Handbook of

International
Bridge Engineering

2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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Handbook of

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International
Bridge Engineering
Edited by

Wai-Fah Chen
Lian Duan

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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Cover Photo: Qingdao Bay Bridge provided by China Highway Magazine

CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20130808
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Contents

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Foreword................................................................................................................... vii
Preface....................................................................................................................... xi
Editors xiii
Contributors.............................................................................................................. xv

Bridge Engineering in Canada ...................................................................................... 1

Bridge Engineering in the United States .................................................................. 43

Bridge Engineering in Argentina . .............................................................................135

Bridge Engineering in Brazil . .....................................................................................177

Bridge Engineering in Bosnia and Herzegovina . ................................................. 201

Bridge Engineering in Bulgaria . ............................................................................... 247

Bridge Engineering in Croatia . ................................................................................. 295

Bridge Engineering in the Czech Republic ............................................................ 341

Bridge Engineering in Denmark ............................................................................... 367

10

Bridge Engineering in Finland .................................................................................. 395

11

Bridge Engineering in France .................................................................................... 409

12

Bridge Engineering in Greece . .................................................................................. 481

Joost Meyboom

M. Myint Lwin and John M. Kulicki

Toms A. del Carril

Augusto Carlos de Vasconcelos, Gilson L. Marchesini, and JlioTimerman

Boris Koboevic, BiseraKaralicHromic, and Damir Zenunovic
Doncho Partov and Dobromir Dinev
Jure Radi and Goran Pu
Jiri Strasky

Niels Jrgen Gimsing

Esko Jrvenp

Jean-Armand Calgaro

Stamatios Stathopoulos

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Contents

13

Bridge Engineering in Macedonia ............................................................................ 561

14

Bridge Engineering in Poland . .................................................................................. 593

15

Bridge Engineering in Russia . ................................................................................... 635

16

Bridge Engineering in Serbia ..................................................................................... 687

17

Bridge Engineering in the Slovak Republic ............................................................747

18

Bridge Engineering in Turkey . .................................................................................. 823

19

Bridge Engineering in Ukraine ................................................................................. 865

20

Bridge Engineering in China ..................................................................................... 907

21

Bridge Engineering in Indonesia ...............................................................................951

22

Bridge Engineering in Iran . ...................................................................................... 1017

23

Bridge Engineering in Japan .....................................................................................1037

24

Bridge Engineering in Chinese Taipei . ..................................................................1087

25

Bridge Engineering in Thailand . .............................................................................1125

26

Bridge Engineering in Egypt . ................................................................................... 1161

27

Benchmark Designs of Highway Composite Girder Bridges . ......................... 1209

28

Highest Bridges . ...........................................................................................................1251

29

Longest Bridges and Bridge Spans 1307

Tihomir Nikolovski and Dragan Ivanov

Jan Biliszczuk, Jan Bien, Wojciech Barcik, Pawe Hawryszkw, and Maciej Hildebrand
Simon A. Blank and Vadim A. Seliverstov
Radomir Foli
Ivan Bal

Cetin Yilmaz, Alp Caner, and Ahmet Turer

Mykhailo Korniev

Quan Qin, Gang Mei, and Gongyi Xu

Wiryanto Dewobroto, Lanny Hidayat and Herry Vaza

Shervin Maleki

Masatsugu Nagai, Yoshiaki Okui, Yutaka Kawai,

Masaaki Yamamoto, and Kimio Saito

Yeong-Bin Yang, Dyi-Wei Chang, Dzong-Chwang Dzeng, and Ping-Hsun Huang

Ekasit Limsuwan and Amorn Pimanmas
Mourad M. Bakhoum
Shouji Toma

Eric Sakowski
Lian Duan

Index............................................................................................................................................ 1347

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Foreword
Much more than a travel guide to the worlds biggest and most beautiful bridges, this Handbook of
International Bridge Engineering takes us on a world tour of the art of bridge conception and construction. Professor Wai-Fah Chen and Dr. Lian Duan, the editors of this fine handbook, had the remarkable idea of compiling contributions from 64 top bridge experts, each presenting an in-depth study of
his or her native country and the wonderful bridges there. Bridges, as we know, carry a multitude of
symbols, their beauty and the spectacular technical achievements employed in their conception awe
the greater public, and as shown in this book, they inspire researchers and engineers to make materials
more efficient and to fight natural hazards.
Each country is the subject of a chapter, all of which clearly present the principal geographical aspects
of the country, the fundamental stages of bridge development there, communication means through
the ages, the evolution of rules and regulations, various types of road construction and road construction materials, railway transportation and pedestrian passages, and, last but not least, such modern
preoccupations as durability, monitoring, maintenance, professional training, economic considerations,
financing, and future challenges. The reader of this marvelous handbook will not fail to appreciate the
variety of factors that determine any given countrys bridge history, to evaluate the cultural, economic,
and industrial impact on the evolution of infrastructures, and to consider the immense progress made
in bridge design worldwide. A formidable reference guide, this work will be without a doubt a welcome
acquisition to fine research libraries everywhere.
Jacques Combault
20072010 President of the International Association for
Bridges and Structural Engineering
Professor at the cole des Ponts, ParisTech
Paris, France
This volume on international bridge engineering provides contributions from authors in 26 countries. It
provides a resource covering engineering practice for major bridges in the authors countries. For each
country there is a chapter that provides a historical summary of design specifications, philosophy, and
loads applied to all types of bridge systems for highway, railway, and pedestrian applications. Although
the primary building materials of steel and concrete are highlighted, other types of materials such as
timber, stone, and advanced composites are also dealt with.
During ancient times, wood, bricks, and stones were used to build bridges. Since the industrial
revolution, bridges have evolved primarily with the invention of cast iron, wrought iron, steel, and
reinforced and prestressed concrete. Great Britain from the early nineteenth century, the United States
from the late nineteenth century through the mid-twentieth century, and Germany, France, Switzerland,
Scandinavia, Japan, and Russia in subsequent decades built the most significant bridges. During the last
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Foreword

two decades, China has built the largest number of major bridges in the world. They include many of the
longest spans of nearly all types of bridges.
Time-dependent deterioration of both steel and concrete elements remains a challenge even today as
corrosion and fatigue must be considered. Many of our theoretical assumptions for materials, such as
being homogeneous, isotropic, and ductile, are often not true at the joints and connections. As a result,
we have to rely on large-scale experimentation to develop simple design rules especially for connections.
Failures of structures or their components have provided knowledge that has contributed to our understanding and ability to provide more durable and safer structures. In the United States, the 1940 Tacoma
Narrows Bridge collapse from aero-elastic flutter from wind had a significant impact on the science and
engineering of large bridge structures and elements. The collapse of the Ohio River Silver Bridge in 1967
as a result of a small stress corrosion crack in a steel eye bar had a lasting influence on inspection and
maintenance as well as the quality and toughness of the steel materials used in bridges. Since the extensive use of welded steel components and connections after World War II, fatigue crack growth from truck
and train loads has resulted in the need to detect and repair or retrofit many bridge structures and to
improve their fatigue resistance. A notable case was the Hoan Bridge in Milwaukee, which experienced
major fractures in all three girders at a cross section in 2001. All of these examples provide knowledge
and enhance our ability to provide better details and connections in bridges that will be built in the future
and improve our ability to maintain older structures that remain in service around the world.
For example, as I write this brief note in July 2011 alone, the Internet revealed the collapse of a major
multiple-span arch bridge in Chinas Fujian Province that was built in 1999, as well as the collapse of
three other bridges, two of which were attributed to overloaded vehicles. These events remind us of the
role that connection design, quality, materials, loads, and time-dependent performance factors have
on bridge durability and service. This handbook will provide readers with valuable information and
enhance the performance of future bridges. In addition to the chapters for each of the 26 countries,a
chapter is devoted to highway bridges of composite steelconcrete girder designs in 10 countries,
achapter features the highest bridges, and a chapter lists the longest bridges and bridge spans in the
world. Many photographs and drawings are provided in all the chapters.
This volume provides a rich resource for practicing bridge engineers as well as for those interested in
unique bridge structures that have been built to provide passage over major rivers and other crossings
in the world. I have known Dr. Wai-Fah Chen since our student days together at Lehigh University in
the 1960s, and as a fellow faculty member during his decade at Lehigh. We have had the opportunity to
serve together on many professional committees throughout our careers. I am pleased to provide these
introductory comments to his latest handbook.
John W. Fisher
Professor Emeritus of Civil Engineering, Lehigh University
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
The purpose of science is to discover the truth of nature, while the purpose of engineering is to enhance
and improve nature to make our living environment more enjoyable. The foundation of science is facts;
the foundation of engineering is an accumulation of experiences. The truth discovered by science, such
as mathematics, physics, and chemistry, so far does provide practical tools for engineers in the design
of bridges, but it still falls far short of being able to explain all engineering phenomena. The design itself
is a succession of decisions based on the direct or indirect applied experience of the engineer. Making
decisions is art, not a science. Therefore, engineering is an art, not a science! In the design of a bridge, it
is more important to understand what has been done successfully than to try to be scientifically accurate. This handbook is a perfect tool that provides engineers with information on past successful bridge
designs. This important work helps bridge engineers to make intelligent decisions throughout their
design processes.

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Foreword

ix

It is a great pleasure to recommend to my fellow bridge engineers this remarkably comprehensive

resource book encompassing state-of-the-art and best practices for bridge engineering worldwide.
Youwill find an informative historical sketch and geographical characteristics for each country, along
with a careful development of each countrys design considerations, specifications, philosophy, and
loads; landmark and recorded bridges, including girder, arch, cable-stayed, and suspension; bridge
management and maintenance; and trends addressing new developments, milestone bridges under
planning and construction, and the latest construction materials.
Perhaps you have only a marginal interest in bridge design and construction, but wish to learn more
about the development of benchmark bridges around the world. You will find 10 benchmark comparisons for highway composite girder design along with a listing of worlds highest bridges, longest bridges,
and longest bridge spans from around the world. In addition, more than 1650 beautiful bridge photos
and drawings are collected to illustrate the great achievements of modern bridge engineers.
I wish to congratulate both editors, whom I have known for many years, for having convinced
and gathered a great team of internationally recognized bridge engineers to contribute their various
chapters. I wish also to congratulate the 64 contributors for devoting their time, energy, experience,
and talent to complete this landmark project. For the first time, this handbook has brought together,
in a unified manner, so much of what until now was known only to a few experts in the field in their
respective countries. Students, researchers, practitioners, novices, and experts alike will profit greatly
from having a copy of this handbook, as it will help them to keep abreast of modern bridge engineering
developments and state-of-the-art practices around the world.
Man-Chung Tang
Chairman of the Board and Technical Director
T. Y. Lin International
San Francisco, California

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Preface
An international team of bridge experts and internationally known authors from 26 countries
hasjoined forces to produce the Handbook of International Bridge Engineering, with the theme bridge
the world in the twenty-first century. The handbook is a unique, comprehensive, and up-to-date
reference work and resource book covering bridge engineering practice and landmark and recorded
bridges around the world, including 26 major countries and areas such as: Canada and the United
States in North America; Argentina and Brazil in South America; Bosnia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech,
Denmark, Finland, France, Greece, Macedonia, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, and Ukraine in the
European continent; China, Indonesia, Japan, Chinese Taipei, and Thailand in Asia; and Egypt, Iran,
and Turkey in the Middle East.
Each countrys chapter presents a historical sketch and geographical characteristics; design considerations, specifications, philosophy, and loads; various types of bridges including girder, truss, arch, cablestayed, suspension, and so on, in various types of materials (stone, timber, concrete, steel, advanced
composite) and in various purposes (highway, railway, and pedestrian); bridge management, maintenance, and monitoring including repair, professional education, cost analysis, and funding; and future
trends addressing special topics and new developments, new milestone bridges under planning and
construction, and new materials. Ten benchmark comparisons for highway composite girder design
from different countries are also presented in Chapter 27. The highest bridges around the world are
highlighted in Chapter 28. The top 100 longest bridges, and the top 20 longest bridge spans for various
bridge types including suspension bridges, cable-stayed bridges, extradosed bridges, truss bridges, arch
bridges, steel girder bridges, concrete girder bridges, movable bridges (vertical lift, swing, and bascule),
floating bridges, stress ribbon bridges, and timber bridges, are listed in Chapter 29. More than 1650
beautiful bridge photos and drawings illustrate the great achievements of engineering professions.
This handbook is aimed squarely at practicing bridge engineers around the world. The ideal reader
will be a structural and bridge engineer, researcher, or student with a need for a single reference source
to keep abreast of bridge development and the state of the practice around the world. The editors
acknowledge with thanks the comments, suggestions, and recommendations made during the development of the handbook by Professor Ivan Bal, Slovak University of Technology, Slovak Republic;
Dr. Reidar Bjorhovde, The Bjorhovde Group, United States; Mr. John Bors, ChemCo Systems, United
States; Professor Jean Armand Calgaro, France; Professor Estevam Las Casas, University Federal De
Minas Gerais, Brazil; Professor Ernani Diaz, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Professor
Radomir Foli, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Serbia; Dr. Jianping Jiang, MMM Group, Canada;
Mr.Charles King, Buckland & Taylor, Ltd., Canada; Professor Xila Liu, Shanghai Jiaotong University,
China; Professor David A Nethercot, Imperial College, United Kingdom; Professor Doncho Partov,
Higher School of Civil Engineering, Lyuben Karavelov, Bulgaria; Professor Michelle Pfeil, University
Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Ms. Helena Russell, editor, Bridge Design and Engineering, United
Kingdom; Mr. Eric Sakowski, Technicolor, United States; Mr. Yusuf Saleh, transportation engineer,
California Department of Transportation, United States; Professor Jiri Strasky, Brno University of
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Preface

Technology, Czech Republic; Mr. Juhani Virola, consulting engineer, Finland; Mrs.Analia Wlazlo,
editor, Vial magazine, Argentina; Mr. Roman Wolchuk, consulting engineer, United States. We wish
to thank all the authors for their contributions and also to acknowledge at CRC Press/Taylor and
Francis Group, Joseph Clements, acquiring editor, Kari Budyk, senior project coordinator, and Glen
Butler, project editor.

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Wai-Fah Chen and Lian Duan

May 2013

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Editors
Dr. Wai-Fah Chen is a research professor of civil engineering at the
University of Hawaii. He was dean of the College of Engineering at
the University of Hawaii from 1999 to 2007, and a George E. Goodwin
Distinguished Professor of Civil Engineering and head of the Department
of Structural Engineering at Purdue University from 1976 to 1999. He
received his BS in civil engineering from the National Cheng-Kung
University, Taiwan, in 1959, MS in structural engineering from Lehigh
University, Pennsylvania, in 1963, and PhD in solid mechanics from
Brown University, Rhode Island, in 1966. He received the Distinguished
Alumnus Award from the National Cheng-Kung University in 1988 and
the Distinguished Engineering Alumnus Medal from Brown University
in 1999.
Dr. Chens research interests cover several areas, including constitutive modeling of engineering materials, soil and concrete plasticity, structural connections, and structural stability. He is the
recipient of several national engineering awards, including the Raymond Reese Research Prize and the
Shortridge Hardesty Award, both from the American Society of Civil Engineers, and the T. R. Higgins
Lectureship Award in 1985 and the Lifetime Achievement Award, both from the American Institute of
Steel Construction. In 1995, he was elected to the U.S. National Academy of Engineering. In 1997, he was
awarded honorary membership by the American Society of Civil Engineers. In 1998, he was elected to
the Academia Sinica (National Academy of Science) in Taiwan.
A widely respected author, Dr. Chen has authored and coauthored more than 20 engineering books
and 500 technical papers. His books include several classical works such as Limit Analysis and Soil
Plasticity (Elsevier, 1975), the two-volume Theory of Beam-Columns (McGraw-Hill, 1976 and 1967),
Plasticity in Reinforced Concrete (McGraw-Hill, 1982), and the two-volume Constitutive Equations
for Engineering Materials (Elsevier, 1994). He currently serves on the editorial boards of more than
15technical journals. Dr. Chen was the editor-in-chief for the popular 1995 Civil Engineering Handbook
(CRC Press, 1995 and 2003), the Handbook of Structural Engineering (CRC Press, 1997 and 2005), the
Bridge Engineering Handbook (CRC Press, 2000 and 2013) and the Earthquake Engineering Handbook
(CRC Press, 2003) and most recently the Semi-Rigid Connections Handbook (J. Ross Publishing, 2011).
He currently serves as the consulting editor for McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology.
Dr. Chen was a longtime member of the executive committee of the Structural Stability Research
Council and the specification committee of the American Institute of Steel Construction. He was a
consultant for Exxon Production Research on offshore structures; for Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill
in Chicago on tall steel buildings; and for the World Bank on the Chinese University Development
Projects, among many others. Dr. Chen has taught at Lehigh University, Purdue University, and the
University of Hawaii.

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Editors

Dr. Lian Duan is a senior bridge engineer and Structural Steel Committee
chair with the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans),
United States. He worked at the North China Power Design Institute
from 1975 to 1978 and taught at Taiyuan University of Technology from
1981 to 1985. He received his diploma in civil engineering in 1975, MS in
structural engineering in 1981 from Taiyuan University of Technology,
and PhD in structural engineering from Purdue University in 1990.
Dr. Duans research interests cover areas including inelastic behavior
of reinforced concrete and steel structures, structural stability, seismic
bridge analysis, and design. With more than 70 authored and coauthored
papers, chapters, and reports, his research focuses on the development of
unified interaction equations for steel beam-columns, flexural stiffness
of reinforced concrete members, effective length factors of compression members, and design of bridge
structures.
Dr. Duan has over 30 years experience in structural and bridge engineering. He was lead engineer for
the development of Caltrans Guide Specifications for Seismic Design of Steel Bridges. He is a registered
professional engineer in California. He served as a member of several National Cooperative Highway
Research Program (NCHRP) panels and was a Transportation Research Board (TRB) steel committee
member from 2000 to 2006.
He was the coeditor of the Bridge Engineering Handbook (CRC Press, 2000 and 2013) and the winner of Choice magazines Outstanding Academic Title Award for 2000. In 2001, he received the prestigious Arthur M.Wellington Prize from the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) for the paper
Section Properties for Latticed Members of San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge in the Journal of Bridge
Engineering, May 2000. He received the Professional Achievement Award from Professional Engineers
in California Government in 2007 and the Distinguished Engineering Achievement Award from the
Engineers Council in 2010.

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Contributors
Mourad M. Bakhoum
Cairo University
Cairo, Egypt
Ivan Bal
Slovak University of
Technology
Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Wojciech Barcik
Mosty-Wrocaw Research &
Design Office
Wrocaw, Poland
Jan Bie
Wrocaw University of
Technology
Wrocaw, Poland
Jan Biliszczuk
Wrocaw University of
Technology
Wrocaw, Poland
Simon A. Blank
Consulting Engineer
Castro Valley, CA
Michael Britt
Modjeski and Masters, Inc.
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, USA
Jean-Armand Calgaro
Ministry of Ecology, Energy,
Sustainable Development,
and Town and County
Planning
La Defense, France

Alp Caner
Middle East Technical
University
Ankara, Turkey
Dyi-Wei Chang
CECI Engineering
Consultants, Inc.
Taipei, Taiwan
Toms A. del Carril
del Carril Fazio Civil
Engineers
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Augusto Carlos de
Vasconcelos
Consulting and Eng. SS Ltda
So Paulo, Brazil
Wiryanto Dewobroto
Universitas Pelita Harapan
Tangerang, Indonesia
Dobromir Dinev
University of Architecture
Sofia, Bulgaria
Lian Duan
California Department of
Transportation
Sacramento, California, USA
Dzong-Chwang Dzeng
CECI Engineering
Consultants, Inc.
Taipei, Taiwan

Radomir Foli
Faculty of Technical Sciences
Obradovia, Serbia
Lubin Gao
Federal Highway
Administration
Washington, D.C., USA
Niels Jrgen Gimsing
Technical University of
Denmark
Lyngby, Denmark
Pawe Hawryszkw
Wrocaw University of
Technology
Wrocaw, Poland
Lanny Hidayat
Department of Public Works
Cibinong, Indonesia
Maciej Hildebrand
Wrocaw University of
Technology
Wrocaw, Poland
Reggie Holt
Federal Highway
Administration
Washington, D.C., USA
Bisera Karali-Hromi
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Sarajevo
Road Directorate of Federation
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Ping-Hsun Huang
CECI Engineering
Consultants, Inc.
Taipei, Taiwan
Dragan Ivanov
University Sts Cyril &
Methodius, Skopje,
Macedonia

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Esko Jrvenp
WSP Finland Ltd
Oulu, Finland
Yutaka Kawai
Nihon University
Chiba, Japan
Boris Koboevi
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Sarajevo
Sarajevo, Bosnia and
Herzegovina
Mykhailo Korniev
JSC Mostobud
Kyiv, Ukraine
Brian Kozy
Federal Highway
Administration
Washington, D.C., USA
John M. Kulicki
Modjeski and Masters, Inc.
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, USA
Paul Liles
Georgia Department of
Transportation
Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Ekasit Limsuwan
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok, Thailand
M. Myint Lwin
Federal Highway
Administration
Washington, D.C., USA

2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Contributors

Shervin Maleki
Sharif University of Technology
Tehran, Iran

Jure Radi
University of Zagreb
Zagreb, Croatia

Gilson L. Marchesini
Sobrenco Engenharia E
Comercio Ltda
Sao Paulo, Brazil

Betsy Reiner
Modjeski and Masters, Inc.
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, USA

Gang Mei
China Highway Planning&
Design Institute
Consultants,Inc.
Beijing, China
Joost Meyboom
MMM Group
Vancouver, BC, Canada
Masatsugu Nagai
Nagaoka University of
Technology
Niigata, Japan
Tihomir Nikolovski
FAKOM AD-Skopje
Skopje, Macedonia
Yoshiaki Okui
Saitama University
Saitama, Japan
Doncho Partov
Higher School of Civil
Engineering Lyuben
Karavelov
Sofia, Bulgaria
Amorn Pimanmas
Thammasat University
Pathum Thani, Thailand
Goran Pu
Institute IGH
Zagreb, Croatia
Quan Qin
Tsinghua University
Beijing, China

Kimio Saito
Kajima Corporation
Tokyo, Japan
Eric Sakowski
Technicolor
Hollywood, CA
USA
Vadim A. Seliverstov
Joint Stock Company
Giprotransmost
Moscow, Russian Federation
Stamatios Stathopoulos
DOMI S.A.
Athens, Greece
Jiri Strasky
Brno University of Technology
Brno, Czech Republic
Robert A.P. Sweeney
Modjeski and Masters, Inc.
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, USA
Jlio Timerman
Engeti Consulting and Eng.
SSLtda.
So Paulo, Brazil
Shouji Toma
Kokkai Gakuen University
Sapporo, Japan
Ahmet Turer
Middle East Technical
University
Ankara, Turkey

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Contributors

Masaaki Yamamoto
Kajima Corporation
Tokyo, Japan

Kenneth J. Wright
HDR Engineering, Inc.
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

Yeong-Bin Yang
National Taiwan University
Taipei, Taiwan

Gongyi Xu
China Railway Major Bridge
Reconnaissance and Design
Institute, Co., Ltd.
Wuhan, China

Cetin Yilmaz
Middle East Technical
University
Ankara, Turkey

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Herry Vaza
Department of Public Works
Bekasi, Indonesia

2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Damir Zenunovi
University of Tuzla
Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina