The Neuroscience of Hallucinations

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Renaud Jardri
Pierre Thomas




Arnaud Cachia
Delphine Pins

Editors

The Neuroscience
of Hallucinations

Editors
Renaud Jardri
Functional Neurosciences & Disorders
Laboratory
CURE unit, Fontan Hospital
University Medical Centre
of Lille (CHU Lille)
F-59037, Lille, France
Pierre Thomas
Functional Neurosciences & Disorders
Laboratory
CURE unit, Fontan Hospital
University Medical Centre of Lille
(CHU Lille)
F-59037, Lille, France

Arnaud Cachia
Centre de Psychiatrie & Neurosciences
INSERM U-894
Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne
2ter rue dAlsia, F-75014 Paris, France
Delphine Pins
Functional Neurosciences & Disorders
Laboratory
CURE unit, Fontan Hospital
University Medical Centre of Lille
(CHU Lille)
F-59037, Lille, France

ISBN 978-1-4614-4120-5
ISBN 978-1-4614-4121-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-4121-2
Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2012940192
Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
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Foreword

Hallucinations are a core feature of psychotic disorders, yet until recently, surprisingly little was known about the mechanisms underlying these phenomena. However,
over the last two decades there has been an upsurge in research in this area. This has
partly been driven by a recognition of the value of studying specific psychiatric
symptoms, as opposed to psychiatric disorders, and partly by the availability of new
investigative techniques, such as neuroimaging. As a result, our understanding of
the psychological and neurobiological processes that are involved in the pathophysiology of hallucinations has greatly increased. The extent to which this field has
progressed is evident from the contributions to this volume, which collectively provide a state-of-the-art overview of current work on hallucinations, from a range of
centers worldwide. Part I reviews the assessment, definition, and prevalence of hallucinations in different samples. Part II focuses on cognitive processes that may be
impaired in patients with hallucinations, while theoretical models of hallucinations
are discussed in Part III. The important contribution of neuroimaging to this field is
covered in detail in Part IV, while Part V considers how research on hallucinations
can inform the clinical management of these symptoms. The authors conclude by
integrating the diversity of findings presented in this volume and to provide directions for future research. I am delighted to have been given the opportunity to introduce this book and commend the contributors on their work.
London, UK

Philip McGuire

vi

Foreword

Supported by the PIERRE HOURIEZ Foundation

Pierre and Arlette Houriez have faced schizophrenia privately for many years. Since
their son has been affected by this disorder, they face this handicap together every
day. They have struggled to remain hopeful for their son and for other affected
people and their families. They know that neuroscientific research is working toward
better prevention and treatment. For this reason, Pierre and Arlette Houriez created
a foundation, hosted since 2008 by the Fondation de France, to support neuroscientific
research initiatives on schizophrenia and related disorders. The Fondation Pierre
Houriez has chosen to support the book The Neuroscience of Hallucinations, which
presents state-of-the-art reviews on one of the most disabling psychiatric phenomena. The Fondation Pierre Houriez expects this collaborative work to provide strong
motivation for further research and findings on psychotic symptoms.

Preface

The rapid progress of knowledge in the field of hallucinations is intimately linked to

active and exciting research areas, including phenomenology, cognitive psychology
and affective science, neurobiology, genetic and computational modeling, neuroimaging and electrophysiology, psychotherapy, psychopharmacology, and neuromodulation. Each of these areas is sufficiently broad to fill a textbook. This striking
increase in the salience of the subject of hallucinations is demonstrated by the exponential growth in the number of articles published on this topic over the past decades
(see Fig. 1). The current volume focuses on the contributions of the most recent
findings in neuroscientific research toward understanding this fascinating phenomenon. This book aims to provide an up-to-date synthesis of research on hallucinations and to provide the vast, multidisciplinary neuroscientific and medical
community with the necessary elements to build a comprehensive evidence-based
model of this intriguing subjective experience. The primary intended audience is
neuroscientists who are interested in this growing field and who wish to gain an
understanding of the major fi ndings and problems in studying hallucinations.
A secondary audience is psychiatrists, neurologists, and psychologists who are professionally involved in the diagnosis and treatment of hallucinations and who seek
a contemporary view of the pathophysiology of hallucinations as well as a summary
of the most commonly used neuroscientific methods. Finally this book is essential
reading for all students in these fields.
This book is organized in five sections. The multidisciplinary nature of research
in the field of hallucinations is clearly illustrated by the numerous cross-chapter and
cross-sectional references. Part I, Basics of hallucinations, comprises Chaps. 1, 2, 3,
4, and 5 and reviews the scientific background necessary to fully understand the
richness of hallucinatory experiences. In Chap. 1, E. Peyroux and N. Franck provide
an exhaustive historical overview of the term hallucination from its seminal antic
conceptions to its contemporary definitions, distinguishing it from other disorders
of perception. In Chap. 2, K. Hill and D.E. Linden examine hallucinations occurring
in healthy individuals who do not require psychiatric care. They present recent data
on the neural correlates of these experiences among non-clinical auditory hallucinators. Chapters 3 and 4 detail the various clinical and phenomenological aspects of
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Preface

Fig. 1 The graph shows the exponential increase in the PubMed database counts for the search
term hallucinations over the period 19002011. A more than fourfold increase in the cumulative
number of scientific publications in this field can be observed in the last 30 years

hallucinatory experiences occurring in psychiatric (J.D. Blom) or neurological conditions and in sensory loss (G. Fnelon). In Chap. 5, M. Stephane presents crucial
issues in the assessment of hallucinatory experiences across an individuals lifespan and across disorder categories and sensory modalities. Specific hallucination
instruments are detailed in this context.
Part II (Chaps. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11) explores the broad area of Cognitive models
for hallucinations. In Chap. 6, A. Aleman and A. Vercammen provide an overview
of bottom-up and top-down processes that have been suggested as mechanisms in
the generation and/or perpetuation of hallucinations. Chapter 7, by S. Dollfus,
A. Razafimandimby, and M. Alary, reviews studies exploring the pathophysiology
of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) based on speech-processing paradigms,
including the connections with brain imaging and therapeutic chapters. The role of
emotional salience and unintentional memory retrieval in the occurrence of hallucinations is critically discussed by S.L. Rossell in Chap. 8. Chapters 9 and 10, which
develop the misattribution models of hallucinations, present two sides of the same
coin. In Chap. 9, F. Varese and F. Lari exhaustively review empirical studies on the
presumed association between hallucinations and meta-cognitive beliefs and show
how these beliefs may constitute a crucial determinant of the distress related to hallucinations. In Chap. 10, T.S. Woodward and M. Menon complete this view by
providing evidence for an association between hallucinations and externalization
errors in source-monitoring situations. Finally, another original approach is
described by F. Waters in Chap. 11 to examine timing abnormalities in people with
schizophrenia and their connection to hallucinations.
In Part III, Neurobiological and computational models of hallucinations, the
chapters focus more fundamentally on the role of genetic, developmental, and

Preface

ix

neurobiological factors and their interactions in the expression of hallucinations.

In Chap. 12, C.N. David and J.L. Rapoport first review the neurodevelopmental
aspects of hallucinations with a particular focus on pediatric populations, and they
defend a dimensional dynamic model of hallucinatory experiences. In Chap. 13, J.
San Juan, M. Molt, and A. Tolosa review genetic studies of AVH in psychotic
patients and develop the idea of AVH as an alternative phenotype for genetic research.
Various aspects of drug-induced hallucinatory experiences are critically presented in
the Chaps. 14 and 15. Chapter 14, by A. Kozlenkov and J. Gonzlez-Maeso, summarizes recent advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of hallucinogenic drugs (including mescaline, psilocybin, and lysergic acid diethylamide)
using animal models, while Chap. 15, by P. Allen and T.T. Winton-Brown, focuses
on the effect of cannabis on human perception. Because a considerable explanatory
gap remains between neuronal processes and psychological functions, a tentative
attempt to integrate the main findings on hallucinations into a common computational framework is proposed by R. Jardri and S. Denve in Chap. 16.
The rapid maturation of neuroimaging in the study of brain function over the past
20 years has led to impressive accomplishments in the study of hallucinations and
has motivated us to devote an entire section to Brain-imaging insights into hallucinations (Part IV). In Chap. 17, C. van Swam, T. Dierks, and D. Hubl describe recent
methods in electroencephalographic (EEG) and magnetoencephalographic (MEG)
explorations of hallucinatory phenomena, particularly the disturbed interplay
between speech production and speech listening brain areas during AVH. Chapter 18,
by A. Cachia and M. Plaze, provides insight into the main structural variations of
the hallucinating brain in schizophrenia, including cortical thickness and sulcal
analyses. In Chap. 19, J.M. Ford and R.E. Hoffman focus on functional brain imaging explorations of the cognitive aspects of AVH (fMRI and PET studies), providing
evidence for dysfunctions in the efference copy and corollary discharge mechanism.
A complementary aspect is provided by state studies of the hallucinatory phenomenon (also called capture studies). The main findings of functional brain imaging
capture studies of AVH are summarized in Chap. 20 by R. Jardri and I.E. Sommer.
State studies also cover intrinsic brain activity at rest (i.e., when the voices are
silent). Specific aspects of resting-state functional connectivity data in auditory hallucinators are reviewed by V. van de Ven in Chap. 21. In Chap. 22, S. Benetti,
W. Petterson-Yeo, and A. Mechelli provide an overview of the functional and effective
connectivity impairments observed in AVH and discuss the main challenges of network
analysis of the hallucinating brain.
Finally, Part V, Innovative therapeutic approaches of hallucinations, addresses
the crucial issue of developing new interventions for hallucinations. An integrative psychotherapeutic and psychosocial program is first detailed by J.A. Jenner,
who extensively illustrates hallucination-focused integrative therapy (HIT) in
Chap. 23. N.G. Lowe, M-P. Rapagnani, C. Mattei, and S.M. Stahl then examine
the neurobiological mechanisms of both antipsychotic agents and neuromodulation therapy and hint at the development of a new generation of medication
(Chap. 24). Following a general introduction to neuromodulation principles, current data on the use of repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) to

Preface

relieve AVH in schizophrenia are reviewed by P.B. Fitzgerald and K. Hoy in Chap.
25. Strategies to improve the efficacy of brain stimulation techniques for hallucinations are discussed by E. Poulet, F. Haesebaert, J. Brunelin, and M-F. Suaud-Chagny
in Chap. 26. They notably review data about optimizations in stimulation protocols and critically discuss the development of other stimulation techniques, such
as transcranial direct current stimulation, epidural cortical stimulation, and deep
brain stimulation. Finally, brain-imaging-guided therapies of hallucinations are
presented by J.R. Foucher in Chap. 27. A special emphasis is given to fMRI-guided
neurofeedback and neuronavigated and robotized brain stimulation techniques. In
the conclusion of the book, we propose key issues for future research in the neuroscience of hallucinations.
We are aware that many other interesting clinical and therapeutic aspects of the
hallucinatory phenomenon could have been included in this volume. We hope that
readers will share our excitement about this growing area of neuroscience research.
We would also like to take this opportunity to express our deepest gratitude to the
colleagues who accepted our invitation to contribute their scholarly and cuttingedge chapters to this book. We thank Fabien DHondt for assisting us with the editing of this book, Springer US for their confidence, and, especially, Janice Stern for
her patience as our editor. As always, none of this would have been possible without
the love, support, and encouragement of our respective families. Finally, our utmost
gratitude goes to the patients who have been our teachers in our quest to improve
understanding of hallucinations.
Lille, France
Paris, France
Lille, France
Lille, France

Renaud Jardri
Arnaud Cachia
Pierre Thomas
Delphine Pins

Contents

Part I
1

The Basics of Hallucinations

An Epistemological Approach: History of Concepts

and Ideas About Hallucinations in Classical Psychiatry .....................
Elodie Peyroux and Nicolas Franck

Hallucinatory Experiences in Non-clinical Populations ......................

Katy Hill and David E.J. Linden

Hallucinations and Other Sensory Deceptions

in Psychiatric Disorders .........................................................................
Jan Dirk Blom

43

Hallucinations Associated with Neurological Disorders

and Sensory Loss .....................................................................................
Gilles Fnelon

59

Standardized Assessment of Hallucinations .........................................

Massoud Stephane

Part II

21

85

Cognitive Models of Hallucinations

The Bottom-Up and Top-Down Components

of the Hallucinatory Phenomenon ......................................................... 107
Andr Aleman and Ans Vercammen

Speech Processing and Auditory Hallucinations .................................. 123

Sonia Dollfus, Mathieu Alary, and Annick Razafimandimby

The Role of Memory Retrieval and Emotional Salience

in the Emergence of Auditory Hallucinations ...................................... 137
Susan L. Rossell

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Contents

Misattributions Models (I): Metacognitive Beliefs

and Hallucinations .................................................................................. 153
Filippo Varese and Frank Lari

10

Misattribution Models (II): Source Monitoring

in Hallucinating Schizophrenia Subjects .............................................. 169
Todd S. Woodward and Mahesh Menon

11

Time Perception and Discrimination in Individuals

Suffering from Hallucinations ............................................................... 185
Flavie Waters

Part III

Neurobiological and Computational Models

of Hallucinations

12

A Neurodevelopmental Perspective on Hallucinations ........................ 203

Christopher N. David and Judith L. Rapoport

13

Candidate Genes Involved in the Expression

of Psychotic Symptoms: A Focus on Hallucinations ............................ 231
Julio Sanjun, Mara Dolores Molt, and Amparo Tolosa

14

Animal Models and Hallucinogenic Drugs ........................................... 253

Alexey Kozlenkov and Javier Gonzlez-Maeso

15

Cannabis and Hallucinations: Studies in Human Subjects................. 279

Paul Allen and Toby T. Winton-Brown

16

Computational Models of Hallucinations ............................................. 289

Renaud Jardri and Sophie Denve

Part IV

Brain-Imaging Insight into Hallucinations

17

Electrophysiological Exploration of Hallucinations

(EEG, MEG) ............................................................................................ 317
Claudia van Swam, Thomas Dierks, and Daniela Hubl

18

Structural Imaging of the Hallucinating Brain

in Schizophrenia ...................................................................................... 343
Marion Plaze and Arnaud Cachia

19

Functional Brain Imaging of Auditory Hallucinations:

From Self-Monitoring Deficits to Co-opted Neural Resources ........... 359
Judith M. Ford and Ralph E. Hoffman

20

Functional Brain Imaging of Hallucinations:

Symptom Capture Studies ..................................................................... 375
Renaud Jardri and Iris Sommer

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Contents

21

Brain Functioning When the Voices Are Silent:

Aberrant Default Modes in Auditory Verbal Hallucinations.............. 393
Vincent van de Ven

22

Connectivity Issues of the Hallucinating Brain ................................. 417

Stefania Benetti, William Pettersson-Yeo, and Andrea Mechelli

Part V

Innovative Therapeutic Approaches of Hallucinations

23

Beyond Monotherapy: The HIT Story .................................................. 447

Jack A. Jenner

24

The Psychopharmacology of Hallucinations:

Ironic Insights into Mechanisms of Action ........................................... 471
Nicole Gellings Lowe, Maria Paola Rapagnani,
Chiara Mattei, and Stephen M. Stahl

25

Neuromodulation Techniques to Treat Hallucinations ........................ 493

Paul B. Fitzgerald and Kate E. Hoy

26

The Future of Brain Stimulation to Treat Hallucinations................... 513

Emmanuel Poulet, Frederic Haesebaert, Jrme Brunelin,
and Marie-Franoise Suaud-Chagny

27

Perspectives in Brain Imaging and Computer-Assisted

Technologies for the Treatment of Hallucinations ............................... 529
Jack R. Foucher

Conclusion: Key Issues for Future Research in the Neuroscience

of Hallucinations ............................................................................................. 549
Renaud Jardri, Pierre Thomas, Delphine Pins,
and Arnaud Cachia
Index ................................................................................................................. 553

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About the Editors

Renaud Jardri, M.D., Ph.D., is a child psychiatrist at the Lille University Medical
Centre, scientist in the Functional Neurosciences & Disorders lab. (Lille, France)
and associate faculty at the Group for Neural Theory (INSERM), cole Normale
Suprieure, Paris, France. His major research interests are multimodal brain imaging, fMRI-guided therapy and computational modeling of hallucinations.
Arnaud Cachia, Ph.D., is Associate Professor in Neurosciences at Universit
Paris-Descartes (Psychology Dept.), affiliated with the center for psychiatry and
neurosciences (INSERM, Ste-Anne Hospital) and the developmental and neurofunctional imaging group (CNRS, Sorbonne), Paris, France. His research focuses
on the links between brain development, behavior and cognition, particularly in
psychotic disorders.
Pierre Thomas, M.D., Ph.D., is Professor of Psychiatry at the Lille University
school of Medicine and Co-Research Director of the Hallucinations and Delusions
team in the Functional Neurosciences & Disorders Laboratory (Lille, France). His
current research interests focus on the underlying cerebral mechanisms of hallucinations and their treatment.
Delphine Pins, Ph.D., is a CNRS researcher at the Functional Neurosciences &
Disorders Laboratory (Lille, France), where she is Co-Research Director of the
Hallucinations and Delusions team. She specializes in psychophysics and fMRI.
Her research work focuses on visual perception, familiarity processing, and conscious access.

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Contributors

Mathieu Alary Universit de Caen Basse Normandie, UMR 6232 CNRS, CEA,
Cyceron Center, Caen, France
Andr Aleman BCN NeuroImaging Center, University of Groningen, Groningen,
AW, The Netherlands
Paul Allen Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London,
London, UK
Stefania Benetti Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings
Health Partners, Kings College London, London, UK
Jan Dirk Blom University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Parnassia Bavo Group, The Hague, The Netherlands
Jrme Brunelin Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne,
Paris, France
Centre de Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, UMR INSERM 894, Paris, France
Facult de mdecine, Universit Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cit, Paris, France
Arnaud Cachia Centre de Psychiatrie & Neurosciences INSERM U-894,
Paris, France
Laboratoire de Psychologie du Dveloppement et de lducation de lEnfant CNRS
UMR-3521, Sorbonne, Paris, France
Institut de Psychologie, Universit Paris-Descartes Sorbonne Paris-Cit,
Paris, France
Christopher N. David Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental
Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
Sophie Denve Group for Neural Theory, LNC, INSERM U-960, Institute of
Cognitive Studies (DEC), cole Normale Suprieure, Paris, France

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Contributors

Thomas Dierks Department of Psychiatric Neurophysiology, University Hospital

of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Sonia Dollfus Department of Psychiatry, CHU de Caen, Caen, France
Universit de Caen Basse Normandie, UMR 6232 CNRS, CEA, Cyceron Center,
Caen, France
Gilles Fnelon AP-HP, Service de Neurologie, Hpital Henri-Mondor, Crteil,
France
INSERM U955, E1, Crteil, France
Dpartement dtudes cognitives, Ecole Normale Suprieure, Paris, France
Paul B. Fitzgerald Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and
Monash University, Central Clinical School, Victoria, Australia
Judith M. Ford Psychiatry Service, San Francisco VA Medical Center, Department
of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
Jack R. Foucher INSERM U666, Physiopathologie Clinique et Exprimentale de
la Schizophrnie, Strasbourg Cedex, France
Hpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
Universit de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
Nicolas Franck Centre de Neuroscience Cognitive, CNRS, Bron cedex, France
Service Universitaire de Rhabilitation, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Lyon, France
Universit Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (Universit de Lyon), Lyon, France
Javier Gonzalez-Maeso Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Mount Sinai
School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
Frederic Haesebaert Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Centre Hospitalier SainteAnne, Paris, France
Centre de Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, UMR INSERM 894, Paris, France
Facult de mdecine, Universit Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cit, Paris, France
Katy Hill MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of
Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University School of
Medicine, Cardiff, UK
Ralph E. Hoffman Department of Psychiatry, Yale-New Haven Psychiatric
Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
Kate E. Hoy Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Monash
University, Central Clinical School, Victoria, Australia
Daniela Hubl University-Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of
Bern, Bern, Switzerland

Contributors

xix

Renaud Jardri Functional Neurosciences & Disorders Laboratory, UDSL,

University Lille North of France, Lille, France
Group for Neural Theory, LNC, INSERM U-960, Institute of Cognitive Studies
(DEC), cole Normale Suprieure, Paris, France
Pediatric Psychiatry Department, University Medical Centre of Lille (CHU Lille),
Lille France
Jack A. Jenner Jenner Consult, Haren, The Netherlands
Alexey Kozlenkov Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine,
New York, NY, USA
Frank Lari Cognitive Psychopathology Unit, Department of Cognitive Sciences,
University of Lige, Lige, Belgium
David E.J. Linden MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics,
Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University
School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
Nicole Gellings Lowe Arbor Scientia, Carlsbad, CA, USA
Chiara Mattei University of California San Diego, Carlsbad, CA, USA
Philip McGuire Department of Psychosis Studies, Kings College London,
Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
Andrea Mechelli Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings
Health Partners, Kings College London, London, UK
Mahesh Menon Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, BC, Canada
Schizophrenia Program and PET Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Maria Dolores Molt Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health,
Valencia, Spain
Department of Genetics, Valencia University, Valencia, Spain
William Pettersson-Yeo Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry,
Kings Health Partners, Kings College London, London, UK
Elodie Peyroux Centre de Neuroscience Cognitive, CNRS, Bron cedex, France
Centre de Rhabilitation, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Lyon, France
Universit Lumire Lyon 2 (Universit de Lyon), Lyon, France
Delphine Pins Functional Neurosciences & Disorders Laboratory, UDSL,
University Lille North of France, Lille, France
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Paris, France

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Contributors

Marion Plaze Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de sant mentale et de thrapeutique,

Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
Centre de Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, INSERM U-894, Paris, France
Facult de mdecine, Universit Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cit, Paris, France
Emmanuel Poulet Universit de Lyon, Lyon, France
Lyon1 University-SIPAD (Stimulation In Psychiatric and Addictologic Disorders),
EA4615, Lyon, France
Centre Hospitalier le Vinatier, Ple Est Pr dAmato, Bron, Cedex, France
Maria Paola Rapagnani University of California San Diego, Carlsbad, CA, USA
University of Verona Verona, Italy
Judith L. Rapoport Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health,
Bethesda, MD, USA
Annick Razafimandimby Universit de Caen Basse Normandie, UMR 6232
CNRS, CEA, Cyceron Center, Caen, France
Susan L. Rossell Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne
University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Cognitive Neuropsychology Lab, Monash-Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre,
Melbourne, Australia
Julio Sanjun Psychiatric Unit, Valencia University, CIBERSAM , Valencia, Spain
Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, Valencia, Spain
Iris Sommer Neuroscience Division, University Medical Center Utrecht and
Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neuroscience, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Stephen M. Stahl University of California San Diego, Carlsbad, CA, USA
Massoud Stephane Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Psychiatry
Service Line at VA Medical Center, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Marie-Franoise Suaud-Chagny Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Centre
Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
Centre de Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, UMR INSERM 894, Paris, France
Facult de mdecine, Universit Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cit, Paris, France
Pierre Thomas Functional Neurosciences & Disorders Laboratory, UDSL,
University Lille North of France, Lille, France
Psychiatry Department, University Medical Centre of Lille (CHU Lille),
Lille France

Contributors

xxi

Amparo Tolosa Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health,

Valencia, Spain
Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology,
University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Vincent van de Ven Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University,
Maastricht, The Netherlands
Claudia van Swam Department of Psychiatric Neurophysiology, University
Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Filippo Varese Division of Mental Health and Well-being, Institute of Psychology,
Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
Ans Vercammen Neuroscience Research Australia, Hospital Road, Sydney,
Australia
Flavie Waters Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, Graylands
Hospital, and The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
Toby T. Winton-Brown Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College
London, London, UK
Todd S. Woodward Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, BC, Canada
Department of Research, BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute,
Vancouver, BC, Canada

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