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Purpose
Primary coagulant
(most commonly
used)
Coagulation Properties
Ferric chloride
Primary Coagulant
pH: Works over a wider pH range than alum (see Table 1-2
below)
Polyaluminum
chloride (PAC)
Cationic polymer
Primary Coagulant
Primary coagulant
or coagulant aid
Effective pH Range
Optimum pH range**
5.5 to 8.5
6.5 to 7.5
4 to 11
5 to 8
4.5 to 9.5
4.5 to 9.5
Alum
Ferric Chloride
Polyaluminum chloride
* Ranges are listed for best particle removal, not necessarily disinfection byproduct control
** Optimum refers to the pH after the coagulant is mixed
Purpose
Non-ionic polymer
Anionic polymer
Coagulation Properties
Coagulant aid
Coagulant aid
Cationic polymer
Primary coagulant
or coagulant aid
Activated silica
Coagulant aid
Clays (bentonite or
kaolinite)
Coagulant aid
Added after alum, because activated silica will react with alum if
added together
Chemical
Affect on pH
Raises pH
Raises pH
Raises pH
Moderate increase in pH
Little increase in pH
Sulfuric acid
Bases
Sodium hydroxide
Hydrochloric acid