Sounds like LTE!

Instructor: Jakub Bluszcz

+48 607 221 954
e-mail: jakub.bluszcz@leliwa.com
Leliwa Sp. z o.o.
www.leliwa.com

Sounds like LTE!

Topics:
1.Mobile Network Evolution
2.Increase of Throughput:
Changes in symbol rate
Multiple access
Channel bandwidth and filters
MIMO
3.Architecture
4.Short Data Structures
5.Location Update
6.Self-configuration and Self-optimization

Mobile Network
Evolution

3GPP mobile systems

GSM GPRS EDGE evolved EDGE
UMTS HSDPA HSUPA evolved HSPA
LTE/EPS
2.0M
9.6k

UMTS

326M
173M LTE
42M

1.9M

GSM

201
0
200
9
200
8
200
7
200
6
200
5
200
4
200
3
200
2
200
1
200
0
199
9
199
8
199

Changes in Symbol Rate

GSM / GPRS / EDGE

GSM is like a pianist who plays allegro
(i.e. cheerful, brisk etc.*)

*modulation symbol rate 270 ksps

UMTS / HSDPA / HSUPA

UMTS is like a pianist who plays prestissimo
(extremely fast*)

* modulation symbol rate 3,84 Msps (14 times faster than GSM)

LTE
LTE is like a pianist who plays largo
(very slow tempo*).

* modulation symbol rate 15 ksps (18 times slower than GSM)

Conclusion
Up to now the common method to increase
throughput was to increase the modulation
symbol rate
In LTE the increase of throughput is achieved
by other means.
What is the benefit of decreased
symbol rate?

Multipath propagation

Multipath propagation

Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)

Inter-Symbol Interference
In the high-symbol rate systems even very
low relative delays of multipath propagation
components cause multi-symbol offsets
between paths. This makes the proper
detection of the signal difficult.

Inter-Symbol Interference
Rake receivers are commonly used to minimise
the impact of Inter-Symbol Interference.
The Rake receiver requires vast amount of fast
memory, processing power and energy.

Rake receiver

The complexity of rake receiver increases along

with the symbol rate.

Inter-Symbol Interference
In the low symbol-rate systems (e.g. LTE) even
large differences in multipath length cause
only small relative symbol offset causing InterSymbol Interference just at the boundary
between two consecutive symbols, while
keeping the rest of symbol intact.

Inter-Symbol Interference

LTE receiver neglects initial part of the symbol and

only interference-free part of the symbol is being
processed.

Multiple access

1G FDMA (e.g. NMT)

(Frequency Division
Multiple Access)
time

f1

f2

f3

f4

f5

f6

f7

frequency

1G FDMA
FDMA is like a piano where a different
pianist plays on each octave.

2G TDMA (e.g. GSM)

(Time Division
Multiple Access)
time

time slot 4
time slot 3
time slot 2
time slot 1
frequency

2G TDMA
TDMA is like a piano in front of which a
pianist changes after playing just a few bars.

3G CDMA (e.g. UMTS)

(Code Division Multiple Access)
code

code 4
code 3
time

code 2
code 1

frequency

3G CDMA
CDMA is like an orchestra where each musician can
utilise the full scale of his/her instrument but to
avoid mutual disturbance they all must be
controlled by a single conductor.

Single-carrier system
NMT (1G), GSM (2G), UMTS (3G) are the examples
of single-carrier modulation systems.
It means, in the musical analogy, that the pianist plays with one
finger, being able to get only one sound at a time (i.e. plays
melodically).

4G OFDMA (e.g. LTE)

(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple
Access)

Multi-carrier system
LTE and OFDMA are the examples of multicarrier systems (max. 1200).
It means, in the musical analogy, that the pianist plays using all
his/her fingers being able to get more than one sound concurrently
(i.e. plays harmonically).

Single- and Multi-carrier

system

Conclusion:
Though the sound lasts longer, the number of played sounds can be still
high if they are played simultaneously.

OFDMA
In the LTE R8/R9 the maximum number of subcarriers (frequency sub-channels) is 1200.
It means, in the musical
analogy, that the piano is
replaced by the instrument
having much wider scale
and number of keys
(e.g. organ).

OFDMA

The scale of an instrument can be divided into

groups of octaves that are assigned to different
organists.

Channel bandwidth and

filters

Fourier transform
F s

f x e

j 2xs

f x F s e

j 2xs

dx

ds

Fourier transform
t

Fourier transform
Human hears Fourier transform of an acoustic signal
(hair cells in consecutive cochlea parts are sensitive
for consecutive frequency bands).
4 kHz tone transmitted continuously
4 kHz tone transmitted cyclically:
transmit time = 0.001s,
pause time = 0.001s
These are two different sounds for the human hence
their Fourier transforms are different as well.

Fourier transform
t

F
f

Filtering

Filtering

bandwidth required for proper

signal detection in traditional
receiver

FDMA and OFDMA filtering

FDMA
f

OFDMA
f

Channel width
channel width

channel width

Channel/subchannel width
Syste
m

Symbol rate

Channel
width

GSM

270 ksps

200 kHz

UMTS

3840 ksps

5 MHz

LTE

15 ksps

15 kHz

Fourier transform
t
66.6 s
(1/15 kHz)

F
f
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
kHz kHz kHz kHz kHz kHz kHz kHz kHz kHz

OFDMA

MIMO

MIMO (LTE, HSPA+)

MIMO is like a stereo sound...

MIMO (2x2)

Tx

Rx

MIMO 2x2 allows to nearly double the

throughput in extremely favourable conditions.

MIMO efficiency
If the MIMO propagation paths are
fully independent the system
reaches its maximum efficiency
(i.e. throughput is nearly doubled
for 2x2 MIMO or quadrupled for
4x4 MIMO).

MIMO efficiency

On the other hand, fully dependent

MIMO propagation paths are not
increasing throughput at all.

Bitrates in LTE
Configuration

Peak bitrate
Downlink

Uplink

2x2 MIMO/16QAM

172.8 Mbps

57.6 Mbps

4x4 MIMO/64QAM

326.4 Mbps

86.4 Mbps

Architecture

UMTS PS Architecture
step 1 R99 Architecture

RNC
NB

SGSN

GGSN

IP

UMTS PS Architecture
step 2 R7 Architecture
(optional)

RNC
NB

SGSN

GGSN

IP

EPS/LTE Architecture

MME
S-GW P-GW
eNB

IP

GERAN/UTRAN R99
Architecture
reports

analysis
and
decisions

RNC/BSC

SGSN

NB/BTS orders

Relatively long adaptation time to changing radio

conditions

UTRAN (HSPA) Architecture

analysis and
analysis and
decisions
decisions
(HSPA)
(R99)
SGSN
RNC/BSC
NB/BTS

Shorter adaptation time to changing radio

conditions for HSPA services

E-UTRAN (LTE) Architecture

analysis
and
decisions

MME
S-GW

eNB

Shorter adaptation time to changing radio

conditions

Short Data Structures

Data structures
UMTS R99:

10/20/40/80 ms

UMTS (HSDPA):
LTE:

2 ms

1ms

TTI

Code redundancy (protection)

Long data structure (step

1)

Long data structure (step

2)

Long data structure (step

3)

It was possible to
send more data.

Short data structures

Packetisation delay

Packetisation delay

Delays:
UE
1 ms

1 ms

TTI + frame
alignment
1.5 ms

HARQ RTT 5
ms*
1.5 ms

eNode B
1 ms

1 ms

* For reference: HSDPA HARQ RTT 12ms, HSUPA HARQ RTT 40ms (min 16m

Location Update

GSM/UMTS location update

www.leliwa.co
m

area #1
area #2

Attach - area #1

area #3

area #1

Ack.

SGSN

GSM/UMTS location update

www.leliwa.co
m

area #1
area #2

Update - area #2

area #3

area #2
#1

Ack.

SGSN

GSM/UMTS - paging

www.leliwa.co
m

area #1
area #2

Paging

area #3

area #2

RNC

SGSN

GSM/UMTS - paging

www.leliwa.co
m

area #1
area #2

Paging response

area #3

area #2

SGSN

GSM/UMTS loc. upd. & packet

transfer

SGSN

www.leliwa.co
m

GSM/UMTS loc. upd. & packet

transfer

Update

www.leliwa.co
m

Ack.

SGSN

Transmission gap
from 5 to 15s

LTE registration

www.leliwa.co
m

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

Attach area #21

19

20

21

22

area 21
and
additionally
areas:
14, 15, 16,
20, 22, 26,
27, 28

Ack. (list of
areas)
MME
23

24

S-GW
25

31

26

32

27

28

33

34

29

35

30

36

LTE location update & packet

transfer
1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

area 21
and
additionally
areas:
14, 15, 16,
20, 22, 26,
27, 28

MME
19

20

21

22

23

24

S-GW
25

31

26

32

27

33

28

34

29

35

30

36

www.leliwa.co
m

LTE location update & packet

transfer
1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

area 21
and
additionally
areas:
14, 15, 16,
20, 22, 26,
27, 28

MME
19

20

21

22

23

24

S-GW
25

31

26

32

27

33

28

34

29

35

30

36

www.leliwa.co
m

LTE location update & packet

transfer
1

Repo
r10
t

11

12

16

17

18

Handover

13

14

15

www.leliwa.co
m

area
area 21
22
and
additionally
area:
areas:
14,
15, 15,
16, 16,
17,
20,
21, 22,
23, 26,
27,
27,
28, 28
29

new list of areas

MME

19

20

21

22

23

24

S-GW
25

31

26

32

27

33

28

34

29

35

30

36

Self-configuration and
optimisation Each cell of the system is
configured by several
thousands of parameters
defined manually and being
constantly optimised.
In the future LTE networks most
of the parameters will be
configured automatically
(including key parameters like:
power, frequency allocation or
antenna direction).

Thank you for your

attention