CHEM 1023: Study Group Problem Answer Keys

Chapter 12
1. Which forces are INTRAmolecular and which are INTERmolecular?
a. Those preventing oil from evaporating at room temperature
INTERmolecular: oil evaporates when individual oil molecules can escape the
attraction of other oil molecules in the liquid phase.
b. Those allowing silver to tarnish
INTRAmolecular: Oxidation tarnishes pure silver. Oxidation involves the
breaking of bonds and formation of new bonds.
c. Those preventing butter from melting in a refrigerator
INTERmolecular: The process of butter (fat) melting involves a break down in
the rigid, solid structure of fat molecules to an amorphous, less-ordered system.
The attractions between the molecules are weakened but the bonds within the
molecules are not broken.
2. Name the phase change for each of these events.
a. Dew appears on the lawn in the morning
Condensation: the water vapor in the air condenses to liquid when the temp.
drops during the night.
b. Icicles change into liquid water.
Fusion (melting): solid ice melts to liquid water
c. Wet clothes dry on a summer day.
Evaporation; liquid water on clothes evaporates to water vapor
3. Liquid propane, a widely used fuel, is produced by compressing gaseous propane at
20C. During the process, ~15 kJ of energy is released for each mole of gas liquefied.
From where does this energy come?
The propane gas molecules slow down as the gas is compressed. Therefore, much of
the kinetic energy lost by the propane molecules is released to the surroundings
upon liquefaction.
4. From the data below, calculate the total heat (in J) needed to convert 12.00 g of ice at
minus (-) 5.00C to liquid water at 0.500C. (HINT: Three step process, include phase
change) (Hint: notice the units (grams and moles) and perform your math accordingly)
a. Melting point (mp) at 1 atm: 0.0C
b. cliquid: 4.21 J/gC
c. csolid: 2.09 J/gC
d.
Hfus: 6.02 kJ/mol
Step 1: Warming the ice from -5.00C to 0.500C.
q1= Cm
T = (2.09 J/gC)(12.00 g)(0.0- (5.00))C = 125.4 (unrounded)
Step 2: Phase change of ice at 0.00C to water at 0.00C
q2= n
Hfus = (12.0 g (1 mol/18.02 g))(6.02 kJ/mol)(1000J/1 kJ) = 4008.879 J
(unrounded)
Step 3: Warming the liquid from 0.00C to 0.500C
q3= Cm
T = (4.21 J/gC)(12.00 g)(0.500- (0.0))C = 25.26 J (unrounded)

The three heats are positive because each process takes heat from its surroundings
(endothermic). The phase change requires much more energy than the two
temperature change processes. The total heat is q1 + q2 + q3 = (125.4 J + 4008.879 J +
25.26 J) = 4160 J = 4.16x103 J
A liquid has a
Hvap of 35.5 kJ/mol and a boiling point of 122C at 1.00 atm. What is its
vapor pressure at 109C?
The Clausius-Clapeyron equation gives the relation between vapor pressure and
temperature. Boiling point is defined as the temperature when vapor pressure of the
liquid equals atmospheric pressures, usually assumed to be exactly 1 atm. In the
calculations below, 1.00 atm is used to emphasize the additional significant figures.
5.

= -35.5kJ/mol
(
1
- 1________) (1000J) = -0.3678758
ln P2
1.00 atm 8.314 J/mol*K (273+109)K
(273+122)K (1 kJ)
Then take the inverse of ln (by using e)to learn more about ln and e, go to
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm
P2
= (0.692203)
1.0 atm
P2

= (0.692203) (1.00 atm) = 0.692 atm

6. What is the strongest interparticle force in each substance?

a. CH3OH
Hydrogen bonding will be the strongest force between methanol molecules since
they contain O-H bonds. Dipole-dipole and dispersions also exist.
b. CCl4
Dispersion forces are the only forces between nonpolar carbon tetrachloride
molecules and thus, are the strongest forces.
c. CH3Br
Dipole-dipole interactions will be the strongest forces between methyl bromide
molecules because the C-Br bond has a dipole moment.
7. Which forces oppose vaporization of each substance?
a. hexane
Dispersion because hexane (C4H14) is a nonpolar molecule.
b. Water
Hydrogen bonding, a single water molecule, can engage in as many as four
hydrogen bonds.

8. Which substance has the higher boiling point?

a. LiCl or HCl
Lithium chloride would have a higher boiling point than HCl because the ions in
lithium chloride are held together by ionic forces, which are stronger than the
dipole-dipole intermolecular forces between HCl molecules in the liquid phase.
b. NH3 or PH3
Ammonia would have a higher boiling point than phosphine (PH3) because the
intermolecular forces in ammonia are stronger than those in phosphine are.
Hydrogen bonding exists between ammonia molecules but weaker dipole-dipole
forces hold phosphine molecules together.
c. Xe or I2
Iodine would have a higher boiling point than xenon. Both are nonpolar with
dispersion forces, but the forces between iodine molecules would be stronger
than between xenon atoms are since the iodine molecules are more polarizable
because of their larger size.
9. What type of crystal lattice does each metal form? (The number of atoms per unit cell is
given in parentheses.)
a. Ni (4)
Ni is face-centered cubic since there are 4 atoms/unit cell.
b. Cr (2)
Cr is body-centered cubic since there are 2 atoms/unit cell.
c. Ca (4)
Ca is face-centered cubic since there are 4 atoms/unit cell.
10. Of the five major types of crystalline solids, which does each of the following form?
a. Sn
You may be familiar with tin, Sn, as a companent of tin cans. Tin is a metal
(malleable, excellent electrical conductor) that forms metallic bond.
b. Si
Silicon is in the same group as carbon, so it exhibits similar bonding properties.
Since diamond and graphite are both network covalent solids, it makes sense
that Si forms the same type of bonds.
c. Xe
Xenon, Xe, is a noble gas and is monatomic. Xe is an atomic solid.
d. F2
Fluorine forms a molecular solid since dispersion forces hold the F2 molecules
together.
e. CH3OH
Methanol forms a molecular solid since the CH3OH molecules are held together
by hydrogen bonds.

11. Zinc selenide (ZnSe) crystallizes in the zinc blende structure and has a density of 5.42
g/cm3.
a. How many Zn and Se ions in each unit cell?
To determine the number of Zn2+ ions and Se2- ions in each unit, picture the
lattice (Figure 12.32) and count the number of ions at the corners, faces, and
center of unit cell. Looking at selenide ions, there is one ion at 4 Se2- ions. Three
aer also 4Zn2+ ions due to the 1:1 ratio of Se ions to Zn ions.
b. What is the mass of a unit cell?
Mass of unit cell = (4)(mass of Zn atom) + (4)(mass of Se atom) = (4)(65.39 amu)
+ (4)(78.96 amu) = 577.40 amu