Transient Pressure Responses From Finite Conductivity on

Vertical Fracture in Shale Gas Reservoir

C. Y. Ma, P. Q. Lian, Quarcoo.J
(Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, Beijing 100083, China)

Abstract: Shale gas reservoirs usually have extremely low permeability and relatively
low porosity. Horizontal wells with massive multi stage hydraulic fracturing treatment
have been performed on these reservoirs to achieve economic breakthrough. This
paper considered shale gas dispersion and desorption in the matrix and in addition,
presents a trilinear flow model for finite conductivity on vertical fracture in shale gas
reservoir. The gas first disperses from the internal structure of the matrix to the
surface, then desorbs into the fracture system. This model was applied by the Laplace
transformation and solved with the Stehfest numerical inversion method. Typical
pressure test curves were plotted, and the effects of sensitive parameters on the
dimensionless wellbore pressure were also studied. Adsorption coefficient reflects the
adsorption capacity of the matrix on shale gas, which implies the larger the adsorption
coefficient rate, the higher the adsorption capacity, with low desorption capabilities.
Fracture conductivity factor denote the conductivity of fractures, the larger fracture
conductivity factor, the stronger the fracture conductivity capacity, which means
limited flow rate within a short time. Inter-porosity transfer coefficient determines the
appearance, time and height of the transition stage. If the inter-porosity transfer
coefficient became small, the transition stage will occur early. Storativity ratio
determines the extent of crossflow time, the smaller the storativity ratio, the earlier the
appearance time, and the longer the crossflow time.
Key words: Shale gas reservoir, vertical fracture, trilinear flow wellbore storage,
adsorption coefficient

Introduction
Shale gas reservoirs usually have extremely low permeability and relatively low
porosity, and could hold certain amount of gas absorption. In order to achieve
economic productions, horizontal wells with massive multistage hydraulic fracturing

treatment need to be performed. Due to the complex of the fracture in shale gas
reservoirs, it is difficult to accurately describe the reservoir flow mechanism. Well
testing is a useful method to evaluate the fracture pressure response, and the
parameters of hydro-fracture could be determined, which makes well testing very
important and significance in shale gas reservoir development[1-5].
Currently, a lot of research has been carried out by both domestic and international
scholars. Watson et al[6] presented a method for analyzing production data from
naturally fractured gas reservoirs, and a normalized time was used to modify analytic
solutions to the gas flow model in finite dual-porosity reservoirs.
Ozkan et al[7][8] considered stress-dependent permeability in a fractured network, they
developed a dual-mechanism dual-porosity naturally fractured reservoir formulation
and derived a new transfer function for fractured shale-gas reservoirs. Brown et al [9]
derived a model for single-phase flow of a constant compressibility fluid based on
some idealizations and simplifying assumption, but this model was not consider the
adsorption of shale gas in matrix. Duan et al [10][11] adopt the Quasi-steady state Fick
diffusion according to the point source function method, studied the single-phase flow
of shale gas in the matrix and fractures. Freeman et al[12][13] constructed a fit-forpurpose numerical simulator which accounts for a variety of production features
pertinent to these systems, and employed the numerical simulator to examine various
tight/shale gas systems, and to identify/illustrate the various flow regimes which
progressively occur over time. Cao et al[14,15] considered absorption, desorption,
diffusion, convection and solid deformation, and presented a new simulation model
for shale gas reservoir based on the dual-porosity and dual-permeability model.
Wu et al[16][17]presented a generalized mathematical model for simulating multiphase
flow of a tightgas in porous / fractured reservoirs considering Klinkenberg effect, nonNewtonian behavior and non-Darcy flow. Moridis et al[18][19] (2010) analyzed the
mechanisms and processes of flow in shale and tight-sand systems by means of
numerical simulation, which includes Darcys law as the basic equation of multiphase
flow and accurately describes the thermophysical properties of the reservoir fluids.
In the above citations, the commonly applied non-equilibrium adsorption model in
shale gas reservoir assumes that adsorbed gas in the matrix system disperses into
fracture system directly after desorption, and omit the gas diffusion in the matrix.
There is free gas in matrix, and the gas firstly disperses from the internal structure of
the matrix to the surface, then access to the fracture system. Considering the matrix

dispersion, this paper attempts to establish trilinear flow model for finite conductivity
on the vertical fracture in shale gas reservoir. The numerical solution is achieved by
Laplace transformation and Stehfest numerical inversion, with their corresponding
curves. This study provides theoretic analysis for the development of shale gas
reservoir.

1 Flow model for fractured horizontal well in shale gas reservoir

1.1 Assumed conditions
Because of the complex interplay among matrix, natural fractures, and hydraulic
fractures in shale gas reservoir, a relatively simple, trilinear flow model may represent
the key characteristic of flow toward a multiple fractured horizontal well. The trilinear
flow model couples linear flow in three contiguous flow regions as sketched in figure
1: The outer reservoir goes beyond the boundaries of the hydraulic fractures (Region
II), the inner reservoir between hydraulic fractures (Region I), and the hydraulic
fracture(F).

Figure 1 Flow phase division of fractured horizontal well[9]

The contribution of Fractured horizontal wells in shale gas reservoir with permeability

in the range of micro-Darcy or even below the stimulated volume is usually

negligible, and the interference of fractures is very small, so we use one fracture as a
case study, to analyze the performance of fractured horizontal well in shale gas
reservoir. The assumed conditions are shown as follows:
(1) Shale gas reservoir is tabular, homogeneous, isotropic, and infinite in horizontal
direction.
(2) Shale gas reservoir has double porosity medium i.e matrix and fracture. The
Shale gas percolates from matrix to fracture and then flow into hydraulic
fractures, and finally into the wellbore.
(3) Vertical fracture penetrates into the reservoir completely in z-direction, and
equally spaced by a distance dF, half the length and width of fracture xF and bF
respectively. The liquid does not flow at the end of fracture.
(4) Pressure in natural fractures and hydraulic fractures are independent. The shale
gas diffusion obeys Fick's first law, ignoring the influence of gravity and
capillary pressure.
(5) Temperature is constant during the process of desorption, diffusion and
percolation of shale gas.
1.2 Mathematical model
In this section, we derive the solutions for the reservoir and the hydraulic fracture,
and are coupled using the flow rate and pressure continuity equations.
1.2.1 Equation of state

In perfect condition, the equation of state of gas is

(1) pV nRT
Where, p is the absolute pressure, MPa; V is the volume of gas, m3; T is absolute
temperature, K; n is molar number, kmol; R is universal gas constant,
R=0.008314MPam3/(kmolK);
It needs to consider the temperature and pressure for real gas state equation.
Therefore, a compression correction factor Z is introduced for the ideal gas equation
of state. Real gas equation of state can be written as:

, II
(2) i F ,pIi M

ZRT

Where, denotes hydraulic fracture, i F , I , II

region I and region II respectively.
Defining the pseudo-pressure function as the following equation:
(3) i F0 Z, I0 , II ,pwi
i
Z dp
p
0
denotes

,
Where,

subscript

initial condition; subscript w denotes wellbore; is viscosity of shale gas, mPas.

1.2.4 Fluid transfer in region II

The continuity equation of region II system is defined as:

(4)

[ ( pII )vII , y ]
y

qII ,v

[ ( pII ) ( pII )]
t

Where, pII is pressure of region II, MPa; vII,y is the velocity in x-direction, cm/s; qII,v is
crossflow volume from matrix to natural fracture in region II.
(5)
Where, kII is permeability of

vII , y

k II pII
y

region II, m2; is viscosity of shale gas, mPas.

The crossflow volume from matrix to natural fracture in region II is defined as:
(6)
Where, FG is geometry factor of

qII ,v FG

VII , m
t

matrix; VII,m is concentration of shale gas in matrix of region II system, m3/m3.

The diffusion equation of shale gas in Region II obeys to Fick's first law, and can
be described as follow:
(7) VII ,m 1

(VE ( pII ) VII ,m )

Where, VE is concentration
t

of shale gas on natural fracture interface, m3/m3; is adsorption duration, day.

For Region II, the Langmuir adsorption equation for shale gas diffusion in pseudosteady condition is defined as:
V p
(8)
VE ( pII ) L II
Where, pL is Langmuir pressure,
pII pL
MPa; VL is Langmuir volume, m3/ m3.
Take equations (2), (5) and (6) into equation (4), percolation equation for region I
system is obtained by:

p TF V

p pII
p
( k II II
) ( II II ) sc G II , m
(9) x
Z x
t Z
Tsc
t
Where, subscript sc
denotes standard condition;II is porosity of region II, fraction.
Eq. (9) can be simplified by pseudo-pressure function:
(10) 2 II II CII ,t II pscT 0 Z 0 FG VII ,m

The initial and y 2

k II
t
Tsc p0 k
t
boundary conditions of region II are:

II |t 0 0
(11)
lim 0
y
(12)
II | y x I | y x
(13)
F

1.2.3 Fluid transfer in region I

The continuity equation of region I system is defined as:

(1 [ ( pI )vI , x ]
[ ( pI ) ( pI )]

q | y xF qI , v
x
t
4)
Where, pI is pressure of region I, MPa; vI,x is the velocity in x-direction, cm/s; qI,v is
crossflow volume from matrix to natural fracture in region I.

(15)

vI , x

k I pI
x

Where, kI is permeability of
region I, m2;
The crossflow volume from matrix to natural fracture in region I is defined as:
V
(16)
qI ,v FG I , m
Where, VI,m is concentration of
t
shale gas in matrix of region I system, m3/m3.
The diffusion equation of shale gas in Region I obeys to Fick's first law, and can be
described as follow:

For

Region

I,

(17) VI ,m 1

(VE ( pI ) VI ,m )
t

the

Langmuir adsorption equation for shale gas diffusion in pseudo-steady condition is

defined as:

(18)
Take equations (2), (15) and

VE ( pI )

VL pI
p I pL

(16) into equation (14), percolation equation for region I system is obtained:
(19
p pI
1 pII pII
(kI I
)(
)

x
x

y
F
)

y xF

p TF V
I p I
(
) sc G I , m
t Z
Tsc
t

Where, I is porosity of region I, fraction.

Eq. (19) can be simplified by pseudo-pressure function:
(2 2 I
0) x

C I pscT 0 Z 0 FG VI ,m
1 II
| y xF I I ,t

xF y
k
t
Tsc p0 k
t

Where, CI,t is total compressibility coefficient of region I.

The initial and boundary conditions of region I are:

I |t 0 0
(21)
I
|
0
(22) x x d F /2
2 x S I
I |x bF /2 F F
|x bF /2
(23)

t
Where, S is skin factor of fracture.
For region I and region II, they all belong to reservoir system, and the porosity,
permeability and compressibility coefficient are assumed to be same:
(24) I II , k I k II k , CI ,t CII ,t Ct
1.2.2 Fluid transfer in hydraulic fracture

The continuity equation of hydraulic fracture system is defined as:

(2 [ ( pF )vF , y ]

y
5)

x bF /2

[ ( pF ) ( pF )]
t

Where, pF is fracture pressure, MPa; vF,x is the velocity in x-direction, cm/s.

(26)
Where, kF is permeability of

vF , y

k F pF
y

hydraulic fracture, m2.

Equations (2) and (26) are substituted into continuity equation (25), and the basic
differential equation of hydraulic fracture system is obtained:
p pF
2k pI pI
(27
(k F F
)(
)
y
Z y
k F bF Z x

x bF /2

F p F
(
)
t Z

)
Where, F is porosity of fracture, fraction.
Eq. (27) can be simplified by pseudo-pressure function:
(28) 2 F
Where, CF,t is total y

2k I
k F bF x

x bF /2

F CF ,t F
kF
t

compressibility coefficient of hydraulic fracture, 1/MPa.

The initial and boundary conditions of Hydraulic fracture are:
(29) F |t 0 0
(30) F
| y xF 0
y
(31) F
Cw w
kxF qsc pscT
| y 0

kF bF khTsc xF 2 kxF t
Parameter y

1.2.5
definition

In dual-porosity reservoir, characteristic of the matrix and natural fracture system

are incorporated into the pseudo-steady by storativity ratio and inter-porosity flow
coefficient flow capacity ratios defined respectively by:
(32)
(33)

Where, ; B is volume
coefficient, , m3/m3; q is

Ct
k

2
xF TZ F
khp
sc
0 0 G
Ct
3
1.842 10 q BTsc 0

flow rate of well, cm3/s; h is the depth of reservoir.

Dimensionless adsorption coefficient is defined as:
(34)
Where, L is Langmuir

1,2

1.842 103 q BVL L

k F h( L I , II )( L 0 )

pressure after pseudo-pressure conversion; h is the depth of reservoir.

Dimensionless hydraulic fracture conductivity factor is defined as:
(35)
In

order

to

simplify

the

CFD

k F bF
kxF

continuity equation, a series of dimensionless variable is also defined as bellow:

;;;;;;
; , ;; ;.

iD

k HF h( 0 bid)xyFFF
bybeD
yxeD

i F , I , II , w
DD
3
1.842V 10
qV
2k,
2C
xII
xB
xFtFC
FFV
i

I
k

V
i ,F
mF w t 00
ED
E
C
iD
Dt D 2 2
F ,t
k2xFFhx
C

Where, FD, ID, IID and wD are dimensionless pseudo-pressure at hydraulic

fracture, region I, region II and wellbore respectively; CD is dimensionless wellbore
storage coefficient; S is fracture skin factor; is adsorption coefficient; D is the
transmissibility factor of fracture.

2 Solution for trilinear model for fractured horizontal well

2.1 Dimensionless models
The dimensionless model for region II can be obtained as follow:
(36) 2 IID
IID
VIID
y 2 t (1 ) t
The
dimensionless
D
D
D
VIID
1
(VIID 2 IID )
model for region I can be

t D

obtained as follow:
IID tD 0 0, VD tD 0 0
2
(37) 1 D 2 D
ID
V

(1 ) ID
ID
yD 1
x 2 IID yyD 1 | y
D 1
t D
tD
D
D
The

lim

0
VID yD 1 IID
(VID 1 ID )
dimensionless

t D
model
for
ID tD 0 0, VD tD 0 0
hydraulic
fracture
2 S ID

ID xD bD FD
x b

xD D D
can be obtained as

ID |
0
follow:
x xD xeD

D
( 2 FD
2 D
1 FD
y 2 C x xD bD /2 t
D
FD
D
D
D
38)

0, D tD 0 0
Percolation
FD tD 0

equation of region II FD y 0 (1 CD wD )
D
CFD
t D
yD
system
is
HD

0
transformed
by yD yD 1
Laplace transformation:

Where,

(39) d 2 IID
s[1 IID (1 ) V
IID ]
(40) dy 2
VD IID (V IID 2 IID )
(
IID yDs1 ID yD 1
41)
(42) lim IID 0
y
is the image function of D

in Laplace space; s is Laplace operator.

Percolation equation of region I system is transformed by Laplace transformation:
(43) d 2 ID d IID

1s[ ID (1 ) V
ID ]
(4 dx 2
dy
D
D
V ID (V ID 1 ID )
4)
s
(45)
2 S d ID
ID xD bD /2 FD
xD bD /2
d ID
dx
D
0
x x
(46)
dxD D eD
Percolation model for hydraulic
fracture system is transformed by Laplace transformation:
(47) d 2 FD

2 d ID
s

FD
C
dxD x 1b /2 D

(D D CD s
wD )
C
d FD FD s
0
dyD y 1

2 2
DFD
FD
2
D
yD 0

(48) ddy

dy
(49)

2.2 Solution of equations

2.2.1 Region II system

Substitute eq. (40) into eq. (39), and the following equation can be obtained:
(50) d 2 IID
The solution of eq.(50) dy

2
D

(1 ) 2

s
IID

1 s

is:

IID c1e yD c2 e yD
(51)
Where, .

(1 ) 2

s
1 s

According to the internal

and external boundary conditions (eq.(41) and eq.(42)), the coefficients of eq.(51) can
be derived:
,

c2 c1ID|0yD 1 e

The expression of region II system can be concluded:

(52) IID ID | y 1 e yD
D
2.2.2 Region I system

According to eq. (44) and eq. (52), the following equation can be concluded:
,

(53) d IID
V D |y 1 1IDID| y 1
D
dyD D 1 s

Substitute eq. (53) into eq. (42), and the following equation can be obtained:
d 2 ID
(1 )1

s
ID
(54) dxD2
1 s

The solution of
eq. (54) is:

ID c3e xD c4 e xD
(55)
Where, .
(1 )1

According to the internal s 1 s

and external boundary conditions (eq.(45) and eq.(46)), the coefficients of eq.(55) can
be derived:
,

The

solution

of

cc43

( ID FD )
22SS((eebbDD/2/2 2xeeD2 xeDebbDD/2/2))

region I in Laplace space is:

2.2.2

(56
FD (e xD e2 xeD xD )

) ID (e xD e 2 xeD xD ) 2 S (e bD /2 e 2 xeD bD /2 )

Hydraulic

fracture system

According to eq. (56), eq. (57) can be derived:

(57 d ID
) dx
D
Substitute eq. (57) into

xD bD /2

FD
2 S

eq. (47), we can obtain the following equation:

The

d 2 FD 2

s
FD
(58) dy 2 C 2 S
D
FD
D
solution
of

formula (58) is:

(59) FD c5e yD c6 e yD
Where, .
2

CFD 2 S D
According to the internal
and external boundary conditions(eq.(48) and eq.(49)), the coefficients of eq.(59) can
be derived:
,.

The

pressure

c56

e 2
1

s CD
wD
2

CFD (e 1) s

expression of fracture system can be concluded as follow:

When,

(60)

s C

(e yD e (2 yD ) )
, the FD CFD (e 2 1) sHFD
xD 0DwD wD

bottom hole pressure is obtained as follow:

(61)
wD
Since eq. (61) is the
s CFD tanh sCD
semi-analytical solution for bottom hole pressure in Laplace space, the numerical
solution can be obtained by Stehfest numerical inversion [20][21].

3 The sensitivity analysis for trilinear flow model

The solution of the trilinear flow model is expected to capture the characteristics of
the early-time regimes in hydraulic fractures. However, the accuracy of the
computations is preliminary constrained by the assumption of the boundaries. In order
to enhance the accuracy of the model, Skin factor and wellbore storage were taken
into account for practical purposes.
Figure 2 is the effect of dimensionless wellbore storage CD on the dimensionless
wellbore pressure. It has significant impact on the liquid flow, especially at the early
transition and stage. If the wellbore storage remains constant for a long time, it
implies the transition stage would occurred later. The influence on dimensionless
pressure by wellbore storage coefficient decreases with an increase in time with
pressures curves intersecting at later stage.
Figure 3 shows the effects of skin factor S on the dimensionless wellbore pressure.
S affects the transition stage primarily whilst pressure curve at early stage appears to
be smooth and steady, while low skin factor at middle stage results in premature
occurrence of transition stage. Pressures curves tend to coincided at later stage.
Higher skin factor means higher dimensionless bottom-hole pressure, because the
additional pressure draw-down near wellbore was caused by the skin factor.

Figure 2 Effects of dimensionless wellbore

storage CD on the dimensionless wellbore
pressure

Figure 3 Effects of skin factor S on the

dimensionless wellbore pressure

Figure 4 and figure 5 show the effects of adsorption coefficient 1 and 2 on the
dimensionless wellbore pressure. Adsorption coefficient predominantly reflects the
matrix ability of adsorbing methane. Large adsorption coefficient results in strong
adsorption capacity, which makes desorption of adsorbed gas difficult, resulting in
lower pressure and premature occurrence of later transient stage. Because region I is
transition region of fluid flow, adsorption coefficient 1 mainly influences transition
section. The bigger 1, the easier it will be for the fluid to flows into the fracture and
the smaller the dimensionless pressure will be. Region II is main drainage area of the
shale gas. It mainly provide shale gas to region I by desorption.The adsorption

coefficient 2 mainly influences the middle and late period of flow state. Therefore,
the bigger 2, the more desorption gas and the deeper the "concave".

Figure 4 Effects of adsorption coefficient 1 on

the dimensionless wellbore pressure

Figure 5 Effects of adsorption coefficient 2 on

the dimensionless wellbore pressure

Figure 6 shows the effects of fracture diffusivity coefficient D on the

dimensionless wellbore pressure. Due to the impact of the fracture at the formation
near the wellbore, the fracture parameters have significant influence of early flow
period. Figure 3.6 shows that as the fracture diffusivity coefficient become bigger, the
flow resistance become less, and the dimensionless bottom hole pressure become
bigger.
Figure 7 shows the effects of fracture conductivity factor CFD on the dimensionless
wellbore pressure. Fracture conductivity factor denotes the conductivity of fractures,

the larger fracture conductivity factor, the stronger fracture conductivity capacity, the
smaller percolation resistance in the fracture leading to lower pressure with a
corresponding shift down the curve, and shorter duration of early flow stage. The
pressure curves tend to be parallel as the increase of dimensionless time at later stage.

Figure 6 Effects of fracture diffusivity

coefficient D on the dimensionless wellbore
pressure

Figure 7 Effects of fracture conductivity factor

CfD on the dimensionless wellbore pressure

Figure 8 shows the effect of inter-porosity transfer coefficient on the dimensionless

wellbore pressure. This parameter mainly affect the transient flow period from matrix
to fracture, and have negligible influence at early and later stages. The inter-porosity

transfer coefficient determines the time and height for transition stage occurrence. if
the inter-porosity transfer coefficient becomes small, the transition stage would appear
early and placement of pressure curves would become low.
Figure 9 shows effects of elastic storativity ratio on the dimensionless wellbore
pressure. It can be seen from figure 7 that storativity ratio determines the extent of
crossflow time. Lower storativity ratio means higher dimensionless pressure and
earlier appearance time of transition stage. The dimensionless pressure is irrelevant to
storativity ratio at later stage. When storativity ratio values equals to 1, dimensionless
pressure curve performs the characteristic of an isotropic gas reservoir.

Figure 8 Effects of inter-porosity transfer

coefficient on the dimensionless wellbore
pressure

Figure 9 Effects of storativity ratio on the

dimensionless wellbore pressure

4 Conclusion
(1) A trilinear flow model is established for fractured horizontal well in shale gas
reservoir respecting the influence of both wellbore storage and skin factor. In
addition, the numerical solution is obtained by Laplace transformation and
Stehfest numerical inversion.
(2) If the wellbore storage remains constant for a long time, it implies the transition
stage will occur late. Skin factor mainly affects the transition stage meaning, the
smaller the Skin factor, the earlier the appearance of the transition stage.
(3) Adsorption coefficient reflects the adsorption capacity of matrix on methane gas,
which implies large adsorption coefficient results in strong adsorption capacity,
with difficulty in the gas to desorb.
(4) The larger dimensionless fracture conductivity factor, the stronger fracture
conductivity capacity and the lower the dimensionless bottom hole pressure. This
factor tends to shortens early flow period.
(5) Inter-porosity transfer coefficient mainly affect the transient period flow from
matrix to fracture, and have negligible influence at early and later stages whereas
the cross flow coefficient determines the time and height for transition stage
occurrence.

Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful for the financial support by National Science and Technology
Key Project Complex oil & gas geology and EOR technology (No. 2011ZX05009)
and National Natural Science Foundation of China Seepage mechanics and theory
study on fracture anisotropy in shale gas reservoir (No. 51374222).

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