. Becoming upset at the absence of ones mother, but being consoled by a caring other
represent what type of attachment?
______________________
28. Realizing that out of sight DOESNT mean out of mind typifies a successful
milestone that is reached during the _______________ stage of cognitive
development.
29. What do we assimilate and accommodate, according to Piaget?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Emotions
Memories
Schemas
Replicates

Chapter 12: Personality

1. The concept of personality most clearly embodies the notion of:
A) moral integrity.
B) self-consciousness.
C) behavioral consistency.
D) self-actualization.
2. Freud believed that certain troubling symptoms could be traced to painful unconscious
memories. This led him to suspect that these symptoms resulted from:
A) genetic defects.
B) an inferiority complex.
C) psychological processes.
D) an internal locus of control.
3. Free association is central to the process of:
A) factor analysis.
B) self-serving bias.
C) psychoanalysis.
D) reciprocal determinism.
4. Which of the following techniques did Freud use to discover the latent content of his
patients' dreams?
A) fixation
B) factor analysis
C) projective testing
D) free association
5. According to psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that strives for
immediate gratification of basic drives is the:
A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) collective unconscious.
6. According to Freud, the part of personality that represents our sense of right and wrong
and our ideal standards is the:
A) collective unconscious.
B) ego.
C) id.

D) superego.
7. No matter how long and hard Lerae studies, she always feels she hasn't studied as much
as she should have. A Freudian psychologist would suggest that Lerae shows signs of a:
A) weak id.
B) weak ego.
C) strong id.
D) strong superego.
8. Bruce wants to be a loving husband but at the same time wants to express his disgust for
some of his wife's habits. According to Freud, Bruce's ________ might enable him to
partially satisfy both desires.
A) collective unconscious
B) superego
C) Oedipus complex
D) ego
9. Two-year-old Damien frequently refuses to obey his parents because he derives
immense pleasure from demonstrating his independence from their control. Freud would
have suggested that Damien is going through the ________ stage of development.
A) phallic
B) anal
C) latency
D) oral
10. Gene spends a good deal of time bragging about his numerous sexual exploits. Freud
would have suggested that Gene is fixated at the ________ stage.
A) oral
B) latency
C) phallic
D) anal
11. According to Freud, defense mechanisms are used by the:
A) id to defend against the accusations and guilt feelings produced by the superego.
B) ego to prevent threatening impulses from being consciously recognized.
C) superego to prevent expression of sexual and aggressive drives.
D) id, ego, and superego in a repetitive sequence of internal conflicts.

12. Four-year-old Timmy has not wet his bed for over a year. However, he starts bedwetting again soon after his sister is born. Timmy's behavior best illustrates:
A) reaction formation.
B) projection.
C) regression.
D) displacement.
13. Reaction formation refers to the process by which people:
A) disguise unacceptable unconscious impulses by attributing them to others.
B) consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable unconscious
impulses.
C) retreat to behavior patterns characteristic of an earlier stage of development.
D) offer self-justifying explanations in place of the real but unacceptable unconscious
reasons for action.
14. The defense mechanism by which people disguise threatening impulses by attributing
them to others is called:
A) projection.
B) displacement.
C) fixation.
D) reaction formation.
15. The defense mechanism in which selfjustifying explanations replace the real,
unconscious reasons for actions is:
A) projection.
B) reaction formation.
C) rationalization.
D) displacement.
16. Hasina was an abused child; as an adult, she is homeless and squanders any money she
can find on alcohol. Alfred Adler would have suggested that Hasina suffers from:
A) an Electra complex.
B) the spotlight effect.
C) feelings of inferiority.
D) the Barnum effect.
17. Which neo-Freudian theorist emphasized the influence of the collective unconscious in
personality development?
A) Jung
B) Adler
C) Horney

D) Maslow
18. The TAT is a(n):
A) factor analytic test.
B) projective test.
C) personality inventory.
D) empirically derived test.
19. The famous test introduced by Hermann Rorschach asks test-takers to respond to:
A) frightening pictures.
B) ambiguous stories.
C) meaningless inkblots.
D) incomplete sentences.
20. Survivors' vivid memories of Nazi death camp experiences most clearly challenge
Freud's concept of:
A) fixation.
B) repression.
C) the Oedipus complex.
D) motivational conflict.

22. Which theorist emphasized that an individual's personal growth is promoted by

interactions with others who are genuine, accepting, and empathic?
A) Allport
B) Rogers
C) Freud
D) Bandura
23. Carl Rogers would have suggested that many of the defense mechanisms described by
Freud are used to minimize the perceived discrepancy between:
A) manifest content and latent content.
B) the collective unconscious and the personal unconscious.
C) the actual self and the ideal self.
D) an internal locus of control and an external locus of control.
24. Which of the following have been criticized the most for offering concepts that are
vague and subjective?
A) trait theorists

B) humanistic theorists
C) social-cognitive theorists
D) terror-management theorists
25. Coretta is quiet, pessimistic, anxious, and moody. In terms of the Eysencks' basic
personality dimensions she would be classified as:
A) unstable-introverted.
B) manic-depressive.
C) external-dependent.
D) passive-aggressive.
26. Personality inventories are designed to assess several ________ at once.
A) possible selves
B) defense mechanisms
C) attributional styles
D) traits
27. Which of the following Big Five trait dimensions is most closely related to one's level of
creativity?
A) extraversion
B) openness
C) emotional stability
D) conscientiousness
28. According to Bandura, reciprocal determinism involves multidirectional influences
among:
A) thoughts, emotions, and actions.
B) behaviors, internal personal factors, and environmental events.
C) id, ego, and superego.
D) learned helplessness, locus of control, and optimism.
29. Because Mr. Maloney trusts his employees, he treats them very kindly. His kindness
leads them to work diligently on his behalf, which in turn increases his trust in them.
This pattern of trust, kindness, diligence, and increasing trust illustrates what is meant
by:
A) reaction formation.
B) the spotlight effect.
C) external locus of control.
D) reciprocal determinism.

30. Because Greta is an extravert, she frequently goes to parties where she is encouraged to
laugh and socialize with her friends. Because Jim is an introvert, he frequently spends
weekends in the library where it's easy to quietly reflect and study. Greta and Jim best
illustrate what is meant by:
A) an external locus of control.
B) reciprocal determinism.
C) the self-serving bias.
D) the Barnum effect.

Chapter 1 Answers
1. Wilhelm Wundt believed the focus of psychology should be
examining peoples awareness of their immediate experience
2. Dr. Lee is studying pain perception using a functionalist perspective. It is most
likely that Dr. Lee would suggest that we can only understand the conscious
experience of pain
if we first understand the role of pain in human survival and adaptation
3. According to Sigmund Freud, an individuals personality is largely determined by
forces in the unconscious
4. Organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes, and they tend not
to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes. These words would
most likely have been said by
B. F. Skinner
5. Manny tends to be very passive and allows people to take advantage of him. What
would a humanist be most likely to say about Manny?
Manny can become more assertive once he begins to feel better about himself
and recognizes that he has the ability to fulfill his potential.
6. Which of the following sounds LEAST like the work of an applied psychologist?
studying basic learning processes in rats
7. The Human Genome Project involves a large number of scientists who are trying to
determine the biochemical nature of all the genes on each chromosome in the human
body. These scientists come from a variety of areas, including psychology. The
psychologists working on this project are most likely
biological psychologists

8. Researchers in psychology have to see it to believe it. This orientation is most

consistent with
empiricism
9. A biopsychosocial approach to explaining your performance in a course would most
likely focus on
both personal and situational factors

10. Nature is to nurture as

heredity is to environment
11. Dr. Malm predicts that if teachers ignore students who act up in class, fewer
students will act up in class. Dr. Malms prediction is an example of
a hypothesis
12. An operational definition
describes the actions and procedures used to measure or control a variable
13. The experiment is a research method in which the investigator
manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes
whether there are changes in a second variable as a result
14. Researchers who were studying plant growth raised plants in two separate rooms.
One room had taped conversations playing 24 hours a day; the other room was
silent. The researchers found that the plants grew better in the room which had the
conversations playing. In this study, the type of room (conversation or silence)
would be
the independent variable
15. A group of researchers wants to determine if people are more likely to follow
directions if the person giving the directions is in a uniform. Half the participants are
directed to a parking spot by a uniformed security guard, the other half are directed
to a parking spot by an individual wearing blue jeans and a t-shirt. In this study, the
dependent variable would be
the number of participants who park in the spot they are directed to
16. David and Alexandra both take part in a research study that is investigating the
effects of sleep deprivation on reaction time. David is kept awake for 24 hours
straight, while Alexandra follows her normal sleep routine. In this study, David is
part of the
experimental group
17. The purpose of the control group is to

a. isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable

18. The experimental group
a. consists of the subjects who receive some special treatment with regard to the
independent variable
19. A researcher wants to see if a protein-enriched diet will enhance the maze-running
performance of rats. One group of rats is fed the high-protein diet for the duration of
the study; the other group continues to receive ordinary rat chow. In this experiment,
the group of rats that is fed the high-protein diet is __________ group; the group
that receives ordinary rat chow is __________ group.
an experimental; a control
20. A researcher has children watch 30 minutes of violent television, and then counts
the number of times they hit each other afterward in a one-hour play period as a
measure of aggression. The researcher concludes that television violence causes
aggression. However, this conclusion may be invalid because
there was no control group
21. Dr. Macator predicts that people will act more aggressively during the heat waves of
summer than they will during the cold spells of winter. This suggests that Dr.
Macator believes that temperature and level of aggression are
positively correlated
22. The FDA found that people who used a particular diet drug combination had more
heart valve defects than people who had not taken the diet drug combination. This
suggests that the use of the diet drug combination and heart valve defects are
positively correlated
23. Of the following, the correlation coefficient that indicates the STRONGEST
relationship between the two variables being measured is
-0.89
24. Perhaps the greatest disadvantage or limitation associated with descriptive research
methods is
the inability to control events and isolate cause and effect linkages
25. By definition, a sample
is a subset of the population who actually participate in a research study
26. To determine whether students would like more courses scheduled in the late
afternoon and evening hours, the Student Services department sends questionnaires
to 50 students selected at random from the 5,000 who are registered at the campus.
In this instance, the 5,000 students who are registered at the campus would be

population
27. In an investigation of the effects of caffeine on concentration, half the participants
were given regular colas which contained caffeine and half were given decaffeinated
colas. In this study, the decaffeinated colas are being used as
a placebo
28. Darla has sent out a survey in which she is asking people to provide information
about their attitudes on a number of sensitive subjects. When the surveys are
returned Darla needs to be aware that the responses may be distorted due toselfreport biases

29. The fact that many times researchers unintentionally influence the outcome of their
studies implies the existence of
a. experimenter bias
30. Experimenter bias occurs when
experimenters beliefs in their own hypotheses affect either the subjects
behavior or their observations of the subjects
31. The experimental procedure in which both the experimenter and subject are unaware
of who is in the experimental and who is in the control group is referred to as the
double-blind procedure

Chapter 4 Review
____ 17. Erikson's crisis of integrity versus despair is associated with
a. adolescence
b. early adulthood
c. middle adulthood
d. late adulthood
____ 18. Piaget believed that children first become capable of hypothetical thinking during the
a. concrete operational stage
b. sensorimotor stage
c. formal operational stage
d. preoperational stage
____ 19. Which of the following is not characteristic of adolescence?
a. identity versus confusion
b. formal operational stage of cognitive development
c. preconventional level of moral development
d. growth spurt
____ 20. Mothers who are inconsistent or insensitive in responding to their infants are more likely to have
infants who exhibit _______ attachments.
a. especially strong

b. secure
c. anxious-ambivalent or avoidant
d. separation
____ 21. The sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death
defines
a. prenatal development
b. maturation
c. development
d. aging
____ 22. Of the following children, who is most likely to be confronting the fundamental question of "Can
I do things for myself or must I always rely on others?"
a. Amanda who is two years old
b. Brian who is four years old
c. Cathy who is six years old
d. Derek who is nine years old
_____ 23. Harlow found that _________________ creates attachment.
a. Giving an infant food
b. Giving an infant water
c. Giving an infant contact comfort
d. Giving an infant shelter
____ 24. Two trays holding the same numbers of candies are placed in front of a group of children. The
children watch as one tray of candies is spread apart, while the other tray of candies is not moved
at all.. The children are then asked, "Does one tray have the same, more, or less candy than the
other tray?" Which child is most likely to correctly state that the trays have the same amount of
candy?
a. Alan who is two
b. Brandon who is four
c. Carol who is five
d. Debbie who is eight
____ 25. Individuals who base their moral judgments on avoiding punishment from an authority figure are
in the ______________ phase of moral development.
a. preoperational
b. postoperational
c. preconventional
d. conventional

26. Thinking about abstract concepts like justice and free will mark the _____formal
op___________ phase of cognitive development.
30. Becoming upset at the absence of ones mother, but being consoled by a caring other
represent what type of attachment?
________secure______________
31. Realizing that out of sight DOESNT mean out of mind typifies a successful
milestone that is reached during the __sensorimotor_____________ stage of
cognitive development.

32. What do we assimilate and accommodate, according to Piaget?

a.
b.
c.
d.

Emotions
Memories
Schemas
Replicates

Key for Chapter 12:

1. C
2. C
3. C
4. D
5. A
6. D
7. D
8. D
9. B
10. C
11. B
12. C
13. B
14. A
15. C
16. C
17. A
18. A
19. C
20. B
21. deleted
22. B
23. C
24. B
25. A
26. D
27. B
28. B
29. D
30. B