Chapter 7 - Arrays and Strings

C# 30
Arrays and Strings 1
C# 3.0
Chapter 7 Arrays and Strings
Copyright SELA Software & Education Labs Ltd. 14-18 Baruch Hirsch St. Bnei Brak 51202 Israel
C# 30
In This Chapter
Chapter
Declaring and Using Arra
Arrays
s
Multi
Multi-Dimensional
Dimensional Arrays
Copying, Casting and Enumerating Arrays
System.Array Members
Declaring
D l i and
dU
Using
i St
Strings
i
String Equality and Immutability
StringBuilder
Verbatim Strings
C# 30
Introduction
The .NET
NET Frame
Framework
ork Class Librar
Library
y
y)
contains an arrayy class ((System.Array)
and a string class (System.String)
These are not just primitive types!
These classes provide rich functionality to

simplify and enhance the manipulation of
these commonly used types
C# 30
Arrays
C# 30
Arrays: Introduction
A C# arra
array is a collection of elements of
yp accessible by
y index
the same type
The C# array provides more services than
the C++ array:
Additional methods except standard element access
Range
R
checking
h ki on element
l
access
C# 30
Array Definition and Usage

int[]intArr;
[]
;
intArr =newint[4];
Rectangle[]rectArray
R
t
l []
tA
=newRectangle[2];
R t
l [2]
string[]namesArr =newstring[2];
Array elements are initialized to their

default initialization values:
Value types types are set to 0 (or its equivalent),
reference ttypes
pes are set to null
n ll
Arrayy elements can be used:

namesArr[0]="John";
namesArr[1]="Mary";
namesArr[1]=
Mary ;
C# 30
Arrays Definition and Usage

s can be initiali
ed on creation
Arra
Arrays
initialized
creation:
string[]namesArr2=newstring[2]{"John","Mary"};
string[]namesArr3={"John","Mary"};
Typical pattern for array access:

for(inti=0;i<namesArr.Length;++i)
Console.WriteLine(namesArr[i]);
C
l W it Li (
A [i])
Where did the Length property come

from?
The System.Array base class
C# 30
Arrays Are Reference Types

An array
arra declaration only
onl creates a
y object
j
on the stack
reference to an array
The array itself is created on the managed
g the new operator
heap, using
C# 30
Multi-Dimensional Arrays
A rectangular array is a multi
multidimensional array
Note:
GetLength()
should be called
outside the loop
(performance!))
(p
All rows have the same length
//Creatingamatrixobject
int [,]matrix=newint [3,3];
for(int i =0;i <matrix.GetLength(0);++i)
f (i t j=0;j<matrix.GetLength(1);++j)
for(int
j 0 j t i G tL
th(1) j)
matrix[i,j]=i*j;
//Printingthematrix
for(int i =0;i <matrix.GetLength(0);++i){
f (i t j=0;j<matrix.GetLength(1);++j)
for(int
j 0 j t i G tL
th(1) j)
Console.Write (matrix[i,j]+"\t");
Console.WriteLine();
}
C# 30
Jagged Arrays
Another type of a multi-dimensional
multi dimensional array
is the jagged array
A jagged array is actually an array of arrays, where
each of the inner arrays may have a different length
string[][]employees=newstring[4][];
employees[0]=newstring[2]{"John","Mary"};
employees[1]=newstring[3]{"Robert","Mike","Sally"};
employees[2]=newstring[4]{"Jane"
employees[2]=newstring[4]{
Jane ,
"Sara"
Sara ,
"John
John ...};
};
employees[3]=newstring[5]{"Jack","Don","Roy...};
for(int i =0;i <employees.Length;++i)
for(int j=0;j<employees[i].Length;++j)
Console Write(employees[i][j]+"\t");
Console.Write(employees[i][j]+
\t );
C# 30
The System.Array
System Array Class
C# arrays provide richer functionality than
their C++ equivalents
The main source for these additional methods is the
class System.Array, which is the base class of any
C# array object
System.Array directly derives from System.Object
System.Array
System Array contains several properties
and methods that are very useful for array
manipulation
C# 30
System Array Members

System.Array
Length
The total number of elements in all dimensions
Rank
The array
arrays
s rank (number of dimensions)
BinarySearch (static)
Binary-searches
Bi
h a one-dimensional
di
i
l sorted
t d array
Clear (static)
(
)
Sets array elements to zero or to a null reference
Copy (static)
Copies a section of one array to another array
C# 30
System Array Members

System.Array
CreateInstance (static)
Creates a new array with an element type, rank and
lower bound (non zero-based
zero based is possible!)
GetLength
Number of elements in the specified dimension
IndexOf / LastIndexOf (static)

The index of the first / last occurrence in a 1-dim array
Reverse(static)
( t ti )
Reverses the order of the elements
Sort(static)
Sorts the elements
C# 30
Array Members Usage Example

//Getmatrixarrayproperties:
//
y p p
int k=matrix.Length;
k=matrix.Rank;
k t i G tL
k=matrix.GetLength
th (0);
(0)
k=matrix.GetLength (1);
//Manipulatinganintegersarray:
int[]iarr1={1,2,3,4,5};
i t pos=Array.BinarySearch(iarr1,4);
int
A
Bi
S
h(i
1 4)
Array.Reverse(iarr1,0,iarr1.Length);
Array.Clear(iarr1,0,iarr1.Length);
y
(
, ,
g );
//Creatinganarraydynamically:
A
i tA
A
C
t I t
(t
f(i t) 3)
ArrayintArray
=Array.CreateInstance(typeof(int),3);
intArray.SetValue(100,0);
y
(
, );
C# 30
Casting Arrays
Only reference type arrays can be directly
cast (if a conversion exists):
rectArray[0]=newRectangle(5,5,10,10);
rectArray[1]=newRectangle(10,10,20,20);
object[]objArray
bj t[] bjA
=rectArray;
tA
yp arrays
y must be copied
p
Value type
with
Array.Copy():
int[]intArray
i
t[]i tA
={1,2,3};
{1 2 3}
double[]doubleArray =newdouble[intArray.Length];
Array.Copy(intArray,doubleArray,3);
y
py(
y,
y, );
C# 30
The foreach Statement

The C# arra
array pro
provides
ides another way
a to
iterate over its elements using
g the
foreach statement
foreach (int i iniarr2)
Console.WriteLine(i);
The foreach statement cant be used to modify the

array contents
If the array contains references, the referenced
objects
j
can be modified
C# 30
Array Range Checking

Arra
Arrays
s perform range
range-checking
checking on e
every
er
element access
An out-of-bounds index causes an
g
p
IndexOutOfRangeException
This ensures that memory corruption does not ensue,
and that protected memory is not accidentally read
Exceptions
E
i
will
ill b
be di
discussed
d iin d
detailil llater
C# 30
Arrays Last Remarks

.NET
NET arrays
arra s are zero
ero based b
butt
y
() allows
Array.CreateInstance()
creating arrays with different lower bounds
Only zero-based
zero based arrays are CLS
CLS-compliant
compliant
Zero-based arrays provide the best performance
C# 30
S i
Strings
C# 30
Strings
The C# string type is an alias to the
.NET System.String
Directly derives from System.Object
stringis a reference type
string represents an immutable string of

Unicode characters
A .NET character is two bytes long
St
Strings
i
are assigned
i
d with
ith a lit
literall syntax:
t
stringhello="HelloWorld!";
g
;
stringbye;
bye="GoodBye";
C# 30
String Members
Empty
A static read-only field representing the empty string
String Constructor
Has several overloaded versions (e.g. char fill)
Compare
Compares
C
b t
between
two
t
specified
ifi d String
St i
objects
bj t
Implemented by the == operator as well
Has an equivalent instance method CompareTo()
()
Concat
Concatenates one or more strings
byy the + operator
as well
Implemented
p
p
C# 30
String Members
Copy
Creates a clone with the same value as a string
Has an equivalent instance method CopyTo()
Equals
q
Determines whether two strings have the same value
Has an equivalent
q
instance method EqualsTo()
q
()
Format
Used to format a String ({0} notation)
Equality Operator (==)

Determines whether two strings have the same value
The corresponding
(!=)
p
g Inequality
q
y Operator
p
( ) is also
defined
C# 30
String Members
Indexer []
Gets the character at a an index
Length
Gets the number of characters in the string
EndsWith / StartsWith
D
Determines
t
i
whether
h th th
the string
t i ends
d / starts
t t with
ith a
substring
IndexOf
I d Of / LastIndexOf
L tI d Of
Finds the first / last occurrence of a substring
Insert
Inserts a new string into the existing string
C# 30
String Members
PadLeft / PadRight
Right- or left-aligns the string with a character
Remove
Deletes a specified number of characters
Replace
Replaces
R l
a substring
b t i or character
h
t with
ith another
th
ToLower / ToUpper
pp
Returns a copy of the string in lowercase / uppercase
Trim
Removes characters from the beginning / end
C# 30
String Usage Example

stringstr1="Hello";
stringstr1=
Hello ;
stringstr2="World!";
stringconcatHello =str1+str2;
stringgreeting="HappyBirthday";
stringnewGreeting =
greeting.Replace("Birthday","NewYear!!!");
if(greeting.EndsWith("Birthday"))
position=greeting.IndexOf("Birthday");
if(greeting==newGreeting){
Console.WriteLine("Dowehaveonlyonegreeting?");
}else{
Console.WriteLine(
"HappyBirthdayANDHappyNewYear!);
HappyBirthdayANDHappyNewYear! );
}
C# 30
String Equality Is By Value

string is a reference type,
t pe but
b t strings are
byy value and not byy reference:
compared
p
stringstr1="Hello";
stringstr2="World!";
t i t 2 "W ld!"
stringconcatHello =str1+str2;
stringhello="HelloWorld!";
if(hello==
if(h
ll
concatHello)//true
tH ll )//t
Console.WriteLine ("Stringsvaluesareequal!");
if(Object.ReferenceEquals(hello,concatHello))//false
Console.WriteLine("Stringsreferencesareequal?");
else//true
l //t
Console.WriteLine("Stringsreferencesaredifferent!");
C# 30
Strings Are Immutable

C# strings are immutable
immutable, which means
they cannot be changed
Mutating methods do not change the instance they
return a new one
stringoriginal="happybirthday";
stringfix1=original.Replace("birthday","NewYear");
stringfix2=fix1.Replace('h','H');
i
fi
fi
l
('h' ' ')
stringfix3=fix2.Insert(enhancedGreeting2.Length,"!!!");
Console.WriteLine(original);
Console.WriteLine(fix1);
l
i
i (fi )
C# 30
Strings Are Immutable

The original string went through three
modifications
Each created a new String instance
The original string is still intact
This is expensive!
Concatenating a single character 1,000 times means
1 000 copies of the string are created!
1,000
Total memory wasted: 999
n = 499500
n =1
C# 30
The StringBuilder Class

Sometimes its desirable to modify
modif a string
System.Text.StringBuilder class
methods do not return a new instance
they manipulate an existing one
C# 30
StringBuilder Members
StringBuilder Constructor
Accepts various types (e.g., string, characters array)
as well as an initial capacity
Capacity
Gets or sets the capacity (number of characters the
object can contain without reallocation)
Indexer
Gets the character at a specified index
Length
Gets the number of characters in this instance
C# 30
StringBuilder Members
Append
Appends a string to the end of the instance
Insert
Inserts a string somewhere in the instance
Remove
Removes
R
a substring
b t i or character
h
t sett
Replace
p
Replaces a substring or a character with another
string or character
ToString
Converts a StringBuilder to a string
C# 30
StringBuilder Usage
usingSystem.Text;
StringBuilder
greeting=newStringBuilder(original);
St i B ild
ti
St i B ild ( i i l)
greeting.Replace("birthday","NewYear");
g
greeting.Replace('h','H',1,1);
g
p
(
,
, , );
greeting.Append("!!!");
Console.WriteLine(greeting);
C
l W it Li (
ti )
//orgreeting.ToString()
C# 30
String Literals
C# supports two forms of string literals:
regular string literals and verbatim
string
t i literals
lit
l
Regular
g
string
g literals ((enclosed in )) can contain
escape sequences
\t for the tab character, \n for new line, \\ for backslash
((and
d th
there are more))
stringpath="c:\\dvp\\strings\\string.cs";
stringpath=
c:\\dvp\\strings\\string.cs ;
stringregularWithTab ="Hello\tWorld";
C# 30
Verbatim Strings
Verbatim literals are preceded with @
Escape sequences are not processed
stringpathVerbatim =@"c:\dvp\strings\string.cs";
stringregularWithTab
g
g
="Hello\tWorld";
;
//ThelatterstringisHello\tWorld
The
Th @ sign
i can also
l be
b used
d to
t give
i an
identifier a reserved name:
int @foreach =17;
object@object=null;
C# 30
Summary
Declaring and Using Arra
Arrays
s
Multi
Multi-Dimensional
Dimensional Arrays
Copying, Casting and Enumerating Arrays
System.Array Members
Declaring
D l i and
dU
Using
i St
Strings
i
String Equality and Immutability
StringBuilder
Verbatim Strings
C# 30
Arrays and Strings
NAME PROCESSING
EXERCISE

Chapter 7 - Arrays and Strings

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Chapter 7 - Arrays and Strings

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C# 30

Arrays and Strings 1

Arrays and Strings 2

Arrays and Strings 3

These classes provide rich functionality to

Arrays and Strings 4

Arrays and Strings 5

Arrays and Strings 6

Array Definition and Usage

Array elements are initialized to their

Arrayy elements can be used:

Arrays and Strings 7

Arrays Definition and Usage

Typical pattern for array access:

Where did the Length property come

Arrays and Strings 8

Arrays Are Reference Types

Arrays and Strings 9

All rows have the same length

Arrays and Strings 10

Arrays and Strings 11

Arrays and Strings 12

System Array Members

Arrays and Strings 13

System Array Members

IndexOf / LastIndexOf (static)

Arrays and Strings 14

Array Members Usage Example

Arrays and Strings 15

Arrays and Strings 16

The foreach Statement

The foreach statement cant be used to modify the

Arrays and Strings 17

Array Range Checking

Arrays and Strings 18

Arrays Last Remarks

Arrays and Strings 19

Arrays and Strings 20

string represents an immutable string of

Arrays and Strings 21

Arrays and Strings 22

Equality Operator (==)

Arrays and Strings 23

Arrays and Strings 24

Arrays and Strings 25

String Usage Example

Arrays and Strings 26

String Equality Is By Value

Arrays and Strings 27

Strings Are Immutable

Arrays and Strings 28

Strings Are Immutable

Arrays and Strings 29

The StringBuilder Class

Arrays and Strings 30

Arrays and Strings 31

Arrays and Strings 32

Arrays and Strings 33

Arrays and Strings 34

Arrays and Strings 35

Arrays and Strings 36

Arrays and Strings

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