Treatise on gvda

(A Four-fold Commentary)

(ABRIDGED VERSION)

var gururatmti, mrtibhda vibhgin;

vymavat vyptadhya, dakimrtay nama

Vdyana (Bhradvja)

Treatise on gvda

Treatise on gvda

1. Introduction

3. Structure of Maalam 9

gvda was originally, or perhaps more logically/scientifically,

arranged on the basis of ten Maalas. Hence, this is the way of
presentation followed in this Treatise. However, for the convenience
of those readers who may be familiar with only Aaka-based
classification, these are also indicated at appropriate places. This
subsequent classification may have been introduced for easier handling,
as each Aaka is designed to contain more or less the same number
of sktas (or appropriately the same number of ks). A short summary
of the contents of the ten Maalas follows.

4. Stucture of gvda

Maalam 1

5. Appendix I - gvdik ies

This Maalam contains 191 sktas, a collection of perceptions

of various Vdik sages. In most sktas more stress is on observed gross
world (category I) and attributing the natural phenomena (or gross
world) to imaginary divinities - Adhidaivik or subtle world (category
II). A few of these sktas talk about the causal world of Sma (category
III) (eg. Indra, Avins, Savita). tma (category IV) is also alluded to
in some of them.

Contents
1. Introduction
2. Overview of Maalas

6. Appendix II - Dvatas of gvda

7. Appendix III - Sktam Classification
8. Appendix IV - Structure of a Typical Sktam
9. Appendix V - Some Selected Sktas of gvda
10. Appendix VI - Possible direction for further studies

Maalam 2
Forty three sktas are there in this Maalam. These are perceived
mostly by sage Grithsamada and a few of them from sages belonging
to his clan. Some ks deal with all the aspects of gvda.

Maalam 3
This Maalam consists of sixty two sktas from sage Vivmitra
(Gthi), and some are perceptions of sages belonging to Vivmitra
Gtra. Many beautiful/sublime sktas falling into the four categories
of Vdik knowledge can be found in this Maalam.

Maalam 4
A collection of fifty eight sktas from the great sage Vmadva
and sages belonging to his Gtra constitutes this Maalam. Many of

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them are very sublime sktas coached in the highly mystic language
prevalent in those days and are not easily comprehensible for common
men.

Maalam 5
Sage Atri and treyas are the perceivers of the sktas, numbering
eighty seven, of this Maalam. Some interesting sktas containing
ks which carry the four categories of Vdik knowledge can be seen
in this Maalam.

Maalam 6
Perceptions of sage (Brhaspatya) Bharadvja, Bhradvjas and
amyu (Brhaspatya) are presented in this Maalam consisting
of seventy five sktas, which covers all the four branches of Vdik
knowledge.

Maalam 7
Hundred and four sktas perceived by another great sage
Vasiha (Maitrvarui), Vasihaputras and Kumra are found in this
Maalam. Many of them are in the symbolic language and hence
misconstrued by most commentators. There are also a few prayer
type sktas in this Maalam, which are quite famous. ks in this
Maalam cover all the four types of Vdik knowledge, which is also
the case of the next Maalam (8).

Maalam 8
Most of the sktas of this Maalam are perceptions of sages
belonging to Kva and giras Gtras. However, some sktas from
sages belonging to trya, Bhragava and Gautama Gtras are also
found in this Maalam. Quite a few sktas contain ks coached
in the mystic Vdik language and hence grossly misinterpreted by
most commentators. It contains ninety two sktas (excluding eleven
Blakhilya Sktas). Even then there are more ks in this Maalam
than in Maalas seven and nine which have more number of sktas.

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Maalam 9
This is a collection of one hundred and fourteen sktas from
various ies almost exclusively on flowing essence of Sma, which
could be gross (eg. ghee, water, juice of Sma plant, etc.); or subtle
(eg. Vdik hymns); or spiritual, namely flowing essence of tma;
corresponding to gross, subtle and causal bodies respectively. The first
sixty seven sktas which are almost exclusively in Gyatri Chandas
constitute one set (say A). These are commonly chanted in the gross
type of Pavamna-Sma sacrifices all over the country even now.
In general, Mantras in these sktas are simpler to analyse than those
contained in the last forty seven sktas.

Maalam 10
Like Maalam 1, this one also contains 191 sktas from various
ies. First four ies appearing in both the Maalas are also the
same, except for Jta (second i in Maalam 1 and whose name does
not appear in Maalam 9). On closer scrutiny, one can observe that
names of the perceivers of many sktas are fictitious (eg. Yama, Yami,
Sry, Urvai, Indra, Agni etc.). So, many sktas can be expected to
be in the symbolic language of those days and the readers should
not be misled by their superficial meaning. A good understanding of
Maalam 9 - the Causal World of Sma - is a pre-requisite for proper
understanding and appreciation of the implied meanings of these sktas.
However, the last quarter of the Maalam contains sktas which are
comparatively short and easier to comprehend than the sktas of the
earlier three quarters of the Maalam.
Ultimate aim of any serious study of gvda should be to
understand the exact meaning (or meanings) of each of the Mantras,
which seers of these Mantras wanted to convey to others.
Finally, the rationale behind the numbering of Maalas between
2 and 9 could be the following. Maalam 2 containing smallest
number of sktas (43) and number of mantras (429) was given the
second place. Between the third and fourth Maalas, there is little

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difference between number of mantras, 617 and 589 respectively.

However, in general, mantras in the fourth Maalam are much more
difficult to comprehend than those of the third Maalam. Number
of mantras continuously increase from fifth Maalam onwards to
ninth Maalam. Similarly, though both first Maalam and tenth
Maalam contain the same number of sktas, mantras of Maalam
ten are generally more complex and hence more difficult to comprehend
than those of Maalam one.

2. Overview of Maalas
Maalam 1
This Maalam contains a collection of 191 sktas from the great
sages, who lived in the Vdik period, as detailed below.
The first ten sktas are from sage Madhucandas (Vaivmitra).
Dvatas of the different sktas are as follows : sktam 1 on Agni; 2
on Vyu, Indra, Mitra and Varua; 3 on Avins, Indra, Vivdvas
and Sarasvati; 4 - 5 on Indra; 6 on Indra and Maruts; and 7 to 10 on
Indra. Mantras of these sktas serve as the base, or foundation, for the
various aspects of knowledge contained in the Vdas. The observed
gross world and some of the main shining beings (Divinities), who are
imagined to be responsible for the appearance of this diverse, everchanging Universe and their attributes/activities are brought out for
the first time through these sktas. Though the stress is mainly on
Adhibhautik and Adhidaivik knowledge, some entities who appear also
in the Causal World; like Avins, Sma, Indra etc. are also being talked
about in these sktas. Eleventh sktam by sage Jta (Mdhuchanda) is
also on Indra.
The next twelve sktas (12 through 23) are perceptions of the
famous sage (Kva) Mdhtithi. He introduces a few more divinities
(or shining beings) in these sktas. Sktam 12 is on Agni as per the
convention followed in gvda. Sktam 13 is a typical prya skta,
which is basically on Agni. However, a few more divinities are also

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invoked in these twelve ks of the sktam. Sktam 14 is on Vivdvas

and in 15, sage Mdhtithi introduces a new entity Dravid. Indra
is dealt with in sktam 16 and 17. Bhaspati, Sma, Sadasaspti and
Daki (personified) are the new divinities introduced in sktam 18.
Sktam 19 is on Agni and Maruts; 20 on Ribhs and 21 on Indra and
Agni. In sktas 22 and 23, sage Mdhtithi talks about many shining
beings including some new entities like Viu, Marutvn, pa, etc..
Adhibhautik, Adhidaivik and dhytmik meanings can be derived for
many ks of the twelve sktas from sage Mdhatithi. Three sktas
1.15, 1.18 and 1.22 are sources of all four categories of knowledge.
Next seven sktas (24 through 30) are perceptions of sage
(jgarti) unapa. Among them 24 and 25 are particularly noteworthy as many ks in these two contain implied meaning. Skta
24 deals with Prajpati, Agni, Savita, Varua, etc.; while sktam 25 is
exclusively on Varua, who may symbolise the Manifested Self and,
by implication, tma. Agni is the Dvat of sktas 26 and 27 (except
the last k). The first three types of information are there in 27 and
28. In contrast, 29 an Indra-sktam, deals with only Adhibhautik and
Adhidaivik knowledge; so also sktam 30 on Indra, Ulkhala, Musala,
etc..
This is followed by five sktas (31 through 35) from (girasa)
sage, Hirayastpa as follows: 31 on Agni; 32, 33 on Indra; 34 on
Avins and 35 on Savit mainly (except the first k). All five sktas
are expressed in the ancient symbolic language; or many ks in these
sktas contain hidden meaning. Another ancient sage Kava is the
perceiver of sktas 36 through 43. sktam 36 is mostly on Agni; the
next three on Maruts; 40 on Brahmaaspati; 41 on sons of Aditi-Mitra,
Varua, Aryam; 42 on Pa and 43 on Rudra, Mitra-Varua and
Sma. Some ks in sktas 36, 38, 42 and 43 contain implied meaning
(dhytmik), while (some) ks in sktam 40 may be referring to SelfKnowledge taking Brahmaaspati to be tma. Praskava, a Kva
sage, is seer of sktas 44 through 50. 44, 45 are on Agni mainly; 46, 47
on Avins; 48, 49 on U and 50 on Srya. Among these sktas 46 and

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50 are coached in the ancient symbolic language. Consequently many

ks (eg. 1.46.10, 11, 12; 1.50.10, 11, 13) are not easily comprehensible.
Sktas 51 through 57 are Indra sktas from (girasa) sage Savya.
Of these seven, the first three contain Adhibhautik, Adhidaivik and
dhytmik ks. Sage (Gautama) Ndh is the seer of the next seven
sktas : 58 and 60 on Agni, and 59 on Vaivnargni; 61, 62 and 63
are Indra-Sktas; 64 deals with Maruts. Gross and subtle Agni are
talked about in sktas 58 and 60. But the soul of Agni is the subject
matter of sktam 59. In Indra-sktas, Indra could be subtle (divinity)
and spiritual-Manifested Self or Universal Jvtma. In 64, 'Maruts' is
mostly of the gross and subtle types only.
The next nine (65 through 73) are Agni sktas from sage Parara.
All of them are beautiful sktas giving a good account of Agni and His
attributes. Of these sktas 71 and 72 are especially note-worthy, since
they deal with all the three types of Agni - gross, subtle and spiritual.
This is followed by twenty sktas (74 through 93), which are
perceptions of the famous sage (Rhgaa) Gtama. The first six (74
through 79) are Agni-sktas, 80 to 84 are on Indra; 85-88 on Maruts;
89 on Vivdvs and Aditi; 90 on Vivdvas; 91 on Sma; 92 on
U and Avin; and 93 on Agni-Sma combination. Agni-sktas, in
general, deal with gross and subtle Agni, except 77 and 79. Spiritual
Agni or soul of energy is being talked about in these two sktas.
Among the five Indra sktas, sktam 80 more or less deals with gross
and subtle manifested forms and in the others the causal forms are
also talked about. Sktas on Maruts contain gross and subtle types
of information only. Sktam 87 gives a good account of Maruts and
their attributes. Skta 89 on Vivdvs can be categorised as a good
prayer-skta of gvda. In the last k of the skta, sage Gtama states
that this whole manifested Universe is nothing but Aditi Mother Nature
(Prakti). Spiritual Sma is being talked about in sktam 91. This is
another important gvdik skta as it contains all the four categories
of Vdik knowledge. The same is the case with sktam 93. In sktam
92, U and Avins could be interpreted to arrive at the corresponding

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three meanings. (girasa) sage Kutsa is the perceiver of the next five
sktas (94 through 98). These are on different forms of Agni : 94 on
Agni (energy); 95 on Aurasa; 96 on Dravind (or uddha), 97 on uci
(or uddha); and 98 on Vaivnargni. Among them 95, 96 and 98
deal with His gross, subtle and spiritual manifestations, while 94 and
97 talk about the first two types mainly. Sktam 99 is one of the rare
single k sktas in gvda from the ancient sage (Mrca) Kayapa.
It is on Jatavdgni, who is knower of all born beings, which implies
spiritual Agni.
jrva and four other ies are considered to be the seers of
the next sktam (100). This is on Indra, who could be gross, subtle
or spiritual manifestations. The same is the case with the other Indrasktas (101 through 104) from sage (girasa) Kutsa again. Perceiver
of sktam 105 is said to be either sage Kutsa or sage (ptya) Trita.
Its style of presentation is rather unique and is very interesting. One
should be careful while going through this sktam, since it contains all
four categories of Vdik Knowledge.
Sage Kutsa is the seer of sktas 106 through 115. 106, 107 are on
Vivdvs; 108, 109 on Agni-Indra; 110-111 on bhs; 112 mainly
on Avins; 113 on U; 114 on Rudra; and 115 is on Srya. Among
these sktas, 106-107 deal with mostly gross and subtle worlds and so
also 114. Other sktas (108 through 115) contain three types of Vdik
Knowledge - Adhibhautik, Adhidaivik and dhytmik. 114 is another
good prayer skta on Rudra.
The next set of sktas 116 through 126 are from sage Kakvn
son of the great sage Drghatamas, whose famous sktas are to follow
later. Sktas 116 through 120 are on Avins; who could be gross, subtle
or Paramtma-Jvtma twin most appropriately. Indra is the subject
matter of sktas 121-122; who could be of subtle type, or spiritual
- Universal Manifested Self (Jvtma). Sktas 123 and 124 are both
dedicated to U; 124 mostly deals with physical U, while 123 talks
about also spiritual U - Dawning of Self-Knowledge. Donation and
donors are the subject matter of sktam 125 and sktam 126 contains

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a brief biographical aspect of the seer of the sktam.

Thirteen, long-winding sktas (127 through 139) from sage
Parucchpa follows. 127-128 are Agni-sktas and 129 through 133 are
on Indra mainly. Vyu is the Dvata of sktam 134 and Indra-Vyu
of 135. Mitra-Varua twin is being talked about in 136 and 137. P
is the Dvata of sktam 138, while entities Mitra-Varua, Indra, Agni
are briefly discussed in sktam 139. Sktas 127 and 128 give a good
description of the three manifested forms of Agni - gross, subtle and
spiritual. Both subtle and causal manifestations of Indra are dealt with
in the five Indra-sktas and in 135 on Indra-Vyu. Sktas 134 on Vyu
and 136-137 on Mitra-Varua cover mostly gross and subtle worlds
only. All four categories of Vdik Knowledge can be found in sktam
139.
The next twenty five sktas, 140 through 164, are from the great
sage, who calls himself Drghatamas of Aucathya clan. Sktas 140 141
are on Agni, where he deals with gross, subtle and spiritual forms of
Agni. The sktam (142) that follows is a conventional prya skta,
which talks about other shining beings like Tvaa, P, Maruts, etc..
Agni again is the Dvat of the next eight sktas (143 through 150).
Most of them deals with all the three types of Agnies. Sktas 145 and
148 are two typical examples. Mitra-Varua twin is the subject of
sktas 151, 152 and 153. Varua is being taken as a symbol of tma
in 152 and probably in 153 also. This is followed by three Viu sktas
154, 155 and 156. Of these, 155 and 156 are to be noted specially
because Viu is being thought of as all-pervading Paramtma here.
Spiritual Avins - Paramtma-Jvtma twin - is the subject matter of
sktas 157 and 158. Then two sktas on the Space and earth follow.
They mostly contain gross and subtle information only. Skta 161 on
bhs cover all the four aspects of gvda and hence very significant.
162 and 163 are two note-worthy sktas dealing with Ava implying
Agni as Universal Source of Power; since they are store houses of
all four categories of knowledge. Sktam 164 gives a summary of
the previous 24 sktas of the sage and it is one of the long sktas in

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gvda. Hence it is to be treated as an ideal sktam. It is the most

comprehensive and presented in a logical sequence. Most importantly,
it contains the k (1-164.46) which states the very essence of Vdik
Knowledge - kam Sat (Oneness is Truth). A detailed analysis of this
most comprehensive sktam is given in Appendix IV.
The last twenty seven sktas of this Maalam, 165 through 191, is
from another famous sage of Vdik era, Agastya. He also calls himself
as Maitrvarui like sage Vasiha, which implies that he belongs to
such a Gtr. His first sktam is on Marutvn-Indra, an imaginary
conversation between sage Agastya, his Jvtma and Prs. It is one
of the misconstrued sktas of gvda.
Maruts is the Dvat of sktas 166 and 168 containing mostly
gross and subtle information. Sktam 167 deals with Indra also, who
could be Manifested Self or Universal Jvtma. The same is the case
of the two Indra-sktas 169 and 170. Both Maruts and Indra are talked
about in 171 as in sktam 167. Like sktas 166 and 168, sktam 172
is on Maruts only. The next six sktas, 173 through 178 are again on
Indra only, who may be appearing in His gross, subtle and spiritual
manifestations. Sktam 179 is on Rati, which is purely a gross
information.
Avins are being talked about in sktas 180 through 184. They
could be physical, subtle or spiritual twin. By implication, the first
three kinds of Vdik knowledge can be expected in these sktas.
Sktam 186 on Vivdvs covers gross and subtle aspects, while 187
on Annam and the last sktam 191 deal with gross world only. Sktas
188 and 189 are on Agni; 188 is similar to a conventional prya
sktam. But 189 deals with all three kinds of Agni and it can be treated
as a sublime prayer-sktam. Bhaspati is the Dvata of sktam 190.
Naturally, Adhibhautik, Adhidaivik and dhytmik knowledge can be
found in this sktam.

Maalam 2
This Maalam consists of sktas perceived by sage Grithsamada

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and ies belonging to his clan. Therefore, the structure of this

Maalam can be expected to be simpler, since ies are all from the
same Gtra, or one of the variables in sktam classification is less.
First three sktas are from the sage himself. Of these three,
sktam 3 is a conventional prya sktam, while 1 and 2 are beautiful
descriptions of gross and subtle Agni-embodiment of all forms of
energy. Spiritual Agni is also being referred to briefly.
The next four (4, 5, 6, 7) are on Agni again but from sage Smhuti
(Bhrgava). Sktas 8, 9 and 10 are again on Agni only but from sage
Grithsamada himself and these are similar to his earlier sktas.
Indra is the Dvata of sktas 11 through 22. All of them are
perceptions of sage Grithsamada. In sktas 11 through 14, Indra is
treated mainly as the entity responsible for the manifestation of the
five Basic Elements - the Space, air, etc.; and as Jvtma present in
the heart-space of all living creatures. He is said to be destroyer of
ignorance-created enemies from the minds of wise men who meditate
on Him as their own Jvtma. How Indra the Manifested Self, causes
the appearance of this material Universe from Birthless Brahman
making use of the Spiritual Sma (flowing essence of tma), who
carries spiritual rays of tma, is being dealt with in sktam 15. Sktas
16 and 17 recount well-known attributes of Indra - divine and spiritual.
The seer is exhorting his co-sacrificers to invoke appropriately Indra,
for achieving their desired objectives. Just like the Sun controlling
the physical Time for inhabitants on the earth; Indra (Jvtma) holds
the Time-wheel (or life-period) of each one of the manifested forms
in the Universe. Thus Indra causes the appearance of Prakti (from
Purua) as made out in sktam 18. Well-known qualities and activities
of Indra, which have been described in some of the earlier sktas of
gvda are recalled in sktas 19 through 22. Sktas 23 through 26
are also from sage Grithsamada; 23 on Bhaspati and Brahmaaspati,
while sktam 24 deals with Indra also. Brahmaaspati is the Dvata of
the two sktas 25 and 26. Bhaspati is recognised to be the Master of
Vdik speech based on his famous sktam 10.71. Brahmaaspti can be

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thought of as Lord of Divine-knowledge (Oneness). As sktam 10.71

is tmajana, what is the difference between the two of them is not
very clear. Indra is also known to be knower of Self-Knowledge, since
He knows that difference between Jvtma and Paramtma is not real.
Sktas 23 to 26 bring out the attributes of these three imaginary entities.
(Grthasamada) Krma is the i of sktas 27, 28 and 29. Sktam 27
is on ditys and Aditi; 28 on Varua; and 29 on Vivdvs, who
are divinities representing Aditi - Mother Nature - or certain particular
aspects of natural phenomena.
Sktam 30 is an interesting one from sage Grithsamada on Sma,
Bhaspati and Maruts, in the sense that many ks in this sktam carry
hidden meaning. From this sktam onwards, remaining sktas in this
Maalam are perceptions from sage Grithsamada. Shining beings,
in general, treating them to be imaginary divinities are being talked
about in sktam 31. On the other hand, sktam 32 deals with the Space
and earth (personified) and two imaginary entities Rka and Snvli.
Next one (33) is a Rudra sktam. He is another imaginary divinity who
is responsible for the manifestation of air (Maruts) in the atmosphere
surrounding the earth. This implies that some aspects of the Manifested
Self is being attributed to Rudra. Maruts are being dealt with in sktam
34. With their gaas, Maruts are known to be forty nine in number.
Concentrating the mind on the unreality of air, one can arrive at the
Truth-Birthless Brahman, the origin of all appearances. Sktam 35 is
a good one from sage Grithsamada on Apmnapat, who could be heat
energy of the Sun, which is present in the atmosphere. This is nothing
but a form Agni. It is followed by another sktam (36) which is on
Indra, Maruts and Agni, who could be gross, subtle or spiritual, in
principle. Sktam 37 is a comparatively short one from the same i
on Dravind (giver of wealth), and Avins, who could be heavenly
physicians or tma twin.
This is followed by a sktam (38) on Savit, who is thought to be
soul the Sun. In sktam 39 sage Grithsamada compares Avins with
many other inseparable combinations that are found in Nature.

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He talks about Sma-P combination in sktam 40. By

implication, Sma stands for Witnessing Self, which moves from one
living creature's body to another. Pan could then be the Manifested
Self and Aditi - Mother Nature (Prakti) - may stand for Mahmya
(The Great Illusion).
Skta 41 is comparatively a long one from the sage in which he
talks about a variety of subjects. However, all ks in the sktam are
comprehensible with some effort.
The last two sktas (42 and 43) from sage Grithsamada are
essentially Indra sktas - Indra in the form of two kinds of birds akuna
(sktam 42) and Kapinjala (sktam 43). Logically, one can expect that
these sktas are bound to contain implied or hidden meaning.

Maalam 3
The famous i Vivamitra - the friend of all - and Vaivmitras
are the seers of sktas (total 62) of this Maalam.
Sticking to convention, sktam 1 is on Agni, who can be gross (fire
or different forms of energy, or energy personified (subtle) and spiritual
(soul of energy). The next two sktas (2 and 3) are on Vaivanargni.
That word means leader of all men. In that sense, He may be thought
of as the soul of energy; or the energy that keeps the human heart
beating during the whole life-time of the body. These sktas deal with
various qualities attributed to Vaivanargni quite beautifully. Sktam
4 is the usual pryasktam containing eleven mantras keeping the
same conventional order of Dvatas. This is followed by three more
Agni sktas (5, 6 and 7), wherein Agni is said to be knower of Truth,
leading men to Truth. By implication, when seekers of Truth meditate
on Agni, He leads these men to the Birthless State of Oneness.
Sktam 8 deals with protector of forests, and shining beings like
Vivdvs, Rudras, Vass, etc.. It mostly contains Adhibhutik and
Adhidaivik knowledge. Sktas 9, 10 and 11 are also basically on Agni
only. Different forms of energy appearing in various locations in the
Universe-the Space, atmosphere and earth.

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Both external and internal fire are being talked about in sktam
10. Gross, subtle and spiritual Agni are dealt with in sktam 11. Sage
Vivamitra is the i of sktam 12 on Indra-Agni, Universal Jvtma
and personified energy respectively. Mantras in this sktam are spread
over gross, subtle and spiritual areas of knowledge.
Sktas 13 through 19 are all Agni-sktas : 13, 14 from abha
(Vaivamitra); 15, 16 from Ukla (Ktya); 17, 18 from Kaa
(Vaivmitra); 19 from sage Gthi, father of sage Vivamitra. In these
sktas, Agni could be gross and subtle mainly, though in some of
them spiritual Agni is also dealt with. The following sktam (20) is
also from sage Gthi, in which he talks about Vivdvs including
Agni. Sage Gathi is the i of the next two sktas 21 and 22. These
are basically Agni-sktas. Different forms of Agni are specifically
described in sktam 22. Sktam 23 is another similar Agni-sktam
from sages Dvarav and Dvavta, while sage Vivmitra is the
i of sktam 24 on Agni again. Sktam 25 deals with Indra-Agni
combination also. This is followed by a significant sktam (26) from
sage Vivamitra, who gets himself identified with the Witnessing Self
in his body (3.26.7) by meditating on the soul of Agni (perhaps); in
which case, 'Him' in 3.26.9. stands for 'Agni' referred to in the previous
k (3.26.8). Sktam 3.27 is another Agni-sktam from the sage in
which he talks about all the three forms of Agni. He closes his sktas
on Agni with another two more sktas 28 and 29.
The next three sktas 30, 31 and 32 are wonderful sktas on Indra
from sage Vivmitra. All qualities and noble deeds attributed to Indra
are spelt out beautifully in sktam 30; while sktam 31 contains many
ks which are expressed in the mystic language of those days. So one
should not be carried away by the superficial meaning of these ks.
The sktam that follows is 33 from the sage on Rivers (Nadya).
Indra, who is said to be the Creator of rivers, is also being referred
to in a few ks. Last few ks are addressed to the rivers themselves,
possibly implying Divine River, (spiritual) Sma. Next to come up are
two Indra-sktas from sage Vivmitra (34 and 35). In these sktas,

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Indra could be Universal Manifested Self (or Jvtma) which is to

imply that many ks in these sktas carry hidden meanings. Sktam
36 is yet another one on spiritual Indra from sage Vivmitra and
Ghra (girasa). Sktam 37 is a perception from sage Vivmitra
only on Indra, who could be divinity or Universal Manifested Self.
This is followed by two admirable sktas 38 and 39 from him. Last
few ks of sktam 38 refer to Birthless Brahman indirectly, as Truth
is inexplicable by words. Similarly, mantras in sktam 39 deal with
spiritual Indra and tma indirectly. Hence both these sktas are not
easily comprehensible.
Sage Vivmitra is the i of sktas 40 through 48 also. These
sktas deal with Indra and His association with extracted Sma. This
implies that; here, most appropriately, Sma stands for flowing essence
of tma, and Indra for Universal Manifested Self (or Jvtma). Sktam
48 is particularly note worthy as most of the ks in this sktam are
expressed in the mystic language.
49 through 52 are again Indra-sktas from sage Vivmitra, where
Indra could be mostly of the subtle type (divinity) responsible for the
creation of Matter and objects made of basic forms of matter; though
in a few ks the word stands for spiritual Indra. Next sktam (53) is
on Indra, and on Vk, which means Vdik speech. By implication,
here Indra is considered to be a knower of Vds, and hence essence
of Vdas - Oneness is Truth. Some ks in this sktam carry hidden
meaning. This marks the end of Indra sktas from him.
The next set of sktas 54, 55 and 56 are on Vivmitra, identifying
himself as Vcya, which means 'named' or spoken of. These are highly
admirable sktas containing mantras which deal with all four aspects
of Vdik knowledge - Adhibhutik, Adhidaivik, dhytmik and tma.
These ks call for intensive study and serious reflection for a proper
understanding of their implied meaning.
This is followed by the last set of sktas from sage Vimitra in
this Maalam, 57 through 62. Sktam 57 is on Vivdvas; 58 on
Avins who could be (imaginary) divine physician or tma-twin; 59

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on Mitra, who is attributed to be Lord of the Universe during the day,

which could imply the soul of the Sun. The sage talks about bhus
and also Indra in sktam 60, where bhus are thought of as wise men
who realised Oneness of The Self and attained Indra's status. The next
sktam (61) gives a beautiful description of U. The last sktam 62,
deals with many subjects; Indra-Varua, Bhaspati, Pu, Savit,
Sma and Mitra-Varua. This is an important sktam, since it contains
the famous Gyatri Mantra on Savit, which brought the status of a
Brahma i for sage Vivmitra.

Maalam 4
Based on number of sktas, this is the second smallest Maalam
in gvda with 58 sktas, the smallest being Maalam 2 with 43
sktas. Though small in number of sktas, this is an important
Maalam because of the many sublime and highly mystic sktas it
contains, which are perceptions of the great sage Vmadva. In fact,
except 42, 43 and 44, rest of the sktas in this Maalam are from sage
Vmadva. Hence this Maalam can be fittingly called as Vmadva
Maalam. The first fifteen sktas are basically Agni sktas, sticking
to the convention followed in gvda. Both Agni and Varua are
talked about in sktam 1, which is important since it covers all the four
aspects of Vdik knowledge. Four forms of Agni are dealt with here
- gross, subtle, spiritual, and as Messenger of tma; implying thereby,
Agni who stays with tma in the heart-space of human beings. This
comment is applicable to sktas 2 and 3. Three types of Agni is talked
about in sktam 4 too.
Vaivnara, another form of Agni, is the Dvat of sktam 5.
Many ks in this sktam are in the coded language of the Vds. As
such, this sktam abounds in ks carrying hidden meanings. So this is
to be taken as mystic Sktam. sktam 6 deals with mainly three types
of Agni, while sktam 7 talks about Agni, who is the co-dweller of
tma within the heart of human beings. Although sktas 9, 10 and 11
are also on three types of Agni, they contain comparatively simpler
mantras, which should be comprehensible without much difficulty.

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Meditating on Agni, the soul of energy, one can arrive at the origin of
Agni, namely Oneness; or unreality of all born things, which includes
the very birth of Agni (or the concept of birth itself). In other words,
Agni serves as a door to Supreme Truth as indicated in sktam 11.
Both physical and spiritual forms of Agni are dealt with in the next
three sktas 12, 13 and 14.
Agni, Smaka-Shadvya and Avin are the Dvats of sktam 15.
Symbolically, Smaka-Shadvya may represent Universal (moving)
Witnessing Self and Jvtma (co-dweller in the heart-space with the
Witnessing Self). This idea was revealed to the scribe (perhaps by sage
Vmadva himself) on the eve of writing this part. Sma is known as the
immortality bestowing nectar, which is believed to be brought to mortals
by the golden eagle named Supara. Immortality is synonymous with
tma. This Smaka-Shadvya move from one living body to another
continuously and is basically the same as spiritual Avin (tma-twin).
(Interestingly a living creature's body is compared to a tree in 1.164.20
by sage Drghatam, where two similar birds having beautiful (golden)
wings live together as friends). Smaka-Shadvya must be the two
golden-winged eagles described in 1.164.20. Therefore though the
sktam appears to be simple, it deserves serious reflection if one wants
to understand the implied meaning of the ks properly.
Sage Vmadva starts off his exposition on Indra with two
admirable sktas 16 and 17. Qualities and deeds attributed to Indra
as a divinity, as Universal Jvtma and as Manifested Self are spelt
out clearly in these sktas. He is also said to be knower and protector
of The Self. Skatam 18 is another one on Indra, which is usually,
misconstrued by many and therefore the sktam needs careful study to
understand the hidden meaning. Sktas 19 through 22 are also Indra
sktas from sage Vmadva, in which he talks about various activities
of Indra as : the causer of manifestation of this material Universe;
maintainer of Nature's Laws; destroyer of enemies - external and
internal - of His invokers; and revealer of Truth - Oneness of tma - to
them. In these sktas so many mantras are not easily comprehensible

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19

for the common man.

Skatam 23 deals with Indra and presiding Deity of ta (Nature's
Laws). Since Indra is being considered as the causer of manifestation
of Nature or the material Universe, He is responsible for maintaining
ta as well. Hence this one is also to be treated as a mystic sktam.
This is followed by another two Indra-sktas, 24 and 25, which are
comparatively more simple or readily comprehensible.
The next three, 26, 27 and 28 are extremely difficult-to-comprehend
sktas. In sktam 26, Vmadva identifies himself with tma present
in his own heart-space and so mantras in this sktam are to be treated as
the perceptions inspired by the Universal Impeller-the golden-winged
eagle. Similarly sktam 27 is his perception when identified himself
with Indra, the golden-winged eagle representing Universal Impeller.
Though Universal Impeller is One only, when seen within heart-spaces
of living creatures as their Witnessing Self, It appears to move from
one body to another as (moving) Universal Witnessing Self, who is
the Dvata of sktam 28; even though it is basically an Indra-sktam.
All three sktas 26, 27 and 28 are to be treated as highly misconstrued
sktas of gvda.
29 through 32 are also essentially Indra-sktas from sage
Vmadva. U is also being talked about in sktam 30; while Indra's
horses (or rays of spiriutal light of tma) are being dealt with in sktam
32. Superficial meaning of ks in these sktas is easily understandable.
However, implied meaning of sktas 30 and 32, considering spiritual
U in sktam 30 and rays of spiritual light in sktam 32; implied
meaning of ks in these sktas can be derived with some effort.
This is followed by a set of five sktas (33 through 37) on Ribhus
by sage Vmadva. Superficial meaning of these sktas may appear to
be easily understandable. However, inherent meaning of many ks in
these sktas is very difficult to understand fully without intense mental
work or instruction from an experienced teacher.
Except for the first k, sktam 38 is basically devoted to
Dadhikar. k 1 deals with the Space and earth also. So also 39

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and 40 are Dadhikara sktas. Qualities - gross, subtle and spiritual attributed to Him are discussed in detail in these sktas. Conceptually,
He appears to be Universal Power (or energy) Source, who pervade
all energy-carrying objects in this Universe. Last one in this series
from sage Vmadva is sktam 41 on Indra-Varua. They could be
divine entities, or Universal Jvtma-Paramtma since in many places
in gvda, Varua is considered as King of the Universe.
Sage Trasadasyu is the i of sktam 42. This word means scarer
of the wicked. The first few ks are from a seer, who has attained
Oneness with tma and the others refer to Indra and Varua (Jvtma
- Paramtma). Dvat of the next two sktas 43 and 44 is Avins,
who could be any twin - gross, subtle or spiritual (Sun-Moon, Divine
physicians, Paramtma-Jvtma twin). These are from (Sauhotries)
Puruma and Ajama. This is followed by another sktam on Avins
from sage Vmadva himself.
From sktam 46 onwards upto the last skta 58, all of them are
perceptions of sage Vmadva. Of these sktas, 46 and 47 deal with
Indra and Vyu; while Vyu alone is the Dvat of sktam 48. The
next one (49) is on Indra and Bhaspati and so also sktam 50. These
are comparatively simple sktas, which do not call for any special
mention.
Sktas 51 and 52 give a beautiful description of U, who could be
physical Dawn or the soul of Dawn. This is followed by two sktas (53
and 54) on Savit, who could be the Sun or the soul of the Sun, namely
the Manifested Self. In that sense, these two sktas are to be treated as
mystic sktas. No special mention may be called for on sktas 55 and
56 on Vivdvs and the Space and earth respectively. Sktam 57 is
on Ktrapat, una, etc.. Superficial meaning of ks in this sktam
is easily understandable. In the spiritual sense, Ktrapati is tma or
Manifested Self, since body of a living being serves as temple for these
two. Treating this sktam to be a misconstrued one, implied meaning
of the ks is given in this Treatise.
The last sktam (58) of the Maalam is on Agni, Srya, pa

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and Ghta. The reader should not be misled by the superficial meaning
of the ks treating them in the Adhibhautik sense. Implied meaning
presented in the Treatise shows this is to be treated as a mystic sktam,
which is a fitting end to a glorious Maalam from sage Vmadva.

Maalam 5
Perception of another famous sage Atri and tryas are presented
in this Maalam, which contains eighty seven sktas. The first four
sktas are on Agni as usual. The first one is from (tryas) sages Budha
and Gavihira; the second from Kumra and Va (both). Sktas 3 and
4 are from i Vasuruta. These sktas deal with mainly attributes of
gross and subtle Agni, though spiritual Agni is also alluded to in sktas
2 and 4. Sktam 5 is a conventional priya sktam from (trya) sage
Vasuruta. This is followed by sktam 6 from the same sage on Agni
- gross, subtle and spiritual. From 7 to sktam 26 are Agni-Sktas
from various ies belonging to trya Gtra. Sktas 7-8 are from
sage Ia; 9-10 from sage Gaya; 11 through 14 form sage Sutambhara;
16-17 from sage Puru; sktam 18 form Mktavha Dvita; 19 from sage
Vavri; 20 from Prayasvanta (tryas). Sktam 21 is from sage Sasa;
from sage Vivasm; 23 form sage Dyumna Vivacarani; 24 from
Gpyana ies Bandhu, Subandhu, etc; 25, 26 from (trya) ies
Vasyavas. The only exception is sktam 15, which is from (girasa)
sage Dharua. ies of all these sktas talk about three different types
of Agni and their attributes, which are already described in earlier
Maalas. Sktam 27 is said to be the perception of five sages,
Traiva, etc.. about Agni and Indra-Agni, who could be physical,
subtle or spiritual. This is followed by sktam (28) from an (tryi)
sage named Vivavr on the three types of Agni as in earlier sktas.
Dvata of sktas 29 through 40 is Indra; 29 through 36 from tryas
and girases; and the last four from sage Atri himself. However,
seer of sktam 29 is said to be Gauravti a ktya sage; and sktas
33 and 34 are perceptions of the great sage Samvaraa (Prjpatya).
Indra in sktam 29 could be a divinity or spiritual - Manifested Self

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or Universal Jvtma. In sktam 30 sage Babhru (trya) talks about

mainly Indra and briefly about Kutsa. Both these sktas have many
ks which carry implied meaning. Another (trya) sage is the seer
of sktam 32 on Indra, who could be of the subtle or spiritual type.
This marks the end of Chapter I of Aakam IV. Sktas 33 and 34 are
in symbolic language. They contain mantras dealing with all the four
kinds of Vdik Knowledge. Sage Prabhvasu (girasa) is the i of
sktas 35 and 36. Superficially, Indra may appear to be of the subtle
type. But the sage implies Universal Manifested Self in most of the
mantras.
Sage Atri talks about Divine Indra and Universal Manifested Self
in all the four sktas, 37 through 40. Among these sktas, the last one
is significant, because in this sktam, he identifies himself with tma.
He talks about Vivdvs in sktas 41, 42 and 43. They could be
subtle entities or of the causal type. In sktam 43, he alludes to tma
also, by implication. Sktas 44 through 51 are also on Vivdvas.
Sktam 44 is by Avatsra (Kyapa), 45 from (trya) sage Sadpa.
Both are sublime sktas covering all the four aspects of gvda. The
next six sktas (46 through 51 are also on Vivdvas from sages of
trya clan. Sktam 46 is from sage Pratikatra, which is comparatively
simple, concerning gross and subtle worlds only. Sage Prtiratha is
the seer of sktam 47; 48 from sage Pratibhnu; and 49 from sage
Pratiprabha. Sktam 50 is from Svasti, though comparatively smaller,
it covers knowledge of the gross, subtle and causal worlds. Sktam 51
is a similar one from sage Svasti. It can be treated as a good example
of sublime prayer.
The next set 9 sktas (52 through 60) are on Maruts. All of them
are perceptions of another famous (trya) sage yvava. Among
them 52 is specially note-worthy, because in this one he describes how
he arrived at subtle and causal worlds. Sktam 61 is a similar sktam
from the same sage. In this he talks about yvava, Puruma,
Rathavti, etc..
Mitra-Varua is the Dvata of sktas 62 through 72, which are

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perceptions of various trya sages. Sktam 62 is from rutivit, 63

and 64 from Arcana, 65 and 66 from Rtahavya, 67 and 68 from
Yajata, 69 and 70 from Urucakri; and 71 and 72 from Bhuvkta.
Some ks in these sktas contain implied meaning.
Avins is the Dvata of next six sktas, 73 through 78, and all
of them are from trya sages; 73-74 from sage Paura; 75 from sage
Avasyu; 76-77 from sage Atri or Bhauma (trya) and 78 from sage
Saptavadhri. Since Avins can be two entities who could be physical,
subtle and spiritual; the ks in these sktas can be expected to have
three different meanings. Some mantras could also, by implication, be
referring to tma.
(trya) Sage Satyarava is the perceiver of sktas 79 and 80 on
U, who could be personified physical Dawn, or in the spiritual sense,
dawning of Self-Knowledge. Similarly, sktas 81 and 82 from sage
yavva on Savit can have three different interpretations depending
on whether Savita is taken as the Sun, the soul of the Sun or the
Universal Manifested Self.
The two sktas 83 and 84 from Bhauma (trya) are on Parjjanya
and Prithivi respectively. They can be considered as description of
physical world. Sage Atri is the i of sktas 85 and 86. Sktam 85
deals with Varua, who could be a divinity or Lord of the Universe
implying Manifested Self. Indra-Agni are the Dvatas of sktam 86.
They could be subtle or spiritual entities; or ks in this skta may
contain the first three kinds of Vdik knowledge.
The last sktam 87 is from (trya) vaymarut on Maruts, who
can be treated as personified wind (moving air). ks in this skta
mainly contain Adhibhautik and Adhidaivik information.

Maalam 6
This Maalam is a collection of 75 sktas, which are perceptions
of the great sage Bharadvja (Brhaspatya), amyu (Brhaspatya),
and sages belonging to Bharadvja clan (Bhradvjas). The first thirty
sktas are from sage Bharadvja himself.
Of these thirty sktas; 1 through 6 and 10 through 16 are Agni-

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sktas; and 7 ,8 and 9 on Vaivanargani. In the first set of six sktas

on Agni, mostly gross and subtle manifestations are dealt with, though
spiritual Agni and tma are briefly dealt with in sktam 1. The same
is the case with sktam 9 on Vaivnargni. Sktas 7 and 8 are also on
Vaivnara, but the main stress in these sktas is on gross and subtle
worlds mainly. Among the next set of seven sktas on Agni, spiritual
Agni is also talked about in 13, 15 and 16; while the other four sktas
mostly deal with physical and subtle types of information. The next
ten sktas (17 through 27) are from sage Bharadvja on Indra, who
could be any of the three types; gross, subtle (or divine) and also
spiritual - Manifested Self or Universal Jvtma. Sktam 20 gives a
comprehensive account of Indra and activities attributed to Him. Three
manifestations of Indra are being talked about in all the ten sktas. In
addition, tma is being referred to briefly in few sktas (eg: sktam
18, 20, 26). Sktam 26 is to be particularly noted, since it is coached in
the symbolic language of ancient Vdik sages, and inherent meaning
of ks in this skta especially is not easily comprehensible.
Sktam 27 from sage Bharadvja on Indra and Dnam is another
misconstrued sktam of gvda. Indra is said to be the giver of 20
cows to the seer of the sktam and this gift of twenty cows is dealt
with in detail in the next sktam. In other words, sktam 28 is to be
considered as a continuation of the earlier sktam (27). Sktam 29 also
deals with Indra and His gift of Self-Knowledge to an Indra-invoker
like sage Bharadvja. One should not be carried away by the superficial
meaning of ks in this sktam. Indra again is the Dvata of the next
set of six sktas. These are as follows: 31-32 are from sage Suhtra,
33-34 from unahtra and 35-36 from sage Nara. Some of them deal
with subtle and spiritual manifestations of Indra; while sktas like 31
and 34 talk about Indra's gross and subtle manifestations only. The
last sktam 36 is an Indra-sktam expressed in the symbolic language
of the Vds. Bharadvja (Brhaspatya) is the i of the next set of
seven sktas (37 through 43). Again these are on Indra and in these
sktas also, all the three types of manifestations of Indra are being

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dealt with.
amyu, a sage belonging to Brahaspatya clan is the perceiver of
sktas 44, 45 and 46 on Indra. Moreover, in sktam 45, he describes
Indra as the one responsible for the creation of this material Universe,
which implies that Indra is the Universal Manifested Self. Sktam 47
is an important Indra-sktam from sage Grga (Bhradvja), in which
he specifically states that Indra is a reflected image of the Self, who is
responsible for the movement of The Self from one living creature's
body to another.
This is followed by another sktam (48) from sage amyu again
on Agni, Maruts, Pa and Dyvprithiv. This is another important
sktam containing all the four kinds of Vdik knowledge.
This is followed by four sktas on Viavdvs from sage
(Bhrdvja) Rijiv. The first three kinds of information can be found
in sktam 49. In the other three 50, 51, 52 the fourth category is also
talked about.
Sktas 53 through 74 are the perceptions of sage Bharadvja
again; 53 through 56 and 58 on P, 57 on Indra-P; 59-60 on
Indra-Agni, 61 on Sarasvati; 62-63 on Avins, 64-65 are on U; 66
on Maruts, 67 on Mitr-Varua; 68 on Indra-Varua; 69 on IndraViu; 70 on Dyvbhumi. In sktas 53 through 58, Pa is thought
of as symbolising Paramtma and Indra stands for Universal Jvtma.
Similarly Indra-Agni in 59-60 represent Jvtma and soul of energy;
Avins stand for Paramtma-Jvtma twins and U in sktam 65 for
dawning of spiritual knowledge. Sktas 61 on Sarasvati; 64 on U,
and 66 on Maruts cover Adhibhautik and Adhidaivik aspects of Vds
only; so also sktam 70 on Dyvbhmi. Varua in 67-68 is taken
to be King of the Universe as symbolising tma. Indra in 68, 69 and
72 represents Universal Jvtma and Viu in 69 stands for the allpervading tma. Savit in 71 may mean the soul of the Sun. Sma
in 72 and 74 represents moving Witnessing Self. Sktam 73 is on
Bpaspati. Last sktam (75) is by sage Pyu (Bhradvja). It deals
with weapons of war superficially. But it is to be treated as one of

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the misconstrued sktas of gvda, as it contains many ks having

implied meaning.

Maalam 7
Maalam 7 is a collection of perceptions from one of the most
famous Vdik ies, Vasiha, Vasihaputrs and Kumra. Of the
104 sktas of this Maalam; except 33, 34, 35 and 101 through 104,
all others are from sage Vasiha himself.
As usual; the first few sktas (1 through 17) deal with Agni and
various activities attributed to Agni. Sktam 1 gives a good description
of gross, subtle and spiritual forms of Agni - the soul of energy and
sktam 2 is a conventional pryasktam. Sktas 2, 3, 8, 11, 12, 14,
15, 17 contain mostly Adhibhautik and Adhidaivik information. In
contrast, three types of Agni - gross, subtle and spiritual - are being
talked about in sktas 4, 9, 10 and 16. Vaivanargni or Universal
source of power (or energy) is the Dvat of sktas 5, 6 and 13. Among
these seventeen sktas, 4 and 5 are particularly note-worthy.
Next fifteen sktas (18 through 32) are Indra sktas from sage Vasi
ha. Sktas 18, 19, 20 and 21 are significant because they are expressed
in the symbolic Vdik language and hence usually misconstrued.
For a proper understanding of many ks in these sktas a careful
study is absolutely necessary. Sktam 32 is also a misconstrued
one. Interestingly, though it deals with Vasihaputrs and Vasiha,
sktam 33 is also of the same category. These sktas contain all the
four kinds of Vdik knowledge. In comparison, sktas 22 through 25
and 27 deal with the gross, subtle and spiritual manifestations of Indra.
Sktas 26 and 28 through 31 are Indra sktas containing Adhibhutik
and Adhidaivik information mainly.
Sktas 34 and 35 are also from Vasihaputrs in which Vivdvs
is the Dvat. They also contain Adhibhautik and Adhidaivik
knowledge. Also, sktam 35 is a good example of a prayer sktam
of gvda. Vivdvs is the Dvat of sktas 36 and 37 from sage
Vasiha. Sktas 35 and 36 are of the same category. But sktam 37
covers all the three aspects of Vdik knowledge.

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Sktas 38 and 45 from sage Vasiha are on Savit, who could be

the Sun, or the soul of the Sun representing tma, The Self. Vivdv
is the subject matter of the sktas 39 through 44. ks dealing with all
the four categories of Vdik knowledge can be found in all of them
invariably, since they are in the symbolic language. Sktam 41 is an
exception. It is considered to be one of the most famous prayer sktas
of gvda. Sktas 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 53 and 54 are similar prayer
sktas dedicated to : 46 - Rudra, 47 and 49 - pa, 50 - Vivdvs,
51 - ditys, 53 to Dyvprathivi and 54 to Vstpati. In other words,
they contain Adhibhautik and Adhidaivik information only. On the
other hand, sktam 48 on Ribhs and 52 on ditys contain ks which
carry implied meaning of the third and fourth kinds.
One of the most misconstrued sktas of gvda is sktam 55 on
Vivdvs as the whole sktam is in the symbolic language. Lot of
thinking is necessary for a good understanding of the inherent meaning
of the sktam.
Sktam 56 in another sktam containing ks which carry implied
meaning. This is on Maruts. Sktam 58 on Maruts also belong to the
same category. It can also be considered as a good prayer sktam.
Maruts are being talked about in sktas 57 and 59. Rudra is also dealt
with in sktam 59, which is presented in the symbolic language. The
famous 'Mtyunjaya' Mantra is the last k (7.59.12) of this sktam.
Srya, Mitra and Varua are the Dvats of sktam 60 and also of
62, 63 and 66; while 61, 64 and 65 are dedicated to Mitra and Varua
only. All these sktas contain some ks which may carry implied
meanings; or all the four types of Vdik knowledge are present in these
sktas.
Avins is the Dvat of the next set of eight sktas (67 through
74). Though in principle, they could be gross, subtle and spiritual; it
has been shown that by taking Avins to be Paramtma-Jvtma twin
many ks in these sktas are found to carry profound implied meaning
(eg: 67, 68, 71, 74). Sktam 70 can be considered as typical example
of a misconstrued one.

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The next set of seven sktas (75 through 81) is about U,

who may be personified Dawn or Jandaya dawning of spiritual
knowledge. Sktas 75, 79 and 80 can be treated as belonging to the
former category; while U in the other sktas could be thought of as
of the spiritual type (Jandaya); meaning thereby, they contain ks
carrying implied meaning. Sktam 81 is a typical example of a prayer
sktam.
Indra-Varua combine is the Dvat in sktas 82 through 85.
In all these sktas they could be divinities or Jvtma-Paramtma
combination symbolically. That means, ks in these sktas can have
a superficial meaning and also implied meaning. Among them 83 and
84 are particularly impressive sktas. Sktam 84 could be considered
as a good prayer sktam.
Sktas 86 through 89 are typical Varua sktas, of which the
first three are to be treated as one set of misconstrued sktas, taking
Varua as the King of this manifested Universe-Universal Jvtma or
Paramtma. These are not at all easy for comprehension and may need
oral instruction and intense introspection. Sktam 89 is a comparatively
simpler one.
Dvat of sktas 90, 91 and 92 are Vyu and Indra, and Indra-Vyu
combination, who could be divinities, or Prs and Universal Jvtma
present in bodies of living creatures. Hence, these sktas contain the
first three categories of Vdik knowledge. The same is the case with
sktam 92 and 93 on Indra-Agni combine, or Universal Jvtma and
Vaivnargni. Sktam 94 is also on Indra-Agni combination which
deals with Adhibhautik and Adhidaivik information.
Sarasvati and Sarasvan are being talked about in the next sktas 95
and 96. These are expressed in the symbolic language and hence one
should be warned not to be carried away by the superficial meaning of
these sktas.
Sktam 97 is similar one on Indra, Bhaspati; and Brahmaaspati,
who could be representing Pramtma. Indra could be divinity or
spiritual. Bhaspati is the recognised Master of Vdik knowledge.

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Sktam 98 is on Indra and Bhaspati only.

Indra-Viu is the Dvat of sktam 99; and 100 is a Viusktam. In both the sktas Viu may stand for the all-pervading
Paramtma and Indra for Universal Jvtma. Hence all the four
categories of Vdik knowledge are present in 99 and 100. k 7.100.6
is a specially note-worthy one.
Sktas 101 and 102 are on Parjjanya, who could be gross (namely
rain-showerer cloud), or spiritual-Universal Jvtma, supplier of
soul to all living creatures on the earth. Hence, they contain Vdik
knowledge of the first three categories. (Agniputra) Kumra or sage
Vasiha could be the perceiver of the two sktas. The same is said
to be the case with the last two sktas of this Maalam 103 and 104.
Sktam 103 is in the symbolic language on Makas (superficially).
The concluding sktam 104 deals with several divinities (shining
beings) Indra, Sma, etc.. This can be regarded as a prayer type of
sktam from sage Vasiha.

Maalam 8
This Maalam consists of a collection of 92 sktas (excluding
eleven Blakhilya Sktas) from ies belonging to Kva, girasa,
etc.. Gtrs. The first sktam is from (Kva) sages Pragtha, Mdhtiti,
Mdhytithi, (Plygi) saga (girasi) avati. Indra-saga is the
Dvat, which means Indra free from ties. Most ks in this sktam are
in the symbolic language and they carry hidden meaning; or spiritual
Indra is implied in all such ks. Though Indra appears to be enjoying
the material form which are created by Him only, He is not tied down
to anyone of them as stated in the last two ks. He is not attached to
Prakti, even though He causes its manifestation. Sktam 2 is a similar
one from sage Mdhti (Kva) and Priyamdha on Indra-Vibhindu,
which means Indra - the spliter. By revealing Self-Knowledge, Indra
helps a seeker of Truth to split the imaginary bond between the body
and Jvtma (or tma). In fact, first four sktas are of the same
type. The third sktam is from sage Mdhytithi (Kva) on Indra,
Kauraya Pkasthma; which may imply established drinker of

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Sma (spiritual). Sktam 4 from sage (Kva) Dvtithi is on IndraKuraga (spot of light in Sma-spiritual). Significantly, last three ks
in each of these sktas are in the symbolic language, which means
that the seers of these sktas are referring to tma in these ks. Indra
could be in principle, gross, subtle or spiritual, but most appropriately
spiritual, so that these (other) ks are in tune with the last three ks.
(Kava) Brahmtithi is the seer of sktam 5 on Avins - the movers
from one living body to another; and sktam 6 on Indra-Praavya is
from sage (Kva) Vatsa. These two sktas are also coached in the
mystic language especially the last three ks of each skta. Implied
meaning of ks in these six sktas is not easy for comprehension.
Next sktam (7) is also from sage Vatsa. It deals with Maruts,
who could be gross or subtle. One could talk about a spiritual Vyu
as Pratyakam Brahma. Avins is the subject matter of the next three
sktas; 8, 9 and 10; seers of the sktas being sages Sadhavamsa,
aakara and Pragtha respectively all belonging to Kva clan. In
these sktas, Avins could be physical, subtle or spiritual (ParamtmaJvtma) and most appropriately the spiritual type as indicated in the
Treatise.
Sktam 11 is again from sage Vatsa on Agni, who could be gross,
subtle or spiritual. In other words, the first three categories of Vdik
knowledge can be derived for this sktam.
Indra is being talked about in sktas 12 through 18 from Kva sages
Parvta, Nrada, Gkti-Avaskti (2) and Irimbihi (2) respectively.
In these sktas Indra could be gross, divinity; or Manifested Self-cumUniversal-Jvtma. Among them sktam 11 is a good prayer-sktam.
ks of sktas 15 and 17 contain implied meaning. Sktam 18 is another
prayer-sktam on Vivdvs from sage Irimbihi.
This is followed by four sktas from another (Kava) sage
Sbhari; 19 on Agni, ditya and Trasadasyu, 20 on Maruts, 21 on
Indra and 22 on Avins. Many ks in these sktas, excepting sktam
21, carry implied meaning as they are expressed in the mystic language
of the Vds.

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Sage Vivamana is the i of sktas 23 through 26; 23 on Agni;

24 on Indra; 25 on Mitra-Varua and Vivdvs; and 26 on Avins
and Vyu. In these sktas three types of Agni and two kinds - subtle
and spiritual - of Indra, Varua, Viu, Avins etc. are being talked
about. Consequently all the four kinds of Vdik knowledge can be
found in these sktas. These sktas are not easily comprehensible.
Sktas 27 through 31 are perceptions from the famous sage
(Vaivasvata) Manu. The first four are on Vivdvs and the last one
(31) is on Yaja, Yajayajamna, etc.. Readers are likely to be misled
by the superficial meaning of many ks in these sktas as they are in
the coded language of the Vdas.
The next three are Indra-sktas; 32 and 33 from another great
(Kava) sage Mdhytithi and sktam 34 is the perception of sage
Nptithi. (Kva). In these sktas, Indra could be gross, subtle, or
spiritual; or three different meanings can be derived for many ks in
these sktas. A few ks (eg: last three ks of 34) may be alluding to
tma, which is beyond words.
Sage (trya) yvva is the i of the next four sktas. 35 is
an Avinau sktam, and 36, 37 on Indra and 38 is a sktam on IndraAgni. These sktas mostly deal with gross and subtle forms of the
respective Dvts.
Sktas 39, 40 and 41 are perceptions of another (Kva) sage
Nbhka. 39 is a sktam on Agni - gross, subtle and spiritual - and the
same is the case of sktam 40 on Indra-Agni. Varua, the King of the
Universe, is the Dvat of sktam 41. This implies that He symbolises
Universal Manifested Self or tma. A similar sktam is 42 from sage
Nbhaka (trya) or Arcanna. Sktas 43 and 44 are Agni-sktas from
the Agirasa sage Virpa. All the three types of Agni are dealt with
in these sktas also. This is followed by two Indra-sktas; 45 from
(Kava) Trika and 46 from sage (Avy) Vaa, which also talk about
Knta, Pthurava and Vyu. Three types of manifestations of Indra
are being talked about in these sktas. tma is being referred to in a
few ks. Sage Trita (ptya) is the perceiver of sktam 47 dealing with

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ditys, and U, which may imply dawning of spiritual knowledge.

Similarly, Sma - gross, subtle or spiritual - could be considered as the
Dvat of sktam 48 from (Kava) sage Pragtha. By taking Sma to
be of the spiritual type, many ks become more meaningful. tma is
also being referred to in some ks.
Sage Bhargga (Prgtha) is the i of the set of six sktas 49
through 54; 49 on Agni - gross, subtle or spiritual - and 50, 52 and 54
similar type of sktas on Indra. Sktas 51 and 53 are on Indra again,
but they mainly deal with gross and subtle type of information, though
some ks may be referring to spiritual Indra. Sktam 52 also talks
about shining beings in general.
Another (Prgtha) sage Kali is the perceiver of Sktam 55
on Indra, which is similar to the previous sktam (54) from sage
Bharagga. Sktam 56 on Aditi and ditys is supposed to be the
perception of Jlanddh Matsys. Logically, this is to imply that, this
sktam including the name of its perceiver is coached in the symbolic
language. All the four kinds of Vdik knowledge can be found in this
sktam and hence it is a specially significant sktam.
57 and 58 are primarily Indra sktas from (girasa) Priyamdha
which are again in the mystic language. However, last six ks (14
through 19) of 57 are on vamdha. ks 11 and 12 of 58 deal with
shining beings and Varua, who could be symbolising tma. Sktam 59
is one more similar Indra sktam from sage (girasa) Puruhanma.
Dvat of sktam 60 is Agni - gross, subtle or spiritual. It is the
perception of two sages belonging girasa clan, namely Sudt and
Purumha. 61 is another Agni-sktam from Pragthaputra Haryata.
This sktam contains ks which carry all the four categories of Vdik
knowledge. Saptavadhri or sage Gpavana (trya) is the seer of
sktam 62 on Avins. They could be gross, subtle or spiritual. A more
sublime, meaning for the ks can be obtained by assuming Avins
to be Paramtma-Jvtma twin. Next sktam (63) is also from sage
Gpavana (trya) on three types of Agni. The last three ks are on
rutarv (rka). As these are in the mystic language, they may be

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referring to tma, which is inexplicable by words. Virpa (girasa)

sage talks about three types of Agni in sktam 64; and 65, 66 and
67 are Indra sktas from a (Kanva) sage Kurusuti. Gross and subtle
(divinity) Indra is being dealt with in these sktas, though 66 may be
referring to spiritual Indra also to some extent.
Sage Kritnu (Bhrgava) deals with three kinds of Sma in the next
sktam (68). Sktam 69 is from kady (Naudhasa) on Indra mainly,
who could be gross, subtle or spiritual. In the last k, he talks about
shining beings in general.
The next three sktas 70, 71 and 72 are from (Knva) sage Kusd.
70 and 71 are Indra sktas, where Indra could be gross, subtle or
spiritual manifestations. Vivdvs are being dealt with in sktam
72.
Uan, a Kvya sage, describes three kinds - gross, subtle and
spiritual - of Agni in 73, while sktam 74 is a similar sktam on Avins
from (giras) sage Kria. Krnya Viavaka also talks about Avins
and also about Savita in sktam 75. Avins is the Dvat of sktam 76
too from probably sage (Vsiha) Dyumnka.
Sktas 77 through 82 are comparatively small sktas on Indra;
77 from sage (Gautama) Ndha, 78 and 79 from (girasa) sages
Nmdha-Purumdha, and 80 from an (try) named Apl. Sktam
81 and 82 are also Indra-sktas basically, though Ribhus are also being
mentioned in sktam 82. In all these sktas, invariably, Indra could
be gross, subtle or spiritual. By implication, they contain the first
three types of Vdik knowledge. 81 and 82 are from (girasa) sages
rutakaka and Sukaka.
Bindu (girasa) sage is the i of sktam 83 on gross and
subtle Maruts; while another (girasa) sage Tirac is the perceiver
of Indra-sktam 84, where Indra could be gross, subtle or spiritual
manifestations. Sktam 85 is also the perception of the same girasa
sage on Indra and Maruts, who could be Jvtma and Pras. 86, 87
and 88 are again Indra-sktas; 86 from (Kyapa) Rbha and 87,
88 from (girasa) Nmdha. In all Indra sktas, Indra could be of

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gross, subtle or spiritual types. Sktam 89 is in symbolic language;

Dvat being Indra, Vajram and Vk. ks in this sktam contain all
the four categories of Vdik knowledge. The famous sage Jamadagni
(Bhrgava) is the i of sktam 90. It covers a wide range of gross and
subtle subjects like : ditys, Avins, Vyu, U, Srya etc..
91 is basically an Agni-sktam form another Bhrgava sage
Prayga. Mostly gross and subtle types of Agni are talked about in this
sktam. The last sktam 92 is from the famous (Knva) sage Sbhari
on Agni and Maruts. This deals with mostly gross and subtle aspects
of Agni and Maruts.

Maalam 9
A more detailed study of this Maalam 9 is presented in the next
section.

Maalam 10
Before taking up serious study of this Maalam, one should have
a reasonably good background of the three-fold knowledge presented
in the earlier Maalas. This is a collection of 191 skta, which are
perceptions from ies belonging to many Gtrs and not following
any particular order. Many of them are imaginary Divinities like Yama,
Yami etc.. Following the convention, first few sktas (1 through 7) are
on Agni, followed by sktam 8 on Agni-Indra; both of them could be
gross, subtle or spiritual. Sktam 9 is on pa (personified), which
is another Basic Element of the observed Gross World. It contains
Adhibhautik and Adhidaivik information. Sktam 10 is coached in
the symbolic language of those days. It seems to convey an implied
meaning, which can be stated as follows. "Prakti, this infinitely
diverse Universe, could not have come into being from homogenous
Purua or tma".
As a logical follow up sktas 11 and 12 introduce the concept of a
flowing Sma (Spiritual) for the birth of the Universe. Just like energy
of the Sun extracts the sweet water for Indra, the wise sages extract
the flowing (spiritual) Sma from the cloud-like Ignorance covering

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the Birthless tma. The bird hawk stands for the Universal Impellertma, which is not describable by words, as IT is not a material thing.
Naturally, these two sktas are also expressed in the mystical language.
Sktam 13 is another mystic sktam about the two receptacles (say
the Space and earth) for carrying the spiritual Sma talked about in
the previous two sktas. They are intended to carry Sma for two
categories of born beings - immortal shining beings and mortals.
Discussion on the two paths, one leading to immortality and the
other to death-birth cycle is contained in sktam 14. Yama mentioned
in sktam 10.10 and His activities are also talked about in sktam
10.14.
Sktam 15 through 19 are perceptions of sages, each one of them
claiming themselves as Ymayna, which may mean whose place
of refuge is Yama or whose father is Yama. Sktam 15 deals with
Protectors, who could be imaginary divinities, enlightened souls, wise
sages, or deceased forefathers. Next sktam (16) is dedicated to Agni,
which could be funeral pyre, sacrificial fire or spiritual Agni. Sktam
17 talks about the birth of Avins (tma-twin); P the nourisher;
Sarasvati; the waters (pa); and Sma, flowing essence of tma
(or Divine waters, or streams). Birth-death-birth cycle, crossing over
the unreality of this cycle and attaining the Birthless State, deceased
ancestors, earth and Lord of Creation are talked about in sktam 18. The
last in this set, sktam 19 also deals with birth, rebirth, tma, Sma,
Indra, Agni, etc.. Mantras in all the four categories - Adhibhautik,
Adhidaivik, Adhytmik and about tma - are found in this set of five
sktas.
Different forms of Agni - fire, the Sun, lightning, personified
energy spiritual Agni, etc. - are being talked about in sktas 20 and
21 from (Indraputra) Vimada. The next five sktas (22 through 26)
are also from the same i, sktas 22 and 23 are on Indra-Divinity
or Manifested Self (or Universal-Jvtma; sktam 24 on Indra and
Avins (the tma-twin); sktam 25 is on Sma-flowing essence of
tma and 26 on Pa the nurisher, who may be symbolising tma.

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This sequence is significant - from Indra, the divinity to tma through

Sma, Avins, etc.. - all the four categories of Vdik knowledge I, II,
III and IV (in this order).
Sage Vasukra is said to be son of Indra. The first two sktas (27,
28) can be considered as an imaginary conversation between him and
Indra, who could be Jvtma in his body; while sktam 29 contains
mostly prayers addressed to Indra. Essentially these sktas serve to
bring out the different quantities and activities (or characteristics)
attributed to Indra.
Sktam 30 is an interesting one from sage Kavaa. It deals with
Agni and Divine Streams (or waters) - Sma, flowing essence of
tma. Therefore, this is to be considered as a misconstrued sktam.
Sage Kavaa is the i of sktas 31, 32 and 33. They are presumably
on Vivdvs, but they carry hidden (or implied) meaning, or these
are also to be treated as misconstrued sktas like his previous one.
Interestingly, the next sktam (34), which is also said to be probably
from sage Kavaa is on 'gambling' and its effects, indicating that
gambling was in vogue even during the Vdik era. How such a sktam
find a place among Vivdva-sktas needs careful consideration.
Possibly, this sktam may also be carrying a hidden meaning. (It could
possibly be the following. Once a man gets attached to sense objects
- correspond to 'gambling' - it is almost impossible to get out of this
infatuation and he is doomed for ever). Even then why the sktam
finds a place between the sktas on Vivdevas remains unexplained,
since sktas 35 and 36 are on Vivdevas again, though they are from
sage Lua. These two can be treated as routine prayers for wealth physical and spiritual - and for happiness. Sktam 37 is another similar
sktam containing mantras addressed to Srya or the Sun from a sage
who calls himself Abhitap, son of Srya. Sktam 38 is supposed to
be from Indra addressed to Himself, which may mean Manifested Self
or Universal-Jvtma.
Sktas 39 and 40 are on Avins, who could be tma-twin. As
this concept is not generally accepted by the common men, these two

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sktas too can be treated as misconstrued sktas and so also sktam 41

on Avins and which is of similar type.
Ka (girasa) sage is the i of sktas 42, 43 and 44. They
deal with qualities and deeds attributed to Indra and His association
with Sma. As both of them could be gross, subtle or spiritual, these
contain the first three categories of Vdik knowledge. Also, quite a
few mantras are prayers addressed to Indra.
45 and 46 are two beautiful sktas from sage Vatsapri on Agni,
who is the embodiment of all forms of energy. In these sktas, he talks
about different kinds of Agni - gross, subtle or spiritual. Sktam 47 is
from a sage who likes to be known as Saptagu. It is addressed to Indra
(or Jvtma present in his own body) praying for Self-Knowledge.
Material manifestations maintain the mind-manufactured miseries.
On realisation of the unreality of birth of Matter and objects made of
Matter, one attains the misery-less, Birthless State.
A sage who calls himself as Vaikuha Indra is the i of sktas
48 and 49, which are addressed to Indra. In other words, Indra is
proclaiming His own attributes. Here also Indra could be a divinity or
spiritual. Though the sktas are from a sage, it looks like a conversation
between Indra and His invoker.
The next three sktas; 51, 52 and 53 appears to be an imaginary
conversation between Agni (embodiment of all forms of energy) and
other shining beings who are basically inert. How Agni became the
acceptor of sacrificial oblations on behalf of all shining beings is the
main topic of these sktas. From a scientific point of view, energy
for the activities of all other imaginary shining beings is supplied by
Agni. But Agni, as well as other shining beings are mental creations of
the wise sages. Bhaduktha's two sktas on Indra contain Adhidaivik
and dytmik ks with reference to Indra, and a few of them to
tma indirectly. The next sktam (56) is also from the same sage but
dedicated to Vivdevas. First few ks deal with his own Internal Self
and in the remaining ks he talks about his forefathers and how they
attained the Birthless State.

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Seers of the next three sktas (57, 58, 59) are three Gaupyana
brothers. Subject matter of the first two is said to be 'The mind' and the
third one is about Lord of death. These brothers want to bring back the
mind, which is wandering on unreal material objects of the Universe
and direct it along the right path to arrive-at the Truth-Oneness. For
this purpose they are seeking for the assistance of various replendent
beings. Hence, these three sktas are to be treated as misconstrued
sktas. Sktam 60 is also from the same Gaupyana brothers and their
mother. It is on Asamti, Indra, the soul, etc.. Some ks talk about a
close relative, which could be one's own Jvtma. Sktas 57 through
60 carry implied meaning. Careful study is necessary for understanding
the implied meaning of ks in the sktas properly. In this way the
stage has been set for introducing two important sktas of gvda. The
next two sktas, 61 and 62, from sage Nbhndiha are very sublime
sktas expressed in the mystic language (and hence misconstrued). He
goes to the knowledge-sacrifice of the seven enlightened Agirases.
This might have been going on for nine or ten months to find out an
explanation for the birth of this material Universe from the original
state of Oneness. He was able to suggest a simple solution to this
perplexing problem which can be explained as follows. He might have
reasoned within himself that this living body is a complex combination
of non-matter tma and material body. With respect to tma, material
body is unreal. With reference to the material body, tma is unreal.
Both can not be real at the same time. So birth of a living body made of
matter from Birthless Brahman is unreal or inexplicable, as Real birth
from Birthless State is impossible. It can be a product of Ignorance
of Truth - Oneness. Essence of tma is Aja - Birthlessness. Opposite
(converse) of Aja is 'ja' which means born or descended from, etc..
Ignorance of 'Aja' - Knowledge - should naturally lead to the idea of
birth; or Ignorance becomes the seed for the birth of Prakti (or the
material Universe). This one clue enabled the Agirases to formulate
a logical explanation for the birth of this Universe from the Birthless
State. As a reward for this one ray of light of knowledge from the

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youngster Nbhndiha, the Agirases gave him thousands of rays

of spiritual light, namely Self-Knowledge (Oneness of tma). Oral
instruction is necessary for a complete understanding of these sktas.
(Purua is thought as seed of the Universe in 10.90).
Sktas 63 through 66 are on Vivdevas, who are imaginary
entities representing certain particular aspects of Nature (or natural
phenomena). 63 and 64 are from Gaya (Plta) and the other two from
sage (Vsukra) Vasukara. By implication, these shining beings are
thought of as being the sustainers of Nature (Prakti). Sktam 63 also
talks about prosperity.
Another famous (girasa) sage Aysya is the seer of sktas 67
and 68. He talks about Bhaspati (girasa), who is well-known as
the Master of Vdik knowledge. These two sktas can be considered
as a fitting tribute to sage Bhaspati as a prelude to his fine exposition
of tma-Jna (Self-Knowledge) in sktam 10.71. The two sktas 69
and 70 that just precede this sktam (71) is from sage Sumitra (good
friend). These deal with Agni superficially. Here Agni stands for
embodiment of spiritual light and not physical light energy.
Sktam 71 is the reputed Brahma Jna Sktam of (girasa) sage
Bhaspati. By or through this sktam, he came to be accepted as the
Master of Vdik knowledge. This sktam and the four preceding sktas
are expressed in the mystic language and not easily comprehensible
without oral instruction. Bhaspati is the i of sktam 72 also. In this
he talks about the birth of shining beings (divinities or enlightened
souls). Birth of shining beings sets the stage for the birth or creation of
Universe (Prakti).
Sktas 73 and 74 are from sage Gauravti. In these sktas, he
discusses the birth of Indra and Maruts - Universal Jvtma and Prs
(or the Basic Matter, Air) - which are essential for sustaining life on the
earth. Following a logical sequence, sage Sindhukit presents sktam
75 on flowing stream. Superficially they appear to be water streams.
But they may be representing the Mother (or cause) of all streams,
namely Sma-flowing essence of tma.

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Grva is the subject of the next sktam, 76. This could mean
stone in the physical sense; or cloud (or ignorance) in the spiritual
sense. Since flowing essence of tma-Sma is extracted from the
cloud-like Ignorance covering Truth, sktam 76 should be having an
implied meaning different from the superficial meaning.
Maruts are being talked about in sktas 77 and 78. They
contain mostly Adhibhautik and Adhidaivik information. However,
(personified) Air - Vyu - is considered as pratyakam Brahma
(Manifested Self).
Agni, who could be physical, subtle or spiritual is the Dvat of the
next two sktas 79 and 80. Spiritual Agni is also treated as Pratyakam
Brahma, since Agni is also a Basic Element, like air.
Sktas 81 and 82 are perceptions of a sage, who likes to be
known as Vivakarm and significantly Dvat of these sktas is
also Vivakarm. This word could mean all-creating One. As the
two sktas are Oneness, these two may not be easily comprehensible
for a common man having not sufficient background knowledge. A
sage called Manyu (which may mean The Spirit) is said to be seer of
sktas 83 and 84. Interestingly, Dvat of these sktas is also Manyu.
Logically, one could expect that superficial meaning of the sktas is
meant for general consumption and this is not the intended meaning.
Sktam 85 is one of the most misconstrued sktas of gvda.
This is chanted by the elders assembled in the marriage during the
closing stages of the ceremony to bless the newly married couple,
who is getting married in the presence of the witnessing Agni. If
one goes by the superficial meaning of the ks, he may not see any
connection between two successive ks in many places. This can be
expected since in 10.85.3 it is specifically stated that no one consumes
the Sma mentioned in the sktam, which only knowers of Brahman
know. By implication, Sma-flowing essence of tma is being talked
about in this sktam. Correspondingly Sry is to be taken as dawning
of spiritual knowledge (Jndaya). Importance of the sktam is
the following. It is describing the union of Spiritual Sma with the

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Spiritual Dawn and so fit enough to be chanted by the elders during all
marriage ceremonies irrespective of the Space and Time. Elders who
chanted this sktam during the Original Union of Spiritual Sma and
Spiritual Dawn should have been replendent beings, enlightened souls,
Agirases, etc.
Seers of sktam 86 are said to be Indra, Vkapi and Indri,
indicating the fact that this should be another misconstrued sktam of
this Maalam. Dvat of this sktam is Indra. To get at the intended
meaning of the ks is this sktam, appropriate meaning for these
words are to be deduced first, instead of making up funny stories to
explain the superficial meanings of the ks. Considering Indra to
be Universal Jvtma, His mistress becomes the Mother of all born
beings. 'Vkapi' means showerer (or showering) monkey. The Sun
is the light-showering monkey and seer of the sktam could be calling
himself as praise-showering monkey, or he is the praiser of Universal
Jvtma, Indra. Implied meanings of the ks follow automatically
without any hitch with such an assumption.
Sktas 87 and 88 are on different forms of Agni; the Sun in the
Space, Vaivnargni, gross fire etc.. But basically, Agni here is the
embodiment of energy; or He stands for spiritual Agni, as indicated
earlier in sktas 69 and 70. Sktam 89 is from Ru (Vaivmitra)
on Indra, Universal Jvtma or Manifested Self, and this precedes
another famous gvdik sktam 90 - Purua-Skta - from the brilliant
sage Nryaa i. How the enlightened sages (seven Agirases)
accomplished the Great Sacrifice of finding out an explanation for (the
birth) or Creation of this Material Universe from Matterless, Birthless
State of Oneness is summarised in 10.90.15 and 10.90.16. What they
accomplished is presented in the first fourteen ks of the sktam.
Three forms of Agni - gross, subtle or spiritual - is the subject
matter of sktam 91; while Vivdevas (Resplendent Beings) are
being talked about in sktas 92 and 93. These three are comparatively
easy for comprehension. ies of the sktas are Arua (Vaitahavya),
Mnava (ryta), and Prthya (Tnva).

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Siuktam 94 is another one on 'Grvaa' which is similar to sktam

76. So nothing more need be said on this sktam. It is said to be from
sage Arbuda.
Ultimate aim of any wise man should be Realisation of Truth Oneness of tma. This is the message conveyed by sktam 95, which
is one of the misconstrued sktas in this Maalam for the simple
reason that the ies of the sktam are Purravas and Urva who are
fictitious entities. In nature Dawns appear regularly bringing in a new
day. A man, if he is wise, should not spend his days brooding over
and ever-complaining about what is happening all around him daily,
waiting for a favourable day. On the other hand, he should concentrate
his mind on this manifested Universe and try to arrive at the truth about
this ever-changing Prakti. The Truth is the following. This Prakti is a
super-imposition on permanent Birthless State by ignorant minds, like
a picture on a screen. This is the message conveyed by the sktam.
Dvat of sktam 96 is Har; which means two horses (in the
gross sense) and rays (spiritually); of Indra. He is present as Jvtma in
each and every living body. But Jvtma, being unreal, has no spiritual
rays of its own. Indra gets them from the (moving) Witnessing Self
supplied by a drop of spiritual Sma-flowing essence of tma. These
two rays bestow existence and consciousness on every living creature
as envisaged by the wise sages.
Sktam 97 is on herbs form sage Bhiak (tharvaa). How such
a sktam find its place here is quite inexplicable.
Sktas 98, 99 and 100 are : on resplendent beings from sage
Dvpi, on Indra from sage Vamra and on Vivdevas from sage
Duvasyu respectively. These sktas contain ks, which convey mostly
gross and subtle types of knowledge; and a few dealing with Indra,
Savit and Sma convey information about the third (causal) world.
This is followed by sktam 101, which is also on Vivdevas
from sage Budha. In this sktam ks are presented in a highly mystic
language and hence they are not easily comprehensible.
Sktas 102 through 105 are Indra-sktas from sages Madgala,

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43

Apratiratha, Ataka, Sumitra (Kautsa) respectively. Among them 102

is similar to sktam 99, a sktam in the mystic language. The other
should be understandable, whether Indra is taken as subtle or spiritual.
Sktam 106 from Bhtmaa (Kyapa) is a beautiful sktam on
Avins who are Paramtma-Jvtma twin most appropriately.
Gift giving is the subject matter of sktam 107 from sage Divya.
Message of the sktam: wealth is meant to be given to the needy. This
includes knowledge of all kinds including Self-Knowledge.
Another most misconstrued skta in this Maalam is 108. It is
an imaginary conversation between Saram (the fleet one) and Panies
(bargaining sacrificers). Saram represents Light of Knowledge (the
fleetest One). The point that is being conveyed by the sktam is
the following. Giving donations with the ulterior motive of gaining
particular rewards is no donation at all. Such donors are bargaining
sacrificers.
Sktam 109 is yet another mystic sktam presumably from Juhu,
which could mean presiding (female) deity of speech or wooden ladle
meant for pouring oblations to a sacrificial fire. "Universal Impeller tma - inspired speech (sktam 71) in sage Bhaspati through shining
beings Mitra, Varua and Agni" is the essence of this sktam.
The next sktam (110) is a conventional prya sktam from sage
Jamadagni. 111 through 113 are Indra sktas from (Vairpa) ies
Atdamra, Nabha Prabhdana and ataprabhdana respectively;
where Indra could be gross, subtle or spiritual manifestations.
Though dedicated to shining beings superficially, sktam 114
from sage (Vairpa) Sadhri is a highly mystic one. Hidden meaning of
some ks can be comprehended only with great effort.
Agni is the Dvat of sktam 115, where Agni can be any of the
three types. Sage Upastuta is the i of this sktam.
116 is primarily an Indra-sktam from Agniyuta or Agniypa.
Sma is also being talked about. Both of them could be physical or
spiritual. Sktam 117 is a good example of an Adhibhautik skta
on Dhanam and Annam. Importance of giving them to the needy is

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brought out clearly here.

Rakhgni is the Dvat of the next sktam (118) from sage
Urukaya. Here the 'demon' could be external to one's body or within
his mind. Correspondingly, Agni could be gross, subtle or spiritual.
Ahambhva is one's own most powerful 'demon'.
Indra talks about Himself in 119. He attributes all His activities
to Sma - flowing essence of tma - either as Manifested Self or as
Universal Jvtma. The next sktam (120) is also on Indra but from
sage Bhaddiva. Indra - subtle or spiritual - is a reflection of tma on
the mirror of ignorance.
Sage Hirayagarbha is said to be the seer of the next sktam
(121), which is a well-known sktam by (or after) his name. This is
on Prajpati. It deals with the birth of the Universe from the Birthless
State, assuming the Universe to be egg-born from the Universal shining
golden egg (Hirayagarbha).
The next three sktas 122, 123 and 124 are basically Agni sktas
from ies Citramah; Vna; and Agni-Sma-Varua respectively.
Vna means the Sun or heat energy in the atmosphere. Here also
Agni could be gross, subtle or spiritual. Sktam 124 is an imaginary
conversation between Agni, Varua and Sma and hence ks in this
sktam are expected to contain hidden meaning.
Sktam 125 on tma and is said to be the speech of daughter of
(mbhi) which means a vessel (personified) for preparing Sma.
In the case of spiritual Sma, Ignorance (personified) or Mahmya
- the Great Illusion - is that vessel. This sktam deals with the creation
of the Universe from the Birthless State. The next three sktas; 126
from sage Kulmalabarhia (probably) and 128 from sage Vihavya on
Vivdvs and 127 from sage Rtri on Rtri (night personified) are
comparatively simpler.
Sktam 129 is on tmajana from a sage who calls himself as
Prajpati (Lord of all born beings). As can be expected, the sktam
deals with the creation of Universe from the Birthless State. The sktam
(130) that follows is from a i who wants to be known as Yaja

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45

(Great Sacrifice), who is the son of (or associated with) Prajpati. The
sktam deals with the Great Sacrifice of Creation of this Universe (or
rather the explanation). Consequently sktas 129 and 130 are not easy
for comprehension.
Sktam 131 from Sukrti (Kkivata) is on Indra and Avins,
while 133 and 134 on Indra from sage Sud and from Mndht talk
about mainly the spiritual manifestations of Indra and Avins. 132 is
a Mitra-Varua sktam mostly and contains mainly gross and subtle
information. Its perceiver is sage akapta. Sktam 135 is a Yamasktam from (Ymayna) Kumra. A beautiful description of Agni
Srya, Vyu, etc. is given in sktam 136 by a set of seven ies; while
perceivers of sktam 137 are another set of seven ies and it is on
Vivdvs. 138 is an Indra-sktam from sage Aga; and Savit is
being talked about by Vivvasu in sktam 139, where Savit may
represent Manifested Self. The sktam refers to tma also.
(Purifier) Agni talks about Agni in sktam 140. This is followed
by an exposition on Vivdvs from (Ascetic) Agni in sktam 141.
Four rga sages are the seers of sktam 142 on Agni.
Sktam 143 is a good sktam on Avins - gross, subtle and
spiritual- from sage Atri. 144, the next one, is an Indra-sktam from
a sage who calls himself Supara (one having beautiful wings). This
word is generally applied to Garuda, the divine eagle who carries the
nectar of immortality to Shining Beings and mortal men. This is a
worth-while point to remember while reading this sktam.
Mistress of Indra is the i of sktam 145. If She is considered as
the Mother of all born beings, then Indra becomes Universal Jvtma.
By implication, ks in this sktam carry hidden meaning.
A forest scene during the Vdik period is beautifully described in
sktam 146, which is from a i named Dvamuni.
147 and 148 are two Indra-Sktas from sages Suvda and Pthu
respectively. Here Indra could be a divinity or of spiritual type.
Sage (Hairanyastupa) Arcan is the i of sktam 149 on Savit
who symbolises Manifested Self.

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Sktam 150 is on Agni (personified energy) from sage Mka

and the one that follows (151) is on raddh from a (female) i, who
calls herself raddh. Sktam 152 and 153 are on Indra, the divinity,
from sa and from Indramtara respectively. Presumably these are
assumed names. Sktam 154 is an interesting one from sage (female)
Yami (see sktam 10.10). As mentioned there, she could be Prakti.
In this sktam she talks about inevitability of death to all (sacrificing)
mortals. Driving away of evil spirits and Brahmaaspati are dealt with
in sktam 155 from (Bhradvja) irimbiha. Sktam 156 from i
Ktu is on Agni, 157 on Vivdvs from Bhuvana (ptya) and 158
on Srya from sage Caku, who may be imaginary entities or not real
names.
The next one (159) is an interesting sktam from a i (female),
who imagines herself to be ac, who may be mistress (or might) of
Indra, on ac herself. Sage Praa (Vaivmitra) is the perceiver
of sktam 160 on Indra and Sma, who could be gross, subtle or
spiritual.
Sktam 161 from sage Yakmanana and 162 from Rakh
are famous prayer sktas on Indra and Garbharakanam (protector of
womb of a pregnant women). Sktas 163 from (Ksyapa) sage Vivh
and 164 from i Practas (girasa) are also prayer sktas on driving
away diseases from a bodily-sick person and for destroying sins arising
from misdeeds done knowingly or unknowingly by mind, by words or
by body organs.
Sktam 165 is an interesting one from a sage who identifies himself
as a pigeon (supposed to be a messenger of death) on Vivdvs
outwardly. Destruction of adversaries or a co-wife is the subject of
sktam 166. i of the sktam is said to be kvara, which means
thunderbolt with reference to Indra. It stands for spiritual light with
respect to spiritual Indra.
Sktam 167 is another sublime sktam on Indra-divine or spiritual
from the two famous sages Vivmitra and Jamadagni. Here Sma
could be gross, subtle or spiritual. Sage Anila, son of Vyu is the i

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of the interesting sktam (168) on Vyu. The next one 169 is a mystic
sktam from (Kkivata) abara on 'Gva', since this word could
mean cows or array of spiritual light.
Sktam 170 from Vibht (son of Srya) on Srya can have
superficial or hidden meanings by taking Sma in the physical,
subtle or spiritual sense. 171 is an Indrsktam from sage Ia. It is
comparatively easy to comprehend.
The next one (172) is about U (Dawn) from (girasa) sage
Samvarta and sktam 173 is from another (giras) sage Dhruva
which deals with a King who is being newly crowned by his crya.
Though Dvat of sktam 174 is said to be Rj (stuti) from Abhvarta
(girasa), it carries an implied meaning which one should make note
of. This is true also about sktam 175 from (rdhvagrv) Sarpa on
'Grv' which could mean stones or clouds depending on the type
of Sma. Similarly sktam 176 from (rbhava) Snu on Ribhus and
Agni; and 177 on Mya from sage Pataga are also to be taken as mystic
ones. Sktam 178 is from Trksya about himself. He is believed to be
bringer of immortality-bestowing Nectar to human beings. 179 and
180 are Indra-sktas; 179 from three sages and 180 from sage Jaya.
181 may be treated as mystic sktam from three sages on Vivdvs
and 182 is on Bhaspati from Tapu Mrdha (Brhaspatya).
Sktas 183 and 184 from (Prjpatya) sages Prajvn and Viu
respectively contain ks carrying hidden meanings. Sktam 185
on dity from Satyadhti and 186 from Ula on Vyu are easily
comprehensible. So also are the two Agni sktas 187 and 188 from
gnya sages Vatsa and yna respectively. Sarparji is said to be
the i of sktam 189 on Srya or tma, which implies that it carries
a hidden meaning.
Sage (Mdhuchanda) Aghamarana is the i of sktam 190,
which deals with the Creation of the Universe from the State of
Birthlessness.
The closing sktam 191 is on Agni from sage (girasa)
Samvanana and on Samjnam. Thus gvda, which started off

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with a sktam on Agni, befittingly closes with a sktam on Agni and

Samjnam which means right conception of knowledge. gvda
leads its readers to Truthful Knowledge with the help of Agni-gross,
subtle or spiritual.

3. Structure of Maalam 9
Introduction
As mentioned earlier, Sma essence could be gross, subtle or
spiritual. Hence, in principle, for each of the ks in this Maalam,
which is almost exclusively on Sma-Pavamna, three meanings can
be derived as shown below taking k 9.1.1. as an example.
(a) gross
Oh! ghee, water, Sma-creeper juice; extracted (or born) for
drinking for Indra; please flow with the stream, which is sweet and
most delighting.
(b) Subtle
Oh! Vdik hymns; extracted by the wise sages for drinking
for Indra; please flow with the stream, which is sweet and most
delighting.
(c) Causal or Spiritual
Oh! Flowing essence of tma; extracted by the wise sages from
the layer of Ignorance clouding around the Birthless Brahman for
the enjoyment of Indra; please flow from one living creature's body
to another like a stream (supplying spiritual rays of tma), which is
delighting Indra and the living creatures.
Each reader can derive the particular meaning, for each of the
ks in this Maalam, that he is seeking. It is very unlikely that a
reader will be seeking for all the three meanings at the same time. This
is because a seeker of the third meaning would be having a lower of
level of Ignorance and he will be in a position to derive the other two
meanings easily. So meanings of ks with reference to Spiritual Sma
are presented in the Treatise.

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49

PAVAMNA-SMA (SPIRITUAL)
(Flow-Diagram)

tma - Oneness - The Self

[Beyond (3-D) Space and Time (or x, y, z, t)]
Cloud (or Ignorance)-conditioned Sma
Infinite Rays - [F (x, y, z, t)]

Hari (Two Spiritual Rays) for Indra

The Manifested Self - Universal Jvtma
Aditi
Shining Beings
Nature's Laws
Paca Bhts
Material Forms

Jvtmas

Living Creatures of the Universe

The Observed Universe

Witnessing Self

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[Ref. 9.21].
Why study of structure of Maalam 9 is taken up as an example
is the following. As a first step towards the study of the Structure of
gveda, analysis of structural arrangement of Maalam 9 is taken
up since this should be simpler because the Maalam is more or less
exclusively devoted to Pavamna - Sma (Flowing Sma); (which
implies, one main variable less compared to other Maalas).
There are hundred and fourteen sktas in this Maalam which
are arranged Chandas-based into nine groups as follows

Pl x-y
an
e

Pl y-z
an
e

x-z
Plane

y
2
x

Table 1
Chandas - Based Grouping of Sktas

Representation of Sma - as a function of 3-D Space.

1.

Shining Sphere - Purua - Seed of the Universe. 10" dia as per

10.90.1. radiating infinite spiritual rays in 3-D Space continuously.
2. Cloud-like Ignorance covering the Shining Sphere.
3. Any ray picks up the essence of water (divine) - namely movement and comes out as drop of Sma continuously.
4. Each drop carries spiritual ray to enter the body of a living being.
The Sma Drop goes to Indra - The Manifested Self - for the
creation of Matter and forms made of Matter.
1

Time-wise Movement of Sma Drop

2
3
4
5
5

51

1. A typical Sma Drop

2. Body of an Imaginary Divinity
3. Body of an rdhvaja - plants
4. Body of a Svdaja - insects
5. Body of an Aaja - egg born
6. Body of a Garbhaja - womb born
Each drop activates the Avidya-born Jvtma of a living creature

Chandas

Sktam Number

Group

Gyatri
Jagat
Trihp
Anuhup
Unik
Brihat (Sat)
Dvipadvirt
Others
Pakti

1 to 67
68 to 86
87 to 97
98 to 101
102 to 106
107 to 108
109
110 - 11
112 - 114

I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX

Number of Mantras
in the respective
Total
Chandas

610
176
139
45
40
42
22
15
19
1108

600
166
139
41
40
32
22
15
19

From the above Table it can be seen that Chandas-based grouping

of the Sktas in this Maalam seems to be quite appropriate. To
obtain the i-based Structure, these groups can be divided into two:

a) Sktas 1 to 67 (in Gyatr Chandas mostly)

Interesting or significant sktas in this set are:
Sktam 1 - A typical sktam containing ks which carry triple
meanings.
Sktam 5 - A conventional prya sktam (on Agni or Sma)
Sktam 10 - Seer of the sktam attains the Birthless State

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Sktam 15, 16 - Process (or steps) of Creation described

Sktam 21 - Sma, the link between Birthless tma and this Universe.
Sktam 37, 38 - Characteristics of Sma brought out beautifully
Sktam 41, 42 - Admirable description of Spiritual Sma
Sktam 48 - Origin of Sma spelt out clearly
Sktam 66, 67 - Sma-enjoying shining beings talked about.

b) Sktas 68 to 114 (in other Chandases)

The first four names of ies appearing in Maalam 9 are
Madhuchand, Mdhtithi, uapa and Hirayastpa.
Excluding the name Jt (as his name does not appear in this Maala);
these are the very same names that appear in Maalam 1 and in the
same order. This may, probably, be because their sktas were wellknown much before the others perceived their sktas. Names of
Gtama and Kayapa appear in both Maalas (9 and 1), but they
appear much later in the same order. In both sets (A and B), as sktam
number increases, number of Mantras per sktam generally decrease
(except in the last few sktas in Set A and last two sktas in a few
Groups of Set B) as can be seen from the following Table. Interestingly
the last sktam of each of these groups except the last is a collection
of perceptions from different sages. Also, sktas 107 through 110 are
such collections of perceptions (see Section 4).
Table 2
Number of Mantras per Sktam
Set A

Set B
Group III

Group II

Number
Number
Sktam Numbers of Sktam Numbers of
Mantras
Mantras

9.1 to 9.4
9.5 (prya)
9.6 to 9.13
9.14 to 9.17
9.18 to 9.74

10
11
9
8
7

9.68 to 9.70
9.71 to 9.74
9.75 to 9.84
9.85
9.86

10
9
5
12
48

Sktam
Numbers

9.87
9.88
9.89
9.90 to 9.92
9.93 to 9.95

Group IV

Number
Sktam Number of
of
Numbers Mantras
Mantras

9
8
7
6
5

9.98
9.99
9.100
9.101

12
8
9
16

9.25 to 9.46
9.47 to 9.52
9.53 to 9.60
9.61 to 9.66
9.67

6
5
4
30
32

53

9.96
9.97

24
58

Whether these points observed on this Maalam has any

relevance with reference to other Maalas remain to be seen from the
next Section.

4. Structure of gvda
Introduction
gvda is so called because it consists of Mantras called ks.
gvda is divided into Aakas (Octad) and each Aakam is divided
into eight chapters. However, gvda was originally divided into ten
Maalas and each Maalam consists of several sktas. Maalamwise distributions of sktas are as given below:
Maalam No.

No. of sktas

191 43

62

58

87

75

104 92

10

114 191

Number of ks in each sktam may vary from one to more than

fifty in a few cases. This method of division of gvda is considered
to be more logical and scientific. Therefore, in this Treatise, overall
meanings of each k and comments on the ks are presented
Maalam-wise and sktam-wise as per the order given above. To
make it more explicit; each k is identified by three numbers. The first
number indicates Maalam, the second denotes sktam number and
the third specifies the number of k in that sktam. In addition, Aakam
numbers and chapter numbers are also indicated for information of the
readers of the treatise.
The method of presentation in this study is based on the following
variable factors (in their order of priority); 1) i 2) Dvata 3) Chandas
4) Maalam number 5) Sktam number 6) Mantram number.

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However, in Maalam 9, Dvata becomes the primary variable as

it is more or less exclusively devoted to one Dvata, namely SmaPvamna. Also, in Maalas 5, 8 and 10, both i and Dvata are
found to vary widely from one sktam to another. So it is not easy
to choose the primary variable for these Maalas. As Dvata seems
to vary less in Maalam 5 compared to i, Dvata was chosen as
the primary variable for this Maalam. But sticking to convention
followed in majority of Maalas, i was chosen as primary variable
in Maalas 8 and 10. Physical structure of the ten Maalas based on
the above mentioned variable factors is as follows:

Mandalam 1
Dvata

Chandas

S.No

M.No

i: Madhucchandas

55

Indra

Gyatri

16

Indra, Varua

Gyatri

17

Brahmaaspati

Gyatri

18

Agni, Maruts

Gyatri

19

bhus

Gyatri

20

Indra, Agni

Gyatri

21

Avins, Savita, etc

Gyatri

22

21

Vyu, Indra, etc

Gyatri, Anuup etc

23

24

i: unapa
Prajpati, Agni,

Triup, Gyatri

24

15

Varua

Gyatri

25

21

Agni

Gyatri

26

10

Agni, Dvas

Gyatri, Triup

27

13

Agni

Gyatri

Indra, Ulkhala, etc.

Anuup, Gyatri

28

Vyu, Indra, etc

Gyatri

Indra

Pakti

29

Avins, Indra, etc

Gyatri

12

Indra, Avins

Gyatri, Triup

30

22

Indra

Gyatri

10

Indra

Gyatri

10

Agni

Jagati, Triup

31

18

Indra, Maruts

Gyatri

10

Indra

Triup

32

15

Indra

Gyatri

10

Indra

Triup

33

15

Indra

Gyatri

10

Avins

Jagati, Triup

34

12

Indra

Gyatri

10

Agni, Mitra, Savit, etc.

Jagati, Triup

35

11

Indra

Anuup

10

12

i: Jta
Indra

Anuup

11

i: Mdhtithi

i: Hirayastpa

i: Kava
Agni/Yupa

Bhat, Satbhat

36

20

Maruts

Gyatri

37

15

Maruts

Gyatri

38

15

Agni

Gyatri

12

12

Maruts

Bhat, Satbhat

39

10

Agni-Apriya

Gyatri

13

12

Brahmaaspati

Bhat, Satbhat

40

Vivdvas

Gyatri

14

12

Mitra, Varua, ditys

Gyatri

41

Indra, Maruts, etc

Gyatri

15

12

Pa

Gyatri

42

10

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i: Praskava

57

Agni

DvipadaVirt

69

10

Agni

DvipadaVirt

70

11

Agni, Avins, etc

Bhat, Satbhat

44

14

Agni

Triup

71

10

Agni, Dvas

Anuup

45

10

Agni

Triup

72

10

Avins

Gyatri

46

15

Agni

Triup

73

10

Avins

Bhat, Satbhat

47

10

Uas

Bhat, Satbhat

48

16

Agni

Gyatri

74

Uas

Anuup

49

Agni

Gyatri

75

Srya

Gyatri, Anuup

50

13

Agni

Triup

76

Agni

Triup

77

i: Savya

i: Gtama

Indra

Jagati, Triup

51

15

Agni

Gyatri

78

Indra

Jagati, Triup

52

15

Agni (Vaidyuta)

Triup, Unk

79

12

Indra

Jagati, Triup

53

11

Indra

Pakti

80

16

Indra

Jagati, Triup

54

11

Indra

Pakti

81

Indra

Jagati

55

Indra

Pakti, Jagati

82

Indra

Jagati

56

Indra

Jagati

83

Indra

Jagati

57

Indra

Anuup, Unk, etc

84

20

Maruts

Jagati, Triup

85

12

i: Ndha
Agni

Jagati, Triup

58

Maruts

Gyatri

86

10

Agni (Vaivnara)

Triup

59

Maruts

Jagati

87

Agni

Triup

60

Maruts

Triup, Viratrpa

88

Indra

Triup

61

16

Vivdvas, Aditi

Jagati, Triup, etc

89

10

Indra

Triup

62

13

Vivdvas

Gyatri, Anuup

90

Indra

Triup

63

Sma

Triup, Gyatri

91

23

Maruts

Jagati, Triup

64

15

Ua, Avins

Jagati, Triup, etc

92

18

Agni, Sma

Anuup, Triup,

93

12

i: Parara
Agni

DvipadaVirt

65

10

Agni

DvipadaVirt

66

10

Agni

Jagati, Triup

94

16

Agni

DvipadaVirt

67

10

Agni (Uas)

Triup

95

11

Agni

DvipadaVirt

68

10

Agni (Dravinda)

Triup

96

i: Kutsa

58

Treatise on gvda

Treatise on gvda

59

Agni (uci)

Gyatri

97

Uas

Triup

123

13

Agni (Vaivnara)

Triup

98

Uas

Triup

124

13

Svanayasyadnam

Triup, Jagati

125

Svanaya, Rmaa

Triup, Anuup

126

i: Kayapa
Agni (Jatavda)

Triup

99

i: jrava, Ambara etc.

Indra

Triup

i: Parucchpa
100

19

i: Kutsa

Agni

Atyasti, Atidhrti

127

11

Agni

Atyasti

128

Indra

Jagati, Triup

101

11

Indra, Indu

Atyasti, Asti, etc

129

11

Indra

Jagati, Triup

102

11

Indra

Atyasti, Triup

130

10

Indra

Triup

103

Indra

Atyasti

131

Indra

Triup

104

Indra, Parvada

Atyasti

132

Vivdvas

Pakti, Triup,

105

19

Indra

Triup, Anuup

133

Vivdvas

Jagati, Triup

106

Vyu

Atyasti, Asti

134

Vivdvas

Triup

107

Vyu, Indra

Atyasti, Asti

135

Indra, Agni

Triup

108

13

Mitra, Varua,

Atyasti, Triup

136

Indra, Agni

Triup

109

Mitra, Varua,

Ati akkar

137

bhus

Jagati, Triup

110

Pa

Atyasti

138

bhus

Jagati, Triup

111

Vivdvas

Atyasti, Bhati, etc

139

11

Avins, etc

Jagati, Triup

112

25

Ua, Ratri

Triup

113

20

Agni

Jagati, Triup

140

13

Rudra

Jagati, Triup

114

11

Agni

Jagati, Triup

141

13

Srya

Triup

115

Agni (Apriya)

Anuup

142

13

Agni

Jagati, Triup

143

i: Kakivan

i: Drghatamas

Avins

Triup

116

25

Agni

Jagati

144

Avins

Triup

117

25

Agni

Jagati, Triup

145

Avins

Triup

118

11

Agni

Triup

146

Avins

Jagati

119

10

Agni

Triup

147

Avins

Gyatri, Kakub

120

12

Agni

Triup

148

Vivdvas, Indra

Triup

121

15

Agni

Virat

149

Vivdvas

Triup

122

15

Agni

Unk

150

60

Treatise on gvda

Treatise on gvda

Mitra, Varua,

Jagati

151

Mitra, Varua,

Triup

152

Mitra, Varua,

Triup

153

Avins

Viu

Triup

154

Indra, Viu

Jagati

155

Viu

Jagati

Avins

Rati

179

Triup

180

10

Avins

Triup

181

Avins

Jagati, Triup

182

156

Avins

Triup

183

Jagati, Triup

157

Avins

Triup

184

Avins

Triup, Anuup,

158

Dyvpthivi

Triup

185

11

Dyvpthivi

Jagati

159

Vivdvas

Triup

186

11

Dyvpthivi

Jagati

160

Annam

Anuup, Unk,

187

11

bhus

Jagati, Triup

161

14

Agni

Gyatri

188

11

Ava/Agni

Jagati, Triup

162

22

Agni

Triup

189

Ava/Agni

Triup

163

13

Bhaspati

Triup

190

Vivdvas, etc

Jagati, Triup

164

52

Aptrna Srya

Anuup, etc

191

16

i: Agastya

i: Agastya
Marutvan Indra

Triup

165

15

Maruts

Jagati, Triup

166

15

Maruts

Triup

167

11

Maruts

Jagati, Triup

168

10

Indra

Triup, Virt

169

indra

Bhati, Anuup

170

Marutvan Indra

Triup

171

Maruts

Gyatri

172

Indra

Triup, Virt-

173

13

Indra

Triup

174

10

Indra

Bhati, Anuup

175

Indra

Bhati, Anuup

176

Indra

Triup

177

Indra

Triup

178

i: Agastya, Lpmudra

Triup, Bhati

61

Mandalam 2
Dvata

Chandas

S.No

M.No

Agni

Jagati

16

Agni

Jagati

13

Agni (Apriya)

Triup, Jagati

11

i: Smhudi
Agni

Triup

Agni

Anuup

Agni

Gyatri

Agni

Gyatri

i: Gtsamada
Agni

Gyatri, Anuup

Agni

Triup

Agni

Triup

10

Indra

Triup, etc

11

21

62

Treatise on gvda

Treatise on gvda

63

Indra

Triup

12

15

Sma, Pa, etc

Triup

40

Indra

Jagati, Triup

13

13

Vyu, Indra, etc

Gyatri, Anuup,

41

21

Indra

Triup

14

12

Indra (Kapinjala)

Triup

42

Indra

Triup

15

10

Indra (Kapinjala)

Jagati, Asti

43

Indra

Jagati, Triup

16

Indra

Jagati, Triup

17

Indra

Triup

18

S.No

M.No

Indra

Triup

19

Indra

Triup, Virt

20

Indra

Jagati, Triup

21

Indra

Asti, Atisakvari

22

Brahmaaspati,

Jagati, Triup

23

19

Brahmaaspati,

Jagati, Triup

24

16

Brahmaaspati,

Jagati

25

Brahmaaspati,

Jagati

26

ditya

Triup

27

17

Varua

Triup

28

Triup

Dvata

Chandas
i: Vivmitra

Agni

Triup

23

Agni (Vaivnara)

Jagati

15

Agni (Vaivnara)

Jagati

11

Agni (Apriya)

Triup

11

Agni

Triup

11

Agni

Triup

11

Agni

Triup

11

yupa, Vivdvas,

Triup, Anuup

11

11

Agni, gayupa

Bhati, Triup

Agni

Unk

10

29

Agni

Gyatri

11

Indra, Agni

Gyatri

12

i: Krma/Gtsamada
Vivdvas

Mandalam 3

i: Gtsamada
Indra, Sma, etc

Triup, Jagati

30

11

Vivdvas

Triup, Jagati

31

Dyvpthivi

Jagati, Anuup

32

Rudra

Triup

33

15

Maruts

Jagati, Triup

34

15

Apamnapad

Triup

35

15

Indra, Maruts

Jagati

36

Dravinda, Avins

Jagati

37

Savita

Triup

38

11

Asvin

Triup

39

i: abha
Agni

Anuup

13

Agni

Triup

14

i: Utkla
Agni

Triup

15

Agni

Bhati, Sat-

16

i: Kata
Agni

Triup

17

Agni

Triup

18

i: Gdh

64

Treatise on gvda

Treatise on gvda

65

Agni

Triup

19

Indra

Bhati

45

Vivdvas, Agni

Triup

20

Indra

Bhati

46

Agni

Triup, Anuup

21

Indra

Triup

47

Agnaya (Pacha)

Triup, Anuup

22

Indra

Triup

48

Indra

Triup

49

Indra

Triup

50

Indra

Jagati, Triup

51

12

i: Dvarava/Dvavta
Agni

Triup, SatBhati

23

i: Vivmitra
Agni

Anuup, Gyatri

24

Indra

Triup, Jagati

52

Agni, Indra

Virt

25

Indra,Vak, etc

Triup, Jagati

53

24

Agni (Vaivnara),

Jagati, Triup

26

Agni (tus)

Gyatri

27

15

Vivdvas

Triup

54

22

Agni

Gyatri, Unk

28

Vivdvas

Triup

55

22

Agni

Anuup, Triup,

29

16

Vivdvas

Triup

56

Indra

Triup

30

22

Indra

Triup

31

22

Vivdvas

Triup

57

Nadya, Indra, etc

Triup

32

17

Avins

Triup

58

Indra

Triup, Anuup

33

13

Mitra

Triup, Gyatri

59

Indra

Triup

34

11

Indra, bhus

Jagati

60

Indra

Triup

35

11

Uas

Triup

61

Indra

Triup

36

11

Indra, Varua, etc

Triup, Gyatri

62

18

Indra

Gyatri, Anuup

37

11

38

10

Dvata

S.No

M.No

Agni, Varua

Asti, Atijagati

20

Agni

Triup

20

Agni (Rudra)

Triup

16

Rakshhagni

Triup

15

Agni (Visvanara)

Triup

15

Agni

Triup

11

i: Prajpati
Indra

Triup
i: Vivmitra

Indra

Triup

39

Indra

Gyatri

40

Indra

Gyatri

41

Indra

Gyatri

42

Indra

Triup

43

Indra

Bhati

44

i: Vivmitra/Prajpati

i: Vivmitra

Mandalam 4
Chandas
i: Vmadva

66

Treatise on gvda

Treatise on gvda

67

Agni

Jagati, Anuup

11

bhus

Triup

35

Agni

Gyatri

bhus

Jagati, Triup

36

Agni

Gyatri

bhus

Triup, Anuup

37

Agni

Padapakti, Unk

10

Dadhikra

Triup

38

10

Agni

Triup

11

Dadhikra

Triup

39

Agni

Triup

12

Dadhikra, Srya

Triup, Jagati

40

Agni, etc

Triup

13

Indra, Varua

Triup

41

11

Agni

Triup

14

Agni, Smaka

Gyatri

15

10

42

10

Indra

Triup

16

21

indra

Triup, Virt

17

21

i: Indra/Vmadva/Aditi
Indra, Vamadva

Triup

18

13

i: Vmadva

i: Trasadasyu
tma, Indra, Varua

Triup
i: Purum/Ajam

Avins

Triup

43

Avins

Triup

44

Avins

Jagati, Triup

45

i: Vmadva

Indra

Triup

19

11

Vyu

Gyatri

46

Indra

Triup

20

11

Vyu, Indra

Anuup

47

Indra

Triup

21

11

Vaya

Anuup

48

Indra

Triup

22

11

Indra, Bhaspati

Gyatri

49

Indra (tadvata)

Triup

23

11

Indra, Bhaspati

Triup, Jagati

50

11

Indra

Triup, Anuup

24

11

Uas

Triup

51

11

indra

Triup

25

Uas

Gyatri

52

Indra, tma, Syna

Triup

26

Savita

Jagati, Triup

53

Syna, tma, Indra

Triup, akkar

27

Savita

Jagati

54

Indra, Sma

Triup

28

Vivdvas

Triup, Gyatri

55

10

Indra

Triup

29

Dyvpthivi

Triup, Gyatri

56

Indra, Uas

Gyatri, Anuup

30

24

Kstrapati, una,

Anuup, Triup,

57

Indra

Gyatri, Padanicrt

31

15

Agni, Srya, etc

Triup, Jagati

58

11

Indra, Avins

Gyatri

32

24

bhus

Triup

33

11

bhus

Triup

34

11

S.No

M.No

Mandalam 5
Dvata

Chandas

68

Treatise on gvda

Treatise on gvda

Dvata Agni

Visvavara

Budha, Gavisthira

Triup

12

Kumra, Va

Triup, akkar

12

Vasusruta

Triup

12

Vasusruta

Triup

11

28

29

15

30

15

Dvata Indra
Gauraviti

Triup
Dvata Indra-Rnamcaya

Babhru

Dvata Agni-Apriya
Vasusruta

Triup, Jagati

69

Triup
Dvata Indra-Kutsa

Gyatri

11

Dvata Agni

Avasyu

Triup

31

13

Gitu

Triup

32

12

Vasusruta

Pakti

10

Isa

Anuup, Pakti

10

Samvarana

Triup

33

10

Isa

Jagati

Samvarana

Jagati, Triup

34

Gaya

Anuup, Pakti

Prabhuvasu

Anuup, Pakti

35

Gaya

Anuup, Pakti

10

Prabhuvasu

Triup, Jagati

36

Sutambhara

Jagati

11

Atri

Triup

37

Sutambhara

Triup

12

Atri

Anuup

38

Sutambhara

Gyatri

13

Atri

Anuup, Pakti

39

Sutambhara

Gyatri

14

Dharuna

Triup

15

40

Puru

Anuup, Pakti

16

Puru

Anuup, Pakti

17

Atri

Triup, Ati jagati,

41

20

Dvita Mrktavaha

Anuup, Pakti

18

Atri

Triup, Virat, etc

42

18

Vavri, Dvita

Gyatri, Anuup

19

Atri

Triup, Virat, etc

43

17

Prayasvanta

Anuup, Pakti

20

Avatsara

Triup, Virat, etc

44

15

aa

Anuup, Pakti

21

Sadaprna

Triup Jythi

45

11

Vispasama

Anuup, Pakti

22

Vivacarani

Anuup, Pakti

23

46

Bandhu, Subandhu

Dvipada Virt

24

Vasuyava

Anuup

25

Pratiratha

Triup

47

Vasuyava

Gyatri

26

Pratibhanu

Jagati

48

Trivna

Triup, Anuup

27

Pratiprabha

Triup

49

Dvata Indra

Dvata Indra/Srya/Atri
Atri

Unk, Anuup
Dvata Vivdvas

Dvata Vivdvas/Dvapatnya
Pratikatra

Jagati, Triup
Dvata Vivdvas

70

Treatise on gvda

Treatise on gvda

71

Svasti

Anuup, Pakti

50

Atri

Triup

76

Svasti

Gyatri, Anuup

51

15

Atri

Triup

77

Saptavadhri

Unk, Anuup

78

Dvata Maruts
yvva

Anuup, Pakti

52

17

yvva

Kakub, Bhati

53

16

Satyasravas

Pakti

79

10

yvva

Jagati, Triup

54

15

Satyasravas

Triup

80

yvva

Jagati, Triup

55

10

Dvata Savita

yvva

Bhati, Sat-

56

yvva

Jagati

81

yvva

Jagati, Triup

57

yvva

Anuup, Gyatri

82

yvva

Triup

58

yvva

Jagati, Triup

59

83

10

yvva

Triup, Jagati

60

84

85

86

87

S.No

M.No

Dvata ayas, etc

yvva

Gyatri, Anuup

Dvata Uas

Dvata Parjanya
Atri

Dvata Pthivi
Atri

61

19

Dvata MitraVarua
Triup

62

Arcanana

Jagati

63

Arcanana

Anuup, Pakti

64

Rtahavya

Anuup, Pakti

65

Rtahavya

Anuup

66

Yajata

Anuup

67

Yajata

Gyatri

68

Urucakri

Triup

69

Urucakri

Gyatri

70

Bhuvkta

Gyatri

71

Bhuvkta

Unk

72

Anuup
Dvata Varua

Atri

rutavit

Triup, Jagati,

Triup
Dvata Indra/Agni

Atri

Anuup, ViratDvata Maruts

Atri

Ati Jagati

Mandalam 6
Dvata

Chandas
i: Bharadvja

Agni

Triup

13

Agni

Anuup, akkar

11

Agni

Triup

Agni

Triup

Agni

Triup

Agni

Triup

Agni (Vaivnara)

Triup, Jagati

Dvata Avins
Paura

Anuup

73

10

Paura

Anuup, Nict

74

10

Avasyu

Pakti

75

72

Treatise on gvda

Treatise on gvda

73

Agni (Vaivnara)

Triup, Jagati

Indra

Triup

35

Agni (Vaivnara)

Triup

Indra

Triup

36

Agni

Triup, etc

10

i: Bharadvja

Agni

Triup

11

Indra

Triup

37

Agni

Triup

12

Indra

Triup

38

Agni

Triup

13

Indra

Triup

39

Agni

Anuup, akkar

14

Indra

Triup

40

Agni

Jagati, akkar

15

19

Indra

Triup

41

Agni

Gyatri, Anuup

16

48

Indra

Anuup, Bhati

42

Indra

Triup, etc

17

15

Indra

Unk

43

Indra

Triup

18

15

Indra

Triup

19

13

Indra

Triup, Anuup

44

24

Indra

Triup, Virt

20

13

Indra, Bbustaksa

Gyatri, Anuup

45

33

Indra, Vivdvas

Triup

21

12

Indra

Bhati, Sat-

46

14

Indra

Triup

22

11

Indra

Triup

23

10

47

31

Indra

Triup

24

10

Indra

Triup

25

48

22

Indra

Triup

26

Indra, Dnam

Triup

27

Vivdvas

Triup, akkar

49

15

Indra, Gva

Triup Jagati etc

28

Vivdvas

Triup

50

15

Indra

Triup

29

Vivdvas

Triup, Unk

51

15

Indra

Triup

30

Vivdvas

Triup, Gyatri

52

17

i: ayu

i: Garga
Sma, Indra

Triup, Bhati
i: ayu

Agni, Maruts, etc

Bhati, Sat- etc

i: jiva

i: Suhtra

i: Bharadvja

Indra

Triup, akkar

31

Pa

Gyatri, Anuup

53

10

Indra

Triup

32

Pa

Gyatri

54

10

Pa

Gyatri

55

i: unahtra
Indra

Triup

33

Pa

Gyatri, Anuup

56

Indra

Triup

34

Pa, Indra

Gyatri

57

Pa

Triup, Jagati

58

i: Nara

74

Treatise on gvda

Treatise on gvda

75

Indra, Agni

Bhati, Anuup

59

10

Agni

Triup

Indra, Agni

Triup, Gyatri, etc

60

15

Agni

Triup

10

Sarasvat

Jagati, Gyatri, etc

61

14

Agni

Triup

11

Avins

Triup

62

11

Agni

Triup

12

Avins

Triup, Virt,

63

11

Agni (Vaivnara)

Triup

13

Ua

Triup

64

Agni

Triup, Bhati

14

Ua

Triup

65

Agni

Gyatri

15

15

Maruts

Triup

66

11

Agni

Bhati, Sat-

16

12

Mitra Varua

Triup

67

11

Agni

Dvipada Triup

17

Indra Varua

Triup, Jagati

68

11

Indra, Sudas

Triup

18

25

Indra Viu

Triup

69

Indra

Triup

19

11

Dyva Pthivi

Jagati

70

Indra

Triup

20

10

Savita

Jagati, Triup

71

Indra

Triup

21

10

Indra, Sma

Triup

72

Indra

Virat, Triup

22

Bhaspati

Triup

73

Indra

Triup

23

Sma, Rudra

Triup, Jagati

74

Indra

Triup

24

Indra

Triup

25

Indra

Triup

26

Indra

Triup

27

Indra

Triup

28

Indra

Triup

29

Indra

Triup

30

Indra

Gyatri, Virt

31

12

Indra

Bhati, Sat-

32

27

33

14

i: Pyu
Varma, Dhanu

75

19

Mandalam 7
Dvata

Chandas

S.No

M.No

i: Vasiha
Agni

Virat, Triup

25

Agni (Apriya)

Triup

11

Agni

Triup

10

Agni

Triup

10

Agni (Vaivnara)

Triup

Agni (Vaivnara)

Triup

Agni

Triup

Agni

Triup

i: Vasiha/Putrs
Indra, Vasiha

Triup
i: Vasiha

Vivdvas, etc

Triup

34

25

Vivdvas

Triup

35

15

Vivdvas

Triup

36

76

Treatise on gvda

Treatise on gvda

77

Vivdvas

Triup

37

Avins

Triup

67

10

Savita, Vajina

Triup

38

Avins

Virt, Triup

68

Vivdvas

Triup

39

Avins

Triup

69

Vivdvas

Triup

40

Avins

Triup

70

Bhaga, Uas, etc

Jagati, Triup

41

Avins

Triup

71

Vivdvas

Triup

42

Avins

Triup

72

Vivdvas

Triup

43

Avins

Triup

73

Dadhikra, etc

Jagati, Triup

44

Avins

Bhati, Sat-

74

Savita

Triup

45

Uas

Triup

75

Rudra

Jagati, Triup

46

Uas

Triup

76

pa

Triup

47

Uas

Triup

77

bhus, etc

Triup

48

Uas

Triup

78

pa

Triup

49

Uas

Triup

79

Mitra, Varua, etc

Jagati, Atijagati

50

Uas

Triup

80

dityas

Triup

51

Uas

Bhati, Sat-

81

Adityas

Triup

52

Indra, Varua

Jagati

82

10

Dyvpthivi

Triup

53

Indra, Varua

Jagati

83

10

Vastspati

Triup

54

Indra, Varua

Triup

84

Vastspati, Indra

Gyatri, Anuup,

55

Indra, Varua

Triup

85

Maruts

DvipadaVirt, etc

56

25

Varua

Triup

86

Maruts

Triup

57

Varua

Triup

87

Maruts

Triup

58

Varua

Triup

88

Maruts, Rudra

Bhati, Sat-

59

12

Varua

Gyatri, Jagati

89

Srya, Mitra, Varua

Triup

60

12

Vyu, Indra

Triup

90

Mitra, Varua

Triup

61

Vyu, Indra

Triup

91

Srya, Mitra, Varua

Triup

62

Vyu, Indra

Triup

92

Srya, Mitra, Varua

Triup

63

Indra, Agni

Triup

93

Mitra, Varua

Triup

64

Indra, Agni

Gyatri, Anuup

94

12

Mitra, Varua

Triup

65

Sarasvat, Sarasvan

Triup, Bhati

95

Mitra, Varua, etc

Gyatri, Bhati, etc

66

19

Sarasvat, Sarasvan

Bhati, Gyatri

96

78

Treatise on gvda

Treatise on gvda

Indra, Bhaspati

Triup

97

10

Indra, Bhaspati

Triup

98

Viu, Indra

Triup

99

Viu

Triup

100

i: Kumra

Avins

Triup

101

Parjanya

Gyatri, Padanicrt

102

Avins

Anuup, Triup

103

10

Indra, Sma, etc

Jagati, Triup,

104

25

Mandalam 8
S.No

M.No

Triup

34

Gyatri, Anuup

42

24

21

39

48

36

23

i: Pragtha/Mdhtithi
Indra (Asaga)
i: Mdhtithi
Indra (Vibhindu)

i: Mdhytithi
Indra (Pkasthma)

Bhati-Sat, etc
i: Dvtithi

Indra, Pua, etc

Bhati-Sat, etc
i: Brahmtithi

Avins, Chaidya

Gyatri, Anuup
i: Vatsa

Indra, Tirindra

Gyatri
i: Punarvatsa

Maruts

Gyatri
i: Sadhvamsa

Avins

Anuup
i: aakara

Bhati, etc

10

Pratistha, Gyatri,

11

10

12

33

13

33

i: Parvata
Indra

Unk
i: Nrada

Madka

Chandas

21

i: Vatsa

i: Vasiha

Dvata

i: Pragatha

Agni

Parjanya

Bhati, Gyatri, etc

79

Indra

Unk
i: Gkti/Avaskti

Indra

Gyatri

14

15

Indra

Unk

15

13

i: Irimbii
Indra

Gyatri

16

12

Indra

Gyatri, Bhati, etc

17

15

ditya, Avins, etc

Unk

18

22

i: Sbhari
ditya, Agni, etc

Kakub, Satbhati

19

37

Maruts

Kakub, Satbhati

20

26

Indra, Chitra

Kakub, Satbhati

21

18

Avins

Kakub, Satbhati

22

18

i: Vivamana
Agni

Unk

23

30

Indra, Varu

Unk, Anuup

24

30

Mitra, Varua, etc

Unk

25

24

Avins, Vyu

Unk, Gyatri

26

25

i: Manu
Vivdvas

Bhati-Sat

27

22

Vivdvas

Gyatri, Unk

28

Vivdvas

DvipadaVirt

29

10

80

Treatise on gvda

Treatise on gvda

81

Vivdvas

Gyatri, Unk

30

Agni

Bhati-Sat

49

20

Yaja, Yajamna,

Gyatri, Anuup,

31

18

Indra

Bhati-Sat

50

18

i: Mdhtithi
Indra

Gyatri

i: Prgtha
32

30

i: Mdhytithi
Indra

Bhati, Gyatri,

33

19

i: Nptithi
Indra

Anuup, Gyatri

34

Indra

Pakti, Bhati

51

12

Indra, Dvas

Anuup, Gyatri

52

12

Indra

Gyatri

53

12

Indra

Gyatri

54

12

Bhati, Sat-

55

15

Gyatri

56

21

18

i: yavva

i: Kali
Indra

Avins

Uparisthajyti,

35

24

i: Jlanaddh Matsya

Indra

akkar, Pakti

36

dityas

Indra

Atijagati, Pakti

37

Indra, Agni

Gyatri

38

10

i: Nbhka
Agni

Mah Pakti

39

10

Indra, Agni

Mah Pakti, etc

40

12

Varua

Mah Pakti

41

10

Avins, Varua

Triup, Anuup

42

i: Priyamdha
Indra, Rikshasva

Anuup, Gyatri

57

19

Indra, Varua

Anuup, Gyatri

58

18

59

15

60

15

61

18

i: Puruhanma
Indra

i: Sudti/Purumha
Agni

i: Virpa
Gyatri

43

33

Agni

Gyatri

44

30

i: Trika
Gyatri

45

42

Agni
Avins

Gyatri

62

18

Agni (Srutarva)

Anuup, Gyatri

63

15

64

16

i: Virpa
Gyatri, Kakub,

46

33

Agni

i: Trita
Adityas, Uas

MahaPakti
Triup, Jagati
i: Bharga

Gyatri
i: Kurusuti

47

18

i: Prgtha
Sma

Gyatri
i: Gpavana

i: Vasa
Indra, Pthusrav,

Gyatri, Bhati, etc

i Haryata

Agni

Agni (Indra)

Bhati, Sat-

48

15

Indra

Gyatri

65

12

Indra

Gyatri, Bhati

66

11

Indra

Gyatri, Bhati

67

10

i: Ktnu

82
Sma

Treatise on gvda
Gyatri, Anuup

Treatise on gvda
68

Indra

i: kady
Indra, Dvas

Gyatri, Triup

69

10

Indra

Gyatri

70

Indra

Gyatri

71

Vivdvas

Gyatri

72

i: Uans
Gyatri

86

15

i: Nmdha

i: Kusd

Agni

Bhati, Atijagati,

83

Indra

Unk, Kakub,

87

12

Indra

Bhati, Sat-

88

89

12

90

16

91

22

92

14

S.No

M.No

i: Nma/Indra
Indra, Suparna,

i: Jamadagni
Mitra, Varua,

73

i: Ka

Triup, Jagati,
Bhati, Sati: Prayga

Agni

Gyatri

Avins

Gyatri

74

Avins

Jagati

75

Avins

Bhati, Sat-

76

77

Dvata
Madhucchandas

Gyatri

10

i: Ndh
Indra

Bhati, Sati: Nmdha/Purumdha

i: Sbhari
Agni, Maruts

Bhati, Sat-

Mandalam 9
Chandas
Dvata Smapavamana

Indra

Bhati, Sat-

78

Indra

Bhati, Sat-

79

Mdhatithi

Gyatri

10

Sunasspa

Gyatri

10

80

Hiranyastupa

Gyatri

10

81

33

Asita

11

82

34

Asita

Gyatri

Asita

Gyatri

83

12

Asita

Gyatri

Asita

Gyatri

Asita

Gyatri

10

Asita

Gyatri

11

Asita

Gyatri

12

i: Apl
Indra

Pakti, Anuup
i rutakaka/Sukaka

Indra

Anuup, Gyatri
i: Sukaka

Indra

Gyatri
i: Bindu

Maruts

Gyatri
i: Tirac

Indra

Anuup

84

Indra, Maruts

Triup, Virat,

85

21

i: Rbha

Dvata Sma/Agni (Apriya)

Gyatri/Anuup
Dvata Smapmana

84

Treatise on gvda

Treatise on gvda

85

Asita

Gyatri

13

Mdhytithi

Gyatri

43

Asita

Gyatri

14

Ayasya

Gyatri

44

Asita

Gyatri

15

Ayasya

Gyatri

45

Asita

Gyatri

16

Ayasya

Gyatri

46

Asita

Gyatri

17

Kavi

Gyatri

47

Asita

Gyatri

18

Kavi

Gyatri

48

Asita

Gyatri

19

Kavi

Gyatri

49

Asita

Gyatri

20

Ucathya

Gyatri

50

Asita

Gyatri

21

Ucathya

Gyatri

51

Asita

Gyatri

22

Ucathya

Gyatri

52

Asita

Gyatri

23

Avatsara

Gyatri

53

Asita

Gyatri

24

Avatsara

Gyatri

54

Gyatri

25

Avatsara

Gyatri

55

Idhmavaha

Gyatri

26

Avatsara

Gyatri

56

Nmdha

Gyatri

27

Avatsara

Gyatri

57

Priyamdha

Gyatri

28

Avatsara

Gyatri

58

Nmdha

Gyatri

29

Avatsara

Gyatri

59

Bindu

Gyatri

30

Avatsara

Gyatri/PuraUnk

60

hugana

Gyatri

31

Amahiyu

Gyatri

61

30

yvva

Gyatri

32

Jamadagni

Gyatri

62

30

Trita

Gyatri

33

Nidhruvi

Gyatri

63

30

Trita

Gyatri

34

Kasyapa

Gyatri

64

30

Prabhuvasu

Gyatri

35

Bhrugu, Jamadagni

Gyatri

65

30

Prabhuvasu

Gyatri

36

Rahugana

Gyatri

37

66

30

Rahugana

Gyatri

38

Brhanmati

Gyatri

39

67

32

Brhanmati

Gyatri

40

Mdhyatithi

Gyatri

41

Vathsapri

Jagati, Triup

68

10

Mdhyatithi

Gyatri

42

Hiranyastupa

Jagati, Triup

69

10

Dvata Pavamana/Agni Pavamana

Satam Vaikhanasa

Gyatri, Anuup
Dvata Pavamana Sma Pa, etc

Bharadwaja, etc

Gyatri, Anuup
Dvata Sma Pmana

86

Treatise on gvda

Treatise on gvda

87

Rnu

Jagati, Triup

70

10

Rbhasunu

Anuup

100

abha

Jagati, Triup

71

Andhiyu, etc.

Anuup, Gyatri

101

16

Harimanta

Jagati

72

Trita

Unk

102

Pavithra

Jagati

73

Dvita

Unk

103

Kaksivan

Jagati, Triup

74

Kvau Parvata Nradau

Unk

104

Kavi

Jagati

75

Parvata Nradau

Unk

105

Kavi

Jagati

76

Agni (Cakua), etc.

Unk

106

14

Kavi

Jagati

77

Sapta ya

Bhati, SatBhati

107

26

Kavi

Jagati

78

Gauravati, Sakti, etc.

Kakub, SatBhati

108

16

Kavi

Jagati

79

Agnaya, Dhiy, etc.

DvipadaVirt

109

22

Vasu

Jagati

80

Tryaruna, etc

Anuup, Bhati

110

12

Vasu

Jagati, Triup

81

Ananata

Atyasti

111

Vasu

Jagati, Triup

82

iu

Pakti

112

Pavithra

Jagati

83

Kayapa

Pakti

113

11

Prajpati

Jagati

84

Kayapa

Pakti

114

Vna

Jagati, Triup

85

12

Akrtamasa, etc

Jagati

86

48

Usanas

Triup

87

S.No

M.No

Usanas

Triup

88

Usanas

Triup

89

Vasista

Triup

90

Kashyapa

Triup

91

Kashyapa

Triup

92

Ndha

Triup

93

Kava

Triup

94

Praskanva

Triup

95

Pradardana

Triup

96

24

Vasiha, etc

Triup

97

58

Ambarisha, etc

Bhati, Anuup

98

12

Rbhasunu

Bhati, Anuup

99

Mandalam 10
Dvata

Chandas
i: Trita

Agni

Triup

Agni

Triup

Agni

Triup

Agni

Triup

Agni

Triup

Agni

Triup

Agni

Triup

i: Triiras
Agni, Indra

Triup
i: Sindhudvpa

pa

Gyatri, Anuup

88

Treatise on gvda

Treatise on gvda

i: Yam, Yama
Yama, Yam

Triup

Indra, Vsukra
10

14

i: gihavirdhna
Triup, Jagati

11

Agni

Triup

12

i: Vivasvn
Havirdhana

Triup, Jagati

13

i: Yama
Yama, Pitara, etc

Triup, Anuup

14

16

Triup
Triup, Anuup

15

14

16

Triup, Anuup
Triup, etc

17

30

15

Vivdvas

Triup

31

11

Vivdvas

Triup, Jagati

32

Vivdvas, etc

Triup, Gyatri

33

Aksa, etc

Triup, Jagati

34

14

Anuup, Gyatri

Vivdvas

Triup, Jagati

35

14

Vivdvas

Triup, Jagati

36

14

37

12

38

i: Abhitap

14

18
19

14
8

Triup, Jagati
i: Mukavn Indra

Indra

i: Mathita
pa, Gva, etc

Triup

Srya

i: Sakusuka
Mtyu, Pitmdha

29

pa, pamnapat

14

i: Dvarv
Sarayu, Pa, etc

Triup

i: La

i: Damana
Agni

12

i: Kavaa

i: akha
Pitara

28

i: Vsukra
Indra

Agni

Triup

89

Jagati
i: Gh

Avins

Jagati, Triup

39

14

Avins

Jagati

40

14

41

i: Vimada

i: Suhastya

Agni

Gyatri, Virt, etc

20

10

Agni

AstaraPakti

21

Indra

Bhati, Anuup

22

15

Indra

Triup

42

11

Indra

Triup, Jagati, etc

23

Indra

Jagati, Triup

43

11

Indra, Avins

Aarapakti

24

Indra

Jagati, Triup

44

11

Pavamana Sma

Aarapakti

25

11

Pa

Unk, Anuup

26

i: Vsukra
Indra

Triup
i: Vsukra/Indra

27

Avins

Jagati
i: Ka

i: Vatsapri
Agni

Triup

45

12

Agni

Triup

46

10

47

10

24

i: Saptagu
Indra, Vaikuha

Triup

90

Treatise on gvda

Treatise on gvda

i: Vaikuha Indra

Bhaspati

Triup

91
68

12

Indra

Triup, Jagati

48

11

Indra

Triup, Jagati

49

11

Agni

Triup, Jagati

69

12

Indra

Triup, Jagati

50

Agni (Apriya)

Triup

70

11

i: Sumitra

i: Dvas/Saucika Agni
Agni, Dvas

Triup

i: Bhaspati
51

i: Saucika Agni
Vivdvas

Triup

52

Triup, Jagati

53

Triup, Jagati

71

11

Dvas

Anuup

72

i: Dvas/Saucika Agni
Agni, Dvas

Jnam

11

i: Gaurivti
Maruts

Triup

73

11

Maruts (Indra)

Triup

74

75

76

i: Bhaduktha

i: Sindhukit

Indra

Triup

54

Indra

Triup

55

Vivdvas

Triup, Jagati

56

Nadya

Jagati
i: Jaratkara

Gravana

i: Bandhu/rutabandhu, etc

Jagati
i: Symarami

Vivdvas

Gyatri

57

Maruts

Triup, Jagati

77

Mana

Anuup

58

12

Maruts

Triup, Jagati

78

Nirrti, etc

Triup, Pakti, etc

59

10

Asamati, Jva

Gyatri, Anuup

60

12

i: Nbhndiha
Vivdvas

Triup

61

27

Vivdvas, etc

Jagati, Anuup

62

11

i: Gaya
Vivdvas, etc

Jagati, Triup

63

17

Vivdvas

Jagati, Triup

64

17

i: Vsukra
Vivdvas

Jagati, Triup

65

15

Bhaspati

Jagati, Triup

66

15

i: Saucika Agni
Agni

Triup

79

Agni

Triup

80

i: Vivakrma
Visvakarma

Triup

81

Visvakarma

Triup

82

i: Manyu
Manyu

Jagati, Triup

83

Manyu

Jagati, Triup

84

85

47

86

23

i: Srya
Srya, Sma etc

i: Aysya
Bhaspati

Triup

Anuup, Triup
i: Indra/Indra/Vkapi

67

12

Indra

Pakti

92

Treatise on gvda

Treatise on gvda

i: Pyu
Rakshagni

Triup, Anuup

Indra, Drughan
87

102

12

103

13

104

11

105

11

Triup

106

11

Dakina (Datara)

Triup, Jagati

107

11

Sarama, Panaya

Triup

108

11

109

110

11

111

10

112

10

113

10

114

10

115

116

117

25

i: Mrdhanvn

i: Apratiratha
Indra, Bhaspati

Srya, Vaivnara

Triup

88

19

Indra

Triup

89

18

Anuup, Triup

Indra

Jagati, Triup

90

16

Indra

Jagati

91

15

Anuup, Pakti

92

15

93

15

i: Arbuda
Gravana

Jagati, Triup
Triup

94

14

95

Jagati, Triup

18
13

i: Bhiak
sadhaya

Anuup

23

i: Dvpi
Dvas

Triup

12

i: Vamra
Indra

Triup

12

i: Duvasyu
Vivdvas

Jagatri, Triup

12

i: Budha
Vivdvas

Triup, Gyatri
i: Madgala

Triup, Jagati
i: Agniyuta/Agniypa

Indra
101

Triup, Jagati
i: Vrihavya

Agni
100

Triup, jagati
i: Sadhri

Vivdvas
99

Triup
i: ataprabhdana

Indra
98

Triup
i: Nabhaprabhdana

Indra
97

Triup
i: Adamtra

Indra
96

Triup, Anuup
i: Jamadagni

Agni (Apriya)

i: Baru
Hari

i: Juh
Vivdvas

i: Purravas/Urvai
Urvai, Purravas

Avins
i: Divya/Dakina

i: Tnva
Vivdvas

Unk, Triup, etc

i: Bhutmsa-Kayapa

i: ryata
Vivdvas

Triup
i: Sumitra/Kautsa

i: Arua
Agni

Triup, Anuup
i: Ataka

i: Nryaa
Purua

Bhati, Triup

93

12

Triup
i: Bhiku

Dhanannadanam

Jagati, Triup

94

Treatise on gvda

Treatise on gvda

i: Urukaya
Rakhgni

Gyatri

i: Sudas
118

Indra

i: Indra-Labarpapanna
Indra, Gyatri

Indra, Triup
Triup

119

13

Indra

Triup

120

Triup, Jagati

121

10

122

Yama

Triup
Triup, Jagati

123

Triup, Jagati
Brihati, Triup

124

Gayati
Triup, Jagati

125

Triup
Jagati, Triup

126

Triup, Anuup
Prastara Pakti

139

140

141

142

127

143

144

145

146

147

8
9
7

Brihati, Gyatri, etc

i: Indrni

Anuup
i: Dvamuni

7
7

Anuup
i: Trkya

Anuup
i: Suvdas

Indra
132

Jagati, Triup
i: Atri

Aranyani
131

Anuup
i: Jarita, Dra,etc

Sapatnibadhanam
130

Vistarapakti
i: Agni-Tpasa

Gyatri
129

Triup
i: Agni-Pvaka

Avins
128

Jagati
i: Vivvasu

Agni

i: akapta
Mitr, Varua, etc

138

i: Aga

i: Sukrti
Indra, Avins

Vivdvas

i: Yaja
Bhvavttam

137

i: Prajpati
Bhvavttam

Anuup

Agni

i: Vihavya
Vivdvas

135

Vivdvas

i Kuika/Rtri
Rthri

Anuup

Savita, tma

i: Amhmuk
Vivdvas

136

i: Vk/Ambh
tma

134

Anuup

Indra

i: Agni/Varua/Sma
Agni, Varua

Mahpakti

Ksina (Agni)

i: Vna
Vna

i: Jti/Vtajti/etc

i: Chitramaha
Agni

133

i: Kumra

i: Hirayagarbha
Ka (Prajpati)

akkar, Pakti
i: Yauvanva/Gdha

i: Bhaddiva
Indra

95

Jagati, Triup
i: Pthu

96
Indra

Treatise on gvda
Triup

Treatise on gvda
148

Yaksmanasanam

i: Arcan
Savita

Triup
Bhati, Jythi

149

Dussvapnanasanam

Anuup

150

Vivdvas

Anuup

151

Sapatnanasana

Gyatri

152

Sma, Varua

Anuup

153

Vyu

Anuup

154

Gava

Gyatri

155

Srya

Triup (Dvipada)

156

Indra

Gyatri

157

Uas

Anuup

158

Raja

Triup

159

Raja

Triup, Anuup

160

Gravana

Anuup
i Vivha

167

Triup

168

Triup

169

Jagati, Pakti

170

Gyatri

171

Dripadavirat

172

Anuup

173

Anuup

174

Gyatri

175

176

177

i: Snu
161

bhus, Agni

i: Rakh
Garbharaksanam

Jagati

i: rdvagrva Sarpa

i: Yakmanana
Indra

i: Abhivarta

i: Praa
Indra

166

i: Dhruva

i: ac
Saci

Anuup, Pakti

i: Samvarta

i: Caku
Srya

i: Ita

i: Bhuvana
Vivdvas

165

i: Vibhrt

i; Ktu
Agni

Triup

i: abara

i: irimbiha
Alaksmighanam,

i: Anila

i: Maya
Bhavavritam

164

i: Vivmitra/Jamadagni

i: Dvajmaya, Indramtara
Indra

Anuup, Triup

i: abha

i: sa
Indra

i: Kapta

i: raddh
Sraddha

163

i: Practis

i: Mika
Agni

Anuup

97

Anuup, Gyatri
i: Pataga

162

Mayabhda

Jagati, Triup
i: Arianmi

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Tarkaya

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Triup

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178

i: ibi, etc
Indra

Anuup, Triup

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

i: Jaya
Indra

Triup
i: Pratha, Sapratha, etc

Vivdvas

Triup
i: Tapuhmrtha

Bhaspati

Triup
i: Prajvn

Yajamnapatni,

Triup
i: Viu-Prajpatya

Viu, Sinvli,

Anuup
i: Satyadhti

ditya

Gyatri
i: Ula

Vyu

Gyatri
i: Vatsa

Agni

Gyatri
i: yna

Jatavda Agni

Gyatri
i: Sarparj

tma (Srya)

Gyatri
i: Aghamaraa

Bhvavttam

Anuup
i: Samvanana

Agni, Samjnana

Anuup, Triup

99

Inference
From an overall view of the data on the ten Maalas of gvda
presented here, the following points can be noticed.
1. Agni is the first Dvata appearing in all Maalas except 8 and
9. While Indra appears as the first Dvata in Maalam 8; SmaPavamna is appearing as the first Dvata in Maalam 9. This
could possibly be because, in the early Vdik period, the sages might
have thought that, being the source of physical energy, Agni is the
driving force behind all activities that go on in the Universe. Later,
Indra as Universal Manifested Self (or Jvtma) got precedence over
Agni. Still later the wise sages must have realized the unreality of
Jvtma, and Sma was conceived of as the connecting link between
Birth-less Brahman and the manifested Universe; or Sma gets precedence over Indra.
2. Generally in all Maalas, Chandasas containing more number of
letters are found to precede those having lesser number. In other
words perceptions or hymns on one Dvata from any i follows
this pattern. Conversely, hymns in Gyatr, Uik, Anuup, etc appear after Jagati, Triup etc.
3. On closer scrutiny of the data presented here, one can notice that,
number of mantras per sktam shows a decreasing trend as sktam
number increases; all other factors remaining the same. By implication, an increase in number of mantras between two successive
sktas is a sure sign indicating a change in one or more factors: i,
Dvata or Chandas.
4. Maalam 9 almost exclusively deals with the Causal World of
flowing Sma. A detailed study of the data presented here on other
Maalas would show that:
a) In Maala 1, more sktas talk about the gross and subtle worlds
compared to Maalam 10, though physically they look alike,
both containing 191 sktas.
b) Level of abstraction increases from Maalam 1 through 8.
c) In one sense, Maalam 1 contains perceptions from many wise
sages whose names do not appear prominently in later Maalas

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5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

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(perhaps except Maalam 9) (eg: sages Drghatamas, Kutsa,

Agastya, etc).
Sktam 1.164 from sage Drghatamas is unique in the sense that it
serves as a summary of all the knowledge contained in gvda. It
unequivocally proclaims for the good of humanity in general, the
very essence of gvda, namely "One-ness is Truth". Manifested
diversity is unreal or an appearance only.
Maalas 2 through 7 form one set; being perceptions of a particular
sage and sages belonging to his set (or Gtra) and each Maalam
starting with an Agni sktam. The hymns in these Maalas convey
the four-fold knowledge of gvda.
As for the contents of gvda it is known to be the carrier of 4 kinds
of knowledge of increasing grossness as follows:
1. Birthless Brahman - Satya Lka
2. Causal World - Tapa and Jana Lkas
3. Perceived Subtle World - Maha and Sva Lkas
4. Perceived Gross World - Bhuva and Bh Lkas
Gross world is experienced through external sensory organs. The
subtle world is perceived within the mind without the aid of sensory organs. The Causal world is experienced by a discriminating
mind when looking inward towards the origin of the manifested
Universe. This four-fold nature of gvda is perceivable in every
Maalam, perhaps except the 9th, from the data given here.
Many of the sktas and mantras of gvda are coached in the symbolic language of those wise sages and they carry more than one
meaning. Hence, they are quite often misinterpreted and misconstrued. In this respect sktas and mantras appearing in later Maalas
(8, 9 or 10) are generally more difficult for comprehension compared
to those appearing in earlier Maalas.
Maalam 8 is rather peculiar; since it starts with an Indra skta
and He is the Dvata of more than 50% of the sktas. So this can
be treated as an Indra Maalam, similar to Sma-Pavamna of
Maalam 9. This means that Indra gets precedence over Agni in
Maalam 8; only to get replaced by soma - flowing essence of

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101

tma- in Maalam that follows.

10. ies of nearly half the number of sktas of Maalam 10 are imaginary entities like Yama, Yami, Indra, Agni, Nryaa etc. Obviously
these sktas should be perceptions of ies who are imagining themselves to be such and such deities. Consequently, in more than 50%
sktas of Maalam 10, mantras carry more than one meaning and
hence misinterpreted or misconstrued. Unfortunately, their meanings are misunderstood by the common man. How the wise sages
performed in their minds the Great Sacrifice of Creation and became
accomplishers of explaining the creation of this Universe from Birthless Brahman is described in many sktas of this Maalam.
11. In short, how ta (Nature and its laws) were arrived at from Satya is
clearly spelt out in this last Maalam.
12. The logic of the sequence in which the major Dvatas are presented
in gvda can be explained taking as 2 typical examples, the set of
sktas from the 2 great sages Madhuchandas and Dirkhatamas. In
earlier Maalas, especially the first, Dvata from all ies is found
to be Agni, the illuminator of all objects made of matter - gross as
well as subtle. For example in the first ten sktas of gvda from
sage Madhuchandas the order in which the Dvatas appear in the different sktas is: Agni (sktam 1) ; Vyu, Indra-Vyu, Mitra-Varua
(sk. 2) ; Avins, Indra, Vivdvas, Sarasvati (sk. 3) ; Indra (Sk 4
and 5) ; Indra, Maruts (sk. 6); Indra (sk. 7 to 10). In the 25 sktas
from sage Drghatamas; the first seven sktas are on Agni, then 3
sktas on Mitra-Varua, the 3 that follow are on Viu, the next 2 on
Avins, 2 on Dyvpthivi, 1 on Rbhus, 2 on Ava or Agni. The last
one contains a collection of Dvatas and it can be treated as a summary of the previous 24 sktas from him. From this it can be noticed
that; among the illuminated objects; order of Dvatas appearing in
gvda is; a) one of the forms of basic matter such as Vyu, b) subtle objects like Mitra,Varua, etc., c) Causal Forms such as Viu,
Avins etc, d) Self realized enlightened souls like Bhaspati, bhs,
etc.
[It is to be reiterated here that the points given above were revealed

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103

to the scribe by the Universal Impeller. Comprehensive study of all

Maalas is necessary to confirm the veracity of this hypothesis.]
PS : Proper understanding of the mantas of gvda depends upon
'Nature' of the reader as characterized by the capabilities of his sensory
organs, the mind and his ahabhva - the 7 limitations mentioned in
10.90.15.

1.6

Kava

Praiser

1.7

Praskava

Grandson of a praiser

1.8

Savya

One who is fit for sacrifice

1.9

Ndh

Nine-fold, or one having nine parts (or limbs)

1.10

Parara

Destroyer of evil thoughts (or instincts)

1.11

Gtama

One who glorifies or praises well

Appendix I
5. gvdik is

1.12

Ktsa

One who is bright as lightning

1.13

Kayapa

Posessor of black teeth

1.14

jrva

One having reddish horse

1.15

Kakvn

Learned scholar well-versed in science

1.16

Parucchpa

One who has tail as a limb

1.17

Drghatam

One who has been in darkness (or ignorance)

for a long time

1.18

Agastya

Mountain thrower-thrower of cloud or

ignorance

1.19

Lpamudra

One who never neglets her daily duties

Introduction
k 1.155.3 states : "Such noble deeds enhance their great strength.
Some sons bestow joy and happiness on their mothers by their vitality
and enjoyment powers. A son gets his first name from his father, when
he (the son) is a few days old. The second he gets after his education and
training; and the third from his exemplary deeds, by which he shines
like the Sun". Names of gvdik is belong to the third category. In
other words, these are not their first names; but names by which they
wanted themselves to be known and remebered for all times to come.
For example, seer of the (above quoted) k calls himself 'Drghatam',
which means 'one who has been in darkness (of ignorance) for a long
time'. Based on this hypothesis, names of gvdik is are presented
in this appendix in the order in which they appear in gvda.

Madala 1
S.No.

Name

Its Significance

1.1

Madhucchandas

One having pleasing look

1.2

Jt

Victorious

1.3

Mdhtithi

Intelligent guest

1.4

unapa

Learned person whose knowledge in that of

an enlightened soul

1.5

Hirayastpa

One having golden tuft of hair

Madala 2
2.1

Grithsamada

Inspired by the wise

2.2

Smhuti

Sma offering sacrifice(r)

2.3

Krma

One who is like a tortoise, swimming in ocean

of misery

Madala 3
3.1

Visvmitra

Friend of all

3.2

abha

The best among sages

3.3

Ukla (Kya)

Opened up (being in a hole of darkness)

3.4

Kaa

Strychnos Potatorum (or cleaning nut-plant)

3.5

Gthi

Singer of Vdik hymns

3.6

Dvarav

One having shining renown

3.7

Dvavta

Agreeable to shining beings

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Prajpati

Father (or Lord) of all born beings

Madala 4
4.1

Vmadva

Noble shining sage

4.2

Trasadasyu

Shaker of infidels (atheists)

4.3

Purumha

Possessor of unborn (male) sheep

Madala 5

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5.21

Traivrinya

Possessor of three virtues

5.22

Vivavr

Bestower of all treasures

5.23

Gauravt

Highly esteemed

5.24

Babhru

Man with deep brown hair (or bald-headed)

5.25

Avasyu

Desirer of favour or assistance

5.26

Gtu

Singer of Vdik hymns

5.27

Samvaraa

Concealer, or coverer, or concealing

5.28

Prabhvasu

One in whom knowledge has sprung up

5.29

Atri

One who is beyond three-fold miseries

5.30

Avatsra

One who flies away

5.31

Sadpria

All-time Cherisher

5.32

Pratikatra

One who is embodyment of might

5.33

Pratirtha

Adversary in war

5.34

Pratibhnu

In whom brightness is present

5.35

Pratiprabha

In whom splendour is present

5.36

Svasti

Deity of Prosperity

5.37

yvva

Possessor of brown horse (or spiritual rays

of light)

5.38

rutavit

Possessor of celebrated wealth

5.39

Arcanna

Person having rattling carriage

5.40

Rtahavya

Person who willingly presents offerings

5.41

Yaja

Sacrificer

5.42

Yajata

Worthy of worship

5.43

Urucakri

Performer of large work

5.1

Budha

One who is awake (from sleep or ignorance)

5.2

Gavihira

Stayer in the ray

5.3

Va

Male (man)

5.4

Vasuruta

Person renowned for wealth

5.5

Ia

Seeker of knowledge

5.6

Gaya

Possessor of acquired wealth

5.7

Sutambhara

Bearer of extrated Sma

5.8

Dharua

Bearer, or supporter, or holder

5.9

Puru

Possessor of much wealth (or knowledge)

5.10

Dvita Mriktavha

Bearer of two-fold hurt (or injury)

5.11

Vavri

Coverer

5.12

(Endeavouring)
trys

Exerting sons of Atri (see 5.29)

5.13

Sasa

One who is sleeping in ignorance

5.14

Vivasm

Person similar to all

5.15

Dyumna
Vivacarani

Possessor of universally known wealth

5.16

Bandhu

Friend (or relative)

5.44

Bhuvrikta

One having bent or twisted arm

5.17

Subandhu

Good friend (or realative)

5.45

Paura

Filler (or increaser) of wealth

5.18

Viprabandhu

Learned friend (or relative)

5.46

Saptavadhri

5.19

rutabhandhu

Renowned friend (or relative)

One fettered by seven thongs (as applied to

a soul)

5.20

(Vasyava)
treys

Sons (or gainers) of wealth of Atri (see 29)

5.47

Satyarav

One having Truthful (or true) renown

5.48

Bhauma

Dedicated to (or coming from) earth

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vaymarut

Protected (or accompanied) by quick-moving

Maruts

Madala 6
6.1

Bharadvja

Bearer (or bearing) speed and strength (or

knowledge)

6.2

Suhtra

Offerer of good sacrifices

6.3

nahtra

Offerer of auspicious sacrifices

6.4

Nara

Leader of men

6.5

amyu

Happy, fortunate or benevolent

6.6

jiva

Who is growing straight upwards

6.7

Pyu

Protector (or guardian)

Madala 7

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8.11

Nrada

Messenger between shining beings and

mortals

8.12

Gkti

Friendly speaker (praiser) of cows

8.13

Avaskti

Friendly praiser of horses

8.14

Irumbihi

Instigator (of the sky perhaps)

8.15

Sbhar

Bearer of destruction

8.16

Vivaman

Perceiver of everythinhg

8.17

Manu

Thoughtful person

8.18

Nptithi

Guest of the deep, or foot of a mountain

8.19

yvva

Possessor of brown horse

8.20

Nbhka

Destroyer of Ignorance

8.21

Arcanna

Possessor of a rattling carriage

8.22

Virpa

Many coloured (or variegated)

7.1

Vasiha

Most excellent (sage)

8.23

Trika

Three-fold sorrow (one who is sufferer of)

7.2

Vasihaputras

Sons of Vasiha

8.24

Avyvaa

Desirer of Truth (or son of horse or ray)

7.3

Kumra

Youth or son

8.25

Trita

Three-fold warrior (or Perceiver of triad)

8.26

Pragtha

Praiser

Madala 8

8.27

Bhargga

Possessor of splendour

8.1

Mdhtithi

Wise guest

8.28

Kali

The loosing die (die marked with one dot)

8.2

Priyamdha

Lovable intellectual

8.29

Fish bound around by a net

8.3

Mdhytithi

Guest of Intellectuals

Matsy
Jlanaddha

8.4

Dvtithi

Guest of shining beings (enlightened souls)

8.30

Puruhanm

Person with many strokes

8.5

Brahmtithi

Guest of the Creator Brahma

8.31

Purumha

Possessor of many male sheep

8.6

Vathsa

Darling child, boy, son

8.32

Haryata

Desirable person

8.7

Saddhvamsa

Disperser of Truth

8.33

Saptavadhri

Person fettered by seven thongs

8.8

aakara

Hare-eared, one having ear of a hare (sharp

ear)

8.34

Gpavana

Lord of plenty of rays

8.35

Kurusti

One who is born in the Kuru country

8.9

Pragtha

Praiser

8.36

Kritnu

Clever person

8.10

Parvata

Mountain-like cloud

8.37

kadyu

Solitary assailer

8.38

Kudya (Kusd)

Lazy, inert, person

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8.39

Uan

Zealous person

9.13

Trita

(8.25)

8.40

Kria

Dark person

9.14

Prabhvasu

(5.28)

8.41

Vivaka

All-containing praiser

9.15

Rahgaa

8.42

Dyumnka

Powerful man

One belonging to a family from a lonely

place

8.43

Ndh

Nine-fold (or one having nine limbs or parts)

(1.9)

9.16

Bhanmati

Highmined soul

9.17

Mdhytithi

(8.3)

8.44

Nmdha

Man-Sacrificer

9.18

Aysya

Agile, dexterous, valiant

8.45

Purumdha

One endowed with wisdom

9.19

Kavi

Seer of Vdik hymns, praiser, wise, sage

8.46

Apl

Unprotected

9.20

Ucathya

One who is deserving praise

8.47

rutakaka

Knower of the well-known hiding place

9.21

Vathsra

8.48

Sukaka

Knower of the good hiding place

Son of Kayapa (possessor of black teeth)

(1.13)

8.49

Bindu

Globule, or spot, or drop, etc

9.22

Mahyu

One who keeps away from the great world

8.50

Tirac

Horizontal (or across) mover

9.23

Jamadagni

(8.52)

8.51

Nma

One (or several) sage (s)

9.24

Nidhruvi

Constant, persevering, faithful (person)

8.52

Jamadagni

One who is like a moving fire

9.25

Kayapa

(1.3)

8.53

Prayga

Offerer of oblations

9.26

Bhgu

Kindler of sound-producing (or sacrificial)

fire

Madala 9

9.27

atamvaikhnas A (group of) hundred hermits

9.1

Madhucchandas

(1.1)

9.28

Bharadvja

(6.1)

9.2

Mdhtith

(1.3)

9.29

Vathsapri

A gladener like the spring

9.3

unapa

(1.4)

9.30

Ru

One who is like pollen of flowers

9.4

Hirayastpa

(1.5)

9.31

Riabha

The most excellent among sages

9.5

Asita

One who is unbound

9.32

Harimanta

Yellow-coloured person

9.6

Dhacyuta

One who is moved (or shaken) from bonds

9.33

Pavitra

Sinless (or beneficient) sage

9.7

Idmavha

Conveyor of oblations

9.34

Kakvn

(1.15)

9.8

Nmdha

(8.44)

9.35

Kavi

(9.19)

9.9

Priyamdha

(8.2)

9.36

Vasu

Dweller, excellent, good, sweet, etc.

9.10

Bindu

(8.49)

9.37

Prajpati

(see 18 of Applendix II), (3.8)

9.11

Gtama

(1.11)

9.38

Vna

Eager, loving, anxious (person)

9.12

yvva

(5.37)

9.39

kt M

Attracted Block-heads

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9.40

Gthsamada

(2.1)

9.41

Uan

(8.39)

9.42

Vasiha

9.43

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111

10.5

(gi)
Havirdhna

Sma plants - coveying vehicle relating to

the base of the word

(7.1)

10.6

Vivasvn

The Brilliant One - stands for tma probably

Ndh

(8.43)

10.7

Yama

9.44

Kava

(1.6)

Stands for controller of all births and deaths

(Purua)

9.45

Praskava

(1.7)

10.8

ankha

Battle trumpet, a shell (conch)

9.46

Pratardana

Destroyer of enemies

10.9

Damana

Passionless person

9.47

Ambara

Young animal, colt, the Sun, atmosphere, etc.

10.10

Dvarav

Person having shining renown

9.48

jiva

(6.6)

10.11

Samkusuka

Irresolute man

9.49

Rbhasn

Sons of a praiser

10.12

Matitha

Afflicted person

9.50

Andhigu

Goer in darkness

10.13

Man free from pride or arrogance

9.51

Dvita

Believer in dualism (dualist)

Vimada
(Prjpatya)

9.52

Parvata

(8.10)

10.14

Same as above

9.53

Nrada

(8.11)

Vimada
(Indraputr)

9.54

Agni-caku

All-perceiving soul of energy

10.15

Vasukra

Excellent illuminator

9.55

Manu

(8.17)

10.16

Kavaa

Shield, emitting (or emitter of) sound, faulty

person, etc.

9.56

Gauravti

(5.23)

10.17

Aka

Gambling die, wheel, axle, cart, etc.

9.57

Aivar

Superhuman power

10.18

Lua (Dhnaka) Dhanaka's son

9.59

Tryarua

Possessor of three red rays

10.19

Abhitap

One irradiating with heat

9.60

Trasadasyu

(4.2)

10.20

Suhastya

Skillful handed person

9.61

Annata

Person who is not bent (or not humbled

10.21

Ka

(8.40)

9.62

iu

Scholar

10.22

Vathsapri

(9.29)

10.23

Saptagu

Possessor of seven cows

10.24

Indra (Vaikuha)

3 of Appendix II (Statue or image of Viu)

Madala 10
10.1

Trita

(8.25)

10.25

Dvs, Agni

Shining Beings, Soul of energy

10.2

Triir

Possessor of three heads

10.26

Agni (aucka)

Soul of energy (cleanser)

10.3

Sindhudvpa

Dweller of an island in an ocean

10.27

Brihduktha

Loudly praised sage

10.4

Yami, Yama

Symbolise Prakti, Purua (the seed of the

Universe)

10.28

Bandhu

(5.16)

10.29

Subandhu

(5.17)

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10.30

rutabandhu

(5.18)

10.57

Urvai

Widely extending Dawn (personified)

10.31

Viprabandhu

(5.19)

10.58

Varu

Most eminent among the sages

10.32

Bandhu's mother

Mother of Bandhs

10.59

Bhiak

Healer

10.33

Nbhndiha

One who is close to the central point (origin)

10.60

Dvpi

Friend of shining beings

10.34

Gaya (Pla)

One who has acquired wealth (of knowledge)

10.61

Vamra

Ant-like person

10.35

Vasukara

Possessor of excellent ear

10.62

Duvasyu

Worshiper

10.36

Aysya

(9.8)

10.63

Bhudha

(5.1)

10.37

Sumitra

Good friend

10.64

Mudgala

Swallower of happiness

10.38

Bhaspati

(See 31 of Appendix II)

10.65

Apratiratha

Possessor of irresistable chariot

10.39

Gauravti

(9.23)

10.66

Aaka

One consisting eight parts (or limbs)

10.40

Sindhukit

Dweller of an island in an ocean

10.67

Bhtma

Part of Reality

10.41

Jaralkara

Possessor of old ear

10.68

Divya

Wonderful sage

10.42

Smarami

Splendour of the sky

10.69

Paaya

(76 of Appendix II)

10.43

Sapti

Horse, steed, or courser

10.70

Saram

(75 of Appendix II)

10.44

Vivakarm

Accomplisher of all works (see 66 of

Appendix II)

10.71

Juh

Tongue of Agni (flame)

10.72

Jamadagni

(8.52)

10.45

Manyu

Spirit (sacifice) etc (67 of Appendix II)

10.73

Aadamara

One having eight tusks

10.46

Sry

Daughter (spiritual dawn) of the Sun

10.74

ataprabhdana

Piercer of a hundred enemy (clouds)

10.47

Indra, Vkapi

3 of Appendix II, Praiser showering monkey

10.75

Sadhrik

Person going to the same goal

10.48

Indri

Power of Indra, could be Mother Prakti

(Nature)

10.76

Upastuta

Praised sage

10.49

Pyu

(6.7)

10.77

Agniyuta
(Agniypa)

One who is united with Agni

10.50

Rnu

(9.30)

10.78

Bhiku

(Spiritual) mendicant

10.51

Mrdhanvn

Containing the word Mrdhan - the highest

point

10.79

Urukaya

Occupier of Spacious dwellings

10.52

Nryaa

One whose abode is water or human beings

10.80

Brihaddiva

One belonging to the lofty sky

10.53

Arua

Reddish brown person

10.81

Hirayagarbha

Golden egg

10.54

aryta

Fighter

10.82

Citramah

Sage of distinguished greatness

10.55

Tnva

One's own son

10.83

Vna

Sage (anixious or yearning) person (78 of

Appendix II)

10.56

Arbuda

Serpent-like demon

10.84

Varua

(4 of Appendix II)

113

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115

10.85

Sma

(9 of Appendix II)

10.109

Prithu

Smart, clever, dexterous (person)

10.86

mbhrivk

The word (personified) which is roaring

terribly

10.110

Arcan

One having a rattling carriage

10.111

Mka

Favouer

10.87

Kalmalabarhia

Dispeller (ing) of darkness - sacrificial grass

(personified)

10.112

raddh

Faith, Believer

10.88

Vmadva

Noble shining sage

10.113

sa

Commander

10.89

Nabha
Prabhdana

Piercer of cloud

10.114

Indra mtara

Indra's mothers

10.115

irimbiha

Cloud (ignorant man)

10.90

Rtri

Bestower (or stillness) of night darkness

10.116

Ktu

10.91

Vihavya

One to be invoked

Bright appearance, rays of light, flag, banner,

ensign etc.

10.92

Prajpati

(See 18 of Appendix II)

10.117

Caku

Eye

10.93

Yaja

(See 21 of Appendix II)

10.118

ac

Power of speech, renderer of assistance, etc

10.94

Sukrti

Well-praised sage

10.119

Praa

Accomplisher of noble deeds (or completer,

filler etc)

10.95

akapta

One purified with cow dung

10.120

Yakamanana

Remover of sickness

10.96

Sud

Munificient person

10.121

Rakh

Destroyer of demons (or demonic thoughts)

10.97

Mndht, Gdh

Son of thoughtful (or pious) man, fostering

cows

10.122

Vivrih

One who separates oneself from others

10.98

Kumra

(7.3)

10.123

Pract

Observant, attentive, clever, wise (person)

10.99

Jt, Vt Jt

Flowing without interruption, Impelled by

wind

10.124

Kapta

Dove-like person

10.125

Mighty or strong, most excellent of sages

10.100

Bharadvja

(6.1)

kvara, Riabha

10.101

Aga

Limb or body

10.126

Visvmitra

(3.1)

10.102

Vivvasu

Beneficial to all

10.127

Anila

Wind (or Air) personified

10.103

Jarit, Dra
(etc)

Decayed, Sma vessel, friend of bush, etc.

related to a bow

10.128

abara

Variegated person

10.129

Vibhrt

Shining one

10.104

Atri

(5.29)

10.130

Ia

One who makes haste

10.105

Supara

One having beautiful wings

10.131

Samvarta

Water carrying cloud

10.106

Indr

Mistress (or power) of Indra-could be Mother

Prakti or Nature

10.132

Dhruva

Immovable (permanent) one

10.133

rdhvagrv

One who has raised the stone for pressing

Sma essence

10.134

Snu

Son

10.107

Dvamuni

shining hermit

10.108

Suvda

Well-versed in sciences

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10.135

Pataga

Flying insect, butterfly, etc.

10.136

Arianmi

The felly whose wheel is unhurt

10.137

ibi

Best of prey

10.138

Jaya

Conqueror

10.139

Pratha

Celebrity

10.140

Tapurmrdha

Burning-headed (Agni)

10.141

Prajvn

Granter of off-springs

10.142

Tvat

(58 of Appendix II)

10.143

Satyadhriti

Holder (or keeper) of Truth

10.144

Ula

Kind of a wild animal

10.145

Vatsa

Darling, off-spring

10.146

yna

Hawk, falcon, eagle (like person)

10.147

Srparji

Queen of serpents

10.148

Agamaraa

Effacer of sins

10.149

Samvanaa

Facinating man or facinator

10.150

amyu

Benevolent, happy, fortunate sage

Appendix II
6. Dvatas of (in) gvda
Introduction
Literally, Dvata means Godhead, divinity, image of a deity, idol,
etc. But with reference to gvda, the word signifies the subject matter
of the concerned skta. gvda is said to be depository of four kinds
of knowledge.
I - Gross (observed) world
II - Subtle (perceived) world
III - The Causal world of Sma
IV - tma - The Self.

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117

tma is not a name and is beyond all words. It stands for Birthless
Brahman or Birthless State. represents this (Birthless) State.
However, the wise sages used many words to signify tma; such as
: Paramtma, Shining Space, Reddish One, Brownish One, Satya,
THAT, IT, etc.
Dvatas of gvdik sktams could be any of the four types
mentioned above. Moreover, all gross objects in this Universe are
supposed to be made up of five basic forms of Matter in order of
increasing grossness : The Space, Air (which is a gas), Agni (energy,
Water (representing liquids), and the Earth (standing for solid matter).
Subtle or Causal objects, which are products of human mind, obviously
possess no gross forms. In gvda, all objects - whether living or nonliving; with gross forms or without - are treated alike for the sake of
uniformity or easier dealing, perhaps. In other words, gvdik Dvatas
are considered as living forms, or personifications of the quality (or
attributes) that each one possesses. A list of important Dvatas of
gvda follows.
1. Agni is energy (personified). Gross forms of Agni can be different
types of energy such as : heat, mechanical, electrical, chemical, atomic, geo-thermal, tidal, etc. The Sun, lightning, fire inside the earth or
outside, Jahargni (inside the stomach), and energy that maintains
the heart beat in all living creatures, and so on are some typical forms
of gross Agni. The soul of energy or the universal Source of energy
(or power) (personified) - Vaivnargni, Dadhikr, Ava, etc. - can
be thought of as spiritual Agni (Pratyka Brahman). (Possibly, the
very ancient sages might have mistaken this spiritual Agni for tma.
But soon they must have realised that Agni, as such, is manifested
form of matter only and a symbol of tma and not tma - the Birthless State).
2. Vyu :- is to be considered as personified air in the atmospere, which
is one of the five Basic Elements. Air appears as Paca Pras within
bodies of living creatures. Moving air is wind or Maruts. The soul of
air is also considered as Pratyka Brahman. The source of all Basic
Elements is tma and the cause of their appearance is ignorance of

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IT.
3. Indra :- is conceived of as Universal Manifested Self (or Jvtma)
His two horses represent rays of spiritual Light of tma. They are
supposed to bestow existance (Sat) on objects made of Matter - gross
or subtle - and consciousness (Cit) on all living organisms.
4. Mitra-Varua :- These two are thought of as two entities Lording
over the Universe during the day and night respectively. This may
imply that Mitra could be the soul of the Sun and Varua that of the
objects appearing in the night. Varua is considered to be the Lord
of oceans.
5. Avins :- They are said to be twin. In the gross form they can be the
Space and earth, the Sun and Moon, etc. In the subtle form, they are
conceived of as divine physicians, Indra-Viu, Nara-Naryaa and
so on. Spiritually, Avins could be Jvtma-Paramtma conbination,
which is supposed to move from one body of a living being to another carried by drops of spiritual Sma, flowing essence of tma.
6. Vivdvs :- are supposed to be imaginary divine entities who
are responsible for the manifestation of certain aspects of Nature
(Prakti); or they are presiding deities of certain and natural phenomena. They are supposed to be thirty three in number - tweleve
ditys (corresponding to twelve months, perhaps), eleven Rudrs,
eight Vass, etc.
7. Sarasvati :- is known to be presiding deity of learning or knowledge
of all kinds - objective as well as subjective.
8. Brahmaaspati :- may be thought of as Lord of Self-Knowledge
(tmajna).
9. Sma :- is basically a pleasure-giving essence. Juice of Sma creeper, water in the cloud and Moon are examples of physical (or gross)
Sma. Vdik hymns are subtle Sma. Flowing essence of tma (discussed in detail in introduction to Madala 9 of the Treatise on
gVda) is to be considered as spiritual Sma.
10. Sadasaspati :- is the presiding deity of the Assembly (or sacrifice)
with particular reference to the Creation of the Universe.
11. Ribhs :- are probably wise scients, architects, engineers, etc of the
Vdik period; who, by their deeds, became identified with Indra (or

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12.

13.
14.
15.

16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.

22.
23.

24.

119

their own Jvtms). Possibly, they might have been behind the concept of Indra as Universal Jvtma.
Savita :- is associated with the Sun; or He could be considered as
the Soul of the Sun (which symbolises the Universal Jvtma), or
tma.
Dvs of Shining Beings :- in physical terms can be taken as protective powers attributed to them (or those of enlightened sages)
Dyav-prithiv :- are the Space and earth.
Viu :- meaning thereby the all-pervading One, who could be the
Manifested Self or Purua (the seed of the Universe discussed in
detail in Skta 10.90). He is symbol of tma.
pa :- is personified waters (in the atmosphere or on the earth).
This word is usually in plural number.
P :- means the nourisher; in the gross sense, the Sun represents
P. The soul of the Sun could then be spiritual P.
Prajpati :- could mean Lord of all born beings (or Purua effectively).
Aryama :- is supposed to be Dispenser of justice.
Bhaga :- is usually taken as Lord of prosperity
Yaja :- In the broadest sense, all actions of living beings can be
considered as its sacrificial oblations to its Witnessing Self; or its
sacrifice to Paramtma present in its body. To be more specific, a
sacrifice performed by physical body with gross oblations is to be
termed as gross sacrifice. A knowledge-sacrifice such as : teaching,
seminar, discussion, conference, etc; is to be considered as a subtle
form of sacrifice. A spiritual sacrifice is one in which the performer
offers his soul (ego) as oblation. (Protagonists of gross sacrifices
may not agree with this point of view).
U :- Usually means physical dawn. Dawning of spiritual knowledge could be considered as U (spiritual)(Jndaya).
Maruts :- They are said to be sons of Rudra; seven Gas totalling 49
(7 x 7). Physically Maruts stands for winds and wind is moving air
(see 2. Vyu).
Rudra :- means terrible, terrific, roaring, driving away evil, or one

120

25.
26.
27.

28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.

38.

39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.

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who makes men weep, etc. This word is an epithet of Siva - Lord of
destruction. Rudras are considered to be elevn in number.
Srya (masculine) :- is one of the names of Sun (personified).
Vaivnargni :- One form of Agni (see 1. Agni)
Jahargni :- is a form of energy present in the stomach of every
living being; and it is released by slow combustion of food matter
within its stomach. This is the energy that keeps the living being
alive and active.
Ava :- usually means horse, which symbolises power and speed. In
few sktas in gvda, 'Ava' may mean Agni (spiritual, perhaps).
Annam :- basically means food of all kinds.
Ta :- could be grass; or any herb or plant.
Bhaspat :- is the great master of Vdik knowledge; or Lord of
prayer (or devtion). He is said to be son of sage Agiras.
Aditi :- can be thought of as Prakti (or Mother Nature).
ditys :- are sons of Aditi, which means that they are personifications of diverse phenomena occuring in Nature.
Apmnapt :- is one which does not allow water to fall down. It may
mean latent heat of vapourisation of water - a form of Agni.
Dravid :- means giver of gift.
Nadya (plural) :- could be flowing streams (in generaly, rivers). In
the spiritual sense, they correspond to spiritual Sma streams.
Dadhikr :- is considered as personified morning Sun. He is assumed
to be a horse, which is a source of power (Universal). The 'power'
could be physical or spiritual.
Ktrapati :- Lord or master of the temple, which can be the body
(the heart in particualar) of a living being. He can be Paramtma (or
Jvtma) and can be called Universal Impeller.
una :- a plough (personified).
unasrau :- probably personifications of share and plough.
Ghrita :- means ghee, a Sma essence like water, fertilizing rain.
Parjjanya :- generally means rain-bearing cloud, or cloud, or rain.
Dna :- is gift and Daki may mean donation.
Vasiha :- is one who is the most excellent sage.

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121

45. Vstpati :- is protector of the House - tma (or Jvtma).

46. Sarasvn :- can be thought of as protector or guardian of Sarasvati
(see item 7)
47. Madks :- normally means frogs. They may stand for noise-making clouds, or speech-making seekers of Truth.
48. Trasadasyu :- shaker of infidels (or atheists).
49. Pavamna :- could mean getting (or being) purified, purified and
also flowing.
50. Sma Pavamna :- therefore means flowing (or purified) Sma
(see item 9).
51. Yama, Yami :- Based on contents of the sktam (10.10); yami is a
(female) destroyer of bodies. Yama is Her twin brother, who is not
associated with the body. So they can be thought of as Prakti and
Purua. Both are products of ignorance of Birthless State of Brahman.
52. Havirdhna akat :- two oblation-carrying vehicles, the Space and
earth.
53. Agiras :- a sage shining like burning charcoal (or flameless fire). A
charcoal fire does not illuminate anyother object (atleast that is the
assumption). This is true about tma also. Spiritual light of tma
does not illuminate any other object (in that state of One-ness). So
Agiras is one who is shining with Self-Knowledge.
54. Pitara :- are forefathers, parents or inferior protectors.
55. Sarayu :- means fleet footed - cloud, wind, spring or Jvtma.
56. Mrityudht :- is bestower of death.
57. Tvaa :- is known as divine architect, or Creator of the Universe
58. Gva (plural) :- could be lands, speeches, rays.
59. Aka :- is die for gambling.
60. Kitavah :- means a gambler.
61. Krii :- cultivation of soil.
62. Manas :- means mind.
63. Nirti :- is deity in charge of death.
64. Grva :- are stones (or clouds) used for extraction of Sma.
65. Vivakarm :- means all-creating One.

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123

Appendix - III
7. Sktam Classification
Introduction
gvda is known to be a depository of four kinds of knowledge.
I. Gross observed world
II. Subtle perceived world
III. Causal world of Sma
IV. tmajna - Self Realisation.
Hence gvdik sktas can be classified under these heads as
follows. (This classification is purely based on the perception of the
scribe of the Treatise and is not be treated as absolute).

Madala 1
Dvata (Subject matter)
Low

Medium

High

Importance

Cursory

Minor

Category
Major

66. Manyu :- could mean spirit or mind.

67. Sry :- daughter of the Sun could be physical dawn or U (spiritual), Jndaya.
68. Rakahgni :- is Agni, who is a killer of demons (or demonic
thoughts).
69. Purua :- stands for seed of the Universe (see 10.90 for details).
70. Purravas :- is a constandly complaining man, who is unhappy with
his wordly life.
71. Urvas :- a fleeting damsel like the all-pervading, daily appearing
Dawn; or U (spiritual).
72. Har :- two horses (or rays) of Indra. These could be spiritual rays of
light, which bestow existance and consciousness on living beings.
73. adhya (plural) :- means herbs and plants.
74. Saram :- means the fleet one (light of knowledge being the
fleetest).
75. Panies :- are bargaining sacrificers seeking worldly wealth for pomp
and power.
76. Ka :- Name of Prajpati (see 18). It stands for tma - The Self.
77. Va :- means the Sun or heat in the atmosphere.
78. K :- stands for the Sun having hair-like flames.
79. Sapatnibdhana :- opposition (or harassing) of fellow wife.
80. ranyni :- forests
81. raddh :- faith
82. Myamna :- one who is destined to face death.
83. ac :- personified might of Indra.
84. Garbharakana :- protection of womb
85. Yakamanana :- removal of ailments
86. Sapatnanana :- destruction of rivals or adversaries.
87. Abhiiktrja :- a king who is being crowned.
88. My :- illusion or delusion.
89. Trkya :- is considered to be a mighty eagle who brings the immortality. bestowing Nectar to this world of mortals. This is only a
mental concept.
90. Bhvavtta :- realating to the creation of the Universe.

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Skta
Number

122

1.1

I, II

1.2

I, II

1.3

I, II

1.4

I, II

III

Indra

1.5

I, II

III

Indra

1.6

I, II

III

Indra, Maruts

1.7

I, II

1.8

I, II

III

Indra

1.9

I, II

III

Indra

1.10

I, II

III

Indra

1.11

I, II

1.12

I, II

Agni
III

Vyu, Indra, Mitra, Varua

III

III

III

Avins, Indra

Indra

Indra
Agni

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Dvata (Subject matter)

Low

Medium

Importance

Cursory

Minor

Category
Major

Skta
Number

Dvata (Subject matter)

Low

Medium

High

125

Madala 1

Importance

Cursory

Minor

Category
Major

Skta
Number

Madala 1

High

124

1.13

I, II

III

Agni, Tannapat,
Naramsa, etc.

1.32

I, II

III

Indra

1.33

I, II

III

Indra

1.14

I, II

III

Vivdvs

1.34

I, II

1.15

I, II

III

Indra, Maruts, Agni, Mitra,

Varua, Dravind

1.35

I, II

1.16

I, II

III

Indra

1.36

I, II

1.17

I, II

Indra, Varua

1.37

I, II

1.18

I, II

Brahmaaspati, Indra,
Sma, Daki, etc.

1.38

I, II

1.19

I, II

Agni, Maruts

1.39

I, II

1.20

I, II

1.40

II

1.21

I, II

1.41

I, II

Varua, Mitra, Aryam,

ditys

1.22

I, II

1.42

I, II

Pa

1.23

1.43

I, II

1.44

I, II

1.45

I, II

III

III

Ribhs

III
III
III

Agni, Ypa
III

Maruts
Maruts

III

Indra, Agni

III

IV

Avins, Savita, Agni, Dvis,

etc.

I, II

III

IV

Vyu, Indra, Mitra, Varua

etc.

1.24

I, II

III

IV

Prajpati, Agni, Savita,

Bhaga, Varua

1.25

I, II

Varua

1.46

I, II

III

1.26

I, II

Agni

1.47

I, II

III

1.27

I, II

Agni, Dvs

1.48

I, II

1.28

I, II

1.49

I, II

1.50

I, II

IV

Indra

1.51

I, II

III

Indra, Ulkhala, Musala,

Prajpati, etc.

Agni, Mitra, Varua, Rtri,

Savita
Maruts

III

III

Avins

IV

III

Brahmaaspati

Rudra, Mitra, Varua,

Sma
Agni, Avins, U
III

Agni, Dvs

IV

Avins
Avins

III

U
U
Srya

1.29

I, II

1.30

I, II

III

Indra, Avins, U

1.52

I, II

III

Indra

1.31

I, II

III

Agni

1.53

I, II

III

Indra

IV

Indra

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Dvata (Subject matter)

Low

Medium

Importance

Cursory

Minor

Category
Major

Skta
Number

Dvata (Subject matter)

Low

Medium

High

127

Madala 1

Importance

Cursory

Minor

Category
Major

Skta
Number

Madala 1

High

126

1.54

I, II

III

Indra

1.78

I, II

1.55

I, II

III

Indra

1.79

I, II

1.56

I, II

Indra

1.80

I, II

1.57

I, II

Indra

1.81

I, II

1.58

I, II

Agni

1.82

I, II

1.59

I, II

Vaivnargni, Agni

1.83

I, II

1.60

I, II

Agni

1.84

I, II

III

Indra

1.61

I, II

III

Indra

1.85

I, II

III

Maruts

1.62

I, II

III

Indra

1.86

I, II

Maruts

1.63

I, II

III

Indra

1.87

I, II

Maruts

1.64

I, II

Maruts

1.88

I, II

Maruts

1.65

I, II

Agni

1.89

I, II

1.66

I, II

Agni

1.90

I, II

1.67

I, II

Agni

1.91

1.68

I, II

II,
III

1.69

I, II

III

Agni

1.92

I, II

1.70

I, II

III

Agni

1.93

I, II

1.71

I, II

III

IV

Agni

1.94

I, II

Agni

1.72

III

II

IV

Agni

1.95

I, II

Agni, U

1.73

I, II

III

Agni

1.96

I, II

1.74

I, II

Agni

1.97

I, II

uci, udtha, Agni

1.75

I, II

Agni

1.98

Vaivnargni

1.76

I, II

Agni

II,
III

1.77

I, II

1.99

III

Jatavdasgni

1.100

II

III
III

III
III
IV

III

Agni

Agni

Agni
III

Vaidyutgni, Agni
Indra
III

Indra
Indra

III

III

IV

Indra

Vivdvs, Dvs, Aditi

Vivdvs

IV

Sma
U, Avins

III

III

III

Agni, Sma

Dvinds, Agni

Indra

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Importance
Dvata (Subject matter)

III

Indra

1.124

I, II

I, II

III

Indra

1.125

I, II

III

Dnastuti

1.104

I, II

III

Indra

1.126

I, II

III

1.105

I, II

III

Svanaya-Bhvayavya,
Rmaa

1.106

I, II

Vivdvs

1.127

I, II

III

Agni

1.107

I, II

Vivdvs

1.128

I, II

III

Agni

1.108

I, II

III

Indra, Agni

1.129

I, II

III

Indra, Indu

1.109

I, II

III

Indra, Agni

1.130

I, II

III

1.110

I, II

III

Ribhs

1.131

1.111

I, II

III

Ribhs

II,
III

1.112

I, II

III

Dyvpthivi, Agni, Avins

1.132

II,
III

1.113

I, II

III

U, Rtri

1.133

I, II

III

1.114

I, II

Rudra

1.134

II

1.115

I, II

Srya

1.135

I, II

III

1.116

III,
II

IV

Avins

1.136

I, II

1.117

III,
II

Avins

1.137

I, II

III

Mitra, Varua

1.138

1.118

III,
II

Avins

II,
III

1.139

II

1.119

II

III

Avins

1.120

I, II

III

Avins

1.140

I, II

1.121

I, II

III

Vivdvs, Indra

1.141

I, II

1.122

I, II

III

Vivdvs

1.142

I, II

1.102

I, II

1.103

IV

Low

III

High

I, II

I, II

Low

1.123

1.101

High

Indra

Major

Minor

Cursory

Category
Major

Dvata (Subject matter)

Skta
Number

Medium

129

Madala 1

Importance

Cursory

Category
Minor

Skta
Number

Madala 1

Medium

128

U
U

Vivdvs

IV

Indra
Indra
Indra, Parvata
Indra

III

Vyu
Vyu, Indra
Mitra, Varua, Ligkt

II

Vivdvs, Mitra, Varua,

Avins etc.
Agni

III

Agni
pr, Skta

Treatise on gvda

Treatise on gvda

Dvata (Subject matter)

Low

Medium

Importance

Cursory

Minor

Category
Major

Skta
Number

Dvata (Subject matter)

Low

Medium

High

Importance

Cursory

Minor

Major

Skta
Number

Category

131

Madala 1

Madala 1

High

130

1.143

I, II

Agni

1.166

I, II

1.144

I, II

Agni

1.167

1.145

II

III

Agni

1.168

I, II

1.146

I, II

III

Agni

1.169

II

III

1.147

II

III

Agni

1.170

II

1.148

II

III

Agni

1.171

II

Maruts, Marutvn, Indra

1.149

I, II

III

Agni

1.172

II

Marut

1.150

III

Agni

1.173

II

1.151

I, II

Mitra, Varua

1.174

I, II

III

Indra

1.152

II

III

Mitra, Varua

1.175

I, II

III

Indra

1.153

II

III

Mitra, Varua

1.176

Indra

1.154

II,
III

II,
III

1.177

II,
III

Indra

1.178

II,
III

Indra

1.179

1.180

II

III

Avins

1.181

I, II

III

Avins

1.182

I, II

III

Avins

1.183

I, II

III

Avins

1.184

II

III

Avins

1.185

II

III

Dyvpthiv

1.186

I, II

III

1.187

IV
IV

Viu

1.155

II

III

IV

Viu, Indra

1.156

II

III

IV

Viu

1.157

II

III

Avins

1.158

II

III

Avins

1.159

II

1.160

II

1.161

II

III

Ribhs

1.162

I, II

III

IV

Avins

1.163

I, II

III

IV

Avins

1.164

I, II

III

IV

Vivdvs, Agni, Sma,

Surya, etc

1.165

II

III

Marutvn, Indra

III

Dyvpthiv
Dyvpthiv

Maruts
II

IV

Indra, Maruts
Maruts
Indra

III

III

Indra

Indra

Rati

Vivdvs
Annam

Treatise on gvda

Treatise on gvda

I, II

III

Agni

2.17

I, II

III

IV

Indra

II

Bhaspati

2.18

II

III

IV

Indra

Ap, Tria, Srya

2.19

I, II

III

Indra

2.20

I, II

III

Indra

2.21

I, II

III

Indra

2.22

II,
III

Indra

2.23

II,
III

Brahmaaspati, Bhaspati

2.24

III

II

Brahmaaspati, Indra

2.25

III

II

Brahmaaspati,

2.26

III

II

Brahmaaspati,

2.27

II

III

ditys

2.28

II

III

Varua, Dussvapnanin

2.29

II

2.30

I, II

Agni
III

2.31

I, II

Vivdvs

Agni

2.32

I, II

Dyvpthiv, Indra, Rk
etc.

III

Dvata (Subject matter)

Low

Medium

High

Importance

Cursory

Minor

Major

Category

Low

2.16

Madala 2
Skta
Number

Dvata (Subject matter)

Agni

High

1.191

Cursory

1.190

Importance

Minor

II

Category
Major

Skta
Number

1.189

Dvata (Subject matter)

Low

III

Medium

I, II

High

1.188

133

Madala 2

Importance

Cursory

Minor

Category
Major

Skta
Number

Madala 1

Medium

132

Indra

2.1

I, II

III

Agni

2.2

I, II

III

Agni

2.3

I, II

III

prskta

2.4

I, II

III

Agni

2.5

I, II

2.6

I, II

2.7

I, II

2.8

I, II

2.9

I, II

2.10

I, II

2.11

I, II

III

IV

Indra

2.12

I, II

III

IV

Indra

2.33

I, II

III

Rudra

2.13

I, II

III

IV

Indra

2.34

I, II

III

Maruts

2.14

I, II

III

Indra

2.35

2.15

I, II

III

Indra

2.36

I, II

Agni
III

Agni
Agni

III

IV

Agni

Vivdvs
III

II

Indra, Sma, Sarasvat,

Bhaspati, Maruts

Apmnapt
III

Indra, Madhu, Tva,

ukdj, etc.

Treatise on gvda

Treatise on gvda

2.39

I, II

2.40

I, II

2.41

I, II

2.42

2.43

Dvata (Subject matter)

Savita

3.13

I, II

III

Avins

3.14

I, II

III

Agni

III

Sma, Pa, Aditi

3.15

I, II

III

Agni

Vyu, Indra, Mitra, Varua,

Agni, etc.

3.16

I, II

III

Agni

3.17

I, II

III

Agni

III

Kapijalarp Indra

3.18

I, II

III

Agni

III

Indra (akuna)

3.19

I, II

Madala 3

3.20

I, II

Vivdvs, Agni

Importance

3.21

I, II

Agni

3.22

I, II

3.23

I, II

Dvata (Subject matter)

Low

Medium

Cursory

Minor

High

III

Indra, Agni
Agni

III

III
III

Agni

Purys, Agnaya
Agni, tus

3.24

I, II

III

Agni

Agni

3.25

I, II

III

Agni, tus

Agni

3.26

I, II

III

IV

Agni

Vaivnargni
III

3.27

I, II

III

IV

Agni, tvija

prsktata

III

3.28

I, II

Agni

3.29

I, II

III

Nadya, Vivmitra, Indra

Agni

3.30

I, II

III

Indra

Agni

3.31

I, II

III

Ypa, Yp, Vivdvs,

etc.

3.32

I, II

III

3.33

I, II

3.34

III

II

Indra

3.35

III,
II

IV

Indra

3.1

I, II

III

3.2

I, II

3.3

I, II

3.4

I, II

3.5

I, II

3.6

I, II

III

3.7

I, II

III

IV

3.8

II

III

3.9

I, II

3.10

I, II

3.11

I, II

III

Agni, kaypa
III
III

Low

III

High

I, II

Low

3.12

High

Dravidas, Avins, Agni

Category
Major

Cursory

I, II

Importance

Minor

2.38

Category
Major

IV

Dvata (Subject matter)

Skta
Number

III

Medium

Cursory

I, II

Skta
Number

2.37

135

Madala 3

Importance

Minor

Category
Major

Skta
Number

Madala 2

Medium

134

Agni
Agni

Indra

IV

Indra
Indra
Indra

Treatise on gvda

Treatise on gvda

IV

Indra

3.39

III

IV

II

Indra

3.40

III

II, I

3.41

III

II,
IV

3.42

III

II, I

Indra

3.43

I, II

III

Indra

3.44

II,
III

IV

Indra

3.45

II,
III

IV

Indra

3.46

II,
III

3.53

III

II

3.54

I, II

III

IV

Vivdvs

3.55

IV

III

II, I

Vivdvs

3.56

IV,
III

II

Vivdvs

3.57

II

III

Vivdvs

3.58

III

II

3.59

II

3.60

I, II

3.61

I, II

3.62

I, II

Indra
I

Indra

Indra

Mitra
III

bhus, Indra
U

III

IV

II,
III

Indra

3.49

II,
III

Indra

3.50

III,
II

Indra

3.51

II,
III

Indra

Dvata (Subject matter)

Cursory

3.48

Importance

Minor

Indra

Category
Major

Indra, Varua, Bhaspati,

Pa, etc.

Madala 4
Skta
Number

II,
III

Indra, Parvata, Vk, Sasarpar, etc.

Avins

Indra

3.47

Low

III,
II

4.1

I, II

III

IV

Agni, Varua

4.2

I, II

III

IV

Agni

4.3

I, II

III

IV

Agni, Rudra

4.4

I, II

III

4.5

III

II

4.6

I, II

III

Low

3.38

Medium

Indra

II

Medium

III

Dvata (Subject matter)

3.52

High

I, II

Cursory

3.37

Importance

Minor

Indra

Category
Major

Low

II,
III

High

3.36

Skta
Number

Dvata (Subject matter)

Minor

Medium

Importance

Cursory

Category

137

Madala 3

Major

Skta
Number

Madala 3

High

136

Rakhgni
IV

Vaivnargni
Agni

Treatise on gvda

Treatise on gvda

III,
II

IV

Indra, tma, yna

III

4.9

I, II

III

Agni

4.27

III,
II

IV

yna, Indra

4.10

I, II

III

Agni

4.11

I, II

III

Agni

4.28

III,
II

IV

Indra, Sma

4.12

I, II

III

Agni

4.13

III

Agni

4.29

II,
III

4.14

III

Agni

4.30

II

III

4.15

I, II

III

Agni, Smaka, Shadvya,

Avins

4.31

I, II

III

Indra

4.16

I, II

III

IV

4.32

I, II

III

Indra, Indrvau

Indra

4.17

I, II

III

IV

4.33

II, I

III

Indra

4.18

III

II

4.34

II, I

III

Vmadva, Indra

4.19

I, II

III

IV

4.35

II, I

III

IV

bhus

Indra

4.20

III

IV

II I

4.36

II,
III

IV

bhus

Indra

4.21

II,
III

IV

Indra

4.37

II,
III

IV

bhus

4.22

II,
III

IV

Indra

4.38

I, II

III

Dyvpdhv, Dadhikr

4.23

III,
II

IV

4.39

I, II

III

Dadhikr

Indra, tadvat

4.40

I, II

III

Dadhikr, Srya

4.24

III,
II

Indra

4.41

I, II

III

Indra, Varua

4.42

I, II

III

tma, Indra, Varua

4.25

III,
II

Indra

4.43

II, I

III

Avins

4.44

III

II, I

Avins

Agni

Low

4.26

Agni

High

I, II

Dvata (Subject matter)

Cursory

4.8

Importance

Minor

IV

Category
Major

III

Low

I, II

High

4.7

Skta
Number

Dvata (Subject matter)

Cursory

Medium

Importance

Minor

Category

139

Madala 4

Major

Skta
Number

Madala 4

Medium

138

Indra
IV

IV

Indra, U

bhus
bhus

Treatise on gvda

Treatise on gvda

5.6

I, II

III

Agni

III

Vyu, Indra

5.7

I, II

III

Agni

III

Vyu, Indra

5.8

I, II

III

Vyu

5.9

4.49

I, II

III

Indra, Bhaspati

4.50

I, II

III

4.51

II

4.52

4.53

Low

I, II

Dvata (Subject matter)

Avins

High

4.48

Cursory

I, II

Importance

Minor

4.47

Category
Major

I, II

Skta
Number

4.46

Dvata (Subject matter)

Low

II

Medium

III

High

4.45

141

Madala 5

Importance

Cursory

Minor

Category
Major

Skta
Number

Madala 4

Medium

140

III

Agni

5.10

I, II

III

Agni

Bhaspati, Indra

5.11

I, II

IV

Agni

III

5.12

I, II

III

Agni

II

III

5.13

I, II

III

Agni

III

II

Savita

5.14

I, II

4.54

III

II

Savita

5.15

I, II

III

Agni

4.55

I, II

III

Vivdvs

5.16

I, II

IV

Agni

4.56

I, II

III

Dyvpathiv

5.17

I, II

III

Agni

4.57

I, II

III

IV

Kktrapati, una, unasir,

St

5.18

I, II

IV

Agni

5.19

I, II

IV

Agni

4.58

I, II

III

Agni, Srya, etc.

5.20

I, II

III

Agni

Madala 5

5.21

I, II

III

Importance

5.22

I, II

5.23

I, II

5.24

I, II

Dvata (Subject matter)

Low

Cursory

Minor

Major

Category

Medium

I, II

High

Agni

Skta
Number

IV

Agni

IV

Agni
Agni

III

Agni
Agni

5.25

I, II

Agni, Varua
III

5.26

I, II

Agni

IV

5.27

I, II

III

Agni, Indra

Agni

I, II

III

5.28

I, II

III

Agni

Agni

I, II

III

5.29

I, II

III

Indra

prsktam

5.1

I, II

5.2

I, II

5.3

I, II

5.4
5.5

III

III

Agni
III

Agni

Treatise on gvda

Treatise on gvda

IV

Indra, acaya

5.31

III,
II

IV

Indra, Kutsa, (and Uanasa)

5.32

II, I

III

5.33

III,
II

IV

Indra

5.34

III,
II

IV

Indra

5.35

I, II

III

5.36

II,
III

5.37

I, II

III

5.38

I, II

5.39

Cursory

Importance
Dvata (Subject matter)

5.49

I, II

III

5.50

I, II

III

Vivdvs

5.51

I, II

III

Vivdvs

5.52

II, I

5.53

I, II

5.54

I, II

5.55

I, II

Indra

5.56

I, II

Maruts

Indra

5.57

I, II

Maruts

5.58

I, II

Maruts

Indra

5.59

I, II

Maruts

III

Indra

5.60

I, II

Maruts and / or Agni

II,
III

Indra

5.61

I, II

5.40

III,
II

IV

Indra, Srya, Atri

5.62

I, II

IV

Mitra, Varua

5.41

II, I

III

IV

5.63

I, II

IV

Mitra, Varua

Vivdvs

5.42

II, I

III

IV

5.64

I, II

IV

Mitra, Varua

Vivdvs, Rudra

5.43

II, I

III

IV

5.65

I, II

Vivdvs

5.44

II,
III

IV

5.66

I, II

IV

Mitra, Varua

Vivdvs

5.67

I, II

IV

Mitra, Varua

5.45

I, II

III

IV

Vivdvs

5.68

I, II

IV

Mitra, Varua

5.46

I, II

5.69

I, II

Mitra, Varua

5.47

I, II

5.70

I, II

Mitra, Varua

Indra

IV

Vivdvs, Dvapatns
III

Vivdvs

Low

III

High

I, II

Low

5.48

High

Minor

III,
II

Category
Major

5.30

Skta
Number

Dvata (Subject matter)

Cursory

Medium

Importance

Minor

Category

143

Madala 5

Major

Skta
Number

Madala 5

Medium

142

Vivdvs
IV

IV
III

Vivdvs

Maruts
Maruts

IV
III

Maruts
Maruts

III

Maruts, ayas,
Purumla, etc.

Mitra, Varua

Treatise on gvda

Treatise on gvda

Dvata (Subject matter)

Low

Medium

Importance

Cursory

Minor

Category
Major

Skta
Number

Dvata (Subject matter)

Low

Medium

High

145

Madala 6

Importance

Cursory

Minor

Category
Major

Skta
Number

Madala 5

High

144

5.71

I, II

Mitra, Varua

6.3

I, II

5.72

I, II

Mitra, Varua

6.4

I, II

5.73

I, II

III

Avins

6.5

I, II

IV

Agni

5.74

I, II

III

Avins

6.6

I, II

IV

Agni

5.75

I, II

III

Avins

6.7

I, II

III

5.76

I, II

III

Avins

6.8

I, II

III

5.77

I, II

Avins

6.9

I, II

IV

5.78

I, II

III

IV

Avins

6.10

I, II

Agni

5.79

I, II

III

IV

6.11

I, II

Agni

5.80

I, II

III

IV

6.12

I, II

Agni

5.81

III

II, I

Savita

6.13

I, II

5.82

I, II

IV

Savita

6.14

I, II

III

Agni

5.83

I, II

Prajanya

6.15

I, II

III

Agni

5.84

I, II

Pthiv

6.16

I, II

III

Agni

5.85

I, II

III

Varua

6.17

I, II

III

IV

Indra

5.86

I, II

III

Indra, Agni

6.18

I, II

III

IV

Indra

5.87

I, II

Maruts

6.19

I, II

III

IV

Indra

6.20

I, II

IV

Indra

6.21

I, II

III

IV

Indra, Vivdvs

6.22

I, II

III

IV

Indra

6.23

I, II

III

Indra

6.24

I, II

III

Indra

Agni

6.25

I, II

III

Indra

Agni

6.26

I, II

III

IV
IV

II, I

IV

III

IV

6.2

I, II

Dvata (Subject matter)

Low

I, II

Medium

6.1

High

Cursory

Importance

Minor

Category
Major

Skta
Number

Madala 6

Agni
III

Agni

Vaivnargni
IV

Vaivnargni
Vaivnargni

IV

IV

Agni

Indra

Treatise on gvda

Treatise on gvda

IV

Indra, Dna

6.50

I, II

III

IV

Vivdvs

6.28

III

II

IV

Gva (Indra)

6.51

I, II

III

IV

Vivdvs

6.29

III

II, I

Indra

6.52

I, II

III

IV

Vivdvs

6.30

III

I, II

Indra

6.53

II, I

IV

6.31

I, II

Indra

6.54

II, I

6.32

I, II

III

Indra

6.55

II, I

IV

6.33

I, II

III

Indra

6.56

II, I

IV

6.34

I, II

III

Indra

6.57

6.35

I, II

III

Indra

II,
III

6.36

I, II

III

Indra

6.58

II, I

6.37

I, II

III

Indra

6.59

I, II

III

6.38

I, II

III

Indra

6.60

I, II

III

6.39

I, II

III

Indra

6.61

II, I

Sarasvati

6.40

I, II

III

Indra

6.62

Avins

6.41

I, II

III

Indra

III,
II

6.42

I, II

III

Indra

6.63

6.43

I, II

III

III,
II

Indra

6.44

I, II

III

6.64

I, II

Indra

6.45

I, II

III

6.65

I, II

Indra, Bbustak

6.46

I, II

III

IV

6.66

Indra

6.47

II, I

III

IV

6.67

II, I

Sma, Indra, Bhaspati,

Prastka, etc.

6.68

II, I

III

6.48

I, II

III

IV

Agni, Maruts, P, Prini,

Dyvabhum

6.69

I, II

III

6.70

I, II

6.49

I, II

III

Vivdvs

6.71

III,
II

IV
IV

IV

IV

Indra, P
IV

IV

Low

II

High

Cursory

III

Low

6.27

High

Minor

Dvata (Subject matter)

Major

Skta
Number

Importance

Cursory

Dvata (Subject matter)

Category

Minor

Medium

Importance

Major

Skta
Number

Category

147

Madala 6

Madala 6

Medium

146

P
Indra-Agni

IV

Indra-Agni

Avins
U

IV

U
Maruts

IV

Mitra-Varua

IV

Indra-Varua
Indra-Varua
Dyvpthiv

IV

Savita

Treatise on gvda

Treatise on gvda

III,
II

6.73

II

III

6.74

II

6.75

II

Indra-Sma

Dvata (Subject matter)

Low

Medium

Importance

Cursory

Minor

Major

Skta
Number

Low

Medium

High

Dvata (Subject matter)

Category

7.1 5

I, II

IV

Agni

IV

Agni

I, II

7.17

I, II

III

Sma-Rudra

7.18

I, II

III

IV

Indra, Suds

III,
IV

Varma, Dhanus, Jy, Iuthi

etc.

7.19

I, II

III

IV

Indra

7.20

I, II

III

IV

Indra

Madala 7

7.21

I, II

III

IV

Indra

Importance

7.22

I, II

III

Indra

7.23

I, II

III

Indra

7.24

I, II

III

7.25

I, II

Indra

7.26

I, II

Indra

7.27

I, II

III

IV

Indra

7.28

I, II

III

IV

Indra

7.29

I, II

7.30

I, II

III

7.31

I, II

III

7.32

I, II

III

IV

Indra

7.33

I, II

III

IV

Vasithputrs, or Indra,
Vasitha

7.34

I, II

Vivdvs, Ahi,
Ahirbudhnya

I, II

III

IV

7.2

I, II

prskta

7.3

I, II

Agni

7.4

I, II

III

IV

Agni

7.5

I, II

III

IV

Vaivnargni

7.6

I, II

III

IV

Vaivnargni

7.7

I, II

III

IV

Agni

7.8

I, II

7.9

I, II

7.10

I, II

Agni

7.11

I, II

Agni

7.12

I, II

Agni

7.35

I, II

Vivdvs

7.13

I, II

Agni

7.36

I, II

Vivdvs

7.1 4

I, II

Agni

7.37

I, II

Low

7.1

High

Cursory

Dvata (Subject matter)

Agni

Minor

Category

Medium

7.16
Bhaspati

Major

Skta
Number

6.72

149

Madala 7

Importance

Cursory

Minor

Category
Major

Skta
Number

Madala 6

High

148

Agni

Agni
III

III

IV

Agni

IV

Indra

Indra

III

IV

Indra
Indra

Vivdvs

Treatise on gvda

Treatise on gvda

Dvata (Subject matter)

III

I, II

IV

Vivdvs

7.63

I, II

7.40

I, II

IV

Vivdvs

7.64

I, II

IV

Mitra-Varua

7.41

I, II

IV

Vivdvs, Bhaga, U

7.65

I, II

IV

Mitra-Varua

7.42

I, II

Vivdvs

7.66

I, II

IV

7.43

I, II

Vivdvs

Mitra-Varua, ditys,
Srya

7.44

I, II

Vivdvs, Dadhikar

7.67

I, II

III

Avins

7.45

I, II

Savita

7.68

I, II

III

Avins

7.46

I, II

Rudra

7.69

I, II

III

Avins

7.47

I, II

pa

7.70

I, II

III

IV

Avins

7.48

I, II

bhus, Vivdvs

7.71

I, II

III

IV

Avins

7.49

I, II

pa

7.72

I, II

III

7.50

I, II

Mitra, Varua, Agni,

Vivdvs, Nads

7.73

I, II

7.74

I, II

ditys

7.75

ditys

7.39

Low

I, II

High

7.62

Low
Savita, Vjina

I, II

High

IV

Major

III

7.38

Cursory

Importance

Minor

Dvata (Subject matter)

Category
Major

Medium

Importance

Skta
Number

Madala 7

Cursory

Category

151

Minor

Skta
Number

Madala 7

Medium

150

Srya, Mitra-Varua
Srya, Mitra-Varua

Avins
III

Avins

III

IV

Avins

I, II

III

IV

7.76

I, II

III

IV

Dyvpthiv

7.77

I, II

III

IV

Vstpati

7.78

I, II

IV

IV

Vstpati, Indra

7.79

I, II

IV

Maruts

7.80

I, II

Maruts

7.81

I, II

III

Maruts

7.82

I, II

III

IV

Indra-Varua

Maruts, Rudras

7.83

I, II

III

IV

Indra-Varua

7.51

I, II

7.52

I, II

7.53

I, II

7.54

I, II

7.55

I, II

7.56

I, II

7.57

I, II

7.58

I, II

7.59

I, II

7.60

I, II

IV

Srya, Mitra-Varua

7.84

I, II

III

IV

Indra-Varua

7.61

I, II

IV

Mitra-Varua

7.85

I, II

III

IV

Indra-Varua

IV

III

IV
III

III

Treatise on gvda

Treatise on gvda

Importance

IV

Varua

8.1

I, II

III

IV

Indra, saga

7.87

I, II

III

IV

Varua

8.2

I, II

III

IV

Indra, Vibhindu

7.88

I, II

III

Varua

8.3

I, II

III

IV

Indra, Pkasthm

7.89

II,
III

Varua

8.4

I, II

III

IV

Indra (P), Kuruga

8.5

I, II

III

IV

Avins, Kau, etc

7.90

I, II

Vy, Indra-Vyu

8.6

I, II

III

IV

7.91

I, II

Vy, Indra-Vyu

Indra, Tirindira,
Praavya

7.92

I, II

Vy, Indra-Vyu

8.7

I, II

III

IV

Maruts

7.93

I, II

Indra-Agni

8.8

I, II

III

IV

Avins

7.94

I, II

Indra-Agni

8.9

I, II

III

IV

Avins

7.95

I, II

III

Sarasvati, Sarasvn

8.10

I, II

III

7.96

I, II

III

Sarasvati, Sarasvn

8.11

I, II

7.97

I, II

III

Indra, Bhaspati,
Brahamaaspati

8.12

I, II

III

IV

IV

Low

III

High

Cursory

II

Low

7.86

High

Minor

Dvata (Subject matter)

Major

Dvata (Subject matter)

Category

Cursory

Medium

Importance

Skta
Number

Madala 8

Minor

Category

153

Major

Skta
Number

Madala 7

Medium

152

Avins
III,
IV

Agni

III

IV

Indra

7.98

I, II

III

Indra, Bhaspati

8.13

I, II

III

IV

Indra

7.99

I, II

III

Viu, Indra

8.14

I, II

III

IV

Indra

7.100

I, II

III

Viu

8.15

I, II

III

IV

Indra

7.101

I, II

III

Parjanya

8.16

I, II

7.102

I, II

III

Parjanya

8.17

I, II

III

IV

Indra

7.103

I, II

III

Madks

8.18

I, II

III

IV

7.104

I, II

III

Grava, Maruts, Pthivi,

etc.

ditys, Avins, Agni,

Sry, Anila

8.19

I, II

III

IV

Agni, ditys, Trasadasyu

8.20

I, II

8.21

I, II

III

IV

Indra, Citra

8.22

I, II

III

IV

Avins

Indra

Maruts

Treatise on gvda

Treatise on gvda

IV

Agni

8.24

I, II

III

IV

Indra, Varu

8.25

I, II

III

IV

Mitra-Varua, Vivdvs

8.26

I, II

III

IV

Avins, Vyu

8.27

I, II

III

IV

Vivdvs

8.28

I, II

8.29

I, II

8.30

I, II

8.31

I, II

III

IV

Yaja, Yajamna, Dampat,

etc

8.32

I, II

III

IV

8.33

I, II

III

8.34

I, II

III

8.35

Cursory

III

Importance
Dvata (Subject matter)

III,
IV

Agni

8.45

II

III,
IV

Agni-Indra, Indra

8.46

I, II

IV

III

Indra, Pthurav, Vyu

8.47

I, II

III

IV

ditys, U

8.48

I, II

III

IV

Sma

8.49

II

III

Agni

8.50

I, II

III

IV

Indra

8.51

I, II

III

Indra

Indra

8.52

I, II

III

IV

Indra, Dvs

IV

Indra

8.53

I, II

III

IV

Indra

8.54

I, II

III

IV

Indra

I, II

Avins

8.55

I, II

III

IV

Indra

8.36

I, II

Indra

8.56

I, II

III

IV

ditys

8.37

I, II

Indra

8.57

I, II

III

IV

Indra, ksvamdhau

8.38

I, II

Indra-Agni

8.58

I, II

III

IV

Indra, Vivdvs, Varua

8.39

I, II

III

Agni

8.59

I, II

III

IV

Indra

8.40

I, II

III

Indra-Agni

8.60

I, II

III

IV

Agni

8.41

I, II III,
IV

Varua

8.61

I, II

III

IV

Agni

8.62

I, II

III

IV

Avins

8.63

I, II

III

8.64

II

8.65

II

8.66

II

Vivdvs
III

IV

Vivdvs
Vivdvs

8.42

II

III,
IV

Varua, Avins

8.43

II

III,
IV

Agni

Low

II

High

Low

8.44

High

Minor

I, II

Category
Major

8.23

Skta
Number

Dvata (Subject matter)

Cursory

Medium

Importance

Minor

Category

155

Madala 8

Major

Skta
Number

Madala 8

Medium

154

Indra

Agni, rka, rutarv

III

Agni
Indra

III

Indra

Treatise on gvda

Treatise on gvda

Sma

8.92

II

Agni, Maruts

II

III

Indra, Dvs

II

III

Indra

8.71

II

III

Indra

8.72

II

III

Vivdvs

8.73

II

III

Agni

8.74

II

III

Avins

8.75

II

8.76

II

III

Avins

8.77

II

III

Indra

8.78

II

III

Indra

8.79

II

III

Indra

8.80

II

III

Indra

8.81

II

III

Indra

8.82

II

III

Indra, bhs

8.83

II

8.84

II

III

Indra

8.85

II

III

Indra, Maruts, Bhaspati

8.86

II

III

Indra

8.87

II

III

Indra

8.88

II

8.89

I, II

II

8.90

II

Maruts

Indra
IV

Indra, Supara, Vajra, Vk

Mitra, Varua, ditys,
Avins, etc

Madala 9

Dvata (Subject matter)

Low

II

Medium

III

High

Cursory

Importance

Minor

9.1 to
9.114

Category

Causal world of Sma

Importance
Dvata (Subject matter)
Low

High

Category

Medium

Madala 10
Cursory

Avins

Low

III

High

Minor

Agni

Minor

8.70

Cursory

Major

II

Major

Dvata (Subject matter)

Major

8.69

Skta
Number

II

Importance

8.91

Skta
Number

Category

Indra

Skta
Number

8.68

Dvata (Subject matter)

Low

II

Medium

High

8.67

157

Madala 8

Importance

Cursory

Minor

Category
Major

Skta
Number

Madala 8

Medium

156

10.1

I, II

Agni

10.2

I, II

Agni

10.3

I, II

Agni

10.4

I, II

Agni

10.5

I, II

III

Agni

10.6

I, II

III

Agni

10.7

I, II

III

Agni

10.8

I, II

III

Agni, Indra

10.9

I, II

pa

10.10

III,
IV

Yama, Yam

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Treatise on gvda

Madala 10
Medium

Dvata (Subject matter)

Agni

10.31

II, III

IV

10.12

I, II

III

Agni

10.32

II

III

10.13

III,
IV

Havirdhn

10.33

II

III

IV

10.14

III,
IV

Yama, Pitara, vnau,

etc.

10.34

10.35

I, II

III

IV

Vivdvs

10.15

II

III

Pitara

10.36

I, II

III

IV

Vivdvs

10.16

I, II

III

Agni

10.37

I, II

10.17

II

III

IV

Saray, P, Sarasvati,
pa, Sma

10.38

I, II

III

Indra

10.18

I, II

III

IV

Mtyu, Dht, Tva,

Pitrimdha

10.39

I, II

III

Avins

10.40

I, II

III

10.19

II

III

IV

pa, Gva, AgniSma

10.41

II

10.42

I, II

III

Indra

IV

Low

III

High

I, II

Low

10.11

High

Minor

Cursory

Importance

Major

Skta
Number

Medium

Dvata (Subject matter)

Category

Minor

Cursory

Importance

Major

Skta
Number

Madala 10
Category

159

Vivdvs
Vivdvs
Vivdvs, Indra, Trasadasyu, etc.
Aka, Kitavan, Krisi

Srya

IV

Avins
Avins

10.20

I, II

III

Agni

10.43

I, II

III

Indra

10.21

I, II

III

Agni

10.44

I, II

III

Indra

10.22

II, III

Indra

10.45

I, II

III

IV

Agni

10.23

II, III

Indra

10.46

I, II

III

IV

Agni

10.24

II, III

Indra-Avins

10.47

II

III

IV

Indra (Vaikuha)

10.25

I, II

Pavamna, Sma

10.48

I, II

III

IV

Indra

10.26

II

10.49

I, II

III

IV

Indra

10.27

II, III

IV

Indra

10.50

II

10.28

I, II

III

Indra, Vasukra

10.51

I, II

10.29

II, III

Indra

10.52

I, II

III

Vivdvs

10.30

I, II

pa, Apmnapat

10.53

I, II

III

Agni, Dvs

10.54

II

III

III

III

IV

Indra
Agni, Dvs

IV

Indra

160

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Treatise on gvda

Medium

IV

Indra

10.76

I, II

10.56

I, II

III

IV

Vivdvs

10.77

I, II

10.57

I, III

Vivdvs (or Mana)

10.78

I, II

10.58

I, II

Mana vartamna

10.79

I, II

10.59

I, II

III

IV

Nirti, Sma, Asumt,

Dvyvapthiv

10.80

I, II

Agni

10.81

I, II

III

IV

Asamati, Indra, Jva,

Hasta

III,
IV

Vivakarm

10.60

10.82

IV

10.61

II

III

IV

Vivdvs

10.83

II, IV

10.62

II

III

IV

Vivdvs, Agirasa,
Dna

10.84

III

IV

Manya

10.63

I, II

10.85

I, II

III

Sma, Sryvivha

10.86

II, III

10.64

II

III

Vivdvs

10.87

I, II

III

Rakhgni

10.65

II

III

Vivdvs

10.88

I, II

III

Srya, Vaivnargni

10.66

II, III

Vivdvs

10.89

I, II

III

Indra

10.67

II, III

IV

Bhaspati

10.90

Purua

10.68

II, III

IV

Bhaspati

III,
IV

10.69

II

10.91

I, II

Agni

10.70

I, II

prskta

10.92

I, II

III

IV

Vivdvs

10.71

IV

tmajna

10.93

I, II

III

IV

Vivdvs

10.72

II

III

10.94

I, II

III

10.73

I, II

III

10.95

II, III

10.74

I, II

III

10.96

I, II

10.75

I, II

III

10.97

I, II

Vivdvs, Pathy
Svasti
IV

Agni

IV

Dvs
Maruts (Indra)

IV

Maruts (Indra)
Nadies

III

IV

Grva

IV

Maruts

Low

III

High

Major

I, II

Low

10.55

High

Cursory

Dvata (Subject matter)

Cursory

Medium

Importance

Minor

Dvata (Subject matter)

Category
Minor

Importance

Skta
Number

Category

Madala 10

Major

Skta
Number

Madala 10

161

Maruts
III

III

Agni

II, I

Vivakarm
Manya

Indra

Grva
Urva, Purravas

III

Hari
adhya

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Importance

I, II

III

Indra

10.122

I, II

Agni

I, II

III

Vivdvs

10.123

I, II

Vna

10.101

I, II

III

IV

Vivdvs (or tvija)

10.124

I, II

III

10.102

II

III

IV

Drughaa (or Indra)

10.103

I, II

III

IV

Indra, Bhaspati,
Apvdvi, Maruts

10.125

II

III

10.126

I, II

Vivdvs

10.99

I, II

10.100

IV

Low

IV

III

High

Cursory

III

I, II

Low

10.121

10.98

High

Dvs

Major

Minor

Dvata (Subject matter)

Major

Dvata (Subject matter)

Category

Medium

Medium

Madala 10
Skta
Number

Importance
Cursory

Category
Minor

Skta
Number

Madala 10

163

Ka (Prajpati)

Agni, Agnrtm,
Varua, Sma, Indra
tm

10.104

I, II

III

Indra

10.127

I, II

Rtri

10.105

I, II

III

Indra

10.128

I, II

Vivdvs

10.106

I, II

III

Avins

10.129

IV

Bhvavtta

10.107

II

Daki

10.130

III

10.131

II

10.108

II, III

10.132

I, II

10.109

I, II

Dybhmayavina,
Mitra-Varua

10.110

I, II

prskta

10.133

I, II

Indra

10.111

I, II

III

Indra

10.134

I, II

Indra

10.112

I, II

III

Indra

10.135

II, III

Yama

10.113

I, II

III

IV

Indra

10.136

I, II

Kna

10.114

I, II

III

IV

Vivdvs

10.137

I, II

Vivdvs

10.115

I, II

III

Agni

10.138

I, II

III

Indra

10.116

I, II

III

Indra

10.139

I, II

III

Savita, tma

10.117

Dhannnadna

10.140

I, II

Agni

10.118

I, II

Rakhgni

10.141

I, II

Vivdvs

10.119

I, II

III

Indra

10.142

I, II

Agni

10.120

I, II

III

Indra

10.143

II, III

Avins

III,
IV

Sarame, Paaya
III

IV

Indra, Avins

Vivdvs

IV

Bhvavtta

Treatise on gvda

Treatise on gvda

I, II

10.148

Dvata (Subject matter)

Low

10.147

Medium

Cursory

10.146

Importance

Minor

I, II

Category
Major

10.145

Dvata (Subject matter)

Low

III

165

Madala 10
Skta
Number

Medium

I, II

High

10.144

Cursory

Importance

Minor

Category
Major

Skta
Number

Madala 10

High

164

Indra

10.166

II

Sapatnbdhana

10.167

I, II

III

Indra, Sma, Varua,

Bhaspati, etc.

Indra

10.168

III

Vyu

II, III

Indra

10.169

III

Gva

10.149

II, III

Savita

10.170

III

Sry

10.150

II

Agni

10.171

II, III

Indra

10.151

II

Sraddh

10.172

10.152

II

Indra

10.173

Rj

10.153

I, II

Indra

10.174

III

IV

Rj

10.154

Bhvavtta

10.175

III

Grva

10.155

I, II

10.176

II, III

Sapatnanana

Arayn
III

Alakamghna,
Bhmaaspati,
Vivdvs

10.177

IV

10.178

II

Agni

bhs, Agni
My (Bhda)
IV

Trkya

10.156

I, II

10.179

I, II

Indra

10.157

II

Vivdvs

10.180

II

Indra

10.158

II

Srya

10.181

II

ac

III,
IV

Vivdvs

10.159
10.160

I, II

Indra

10.182

II

Bhaspati

10.161

I, II

Indra (or
Rjayakamaghna)

10.183

III

IV

Yajamna,
Yajamnapatn, etc.

10.162

Garbharakaam

10.184

I, II

III

10.163

Yakamananam

Vin, Tvaa, Snvli,

Avins, etc.

10.164

II

Dusvapnanana

10.185

II

ditya

10.165

II

Vivdvs

10.186

Vyu

III

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Importance
Medium

Dvata (Subject matter)

I, II

III

Agni

10.188

I, II

III

Jatvdgan

10.189

I, II

tm (Srya)

10.190

III,
IV

Bhvavttam

10.191

II, I

Low

10.187

High

Minor

Cursory

Category
Major

Skta
Number

Madala 10

III

Sktam 1.164
Mantrs in the Skta can be classified into different
categories as follows :
Mantram
Numbers

17, 18, 19

Objects appear and disappear due to

Indra-Sma

III (Hypothesis)

20, 21, 22

Dualist point of view

III (Proposed)

23

Definition of Knower of Truth

IV, II
(Proposed)

24

Structure of Vds

II (observation)

25

Concept of a Non-dualist Creator of

Universe

IV (Proposed)

26, 27, 28, 29

Review of knowledge gained from

observation

II
(Observation)

30, 31, 32

Paramtma and Soul differentiated

IV, III
(Inference)

33

Realisation of Shining Space (tma) in

the heart Space

IV (Inference)

34, 35, 36

Inquiring about the creation of Universe II, IV

from tma

37, 38

Explanation of the Cause of perception

of Universe

IV (Inference)

39, 40, 41, 42

- symbol of Vds and also tma

IV (Inference)

43 and 50

Derivation of Nature's Laws by sages

explained

II (Inference)

Agni, Samjnam

Appendix - IV
8. Analysis of a typical Sktam

Subject Matter

Category

167

1, 2, 3

Gross forms of energy - most prominent I Observed

form
(effect)

4, 5, 6, 7

Inquiring questions on the Cause

II Inference

44

II (Recalled)

8, 9

Manifestation of inert forms

I, II Observed
(effect)

Manifested froms of Matter (observed

effect)

45, 46

IV Final goal

10

Manifestation of the Space or Nature

I, II Observed
(effect)

Four-fold Knowledge contained in

gvda - tma revealed

47, 48, 49

Description of the manifested world

II (Recalled)

11, 12, 13,

14, 15

Manifestation of Time

I, II Observed
(effect)

51, 52

Conclusion

II

16

Soul is free from sex

II, III Inference

In this way all Sktams in gvda can be analysed and categorised

as shown in Appendix III.

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Appendix - V

II. Subtle (Perceived) World

9. Some Selected gvda Sktas/Mantras

Knowledge contained in gvda can be divided into four
categories as mentioned before. But as far as the common man is
concerned, sktas and mantras of gvda can be classified under the
following eight heads :
I. Gross (Observed) World

Maaatam

Sktam/Mantram Numbers

12

12

24

29

39

29

51

53

12

30

39

61

15

48

61

66

70

II. Subtle (Perceived) World

56

60

66

77

III. Causal World of Sma

8
20

30

37

45

46

10

V. Manificient Sacrifice (Creation of the Universe)

VI. Mystic Sktas/Mantras

12

VII. Sublime Prayers

Some selected impotant Sktas/Mantras of gvda which fall
under the above mentioned categories presented in the following
Table.

12

24

51

53

28

70
60

73

99 123 163 173 185

67

78

79

91

97 106 115 123 136 168

61

65

31

35

45

51

75

76

59

73

99 157 163

44

59

74

18

26

40

62

Table

66

72

I. Gross (Observed) World

16

17

26

52

59

81

20

30

45

46

65

67

79 106 115 119 125 144 168

Sktam/Mantram Numbers

66
56

64

Maaalam
3
39
9
39

59

Sktam/Mantram Numbers

2
29
8
4

40

III. Causal World of Sma

Maaatam

VII. Misconstrued Sktas/Mantras

1
1
1
2
61
15
1

31

IV. tmajna (Self-Knowledge)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

169

12

31

73 185 191

29
51

33

51

61

10

IV. tmajna (Self-Knowledge)

Maaatam
1
66

77

50.10

152 157 163

98

20 30 34 37 45 46
136 146 154 173 191

Sktam/Mantram Numbers

64

78

79

91

97 106 115 117 123 127

26

51

19

33

53

55

40

59

57

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6

45.31-33

98

45 50.13-14 74.13-15

Treatise on gvda
VII. Misconstrued Sktas/Mantras
Maaatam

9
10

65

67

68

71

83

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

84

V. Magnificient Sacrifice (Creation of Universe)

Maaatam
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Sktam/Mantram Numbers
17

61

72

81

82

55 62
23 26 27 33 35 36 42 44
78
60 75
19 33 55
59.12
70 87 88
2.41-42 3.21-24 4.19-21 5.37-39
41 46.21-24 48 56 63.13-15 68
From 1 upto 114
28 33 40 57 59 60 62 76

Maaatam

90 121 125 129 130 159 190

Sktam/Mantram Numbers
22

34

36

46

72

84

99 105 111 116 129 130 139 145 154 155

161 164 181

2

15

27

30

32

35

36

42

43

44

54

56

58

16

19

21

23

24

28

29

30

37

41

73

78

80

78

43

45

50

58

99 100
6.46-48 19.36-37 21.16-18
80 85 89
85

86

95 102 108 109

Sktam/Mantram Numbers
24
33
59

25

50

89 106 114 189

51

82

35
35

41

58

59

36

69

87 158 161 162 163 164 165 169

62

81

84 104

Appendix - VI
10. Possible direction for further Studies

27

29

31

45

52

58

62

63

20

44

47

52

55

59

63

74

21

32

34

67

69

71

75

76

93

95

96 103

12

13

24

25

46

61

13

14

31

32

56

60

75

80

87

94

96 100 101 114 123 144

83

86

89

91

145 170 174 181

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

56

57

10

10 27
124

118 126 158 162 165

VIII. Sublime Prayers

Maaatam

Sktam/Mantram Numbers
91 112
42 43
31 38
15 18
30 44
27 28
18.22-25
1.32-34
34.16-18

9
10

VI. Mystic Sktas/Mantras

171

Keeping in view these overall characteristics of the Maalas

presented in earlier sections, further advanced studies on gvda could
be along the following lines.
a) Detailed analysis of skts and categorisation of mantrs
b) Further study of the present structure of gvda.
c) Arranging the mantrs for facilitating further advanced studies.

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a) Detailed analysis of sktas : - As the next step, method of

analysis presented in Appendix IV can be extended to all sktas
perceived by a sage in one Maalam as indicated below.

Treatise on gvda

173

a). Dvat-based arrangement

Devata

Sktam Numbers

Agni

1.140, 1.141, 1.143, 1.144, 1.145, through 1.150

prya-sktam

1.142

Mitr, Varua

1.151, 1.152, 1.153

Viu

1.154, 1.155 (mantrs 4 to 6), 1.156

Viu-Indra

1.155 (mantrs 1,2,3)

Avins

1.157, 1.158

Adhibhautik : Agni, Vyu, pa, Dyvprithv and others made up

of these five basic elements.
ii) Adhidaivik : Indra, Aditi, ditys, Rudrs, Vass, Vivdvs, bhus, Bhaspati, Brahmaspati, deitified forms of Agni, Vyu, pa,
Dyvprithiv etc.
iii) Adytmik : Sma, Indra, Avins, Viu, Savit, Ps, Varua, Dadhikr (Ava), Vaivnargni etc.
iv) Turya : or Truth, tma. Paramtma, Brahman, That, IT, Shining
Space; Bright One; One-ness and symbolically Mitra, Varua etc. as
per 1.164-46. A tentative skta classification is already presented
in Appendix III into the following categories (Based on this data;
mantrs can be further classified).
v) Magnificient Sacrifice (Creation of the Material Universe).
vi) Symbolic Mantrs.
vii) Misconstrued Mantrs, which includes the whole of Madala 9.
viii) Sublime Prayers.
Some selected sktas of gvda are indicated in Appendix V.

Dyvprithv

1.159, 1.160

b) i-based Arrangement

Ribhs

1.161

Ava (Agni)

1.162, 1.163

For illustration, sktas perceived by sage Drghatamas in Maalam 1

can be taken up as a typical example. They number twenty five (from 1.140
through 1.164). Of these skts, the last one (1.164) is to be considered as a
summary of the previous twenty four skts, which can be classified Dvatwise as follows:

In the next stage, each of the sktas is to be analysed (as indicated

in Appendix IV).
A whole Maalam can be analysed now in this fashion by
consolidating all skts in this Maalam, i-wise. Such a detailed
analysis of the ten Maalams is expected to bring to light the logic
behind the present structure of gvda, which was arrived at by the
wise sages in a knowledge-sacrifice co-ordinated by the great sage
Vda-Vysa (Kria-Dvaipyana).
For facilitating further studies these mantrs may be arranged in
two ways. a) Dvat-based and b) i-based.

i)

Maalam-wise collected Mantrs on each Dvat and perceived

by one i.
For example;
1. Madhucchand :- Agni numbers within the brackets indicate
Maalam number and sktam numbers respectively. (1.1); Vyu,
Indra, Mitr, Varua (1.2); etc to (1.10); and Sma-Pavamna
(9.1)
2. Jt :- Indra (1.11)
The study may probably be extended as follows
1. List the names of Dvats in Alphabetical order (Dvangari script)
in an Index : say D1, D2, D3 etc.
2. Consolidate the mantrs on each one of the Dvats - Maalamwise.
3. Based on a detailed analysis, classify them into different categories

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(I,II,III, etc.), so as to arrive at the attributes assigned by the ancient

sages to each Dvata.
Such a systematic investigation should help to establish the identify of each one of them and remove the confusion existing about
Dvats in general and some of them in particular (eg: Indra, Sma,
Avins, Agni, pa)
4. Prepare another index listing the names of ies in Alphabetical order.
5. Consolidate the mantrs perceived by each of them, Maalam-wise
and classify them into different categories; so that one should be
able to reveal the depth and extent of knowledge he perceived in
each category. Summation of knowledge of all the ies should give
an insight of the knowledge - physical and spiritual - contained in
gvda.
6. Providing explanatory Notes : As far as the scribe of the Treatise
in concerned the most important future work will be providing foot
notes for any mantra or sktam as and when they are called for, based
on the reaction of the Treatise readers.
7. Preparation of a Glossary:- This calls for a group effort and may need
tremendous man power. The work involves the following steps.
a) All important and special words appearing in the Vds are to be
picked out and arranged in alphabetical order.
b) Equivalent words used for them in the Treatise are to be gathered
next. This task is rather tricky because the same word may be
used in more than one sense. (eg. Agni, Indra, Sma, Avins, the
Space, Pavamna etc. In contrast, many words (or epithets) may
have been used in different places for specifying the same entity.
(eg: 1. Vrikapi, Srya, Savit, dity, P, etc. for the Sun. 2.
tm, Paramtm, Satyam, That (IT), the Bright One, The Shining Space, etc. for Brahman.
To explain the work involved in the preparation of the Glossary
consider a typical example say Agni.
In Sktam 1.1, Agni is said to be : k1.Purhita, Yajnasyadva,
Ritvija, Hot, Ratnadhtama; k 2. ya k 5. Ht, Kavikratu,

Treatise on gvda

175

Satya, Citraravastama, Dva; k 6. Aga, Agira; k 7.

Dvasta; k 8. Adhvarm Rj, tasya Gp, Svdam ddivi,
Vardhamna; k 9. Spyana. All these words can be used as
equivalent for Agni or in place of Agni. Meanings of these that appear
in the Treatise could be the following :
k 1. One who is seated (or placed) in front, the sacrificial deity,
performer of sacrifice in all seasons, receiver of sacrificial offerings,
possessor (or dispenser) of the best jewel; k 2. fit for worship (or
worship worthy); k 5. Receiver (or giver) of sacrificial offerings,
intelligence and Truth (personified), of most wonderful fame; k 6.
Friend, pervader of all limbs; k 7. Illuminating (or Illuminor) of night
darkness; k 8. Lord of nourishing sacrifices, maintainer of Nature's
Laws, one who is lighting up brilliantly (in) one's own Abode, all
pervading; and k 9. easily approachable, respectively. This procedure
is to be extended to cover all Mantrs on Agni in all ten Madals of
gvda. Thus the Glossary containing all the important and particular
words appearing in gvda can be prepared with great effort. (However,
once the whole Treatise along with the Vdik Text has been keyed in
the computer, human effort can be considerably reduced, making use
of the advanced DTP facilities that are now available).
8. Presentation of pictorial illustration:- This is another area which
may be explored, since many important and difficult-to-comprehend
Mantrs and or Sktams are amenable for such a presentation. (eg.
1.164.20, 7.55, Spiritual Sma, 10.11,10.90, 10.121, etc.)
a) First these are to be identified with the help of artistically minded
scholars.
b) Then preparation of appropriate illustrative pictures for them can
be initiated in the next stage.
The purpose of the Treatise will be well-served, if the misbelief
of the common man, as well as intellectuals regarding gvda can
be wiped out from their minds completely. This Appendix has been
included keeping in mind this final goal.