CHAPTER.

1
Introduction
1.1 background :
Ethanol, both a liquor and a fuel, has been around in
the form of Moonshine Whiskey since 15th Century
Scotland. In 1908, Ford Motor Company's first car, The
Model T, used ethanol corn alcohol gasoline as fuel energy.
Since 2003, ethanol has grown rapidly as the oxygenating
factor for gasoline. Ethanol replaced MTBE for oxygenating
fuel, since almost all states now have banned MTBE, due
to groundwater contamination, health and environmental
concerns. Ethanol blend fuels for gas powered engines
have been around for over 100 years, Ethanol is now
found at most public gas stations nationwide, due to
mandates/laws and recommendations in the Alternative
Motor Fuels Act (1988), Clean Air Act (1990), Energy Policy
Act (2005) and most importantly - The Renewable Fuel
Standard Program (RFS) - Signed September 2006.The
push for ethanol as an alternative to imported oil spurred
the construction of 172 plants in 25 states by the end of
2008. But during 2009 falling oil prices has made ethanol
less cost effective. More than 20 plants have recently
closed. Despite 10% being the universally accepted legal
limit for ethanol in conventional gas-powered engines, in
March 2009 ACE, Growth Energy and 54 ethanol producers
submitted a waiver application
1

1.2 History:
1826 Samuel Morey developed an engine that ran on
ethanol and turpentine.1850's During the Civil War, a
liquor tax was placed on ethanol whisky, also called
Moonshine, to raise money for the war.
1876 Otto Cycle was the first combustion engine designed
to use alcohol and gasoline. 1896 Henry Ford built his first
automobile, the quadricycle, to run on pure ethanol.1920's
Standard Oil began adding ethanol to gasoline to increase
octane and reduce engine knocking. 1908 The first Ford
Motor Company automobile, Henry Ford's Model T, was
designed to use corn alcohol, called ethanol. The Model T
ran on (ethanol) alcohol, fuel or a combination of the two
fuels. 1940's First U.S. fuel ethanol plant built. The U.S.
Army built and operated an ethanol plant in Omaha,
Nebraska, to produce fuel for the army and to provide
ethanol for regional fuel blending. 1940's to late 1970's
Virtually no commercial fuel ethanol was sold to the
general public in the U.S. - due to the low price of gasoline
fuel. 1975 U.S. begins to phase out lead in gasoline. MTBE
eventually replaced lead. Later, between 2004 to 2006,
MTBE banned in almost all states, due to groundwater
contamination and health risks. 1980's Oxygenates added

to gasoline included MTBE (Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether made from natural gas and petroleum) and ETBE (Ethyl
Tertiary

Butyl

Ether

-made

from

ethanol

and

petroleum).1988 Denver, Colorado, was the first state to

mandate ethanol oxygenates fuels for winter use to
control carbon monoxide emissions. Other cities soon
followed.1990 Clean Air Act Amendments - Mandated the
winter use of oxygenated fuels in 39 major carbon
monoxide non-attainment areas (based on EPA emissions
standards for carbon dioxide not being met) and required
year-round use of oxygenates in 9 severe ozone nonattainment areas in 1995. 1992 The Energy Policy Act of
1992 (EPAct) was passed by Congress to reduce our
nation's dependence on imported
petroleum by requiring certain fleets to acquire alternative
fuel

vehicles,

nonpetroleum

which
fuels.

are

capable

The Clean

Air

of

operating

Act

(1990)

on
and

Alternative Motor Fuels Act (1998 & 1992) contain

provisions for mandating oxygenated fuel (RFG =Ethanol
and MTBE). Requirements set for 2 types of clean-burning
gasoline,
Wintertime

RFG

Federal

Oxygenated

Reformulated
Fuel.

1995

Gasoline

The

EPA

and
began

requiring the use of reformulated gasoline year round in

metropolitan areas with the most smog.
:Definition of ethanol 1.3
Ethanol (ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol) is a clear, colorless
liquid with a characteristic, agreeable odor. In dilute
aqueous solution, it has a somewhat sweet flavor, but in
3

more concentrated solutions it has a burning taste.

Ethanol, CH3CH2OH, is an alcohol, a group of chemical
compounds whose molecules contain a hydroxyl group,
OH, bonded to a carbon atom. The word alcohol derives
from Arabic al-kohl, which denotes a fine powder of
antimony used as an eye makeup. Alcohol originally
referred to any fine powder.

1.4 Objectives :
12-

Reducing the carbon dioxide emissions to air.

Using carbon dioxide as raw material to production

3-

many product.
Production ethanol from carbon dioxide.

CHAPTER.2
2.Lierature Review
2.1 Properties of carbon dioxide:2.1.1 Physical properties of carbon dioxide
Table 2.1 carbon dioxide physical properties

Property

Value

Molecular weight

44.01
5

Specific gravity

1.53 at 21 oC

Critical density

468 kg/m3

Concentration in air

370.3 107 ppm

Stability

High

Liquid

Pressure < 415.8

kPa

Solid

Temperature <
-78 oC

Henry constant for

298.15 mol/

solubility

kg.bar

Water solubility

0.9 vol/vol at 20

The critical point

7.38 MPa at

the triple point

31.1 C
518 kPa at

56.6 C
2.1.2 Chemical Properties:
2.1.2.1 Structure and Bonding:
The

carbon

dioxide

molecule

is

linear

and

centrosymmetric. The two C-O bonds are equivalent and

6

are short (116.3 pm), consistent with double bonding.

Since it is centrosymmetric, the molecule has no electrical
dipole. Consistent with this fact, only two vibrational
bands are observed in the IR spectrum an antisymmetic
stretching mode at 2349 cm1 and a bending mode near
666 cm1. There is also a symmetric stretching mode at
1388 cm1 which is only observed in the Raman spectrum.
Carbon dioxide is soluble in water, in which it
reversibly converts to H2CO3 (carbonic acid).The hydration
equilibrium constant ofcarbonic acidis (at 25 C). Hence,
the majority of the carbon dioxide is not converted into
carbonic acid, but remains as CO 2 molecules not affecting
the pH.The relative concentrations of CO2, H2CO3, and the
deprotonated

forms

HCO3

(bicarbonate)

and

CO32

(carbonate) depend on the pH

2.1.2.2 Chemical Reactions of CO2:
CO2 is a weak electrophile. Its reaction with basic
water illustrates this property, in which case hydroxide is
the nucleophile. Other nucleophiles react as well. For
example, carnations as provided by Grignard reagents and
organ lithium compounds react with
CO2togivecarboxylates:
MR + CO 2 RCO2M
(2.1)

(where M
= Li or Mg Br and R = alkyl or aryl).

In metal carbon dioxide complexes, CO2 serves as a ligand,

which can facilitate the conversion of CO 2 to other
chemicals.

The reduction of CO2 to CO is ordinarily a difficult and slow

reaction:
CO2 + 2 e + 2H+ CO + H2O
(2.2)
: Properties of ethanol 2.2
2.2.1 Physical Properties :Ethyl alcohol under ordinary conditions is a volatile,
flammable, clear, colorless liquid. Its odor is pleasant,
familiar, and characteristic. In dilute aqueous solution, it
has a somewhat sweet flavor, but in more concentrated
solutions it has a burning taste. It is completely mixable
with water with any concentration associated with heat
and volume reduction and also with organic solvents and
is very hydroscopic. Ethanol burns in air with a blue
flame . Nearly all the ethanol used industrially is a mixture
of 95% ethanol and 5% water, which is known simply as
95% alcohol. Although pure ethyl alcohol (known as
absolute alcohol) is available, it is much more expensive
and is used only when definitely required. Ethanol is very
strong solvent come after water in solving materials and
can dissolve gases and many organic compounds which
are insoluble in water, most amazing property of ethanol is
the volume shrinkage that occurs when it is mixed with
water, or the volume expansion that occurs when it is
mixed with gasoline. One volume of ethanol plus one
volume of water results in only 1. 92 volumes of mixture.
Ethanol is stable under ordinary conditions of use and
storage. Rapidly absorbs water from air. A summary of
8

physical properties of ethyl alcohol is presented in Table

(2.2) Detailed information on the vapor pressure, density,
and others properties.

Table (2.2) Ethanol physical properties

Property
Molecular Weight
Critical Temperature
Critical Pressure
Melting point
Normal boiling point
Critical Volume
IG heat of formation
IG Gibbs of formation
Solubility parameter
Density at 20 oC
Heat of vaporization
Molecular diameter
Specific gravity 60 F

Value
46.069
513.92 K
60.67605 atm
159.05 K
351.44 K
2.675083 ft3/lbmol
-2.3495e+008 J/kmol
-1.6785e+008 J/kmol
26130 (J/m3
689kg/m3
3.874467e+007 J/kmol
4.31 angstroms
0.7963032
9

Freezing point
-114.1 Oc
-:Chemical Properties of Ethanol 2.2.3
Combustion of Ethanol 2.2.3.1
Ethanol burns with a pale blue, non luminous flame to
form carbon dioxide and steam.
C2H5OH + 3O2 ==> 2CO2 + 3H2O

(2.3)

2.2.3.2 Oxidation of Ethanol: with acidified Potassium Dichromate, K2Cr2O7, or

with acidified Sodium Dichromate, Na2Cr2O7, or
with acidified potassium permanganate, KMnO4,
The ethanal is further oxidized to ethanoic acid (i.e. acetic
acid) if the oxidizing agent is in excess.
[O]
C2H5OH ==> CH3CHO + H2O

(2.4)

The oxidizing agent usually used for this reaction is a

mixture of sodium dichromate or potassium dichromate
and sulphuric acid which react together to provide oxygen
atoms as follows.
Na2Cr2O7 + 4 H2SO4 ==> Na2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 4H2O +
3[O] (2.5)
2.2.3.3 Dehydration of Ethanol:
When ethanol is mixed with concentrated sulphuric acid
with the acid in excess and heated to 170 deg C, ethylene
is formed. (One mole of ethanol loses one mole of water)
H2SO4
C2H5OH =======> C2H4 + H2O (2.6)
10

170 deg C
When ethanol is mixed with concentrated sulphuric acid
with the alcohol in excess and heated to 140 0C, diethyl
ether distils over (two moles of ethanol loses one mole of
water) .
H 2SO4
2C2H5OH ====> C2H5OC2H5 + H2O (2.7)

11

2.2.3.4 Reaction of Ethanol with Sodium:

Sodium reacts with ethanol at room temp to liberate
hydrogen. The hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl group is
replaced by a sodium atom, forming sodium ethoxide.
C2H5OH + Na ==> C2H5ONa + H2 (2.8)
Apart from this reaction, ethanol and the other alcohols
show no acidic properties.
2.2.3.5 Dehydrogenation of Ethanol:
Ethanol can also be oxidized to ethanal (i.e. acetaldehyde)
by passing its vapor over copper heated to 300 deg C. Two
atoms of hydrogen are eliminated from each molecule to
form hydrogen gas and hence this process is termed
dehydrogenation.
C2H5OH ==> CH3CHO + H2 (2.9)
2.2.3.6 Esterification of Ethanol:
Ethanol, C2H5OH, reacts with organic acids to form esters.
H(+)
C2H5OH + CH3COOH ==> CH3COOC2H5 + H2O (2.10)
2.2.3.7 Halogenations or Substitution of Ethanol
with PCl5:
Ethanol reacts with phosphorus pentachloride at room
temperature to form hydrogen chloride, ethyl chloride (i.e.
chloroethane) and phosphoryl chloride.
C2H5OH + PCl5 ==> C2H5Cl + POCl3 + HCl
(2.11)

12

2.2.3.8 Halogenation or Substitution of Ethanol with

HCl:
Ethanol reacts with hydrogen chloride to form ethyl
chloride (i.e. chloroethane) and water. A dehydrating
agent (e.g. zinc chloride) is used as a catalyst.
2.3 Uses of ethanol :
2.3.1 As a fuel:
Fuel ethanol is traditionally used as a gasoline extender or
additive. As a fuel extender it is often used as a blending
ingredient at 5% to 10% concentrations in gasoline
creating a product called gasohol. As an additive, ethanol
increases the octane level of gasoline and adds oxygen
that

lowers

carbon

monoxide

emissions

during

the

combustion process. MTBE, a petrochemical currently used

mostly in the US as an oxygenate in gasoline, is being
phased out of use in California and other US states due to
concerns of its effect on groundwater. Ethanol is foreseen
as the most logical replacement for MTBE. Ethanol has
other current and future motor fuel applications.

13

2.3.2 Personal care products & cleaning products:

Ethanol used in cosmetics, hair spray, mouthwash, after
shave lotion, cologne, perfume, deodorants, lotions, hand
sanitizers, soaps and shampoos.
2.3.3 Pharmaceuticals:
As a prime carrier, found in medicines such as cough
treatments, decongestants, iodine solution, and many
others. As a solvent, used for processing antibiotics,
vaccines, tablets, pills, and vitamins.
2.3.4. Industrial uses:
in production of vinegar and yeast.
Chemical intermediate in chemical processing (in the
manufacture of ethanal, (i.e. acetaldehyde, and
ethanoic acid).
Food products like extracts, flavorings, and glazes.
Energy source in some liquid animal feed products .
As the fluid in thermometers.
In preserving biological specimens.
2.4. Method Manufacturing of ethanol:
Industrial

ethyl

alcohol

can

be

produced

by

many

approaches. the more two common are:

1. producing ethanol from ethylene gas.
2. producing by fermentation.
2.4 Greenhouse effect:
The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal
radiation

from

planetary

surface

is

absorbed

by

atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all

14

directions. Since part of this re-radiation is back towards

the surface and the lower atmosphere, it results in an
elevation of the average surface temperature above what
it would be in the absence of the gases. Solar radiation at
the frequencies of visible light largely passes through the
atmosphere to warm the planetary surface, which then
emits this energy at the lower frequencies of infrared
thermal radiation. Infrared radiation is absorbed by
greenhouse gases, which in turn re-radiate much of the
energy

to

the

surface

and lower

atmosphere.

The

mechanism is named after the effect of solar radiation

passing through glass and warming a greenhouse, but the
way it retains heat is fundamentally different as a
greenhouse works by reducing airflow, isolating the warm
air inside the structure so that heat is not lost by
convection. If an ideal thermally conductive blackbody
were the same distance from the Sun as the Earth is, it
would have a temperature of about 5.3 C. However, since
the Earth reflects about 30% of the incoming sunlight, this
idealized planet's effective temperature (the temperature
of a blackbody that would emit the same amount of
radiation)

would

be

about

18

C.

The

surface

temperature of this hypothetical planet is 33 C below

Earth's actual surface temperature of approximately 14
C. The mechanism that produces this difference between
the

actual

surface

temperature

and

the

effective

temperature is due to the atmosphere and is known as the

greenhouse effect. Earths natural greenhouse effect

15

makes life as we know it possible. However, human

activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels and clearing
of forests, have intensified the natural greenhouse effect,
.causing global warming

16

2.4.1 Mechanism:
The Earth receives energy from the Sun in the form UV,
visible, and near IR radiation, most of which passes
through the atmosphere without being absorbed. Of the
total amount of energy available at the top of the
atmosphere (TOA), about 50% is absorbed at the Earth's
surface. Because it is warm, the surface radiates far IR
thermal radiation that consists of wavelengths that are
predominantly much longer than the wavelengths that
were absorbed (the overlap between the incident solar
spectrum and the terrestrial thermal spectrum is small
enough to be neglected for most purposes). Most of this
thermal radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere and reradiated both upwards and downwards; that radiated
downwards is absorbed by the Earth's surface. This
trapping of long-wavelength thermal radiation leads to a
higher equilibrium temperature than if the atmosphere
were absent. This highly simplified picture of the basic
mechanism needs to be qualified in a number of ways,
none of which affect the fundamental process.

Figure (2.1)

17

The solar radiation spectrum for direct light at both

the top of the Earth's atmosphere and at sea level.

The incoming radiation from the Sun is mostly in the

form of visible light and nearby wavelengths, largely
in the range 0.24 m, corresponding to the Sun's
radiative temperature of 6,000 K. Almost half the
radiation is in the form of "visible" light, which our
eyes are adapted to use.
About 50% of the Sun's energy is absorbed at the
Earth's surface and the rest is reflected or absorbed
by the atmosphere. The reflection of light back into
space largely by clouds does not much affect the
basic mechanism this light, effectively, is lost to the
system.
The absorbed energy warms the surface. Simple
presentations of the greenhouse effect, such as the
idealized greenhouse model, show this heat being
lost

as

thermal

radiation.

The

reality

is

more

complex: the atmosphere near the surface is largely

opaque

to

thermal

radiation

(with

important

exceptions for "window" bands), and most heat loss

from the surface is by sensible heat and latent heat
transport.

radiative

energy

losses

become

increasingly important higher in the atmosphere

largely because of the decreasing concentration of
18

water vapor, an important greenhouse gas. It is more

realistic to think of the greenhouse effect as applying
to a "surface" in the mid-troposphere, which is
effectively coupled to the surface by a lapse rate.
The simple picture assumes a steady state. In the
real world there is the diurnal cycle as well as
seasonal cycles and weather. Solar heating only
applies

during

atmosphere

daytime.

cools

During

somewhat,

the

but

night,

not

the

greatly,

because its emissivity is low, and during the day the

atmosphere warms. Diurnal temperature changes
decrease with height in the atmosphere.
Within

the

region

where

radiative

effects

are

important the description given by the idealized

greenhouse model becomes realistic: The surface of
the Earth, warmed to a temperature around 255 K,
radiates long-wavelength, infrared heat in the range
4100 m. At these wavelengths, greenhouse gases
that were largely transparent to incoming solar
radiation

are

more

absorbent

Each

layer

of

atmosphere with greenhouses gases absorbs some of

the heat being radiated upwards from lower layers. It
re-radiates in all directions, both upwards and
downwards; in equilibrium (by definition) the same
amount as it has absorbed. This results in more
warmth below. Increasing the concentration of the
gases increases the amount of absorption and re19

radiation, and thereby further warms the layers and

ultimately the surface below.
Greenhouse gases including most diatomic gases
with two different atoms (such as carbon monoxide,
CO) and all gases with three or more atoms are able
to absorb and emit infrared radiation. Though more
than 99% of the dry atmosphere is IR transparent
(because the main constituents N2, O2, and Ar are not
able to directly absorb or emit infrared radiation),
intermolecular collisions cause the energy absorbed
and emitted by the greenhouse gases to be shared
with the other, non-IR-active, gases.
2.4.2 Greenhouse gases :
Main article: Greenhouse gas
By their percentage contribution to the greenhouse effect
:on Earth the four major gases are
water vapor, 3670%
carbon dioxide, 926%
methane, 49%
ozone, 37%
The major non-gas contributor to the Earth's greenhouse
effect, clouds, also absorb and emit infrared radiation and

20

thus have an effect on radiative properties of the

.atmosphere
Role in climate change
Main article: Global warming

Figure (2.2)
The

Keeling

Curve

concentrations

of

atmospheric

measured

at

Mauna

CO2
Loa

Observatory.
Strengthening of the greenhouse effect through human
activities is known as the enhanced (or anthropogenic)
greenhouse effect.] This increase in radiative forcing from
human

activity

is

attributable

mainly

to

increased

atmospheric carbon dioxide levels According to the latest

Assessment Report from the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change, "most of the observed increase in
globally

averaged

temperatures

since

the

mid-20th

century is very likely due to the observed increase in

anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations".CO 2 is
produced by fossil fuel burning and other activities such as
cement

production

and

tropical

deforestation.

Measurements of CO2 from the Mauna Loa observatory

show that concentrations have increased from about 313
21

ppm in 1960 to about 389 ppm in 2010. It reached the

400ppm milestone on May 9, 2013. The current observed
amount of CO2 exceeds the geological record maxima
(~300 ppm) from ice core data. [ The effect of combustionproduced carbon dioxide on the global climate, a special
case of the greenhouse effect first described in 1896 by
Svante Arrhenius, has also been called the Callendar
effect. Over the past 800,000 years, ice core data shows
that carbon dioxide has varied from values as low as 180
parts per million (ppm) to the pre-industrial level of
270ppm. Paleoclimatologists consider variations in carbon
dioxide

concentration

to

be

fundamental

factor

.influencing climate variations over this time scale

:Carbon Dioxide as a Raw Material 2.5
There has been an increased attention for the use of carbon dioxide as a
raw material over the past two decades. There have been five
international conferences and numerous articles in the past twenty years
on carbon dioxide reactions that consider using ,it as a raw material
Increased utilization of carbon dioxide is desirable as it is an inexpensive
and nontoxic starting material. In view of the vastness of its supply,
carbon dioxide represents a possible potential source for feed stocks for
the manufacture of chemicals and fuels, alternative to the current
. predominant use of petroleum-derived sources

22

CHAPTER.3
3.1 Process description :
For potentially new processes for ethanol from carbon
dioxide, Inui (2002).reviewed five experimental processes
for synthesis of ethyl alcohol from the hydrogenation over
a Cu-Zn-Fe-K catalyst .
hydrogenation of carbon dioxide with the same ratio of H 2
to CO2 = 3:1,
5 MP a pressure and 513 K operating temperature, feed
ration H2/CO2 = 3, flow-rate of 100cm3/min. in the first
case Cu-Zn-Fe-K catalyst, 49 atm pressure, 513-533 K
temperature range, 21.2% conversion of CO 2, 21.2%
selectivity to ethanol. In the second case

Fe-Cu-Zn-Al-K

catalyst, 20,000 h-1 space velocity, 80 atm pressure, 583

K, 28.5%conversion of CO2, 28.5% selectivity to ethanol. in
third case

(Fe-Cu-Zn-Al-K) catalyst packed in series,

70,000 h-1 space velocity, 80 atm pressure, 623 K, 12.8%

conversion of CO2, 12.8% selectivity to ethanol. In fourth
case (Fe-Cu-Al-K) (Cu-Zn-Al-K. Ga .Pd) catalysts physically
mixed, 50,000 h-1 space velocity, 80 atm pressure, 603 K,
25.1% conversion of CO2, 25.1% selectivity to ethanol.
then transmits a mixture of water and ethanol for
distillation tower to be of separating the ethanol from the
water in the

first part in the

23

distillation tower (1) ,

separate the

mixture ethanol and water then transmits

for the second

distillation tower to final separating

ethanol and water .

2CO2 + 6H2 C2H5OH + 3H2O

(3.1)

3.2 Reaction method

A pressurized continuous flow reactor was used. Usually, a
0.5 g portion of a catalyst was packed into the stainlesssteel reactor of 10 mm inner diameter. Before the reaction
test, the catalyst was heated in a hydrogen flow composed
of 10 vol.% H2 and 90 vol.% N2 at 450C under
atmospheric pressure. The reactor was cooled down and
the reduction gas was replaced by the reaction gas
composed of 25 mol% CO275 vol.% H2. The reaction gas
was allowed to flow under 80 atm, with a space velocity
(SV) ranging from 20,000 to 70,000 h1 at a temperature
ranging from 270C to 370C. The products were analyzed
by using three sets of gas chromatographs equipped with
integrators. Activated Carbon column was used for the
analysis of H2, N2, CO, CO2, and CH4, and columns of
PORAPACKQ and VZ-10 were used for the analyses of
hydrocarbon,

alcohol

and

oxygenate

produced.

Pd-

modified Cu-Zn-Al-K mixed oxide combed with the Febased catalyst,330C, 80atm, CO2/H2 = 1/3, SV =
20,000h-1,

the

space

yield

of

ethanol

476g/lh

(Yamamoto and Inui,1998).

3.3 Ethanol from CO2 Hydrogenation over Cu-Zn-FeK catalyst:
24

The experimental study by Inui, 2002, for the production

of ethanol by CO2hydrogenation over a Cu-Zn-Fe-K catalyst
.
flow sheet for this process is shown in Figure (3.1) . The
conversion of CO2 per single pass was 21.2% (Inui, 2002).
The un reacted CO2 and H2 were recycled, as shown in
Figure(3.1) Thus, a total conversion of CO2 was obtained.
The following reaction occurs in this study.
2CO2 + 6H2 C2H5OH + 3H2O H = -173 kJ/mol, G =
-65 kJ/mol (3.2)
The ethanol production capacity of the simulated plant
was selected to be 104,700metric tons per year (11, 950
kg/hr). This production capacity was based on Shepherd
Oil, an ethanol plant located in Jennings, LA, and the
production capacity of this plant is36 million gallons of
ethanol per year (107,500 metric tons/year The ethanol
produced in this process was 88% pure the energy
required for this process was 276 x 106kJ/hr. The HP steam
required to supply this energy was 166 x 103 kg/hr, The
energy liberated from this process was 373 x 106 kJ/hr,
and the cooling water required to absorb this heat was
446 x 104 kg/hr.
Table (3.1)
The equipments of flow sheet in figure (3.1)

MX-100,101,102.
EX-

Mixtures
Heat exchanger

100,101,102,103,104,105,1
25

06.
CRV-100,101,102,103.
Prods-1,3,5,7.
Prods-2,4,6,8.
T-100,101.

reactor
Ethanol +water
Water
Distillation tower

26

CHAPTER.4
4.Conclusionand recommendations
4.1Conclusion :
In this research unit is designed for the production of
ethanol from carbon dioxide by hydrogenation catalysts

27

over Cu-Zn-Fe-K catalyst and the topics addressed by the

research:
Introduction and historical stages develop ethanol
used as a fuel in addition to the historical progress for fuel
ethanol

industry,

The use of carbon dioxide as a store of energy and raw

material for the production of many types of fuel. global
warming and its impact on the environment and the
significant impact of carbon dioxide in this problems .The
physical properties of carbon dioxide and the physical
properties and chemical properties of ethanol .The use of
ethanol in the various fields of industrial, medical and
other fields. Ethanol is safety, and a friend to the
environment. Outline shows the process of producing
ethanol by hydrogenation over catalysts. The description
of the process as well as to explain the scheme and the
type of equipment and chemicals used to clarify the
reaction conditions at each stage.

4.2 Recommendations:
28

 Given the importance of the subject, the controversy

raised about what it would be serious implications on
the economic level and the world: Opinion, it is our
duty to put in front of our institutions as follows:
Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions may possible
to maintain a

clean environment free of

contaminants.
absorption of gases carbon dioxide resulting from
the factories, processed and not released directly to
air it because of the negative effects on the
environment.
The use of carbon dioxide as a raw material for the
production of different types of vehicles such as
ethanol, methanol, formic acid and other DME.
To encourage researchers to develop the area to take
advantage of harmful gases to the environment and
their use in the production of useful products.
The use of alternative energies instead of fossil
energies fuel.
planting trees around industrial facilities to reduce
carbon dioxide emissions.

29

4.3 References :
CHEMICAL PRODUCTION COMPLEX
OPTIMIZATION, POLLUTION REDUCTION AND
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT by ( Aimin Xu B.S.,
Tianjin University, 1997 M.S., Tianjin University,1999
December, 2004).
DEVELOPMENT AND INTEGRATION OF NEW
PROCESSES CONSUMING CARBON DIOXIDE IN
MULTI-PLANT CHEMICAL PRODUCTION
COMPLEXES by (Sudheer Indala B.Tech., Andhra
University, India, 2001 May, 2004 ).
WWW.Ethanolpruduction .com
(Louisiana Chemical &Petroleum Products List,
1998).

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