MINERAL PARAGENESIS, GEOCHEMISTRY AND

GEOCHRONOLOGY INVESTIGATIONS OF THE CARLIN-TYPE

GOLD DEPOSITS AT THE GOLDSTRIKE PROPERTY,
NORTHERN NEVADA: IMPLICATIONS FOR ORE GENESIS,
IGNEOUS PETROGENESIS AND MINERAL EXPLORATION

by

Carolina Michelin de Almeida

A thesis submitted to the Department of Geological Science and Geological Engineering

In conformity with the requirements for
the degree of Doctoral of Philosophy

Queens University
Kingston, Ontario, Canada
(September, 2009)

Copyright Carolina Michelin de Almeida, 2009

"It is not the strongest of the species that survive, nor the most intelligent, but the one most
responsive to change."
Charles Darwin

ii

Abstract
The Goldstrike property is located in northern Nevada and contains one of the largest and
highest-grade Carlin-type gold deposits. The majority of the Eocene Au mineralization (e.g., Ore
I) is hosted in intensely altered Paleozoic lower plate impure carbonate rocks, and is characterized
by strong to moderate silicification, higher calculated pyrite and ore-related element
concentrations (e.g., As, Cu, Hg, Ni, Tl, Sb, W, and Zn) than Ore II, which is weakly altered.
However, both ore types contain similar Au concentration in whole rock and pyrite chemistry
analyses.
Lithogeochemical and microprobe data suggest that the Paleozoic sedimentary rocks may
have been a major source of Cd, Mo, Ni, U, V, and Zn and minor As, Cu, Hg, and Se. The
Jurassic lamprophyre dikes might have been a significant source of Ba, Co, and Se, and minor
Au, and some of the Jurassic and Eocene intrusive rocks may have provided some Fe. Moreover,
the Eocene magmas are interpreted to be the main source of auriferous mineralizing fluids.
Trace element abundances and ratios of the Jurassic intrusive rocks suggest that they are
shoshonitic and formed from a metasomatized mantle-derived magma, crystal fractionation, and
crustal contamination. The Eocene dikes, also shoshonitic, are considerably more evolved and
contaminated than the studied Jurassic rocks. Furthermore, Ar-Ar results show that the Jurassic
rocks were negligibly affected by the Eocene thermal event, and that temperature of mineralizing
fluids were below the closure temperature of biotite (< 3500C).
A magmatic-related model is proposed to explain the formation of the Carlin-type gold
deposits at the studied area. In this model, Au and the ore-related elements were exsolved along
with volatiles by degassing of a deep and large plutonic complex during its early stage of
crystallization. As these magmatic-hydrothermal fluids moved upward along major conduits (e.g.,
NNW-striking faults), they may have interacted with a Fe-rich fluid, pervasively altering the
iii

Paleozoic impure carbonate rocks (e.g., carbonate dissolution, silicification, pyritization) and
forming Ore I. Subsequently, these fluids moved laterally further away from the major conduits,
became cooler, less acidic, and depleted in ore-related elements and interacted with the Febearing host rocks (e.g., sulfidation), favoring the precipitation of Ore II.

iv

Co-Authorship
This thesis including the scientific manuscripts presented herein is the result of my own
research. Dr. G. Olivo, my supervisor, is co-author of Chapters two, three and four, and during
the length of this study she has provided scientific guidance in the field and the laboratory, and
provided extensive and meticulous discussion and editorial assistance.
Dr. A. Chouinard, who is co-author of Chapter two, has assisted in sample selection, and
shared pyrite chemistry data, and also has greatly contributed to the overall discussion, and given
editorial guidance.
Mr. C. Weakly, who is co-author of Chapter two and three, has assisted in sample
selection, provided information on the local geology, and contributed to the overall discussion,
and editorial direction.
Dr. D. Archibald, who is co-author of Chapter three, has significantly contributed to the
application of 40Ar/39Ar geochronology, including selection of the samples, separation of mineral
concentrates, execution of the analyses, interpretation and discussion of the data, and editorial
assistance.

Acknowledgements
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Gema R. Olivo for her guidance,
inspiration, support and encouragement throughout this project. It was a great pleasure to be part
of her research team, mainly because she brings out the best in her students through her
meticulous, critical and hard work, creativity, great discussions and friendship.
Thanks are also due to Dr. Annick Chouinard for helping sampling and sharing pyrite
chemistry data. Dr. Chouinard is co-author of Chapter two and has greatly contributed to its
improvement by discussing the data, sharing her ideas, and editing.
Special thanks to Mr. Charles Weakly who is co-author of Chapters two and three and
has contributed enormously to the success of this project with his expertise during sampling, his
knowledge of the local geology, and through discussion.
I am also very thankful to Dr. Douglas A. Archibald who is co-author of Chapter three
and has significantly contributed to the selection of the samples for geochronological studies,
separation of the mineral concentrates, and interpretation of the 40Ar/39Ar dating results, and also
to Mr. Hebert Fournier and Ms. Heather Wolczanski for their kind help during the analyses.
Thanks to Dr. Albert Hofstra, anonymous reviewer and associated editors of the scientific
journal Economic Geology who, with their careful reviews, have substantially improved Chapter
two. Drs. Robert Dalrymple, Heather Jamieson, John Peacey and Richard Tosdal are also
acknowledged for their suggestions and discussions as examiners of the thesis.
I would like to also thank Barrick Goldstrike Mine and Barrick Exploration Elko for their
logistical and partial financial support, and for access to the property, drill-hole sampling and
data. A National Sciences and Engineering Research Council Discovery Grant and the Premier's
Research Excellence Award to Dr. Olivo also supported this research and are thankfully

vi

acknowledged. Thanks to the School of Graduate Studies, Queens University for a graduate
scholarship and an international bursary.
I also appreciate the feedback given by the Goldstrike Exploration staff during the course
of this study, with special thanks to Mr. Bob Leonardson for assisting in the selection of the study
sections, Dr. Missy Mateer for transferring data from the mine model to a compatible GIS format,
and Mr. Robert Malloy for surveying the sampled drill-holes samples.
I am grateful to Mr. Peter C. Jones and Dr. Shi Lang for their assistance with the electron
microprobe studies at Carleton University, Ottawa, and McGill University, Montreal,
respectively, and Dr. Edward Chown for editing Chapter 3.
Thank you to the many people from the Department of Geological Science and
Geological Engineering at Queens University who have contributed to this project: Mr. Mark
Badham for improving the writing style; Mr. Rogers Innes for his kind help cutting and storing
the samples, providing sample bags, and always keeping the petrographic microscope working
properly; Mr. Alan Grant for his assistance using the scanning electron microscope and X-ray
diffraction facilities; Mr. Rob Harrap for his help setting up the ArcView GIS software; Mr. Rob
Renaud for setting up my computer from Microsoft Vista to Microsoft XP and quickly solving
issues related to the network; and finally Ms. Joan Charbonneau, Ms. Linda Brown, and Ms.
Dianne Hyde for their kind assistance and logistical support during this study.
Big thanks to all my friends, close and distant, for the good times, sharing all the ups and
downs of this journey, keeping me going, and putting a smile on my face when everything
seemed so lost and far away. You know who you are. Friends are the family we choose to have.
And last, but not least, my deepest appreciation to my beautiful family, papis Toninho,
mamis Cida, Juju and Xico for their unconditional love, emotional and financial support,
encouragement, and understanding. We know this thesis is your achievement as well. Thank to all

vii

of you who came all the way to Canada to share some of this experience with me. Longe dos
olhos, mas sempre muito perto do corao

viii

Statement of Originality
I hereby certify that all of the work described within this thesis is the original work of the author.
Any published (or unpublished) ideas and/or techniques from the work of others are fully
acknowledged in accordance with the standard referencing practices.

(Carolina Michelin de Almeida)

(September, 2009)

ix

Table of Contents
Abstract...........................................................................................................................................iii
Co-Authorship ................................................................................................................................iii
Acknowledgements.........................................................................................................................vi
Statement of Originality..................................................................................................................ix
Table of Contents............................................................................................................................. x
List of Figures...............................................................................................................................xiv
List of Tables xvi

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Carlin-type gold deposits: Overview ..................................................................................... 1
1.2 This study: Objectives and approach ..................................................................................... 7
1.2.1 Scope of this thesis.......................................................................................................... 9
1.3 References............................................................................................................................ 11

Chapter 2 MINERAL PARAGENESIS, ALTERATION AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF CARLINTYPE GOLD DEPOSITS IN THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE GOLDSTRIKE PROPERTY,
NORTHERN NEVADA: IMPLICATIONS FOR SOURCES OF ORE-FORMING ELEMENTS,
ORE GENESIS AND MINERAL EXPLORATION .................................................................... 17
2.1 Abstract................................................................................................................................ 17
2.2 Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 19
2.3 Geologic Setting................................................................................................................... 21
2.3.1 Tectonic Evolution........................................................................................................ 21
2.3.2 Lithological units and the major hosts of gold mineralization...................................... 24
2.4 Methodology........................................................................................................................ 30
2.4.1 Sampling and Analytical Methods................................................................................ 30
2.4.2 Data Analysis ................................................................................................................ 31
2.5 Mineral Paragenesis ............................................................................................................. 32
2.5.1 Paleozoic diagenesis and Jurrassic metasomatism........................................................ 32
2.5.2 Eocene Carlin hydrothermal to post-Carlin events ....................................................... 34
2.6 Lithogeochemistry Investigation ......................................................................................... 41
2.6.1 Mass Balance: Isocon Diagrams ................................................................................... 44
x

2.6.2 Element Association: R-Mode Factor Analysis............................................................ 51

2.6.3 Relationship between gold grade and degree of alteration ........................................... 54
2.7 Spatial Distribution of Gold, Associated Elements, and Alteration Indexes ....................... 60
2.8 Discussion............................................................................................................................ 65
2.8.1 Metal source and zonation throughout the southern part of the Goldstrike property.... 66
2.8.2 Mechanisms for metal transport and precipitation, and formation of ore I and ore II .. 70
2.9 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 73
2.10 References.......................................................................................................................... 75

Chapter 3 PETROGENESIS OF THE JURASSIC AND EOCENE SHOSHONITIC INTRUSIVE

ROCKS FROM THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE GOLDSTRIKE PROPERTY, NEVADA
AND THEIR METALLOGENETIC IMPLICATIONS TO CARLIN-TYPE GOLD DEPOSITS
....................................................................................................................................................... 84
3.1 Abstract................................................................................................................................ 84
3.2 Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 85
3.3 Regional Geological Setting ................................................................................................ 87
3.4 Sampling and Analytical Methodology ............................................................................... 90
3.5 Petrography and Mineral Chemistry.................................................................................... 94
3.5.1 Jurassic phlogopite lamprophyre dikes ......................................................................... 94
3.5.2 Jurassic hornblende-biotite gabbro-diorite-granodiorite Goldstrike intrusion and related
dikes ..................................................................................................................................... 103
3.5.3 Eocene biotite-plagioclase porphyry dikes ................................................................. 105
3.6 Whole-Rock Geochemistry................................................................................................ 107
3.6.1 Jurassic phlogopite lamprophyre dikes ....................................................................... 119
3.6.2 Jurassic Goldstrike intrusion and related dikes........................................................... 119
3.6.3 Eocene biotite-plagioclase porphyry dikes ................................................................. 122
3.7 Mass Change: Isocon Diagrams......................................................................................... 123
3.7.1 Jurassic Phlogopite lamprophyre dikes....................................................................... 123
3.7.2 Jurassic Goldstrike intrusion and related dike-1: ........................................................ 126
3.7.3 Eocene Biotite-Plagioclase Porphyry dikes: ............................................................... 126
3.8 40Ar-39Ar Geochronology ................................................................................................... 127
3.9 Discussion: Petrogenesis and Metallogenesis.................................................................... 131
3.9.1 Implications for source of metals and ore-forming processes..................................... 134
xi

3.10 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 136

3.11 References........................................................................................................................ 138

Chapter 4 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF DIAGENETIC TO LATE HYDROTHERMAL

SPHALERITE IN THE HOST ROCKS OF THE CARLIN-TYPE GOLD MINERALIZATION
FROM THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE GOLDSTRIKE PROPERTY, NEVADA .............. 146
4.1 Abstract.............................................................................................................................. 146
4.2 Introduction........................................................................................................................ 147
4.3 Geological setting .............................................................................................................. 148
4.4 Methodology: Sampling and analytical methods............................................................... 152
4.5 Mineral paragenesis of the Au-hosted sedimentary rocks and mode of occurrence of
sphalerite.................................................................................................................................. 153
4.6 Mineral chemistry of sphalerite ......................................................................................... 157
4.7 Discussion.......................................................................................................................... 165
4.8 References.......................................................................................................................... 169

Chapter 5 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................. 176

5.1 Tectonic evolution ............................................................................................................. 176
5.1.1 Paleozoic: sediment deposition and the Antler orogeny ............................................. 178
5.1.2 Jurassic: emplacement of the shoshonitic Goldstrike intrusion and related-dikes and
Au-bearing lamprophyre dikes............................................................................................. 179
5.1.3 Eocene: shoshonitic magmatism and Au-bearing Carlin hydrothermal event ............ 180
5.2 Genetic model for the Carlin-type gold deposits ............................................................... 181
5.3 Implications for mineral exploration.................................................................................. 183
5.4 References.......................................................................................................................... 183

Chapter 6 FINAL CONSIDERATION........................................................................................ 188

6.1 Major conclusions.............................................................................................................. 188
6.2 Future studies ..................................................................................................................... 191

APPENDIX A: ELECTRON MICROPROBE METHODOLOGY FOR PYRITE AND

SPHALERITE ANALYSES.................................................................................................... 192

xii

APPENDIX B: LITHOGEOCHEMISTRY ANALYTICAL METHODS, DETECTION

LIMITS, QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL........................................ 194
APPENDIX C: LITHOGEOCHEMICAL ANALYSES OF THE PALEOZOIC LOWERPLATE SEDIMENTARY ROCKS ......................................................................................... 197
APPENDIX D: CORRELATION MATRIX OF PALEOZOIC LOWER-PLATE
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS....................................................................................................... 233
APPENDIX E: ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON THE THEMODYNAMICS OF
MERCURY, ANTIMONY, AND THALLIUM .238
APPENDIX F: 40AR-39AR GEOCHRNOLOGY METHODOLOGY .239
APPENDIX G: ELECTRON MICROPROBE ANALYSES OF THE PHLOGOPITE,
HORNBLENDE AND BIOTITE IN THE JURASSIC INTRUSIVE ROCKS....................... 240
APPENDIX H: ELECTRON MICROPROBE ANALYSIS OF IGNEOUS AND
HYDROTHERMAL PYRITE HOSTED BY THE JURASSIC AND EOCENE INTRUSIVE
ROCKS .................................................................................................................................... 245

xiii

List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Digital elevation model of northern Nevada.................................................................. 2
Figure 1.2 Schematic east-west cross section of northern Nevada ................................................ 3
Figure 1.3 Ore grade (g/t Au) versus metric tons of ore for Carlin-type deposits........................... 5
Figure 2.1 Simplified geological map of the southern part of the Goldstrike property, Nevada. . 20
Figure 2.2 Schematic geological SW-NE cross sections in the southern part of the Goldstrike
Property, Nevada...................................................................................................................... 25
Figure 2.3 Simplified tectono-stratigraphic column for the Goldstrike property, Nevada............ 26
Figure 2.4 Paragenetic sequence for the sedimentary rocks from the Goldstrike property........... 33
Figure 2.5 Photomicrographs and back-scattered electron (BSE) images from the Paleozoic
sedimentary rocks and Jurassic intrusive rocks... .................................................................... 35
Figure 2.6 Box and whisker plots of whole-rock data Goldstrike property.................................. 43
Figure 2.7 Al2O3 (wt %) versus TiO2 (wt %) binary diagram for the Goldstrike sedimentary
rocks......................................................................................................................................... 46
Figure 2.8 Logarithm isocon diagrams.......................................................................................... 49
Figure 2.9 Gold grade (g/t) versus change in mass (wt %) of all sedimentary rock samples. ...... 50
Figure 2.10 Gold grade (g/t) versus degree of silicification.......................................................... 55
Figure 2.11 Excess SiO2 (wt %) versus CaO+MgO+ LOI (wt %) for mineralized sedimentary
rock samples. ........................................................................................................................... 56
Figure 2.12 Binary diagram showing the relation between Fe (wt %) vs S (wt %)...................... 57
Figure 2.13 Logarithm correlation diagrams showing relations between calculated pyrite and
trace elements.. ........................................................................................................................ 58
Figure 2.14 Gold grade (g/t) versus organic C concentration (wt %) for all sedimentary rock
samples..................................................................................................................................... 59
Figure 2.15 Spatial distribution of degree of silicification (excess SiO2(wt %)/ Al2O3(wt %)),
calculated amount of pyrite and concentration of Au and select trace elements for samples
from various depth project to the surface................................................................................. 64
Figure 3.1 Simplified geological map of the southern part of the Goldstrike property, Nevada. . 88
Figure 3.2 Simplified tectono-stratigraphic column from the Goldstrike Property, Nevada ........ 89
Figure 3.3 Simplified NW-SE geological cross section of the Betze-Post deposit, Goldstrike
property, Nevada...................................................................................................................... 92

xiv

Figure 3.4 Photographs of representative drill-hole samples from the intrusive rocks, Golstrike
property, Nevada...................................................................................................................... 95
Figure 3.5 Photomicrographs and back-scattered electron (BSE) images of the intrusive rocks, 97
Figure 3.6 Mineral chemistry data of the phlogopite phenocrysts from the phlogopite
lamprophyre dikes plotted in a compositional mica ternary system Al-Mg-Fet+2 diagram. .. 101
Figure 3.7 Paragenetic sequence of the intrusive rocks from the southern part of the Goldstrike
property.................................................................................................................................. 104
Figure 3.8 TiO2 (wt %) versus Al2O3 (wt %) binary diagram for the intrusive rocks in the
Goldstrike property. ............................................................................................................... 116
Figure 3.9 Chondrite-normalized REE diagrams for the intrusive rocks in the southern part of the
Goldstrike property.. .............................................................................................................. 117
Figure 3.10 Primitive mantle-normalized trace element spider diagrams of the intrusive rocks
from the southern part of the Goldstrike property.. ............................................................... 118
Figure 3.11 Ce/Yb ratio versus Ta/Yb ratio plot......................................................................... 120
Figure 3.12 Logarithm isocon diagrams showing the relation between least altered and altered
intrusive rocks composition. .................................................................................................. 125
Figure 3.13 40Ar-39Ar age spectra of the intrusive rocks in the Goldstrike property, Nevada. ... 130
Figure 3.14 Th/Yb ratio versus Ta/Yb ratio diagram.................................................................. 132
Figure 4.1 Simplified geological map of the southern part of the Goldstrike property, Nevada.150
Figure 4.2 Simplified tectono-stratigraphic column for the Goldtrike property. ........................ 151
Figure 4.3 Paragenetic sequence for the Goldstrike property including diagenesis, and Carlin
hydrothermal (early-, syn- and late-ore) events.. ................................................................... 154
Figure 4.4 Photomicrographs and back-scattered electron (BSE) images of the various
generations of sphalerite and pyrite.. ..................................................................................... 155
Figure 4.5 Box and whisker plot of major, minor and trace elements in diagenetic, early-ore, synore, and late-ore sphalerite..................................................................................................... 163
Figure 4.6 Binary diagrams of major, minor and trace elements for the four generations of
sphalerite................................................................................................................................ 165
Figure 4.7 Chemical variation of major, minor and trace elements of the various generations of
pyrite in the southern part of the Goldstrike property, Nevada............................................. 166
Figure 4.8 Whisker plot of (a) Fe, (b) Cd, (c) Hg, (d) Cu, and (e) Se concentrations from Carlintype, MVT, SEDEX, epithermal and VMS deposits ............................................................. 169
Figure 5.1 Schematic genetic model for Carlin-type Au deposits............................................... 177
xv

List of Tables
Table 2.1 Sedimentary Units and Their Depositional Environments, Goldstrike Property, Nevada.
................................................................................................................................................. 27
Table 2.2 Mineralogy and Textures of Least Altered Samples of the Popovich and Roberts
Mountains Formations in the Southern Part of the Goldstrike Property, Northern Nevada .... 28
Table 2.3 Major Characteristics of Carlin-type Au Mineralization: Ore I and Ore II................... 39
Table 2.4 Rotated Factor Loading Determined by Five-Factor Model for Lower Plate Carbonate
Rocks data from the Southern Part of the Goldstrike Property, Nevada ................................. 52
Table 2.5 Elements in each Factor of the Five-Factor Model for Barren to Mineralized Lower
Plate Sedimentary Rocks in the Southern Part of the Goldstrike Property, Nevada................ 53
Table 3.1 Major Characteristics of the Jurassic and Eocene Intrusive Rocks at the Goldstrike
Property, Nevada...................................................................................................................... 91
Table 3.2 Range Composition of Phlogopite, Biotite and Hornblende Electron Microprobe
Analyses................................................................................................................................. 100
Table 3.3. Range Composition of Igneous to Hydrothermal Pyrite from the Intrusive Rocks in the
Southern Part of the Goldstrike Property, Nevada................................................................. 102
Table 3.4 Whole-Rock Data of the Jurassic and Eocene Intrusive Rocks of the Southern Part of
the Goldstrike Property, Nevada............................................................................................ 108
Table 3.5 40Ar/39Ar Geochronology Results of the Igneous Rocks from the Southern Part of the
Goldstrike Property, Nevada.................................................................................................. 128
Table 3.6 Summary of 40Ar/39Ar Laser Step-Heating Data of the Igneous Rocks from the
Southern Part of the Goldstrike Property, Nevada................................................................. 130
Table 4.1 Composition of Diagenetic Sphalerite from the the Goldstrike Property, Nevada. .... 158
Table 4.2 Composition of Early-Ore Sphalerite from the Goldstrike Property, Nevada. ........... 159
Table 4.3 Composition of Syn-Ore Sphalerite from the Goldstrike Property, Nevada............... 160
Table 4.4 Composition of Late-Ore Sphalerite from the Goldstrike Property, Nevada.............. 161

xvi

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Carlin-type gold deposits: Overview

Carlin-type gold deposits, also known as sediment-hosted disseminated gold and invisible
gold deposits, are mainly hosted in Paleozoic impure carbonate rocks in northern Nevada, United
States (Figure 1.1). They occur in clusters, usually along trends (e.g., Carlin, Battle MountainEureka, Getchell, Jerritt Canyon and Alligator Ridge, Figure 1.1), underneath the DevonianMississipian Roberts Mountain thrust, and are commonly structurally- and/or stratigraphicallycontrolled (Figure 1.2) (Hofstra and Cline, 2000; Muntean et al., 2004; Cline et al., 2005; and
references therein). Moreover, the Carlin-type gold deposits are commonly larger and more
abundant in areas underlain by variably attenuated Archean crust or oceanic crust and small or
nonexistent in areas underlain by thick Proterozoic crust (Figure 1.2) (De Paolo and Farmer,
1984; Wooden et al., 1998; Tosdal et al., 2000; Hofstra and Cline, 2000).
They are associated with subtle to pervasive hydrothermal alteration, which consists of
carbonate dissolution, precipitation of hydrothermal quartz, and fine-grained porous sulfides
(mainly pyrite), and argillization of silicate minerals. Gold occurs as ionic substitution or
submicron-sized inclusions mainly in disseminated fine-grained trace element-rich pyrite (e.g.,
As, Cu, Hg, Ni, Sb, Tl, and W) and sometimes in marcasite and arsenopyrite (Fleet and Mumin,
1997; Bakken et al., 1989; Simon et al., 1999; Palenik et al., 2004; Reich et al., 2005). Auriferous
pyrite occurs both as thin rims on earlier pyrite and as tiny grains (i.e., commonly less than a few
microns in diameter) (Wells and Mullens, 1973; Arehart et al., 1993; Simon et al., 1999; Hofstra
and Cline, 2000; Chouinard et al., 2006).

Figure 1.1 Digital elevation model of northern Nevada, showing location of major mineral belts and
districts, including Carlin-type deposits (circles: Peters et al., 2003), other significant Au, Ag, Pb, Zn, or Cu
deposits (crosses: Long et al., 2000), eastern limit of the Roberts Moutain allochthon (bold white line;
Crafford and Grauch, 2002), cities (small circles), and highways (black lines). Inset (white box) shows the
distribution of Carlin-type deposits in the northern Carlin trend (Thompson et al., 2002), and the location of
the Goldstrike property. Figure provided by D. Sweetkind, U.S. Geological Survey, and modified from
Hofstra et al. (2003).

Figure 1.2 Schematic east-west cross section of northern Nevada, showing attenuated Archean crust,
oceanic crust, overlying stratigraphic sequences and allochthons, fault zones, and locations of Carlin-type
gold deposits (black) (Hofstra and Cline, 2000).

Mass balance studies on several deposits (Hofstra and Cline, 2000; Cail and Cline, 2001;
Yigit and Hofstra, 2003; Emsbo et al., 2003; Kesler et al., 2003; Cline et al., 2005; and references
therein) reveal that Au, As, S, Sb, Hg, and Tl are commonly introduced in the Carlin
hydrothermal system; however, Ag, Ba, Cu, Fe, Mo, Pb, Se, Si, Te, W and Zn are also enriched in
some of the studied deposits. On the other hand, C, CaO, MgO, and Sr are commonly the most
depleted elements, and Al2O3 and TiO2 are generally the most immobile pair.
The sulfidation of Fe-bearing host rocks is the proposed mechanism to explain the
precipitation of Au-bearing sulfides (Stenger, 1998; Hofstra and Cline, 2000; Emsbo et al., 2003;
Cline et al., 2005). However, recent studies in several districts have also shown that both Fe and S

were added to the system, suggesting that the precipitation of Au-bearing hydrothermal pyrite
also occured by pyritization (Cail and Cline, 2001; Kesler et al., 2003; Ye et al., 2003).
Limited fluid inclusion data suggest that the hydrothermal fluids were of moderate
temperature (~ 180-2400C), moderate acidity (pH ~ 5), low salinity (~ 2-3 wt % NaCl equiv),
CO2-bearing (< 4 mol %), and CH4-poor (< 0.4 mol %), with sufficient H2S (10-1-10-2 mol %) to
transport Au as bisulfide complexes (Cline et al., 2005; and references therein).
Recently, relevant field relationships and geochronological data constrainted the age of
the gold mineralization to a narrow time interval during the mid to late Eocene (42-36 Ma:
Hofstra et al., 1999; Tretbar et al., 2000; Arehart et al., 2003; Cline et al., 2005). At this time, the
tectonic setting of northern Nevada was in transition from contractional to extensional
deformation of the upper crust with associated magmatism (e.g., onset of the Basin and Range
tectonics).
Current gold production from Carlin-type gold deposits comprises around eight percent
of the worlds total production, making the United States one of the leading Au-producers
worldwide (Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, 2007). Although several Carlin-type gold
deposits in Nevada are world-class (> 100 t Au) and giant (> 250 t Au), both the total contained
Au amounts and ore grades vary widely across districts and within deposits (Figure 1.3). The
Carlin NNW-trend, which extends more than 60 km (Figure 1.1) and includes more than fifty
known deposits, is one of the most productive gold-mining districts in the world with total
production now exceeding 68.5 Moz (Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, 2007).
The Goldstrike property, located in the Carlin Trend, contains one of the largest (e.g.,
Betze-Post: 1,250 t Au, annual production plus reserve) and highest-grade (e.g., Meikle: 24.7 g/t
Au) gold deposits ever mined (Figure 1.1), which comprises around thirty percent of the total

annual gold production in the Carlin Trend (i.e., greater than 50 t Au: Nevada Bureau of Mines
and Geology, 2007).

Figure 1.3 Ore grade (g/t Au) versus metric tons of ore for Carlin-type deposits (small diamonds), deposits
containing greater than 5 Moz (155.5 t) gold (squares), and major districts (triangles). AR = Alligator Ridge
district, CCT = central Carlin trend, CTZ = Cortez district in Battle Mountain-Eureka trend (BMET), Eu =
Eureka district in BMET, GB = Gold Bar district in BMET, GT = Getchell trend, JC = Jerritt Canyon
district, NCT = north Carlin trend, SCT = south Carlin trend. (Cline et al., 2005). Screamer, Meikle and
Betze deposits are comprised in the Goldstrike property.

Although these deposits have been extensively studied since their discovery in the early
1960s, a comprehensive and broadly accepted genetic model is still the subject of debate (Ilchik
and Barton, 1997; Hofstra and Cline, 2000; Emsbo et al., 2003; Cline et al., 2005; Ressel and
Henry, 2006; and references therein). The conflicting interpretations are related to the nature and
composition of the hydrothermal fluids, source of Au, S, Fe, and other ore-related elements (e.g.,
As, Cu, Hg, Ni, Sb, Tl, Zn, and W), mechanisms of pyrite formation (e.g., sulfidation versus
5

pyritization) and Au incorporation in Fe-bearing sulfides, and the role of magmatism in the
genesis of these deposits.
Several genetic models have been proposed for Carlin-type gold deposits, including: (1)
meteoric water circulation (Ilchik and Barton, 1997; Emsbo et al., 2003), (2) epizonal intrusionrelated (Henry and Ressel, 2000; Ressel et al., 2000; Ressel and Henry, 2006; Johnston and
Ressel, 2004), and (3) deep metamorphic magmatic fluids (Hofstra and Cline, 2000; Cline et
al., 2005).
The meteoric water model proposes that metals (S, Au, and trace elements) were
scavenged by lateral flow of meteoric water from pre-existing Au-hosting sedimentary rocks
(e.g., sediment-exhalative: Emsbo et al., 2003) or deep meteoric water convection through the
Neoproterozoic basement crustal rocks (e.g., metapelites: Seerdorff, 1991; Ilchik and Barton,
1997). Although most of the available isotopic data support this model, it does not explain the
evidence for the involvement of deep metamorphic and/or magmatic water or the presence of
certain metals reported in some districts (Hofstra and Cline, 2000; Cline, 2001; Kesler et al.,
2003; Cline et al., 2005; and references therein).
The epizonal pluton-related model proposes that the Eocene magmatism may represent
the major heat source, which has driven the circulation of the hydrothermal fluids and may have
potentially supplied metals and fluids (Ressel et al., 2000; Henry and Ressel, 2000; Ressel and
Henry, 2006; Johnston and Ressel, 2004). Moreover, Cunningham et al. (2004) proposed that the
Carlin-type gold deposits may correspond to deeper sedimentary analogs of volcanic-hosted
epithermal deposits, or distal mineralization related to porphyry-style intrusions. This model
would explain the spatial and temporal relationship between Carlin-type gold mineralization and
intrusive rocks in some districts (Ressel et al., 2000; Ressel and Henry, 2006). However, some
typical features of magmatic hydrothermal systems have not yet been identified in the Carlin-type
6

deposits, including the lack of Eocene dikes in some of the districts (e.g., Getchell: Cline, 2001),
no evidence of mineral and alteration zoning, lack of higher temperature (> 2500C) mineral
assemblages (including skarn-related alteration), and no evidence of boiling fluid inclusions with
typical magmatic-derived fluids (Hofstra and Cline, 2000; Cline et al., 2005).
The deep metamorphic and/or magmatic fluid model suggests that water and other
components of the ore fluids were provided mainly by devolatization of sedimentary rocks
through prograde metamorphism with heat supplied by magmatic centers and discharge along
crustal faults triggered during crustal extension. Although this model explains the spatial and
temporal association of the deposits and their crustal-scale structures and magmatism, as well as
radiogenetic and stable isotope data that indicate deep sources for some ore-fluid components, it
cannot account for the sedimentary and meteoric-related isotopic signatures of some elements in
some deposits, the absence of associated magmatism, and the lack of demonstrated
metamorphism during the Eocene (Hofstra and Cline, 2000; Cline et al., 2005).
Therefore, some of the most intriguing questions about the genesis of the Carlin-type
gold deposits are the source of fluids, Au and ore-related elements, the mechanisms of pyrite
precipitation and gold incorporation in the ore-stage pyrite, and the role of magmatic events
during the formation of Carlin-type gold deposits.

1.2 This study: Objectives and approach

The present thesis was conducted to advance our knowledge of the factors that were
crucial during the formation of the Carlin-type gold deposits and to determine vectors towards
zones with high potential to host mineralization by addressing the following questions: (1) What
is/are the potential source(s) of fluids, Au and other ore-related elements?; (2) What are the
relationships between Au mineralization, host rocks, major structures, hydrothermal alteration,
7

metal zoning, spatial distribution at both deposit and district scale?; (3) What is/are the
mechanism(s) that caused the precipitation of auriferous hydrothermal pyrite?; and (4) What
is/are the role(s) of the Jurassic and Eocene magmatic events in the Carlin-type gold
mineralization?
The Goldstrike property is an ideal area to investigate these questions because it contains
one of the largest and highest-grade deposits, it comprises a variety of Au-host rocks, including
Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, and Jurassic and Eocene intrusive rocks, and the magmatic rocks
are spatially and temporally associated with the Au mineralization. Thus, the Goldstrike property
is the object of study of the present doctoral thesis.
In order to achieve these objectives, I conducted:
(1) Detailed petrography, mineralogical and lithogeochemical characterization of major
sedimentary and intrusive rocks throughout the property to identify mineral paragenesis, styles of
Au mineralization and hydrothermal alteration, as well as their spatial distribution;
(2) Evaluation of the potential source of Au and other ore-related elements (e.g., As, Cu,
Hg, Ni, Sb, Se, Tl, W, and Zn) based on the whole-rock composition of the least altered
sedimentary and intrusive rocks, as well as the mineral chemistry of diagenetic and igneous
sulfides (mainly pyrite and sphalerite), and magmatic silicates (e.g., phlogopite, biotite, and
hornblende);
(3) Petrogenetic investigation of the least altered intrusive rocks based on the least mobile
elements to determine the origin of the magmatic rocks temporally and/or spatially associated
with gold mineralization and their role in the mineralizing process, as possible source of metals,
fluids and/or heat;
(4) Construction of isocon diagrams to determine the elements that were enriched and
depleted in the various hydrothermally altered host rocks;
8

(5) Integration of mass balance results, factor analysis, lithogeochemistry and mineral
chemistry to evaluate the elements that were introduced during the various stages in the evolution
of these rocks (i.e., Paleozoic diagenesis, Jurassic magmatism and metasomatism, and Eocene
magmatism and gold mineralization);
(6) Quantitative assessment of the relationship between Au grade and the various types of
hydrothermal alteration (i.e., carbonate dissolution, silicification and precipitation of
hydrothermal pyrite) to identify the factor(s) that may have been the most relevant in the
formation of the gold mineralization;
(7) Integration of the Fe and S mass change results in the various rocks with mineral
compositions and textural relationships for the various generations of sulfides to discriminate
between the most probable mechanisms responsible for the formation of the Au-bearing pyrite
(e.g., sulfidation versus pyritization processes);
(8) 40Ar/39Ar geochronology to determine the age of the selected intrusive rocks and the
effects of the Eocene event on the Jurassic intrusive rocks; and
(9) Integration of all data to construct a comprehensive genetic model and to establish
exploration guidelines for Carlin-type gold deposits.

1.2.1 Scope of this thesis

This thesis is presented in a manuscript format. Three manuscripts (Chapters two to four)
comprise the main body of the thesis and are summarized below.
The thesis also includes Chapter 1 (Introduction), which gives an overview of the
geology and genetic models proposed for Carlin-type gold deposits, identifies the major issues
that are not yet well understood about the formation of this deposit type, and includes the
objectives and scope of the present thesis. Chapter 5 (Discussion) integrates all of the major
9

scientific contributions of this study with the tectonic evolution of the area where these deposits
are located and presents a comprehensive genetic model for Carlin-type gold deposits. Chapter 6
(Conclusion and Future Studies) summarizes the major findings and proposes future studies to
address some of the questions that still remain open and are fundamental to advancing our
knowledge related to the formation of Carlin-type gold deposits.
Chapter 2, titled Mineral Paragenesis, Alteration and Geochemistry of Carlin-Type Gold
Deposits in the Southern Part of the Goldstrike Property, Northern Nevada: Implications for
Sources of Ore-Forming Elements, Ore Genesis and Mineral Exploration, was prepared by C.M.
Almeida and collaborators (i.e., G.R. Olivo, A. Chouinard, and C. Weakly) and re-submitted to
Economic Geology on July 31 of 2009. To our knowledge, this study is the first attempt to
characterize thoroughly two types of hypogene Au mineralization hosted in the Paleozoic
sedimentary rocks based on mineralogical and whole-rock composition, degree of hydrothermal
alteration, chemical composition of pyrite and spatial distribution at the property. Moreover, we
have evaluated the possible sources of ore-related metals based on the compositions of the least
altered sedimentary rocks, chemical composition of diagenetic pyrite and sphalerite, and mass
balance studies showing the elements that were enriched or depleted in the alteration zones. Our
findings have allowed us to propose an integrated genetic model, including an alternative
mechanism for precipitation of the auriferous pyrite, as well as to suggest exploration guidelines
for Carlin-type gold deposits.
Chapter 3, titled Petrogenesis of the Jurassic and Eocene Shoshonitic Intrusive Rocks
from the Southern Part of the Goldstrike Property, Nevada and their Metallogenetic Implications
to Carlin-Type Gold Deposits, was prepared by C.M. Almeida and collaborators (i.e., G.R.
Olivo, D.A. Archibald, and C. Weakly) and submitted to Economic Geology on July 31 of 2009.
To our knowledge, this is the first study that integrates mineralogical (texture and composition),
10

alteration, lithogeochemistry, and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology data of various types of intrusive

rocks that are spatially and/or temporally associated with Carlin-type gold deposits. Moreover, it
is the first to thoroughly characterize the Jurassic phlogopite lamprophyre dikes, and identify
these Jurassic and Eocene intrusive rocks as shoshonitic. The integration of these data brings new
insights regarding their petrogenesis and the tectonic evolution of the studied area. In addition,
this study evaluates the possibility that the magmatic rocks might be the source of Au and orerelated elements based on the composition of the least altered rocks and both igneous and
hydrothermal pyrite, and documents the overprinting of the Carlin hydrothermal event in both
Jurassic and Eocene magmatic rocks.
Chapter 4, titled Chemical Composition of Diagenetic to Late Hydrothermal Sphalerite
in the Host Rocks of the Carlin-Type Mineralization from the Southern Part of the Goldstrike
property, Nevada, was prepared by C.M. Almeida and G.R. Olivo for submission to
Mineralogical Magazine. This study is the first to investigate the mode of occurrence and
variation in chemical composition of diagenetic, early-ore, syn-ore, and late-ore sphalerite
associated with Carlin-type gold deposits, in order to evaluate the availability of various trace
elements during the evolution of these rocks.

1.3 References
Arehart, G.B., Foland, K.A., Naeser, C.W., and Kesler, S.,E., 1993, 40Ar/39Ar, K/Ar, and fissiontrack geochronology of sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits at Post-Betze, Carlin
Trend, northeastern Nevada.: Economic Geology, v. 88, p.662-646.
Arehart, G.B., Chakurian, A.M., Tretbar, D.R., Christensen, J.N., McInnes, B.A., and Donelick,
R.A., 2003, Evaluation of radioisotope dating of Carlin-type gold deposits in the Great Basin,
11

western North America, and implications for deposit genesis: Economic Geology, v. 98, p.
235-248.
Bakken, B.M.m Hochella, M.F., Jr., Marshall, A.F., and Turner, A.M., 1989, High-resolution
microscopy of gold in unoxidized ore from the Carlin mine, Nevada: Economic Geology, v.
84, p. 171-179.
Cail, T.L. and Cline, J.S., 2001, Alteration associated with gold deposition at the Getchell Carlintype gold deposit, north-central Nevada: Economic Geology, v. 96, p. 1343-1359.

Chouinard, A., Olivo, G., and Poirier, G., 2006, Chemistry and spatial distribution of
trace elements in the auriferous pyrite of the Goldstrike property, Barrick Goldstrike
mines Inc., unpublished internal report, 77p.
Cline, J.S., Hofstra, A.H., Muntean, J.L., Tosdal, R.M., Hickey, K.A., 2005, Carlin-type gold
deposits in Nevada: Critical geologic characteristics and viable models: Economic Geology,
100th Anniversary Volume, p. 451-484.
Crafford, A.E.J., and Grauch, V.J.S., 2002, Geologic and geophysical evidence for the influence
of deep crustal structures on Paleozoic tectonics and the alignment of world class gold
deposits, north central Nevada, USA: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 21, p.157-184.
Cunningham, C.G., Austin G.W., Naeser, C.W., and Rye, R.O., 2004, Formation of a
paleothermal anomaly and disseminated gold deposits associated with Bingham Canyon
porphyry Cu-Au-Mo system, Utah: Economic Geology, v. 99, p. 789-806.
De Paolo, D.J., and Farmer, G.L., 1984, Isotopic data bearing on the origin of Mesozoic and
Tertiary granitic rocks in the Western United States: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society of London, Series A, v. 310, p.743-753.
Emsbo, P., Hofstra, A.H., Lauha, E.A., Griffin, G.L., and Hutchinson, R.W., 2003, Origin of
high-grade gold ore, source of ore fluid components, and genesis of the Meikle and
12

neighboring Carlin-type deposits, northern Carlin trend, Nevada: Economic Geology, v. 98,
p. 1069-1105.
Fleet, M.E., and Mumin, A.H., 1997, Gold-bearing arsenian pyrite and marcasite and arsenopyrite
from Carlin trend gold deposits and laboratory synthesis: American Mineralogist, v. 82, p.
182-193.
Henry, C.D., and Ressel, M.W., 2000, Eocene magmatism of northeastern Nevada: the smocking
gun for Carlin-type gold deposits, in Cluer, J.K., Price, J.G., Struhsacker, E.M., Hardyman,
R.F., and Morris, C.L., eds., Geology and Ore Deposits 2000: The Great Basin and Beyond:
Reno, Geological Society of Nevada, Special Publication, p. 365-388.
Hofstra, A.H. and Cline, J.S., 2000, Characteristics and models for Carlin-type gold deposits:
Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 13, p. 163-220.
Hofstra, A.H., Snee, L.W., Rye, R.O., Folger, H.W., Phinisey, J.D., Loranger, R.J., Dahl, A.R.,
Naeser, C.W., Stein, H.J., and Lewchuk, M.T., 1999, Age constraints on Jerritt Canyon and
other Carlin-type gold deposits in the western United States; relationship to mid-Tertiary
extension and magmatism: Economic Geology, v. 94, p. 769-802.
Hofstra, A.H., John, D.A., and Theodore, T.G., 2003, A special issue devoted to gold deposits in
northern Nevada: Pt 2. Carlin-type deposits: Economic Geology, v. 98, p. 1063-1067.
Ilchik, R.P. and Barton, M.D., 1997, An amagmatic origin of Carlin-type gold deposits:
Economic Geology, v. 92, p. 50-75.
Johnston, M.K., and Ressel, M.W., 2004, Controversies on the origin of world-class gold
deposits, Pt. I: Carlin-type gold deposits in Nevada, II. Carlin-type and distal disseminated
Au-Ag deposits: Related distal expressions of Eocene intrusive centers in north-central
Nevada: Society of Economic Geologists Newsletter 59, p. 12-14.

13

Kesler, S.E., Fortuna, J., Ye, Z., Alt, J.C., Core, D.P., Zohar, P., Borhauer, and J., Chryssoulis, S.,
2003, Evaluation of the role of sulfidation in deposition of gold, Screamer section of the
Betze-Post Carlin-type deposit, Nevada: Economic Geology, v. 98, p. 1137-1157.
Long, K.R., DeYoung, J.H. Jr., and Ludington, S., 2000, Significant deposits of gold, silver,
copper, lead, and zinc in the United States: Economic Geology, v. 95, p. 629-644.
Muntean, J.L., Cline, J. Johnston, M.K., Ressel, M.W., Seedorff, E., and Barton, M.D., 2004,
Controversies on the origin of world class gold deposits, Part I: Carlin type gold deposits in
Nevada: Society of Economist Geologists Newsletter, n. 59, p. 1, 11-17.
Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, 2007, The Nevada mineral industry 2007: Nevada Bureau
of Mines and Geology Special Publication MI-2007, 182 p.

Palenik, C.S.; Satoshi, U.; Reich, M,; Kesler, S.E.; Wang, L.; Ewing, R.C., 2004,
Invisible gold revealed: Direct imaging of gold nanoparticles in a Carlin-type
deposit: American Mineralogist, v. 89, p. 1359-1366.
Peters, S.G., Armstrong, A.K., Harris, A.G., Oscarson, R.L., and Noble, P.J., 2003,
Biostratigraphy and structure of Paleozoic host rocks and their relationship to Carlin-type
gold deposits in the Jerritt Canyon mining district, Nevada: Economic Geology, v. 98, p. 317337.
Reich, M., Kesler, S.E., Utsunoyiya, S., Palenik, C.S., Chryssoulis, S., and Ewing, R.C., 2005,
Solubility of gold in arsenian pyrite: Geochimica and Cosmochimica Acta, v. 69, p.27812796.
Ressel, M.W. and Henry, C.D., 2006, Igneous geology of the Carlin trend, Nevada: Development
of the Eocene plutonic complex and significance for Carlin-type gold deposits: Economic
Geology, v. 101, p. 347-383.

14

Ressel, M.W., Noble, D.C., Henry, C.D., and Trudel, W.S., 2000, Dike-nested ores of the Beast
deposit and the importance of Eocene magmatism in gold mineralization of the Carlin Trend,
Nevada: Economic Geology, v. 95, p. 1417-1444.
Seedorff, E., 1991, Magmatism, extension, and ore deposits of Eocene to Holoceno age in the
Great Basin-mutual effects and preliminary proposed genetic relationships, in Raines, G.L.,
Lisle, R.E., Schafer, R.W., and Wilkison, W.H., eds., Geology and ore deposits of the Great
Basin, Symposium Proceedings: Geological Society of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, p.133-178.
Simon, G., Kesler, S.E., and Chryssoulis, S., 1999, Geochemistry and textures of gold-bearing
arsenian pyrite, Twin Creek, Nevada: Implications for deposition of gold in Carlin-type
deposits: Economic Geology, v.94, p. 405-422.
Stenger, D.P., Kesler, S.E., Peltonen, D.R., and Tapper, C.J., 1998, Deposition of gold in Carlintype gold deposits: The role of sulfidation and decarbontion at Twin Creeks, Nevada:
Economic Geology, v.93, p. 201-215.
Thompson, T.B., Teal, L., and Meeuwig, R.O., 2002, Gold deposits of the Carlin trend: Nevada
Bureau of Mines and Geology Bulletin 111, 204 p.
Tosdal, R.M., Wooden, J.L., and Kistler, R.W., 2000, Geometry of the Neoproterozoic
continental break-up and implications for location of Nevada mineral belts: Geology and Ore
Deposits 2000: The Great Basin and Beyond Symposium, Geological Society of Nevada,
Reno-Sparks, Nevada, May 15-18, 2000, Proceedings, p. 451-466.
Tretbar, D., Arehart, G.B., and Christensen, J.N., 2000, Dating gold deposition in a Carlin-type
gold deposit, using Rb/Sr methods on the mineral galkahaite: Geology, v. 28, p. 947-950.
Wells, J.D. and Mullens, T.E., 1973, Gold-bearing arsenian pyrite determined by microprobe
analysis, Cortez and Carlin gold mines, Nevada: Economic Geology, v. 68, p. 187-201.

15

Wooden, J.L, Kistler, R.W., and Tosdal, R.M., 1998, Pb isotopic mapping of crustal structure in
the northern Great Basin and relationships to Au deposit trends: U.S. Geological Survey
Open-File Report 98-338, p. 20-33.
Ye, Z., Kesler, S.E., Essene, E.J., Zohar, P.B., and Borhauer, J.L., 2003, Relation of Carlin-type
gold mineralization to lithology, structure and alteration: Screamer zone, Betze-Post deposit,
Nevada: Mineralium Deposita, v. 38, p. 22-38.
Yigit, O. and Hofstra, A.H., 2003, Lithogeochemistry of Carlin-type gold mineralization in the
Gold Bar district, Battle Mountain-Eureka Trend, Nevada: Ore Geology Reviews v. 22, p.
201-224.

16

Chapter 2
MINERAL PARAGENESIS, ALTERATION AND GEOCHEMISTRY
OF CARLIN-TYPE GOLD DEPOSITS IN THE SOUTHERN PART
OF THE GOLDSTRIKE PROPERTY, NORTHERN NEVADA:
IMPLICATIONS FOR SOURCES OF ORE-FORMING ELEMENTS,
ORE GENESIS AND MINERAL EXPLORATION

2.1 Abstract
This study was undertaken to characterize the mineral paragenesis and metal zoning at
the property scale, evaluate the potential sources of ore-related metals, quantify the relationship
between intensity of alteration and gold grade, and propose a comprehensive genetic model for
the Carlin-type gold deposits at the southern part of the Goldstrike property, Nevada.
Mineralogy, textural relationships, whole-rock composition and spatial distribution of the
studied samples revealed two types of Au ore: Ore I and Ore II. The former, which is hosted by
the Roberts Mountains and Rodeo Creek formations, and the Wispy, Planar and Upper Mud units,
is the most abundant and widespread in the property and is characterized by intense hydrothermal
alteration (e.g., carbonate dissolution, silicification, and precipitation of pyrite) and high amounts
of trace elements (e.g., Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, S, Sb, Se, Te, Tl and Zn). On the other
hand, Ore II, which is hosted in the Wispy, Planar and Soft Sediment Deformation units, is
mainly confined to the central-NNW portion of the Screamer deposit and is weakly altered with
low concentration of trace elements. Both Ores I and II contain similar average concentrations of
Au in whole-rock (14 and 19 g/t Au, respectively) and pyrite (460 and 430 ppm, respectively);

17

however, auriferous pyrite from Ore I is richer in trace elements (e.g., As, Hg, Sb, Se and Tl) than
Ore II, which contains higher amounts of Cu and W.
The sedimentary units are interpreted to be the major local source of Cd, Mo, Ni, U, V,
and Zn and minor As, Cu, Hg, and Se as denoted by the composition of the least altered samples
and diagenetic pyrite and sphalerite. In this study, Al2O3 and TiO2 are identified as one of the
most immobile compounds, and their distribution indicates a homogeneous source for the detrital
components in the sedimentary rocks. Isocon diagrams indicate Au, As, Cu, Hg, S, Sb, SiO2, and
Tl are added in most of the ore samples; however, C, CaO, LOI, MgO and Sr were lost in most
samples of Ore I and constant or slightly depleted in Ore II. Iron is added in mineralized samples
from the Roberts Mountains Formation and Wispy Unit, but immobile in ore samples of the
Planar unit and Rodeo Creek Formation. Potassium is either lost or immobile, U immobile, and
Ba, Cd, Mo, Se, V, Zn, and W either added or lost in most of the studied mineralized samples.
Among the ore-related trace elements, Tl best correlates with Au-grade (R2=0.69) and
shows some relationship with the calculated amount of pyrite (R2=0.49), indicating that Tl would
be the best element to vector towards high grade Carlin-type gold mineralization.
A fluid mixing model is proposed for the studied Carlin-type gold deposits, with one
fluid enriched in Au, S and trace elements and another enriched in Fe, as pyrite solubility is very
low in the low salinity Carlin-mineralizing fluids, and mass balance data indicate that both Fe and
S were introduced in most of the mineralized samples. The lack of a strong correlation of Au
grade, degree of alteration, mass change and trace element distribution suggests that the processes
related to the precipitation of Au mineralization and associated metals were complex and might
be controlled by sulfidation of Fe either by reaction with the host rock or fluid mixing (e.g.,
pyritization). Our results, integrated with available thermodynamic data for Au and ore-related
elements, lead us to suggest that the formation of Ore I occurred more proximal to the major
18
IV

mineralizing conduits as the hotter trace element-rich auriferous fluids interacted with an Fe-rich
fluid and the impure carbonate host rocks, intensely dissolving the carbonate rocks and
precipitating quartz and auriferous pyrite. As the fluids moved laterally throughout the favorable
host rocks, temperatures may have dropped and pH increased, leading to a decrease in the rate of
carbonate dissolution and in the solubility of most of the trace elements, favoring the formation of
Ore II. Significantly, the gold concentrations in whole rock and in pyrite are very similar in both
ore types, suggesting that cooler and less acidic conditions were still favorable for the
incorporation of gold in the structure of pyrite, even at lower concentrations of other trace
elements.

2.2 Introduction
The Goldstrike property is located in the northern part of the Carlin Trend, northeastern
Nevada, in the United States of America (Figure 2.1). It extends for 60 km along a NNW-trend,
and contains one of the largest (e.g., Betze-Post: ~ 1250 ton Au) and highest-grade (e.g., Meikle:
24.7 g/t Au) Carlin-type gold deposits ever discovered and mined. It comprises approximately
thirty percent of the total annual gold production in the Carlin trend (i.e., greater than 50 t Au:
Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, 2007).
Several studies have been carried out at the Goldstrike property, including ore-stage
mineral paragenesis at the Betze-Post deposit (Ferdock et al., 1997), characterization of the major
tectonic-deformational events in the Goldstrike property (Volk et al., 2001), mineralogical and
geochemical investigations of the Screamer deposit (Kesler et al., 2003; Ye et al., 2003), genesis
of the high-grade orebodies at the Meikle deposit (Emsbo et al., 2003), and others. However the
processes related to the formation of this giant Carlin-type deposit (Hofstra and Cline, 2000;
Muntean et al., 2004; Cline et al., 2005; and references therein), the role of magmatism (Ressel
19

Figure 2.1 Simplified geological map of the southern part of the Goldstrike property showing the location
of the deposits, cross section lines, and analyzed samples (projected vertically to the surface), including
least altered, barren and altered, Ore I and Ore II. UTM coordinated are given in feet.

20

and Henry, 2006; Ressel et al., 2000; and references therein), the possibility of pre-Eocene Aurich mineralizing events (Emsbo, 2000; Emsbo et al., 1999, 2000, 2003), and the overall sources
of metals and fluids are still the subjects of debate (Cline et al., 2005; and references therein).
This is in part due to the fact that little information is available about metal and alteration zoning
throughout the property and their relationship with rock units, structures, sulfide compositions
and paragenesis. Furthermore very few studies have investigated the sources of the metals
associated with the Carlin-type ore.
To further our understanding of the processes that formed these giant Carlin-type gold
deposits, we characterized the mineral assemblages that precipitated prior to, during and after the
gold deposition, investigated the metal zonation at the property scale, determined the elements
introduced and hosted in the various sedimentary rocks, and evaluated quantitatively the
relationship between intensity of alteration and gold grades. By integrating the various aspects of
this investigation, we assessed the factors that may have been crucial in concentrating an
enormous amount of gold in a restricted part of the Carlin trend and in a relatively short period of
time (42-36 Ma: Hofstra et al., 1999; Tretbar et al., 2000; Arehart et al., 2003).

2.3 Geologic Setting

2.3.1 Tectonic Evolution
The Goldstrike property is located in the Great Basin, at the northern end of the Carlin
Trend, near the inferred western margin of the Precambrian North American craton, as defined by
both stratigraphic and isotopic data (Cunningham, 1988; Tosdal et al., 2000; Grauch et al., 2003;
Cline et al., 2005; Emsbo et al., 2006; Lund, 2008). The long-lived and complex geological
history of the studied area is characterized by the establishment of a passive continental margin
21

during late Proterozoic to early Cambrian, followed by the deposition of Ordovician to Devonian
shallow carbonates and shales to the east, (e.g., Roberts Mountains, Popovich, and Rodeo Creek
formations, which host the Carlin-type ore), and Ordovician deep siliciclastics with minor
carbonate input to the west (e.g., Vinini Formation). The geometry of the basin and sediment
deposition may have been controlled by high-angle NNW- and NE-striking faults (Volk et al.,
2001). Emsbo (2000) and Emsbo et al. (1999, 2003) proposed that sedimentary exhalative Aubearing stratiform barite and base metal mineralization formed during sedimentation and
lithification of the Upper Mud Unit of the Popovich Formation during the late Devonian.
Subsequently, the region was affected by several magmatic-hydrothermal tectonic events which
are summarized below.
During the late Devonian-early Mississipian, the area was affected by the Antler orogeny,
which placed Ordovician-Devonian deep siliciclastic rocks over Ordovician-Devonian shallow
basin and platformal carbonate rocks along the Roberts Mountains Thrust (Roberts et al., 1967).
Contractional structures, which post-date the Antler orogeny and pre-date the emplacement of the
late Jurassic Goldstrike intrusion, may have formed during several events and therefore their
specific timing is somewhat uncertain. The earliest of these events (e.g., late Paleozoic Humboldt
orogeny: Bettles, 2002) may have generated the WNW-striking low-angle reverse faults (e.g.,
Dillon series) and folds of similar orientation (e.g., Betze anticline) (Volk et al., 2001; Bettles,
2002). These structures were later overprinted by NNW-trending anticlines (e.g., Post anticline),
moderately E- and W-dipping NNW-striking normal faults (e.g., Post and JB systems,
respectively) and moderate to steeply W-dipping NNE-striking reverse faults (e.g., Weird
systems) (Volk et al., 2001). At the Goldstrike property, the NNW-striking faults and folds and
the W-dipping NNE-striking faults are important local ore controls (Bettles, 2002).

22

Magmatic events at the Goldstrike property are documented to have occurred during the
late Jurassic and late Eocene (Emsbo et al., 1996; Mortensen et al., 2000; Ressel et al., 2000;
Ressel and Henry, 2006). The former comprises the intrusion of the dioritic Goldstrike intrusion
and diorite-granodiorite, rhyodacite and lamprophyre dikes and sills along high-angle NNW- and
NNE-striking faults and low-angle WNW- and NNW-striking faults. Late Eocene porphyritic
dacite, basaltic-andesite and rhyolite dikes intruded mainly along NNW-striking high-angle faults
and to a lesser extent along low-angle NNW- and WNW-striking structures (Volk et al., 2001;
Ressel and Henry, 2006). This later magmatic event is related to an E-W extension period and
reactivation of old structures that have affected the area and is interpreted to be coeval with the
formation of the Carlin mineralization (~ 42 to 36 Ma: Hofstra et al.; 1999; Tretbar et al., 2000;
Arehart et al., 2003; Ressel and Henry, 2006). Ressel and Henry (2006) suggest that the Eocene
dikes emanate from large concealed magma chambers that might represent the heat source which
has driven the Au-bearing hydrothermal fluids upwards.
Reactivation of the deep long-lived crustal structures associated with the Carlin trend,
which is supported by magnetotelluric data (Rodriguez, 1998), regional gravity surveys
(Hildenbrand et al., 2000), and Pb isotopes (Tosdal et al., 2000), might have played a significant
role in the formation of these deposits as these structures are believed to have controlled the
Paleozoic sedimentation, tectonism and several episodes of magmatism and hydrothermal activity
(Hofstra and Cline, 2000; Emsbo et al., 2006).

23

2.3.2 Lithological units and the major hosts of gold mineralization

The distribution of the major rock types in the Goldstrike property is shown in the surface
geological map and selected cross sections (Figures 2.1 and 2.2A, B, respectively), and the
tectonic-stratigraphy is presented in Figure 2.3, and their characteristics are summarized below.
Sedimentary units. The autochthonous rocks (Figures 2.1-2.3) comprise Ordovician to
Devonian carbonate units and Devonian siliciclastic units (Bettles, 2002). The summary of their
depositional environment and major characteristics is presented in Table 2.1 and Figure 2.3, and
their mineralogical and textural relationships in Table 2.2. At the base of this sequence is the
Ordovician-Silurian Hanson Creek Formation (HCD), which is overlain unconformably by the
Silurian-Devonian Roberts Mountains Formation (LL). The Devonian Popovich Formation (Dp)
lies conformably above the Roberts Mountains Formation and comprises four units, from the
bottom to the top: Wispy (WS), Planar (PL), Soft Sediment Deformation (SD), and Upper Mud
(UM). It is conformably overlain by the Late Middle to late Devonian Rodeo Creek Formation
(RC), which represents the uppermost stratigraphic unit in the footwall of the Roberts Mountains
Thrust Fault in the area (Figures 2.1, 2.2). The major host rocks for Au mineralization at the
Goldstrike property are the Upper Roberts Mountains and the lower Popovich (e.g., Wispy and
Planar units) in Betze-Post, the lower Popovich Formation (e.g., Wispy and Planar units) in
Screamer, and the Wispy and Upper Mud units and Rodeo Creek Formation in Rodeo.
Allochthonous units are characterized by the Ordovician Vinini Formation (OV), and locally by
the Silurian Elder Sandstone and the Devonian Slaven formations. These sedimentary rocks occur
above the Roberts Mountains Thrust and commonly exhibit shearing and brecciated tectonicdeformational features. These units are noncomformably overlain by Miocene rhyolite flows and
volcanoclastic rocks of the Carlin Formation (Bettles, 2002).

24

Figure 2.2 Schematic geological SW-NE cross sections in the southern part of the Goldstrike Property. (A)
Annick 2: Screamer and Betze-Post deposits). (B) Annick 4: North Screamer and Rodeo deposits, showing
the lithological contacts, major faults, and location of the samples analyzed. (Geological interpretations
were provided by Barrick Goldstrike mine staff).

25

Figure 2.3 Simplified tectono-stratigraphic column for the Goldstrike property showing the position of the
gold deposits (e.g., Betze-Post, Screamer and Rodeo) relative to stratigraphic units. Modified from Volk et
al. (2001).

26

Table 2.1. Sedimentary Units and Their Depositional Environments, Goldstrike Property, Nevada.
Geological Units

Depositional Environment1

Lithology1,2,3

Marine basinal

Mudstone, siltstone, chert, sandstone with minor

limestone and marine basinal flows.

Devonian Rodeo
Creek Fm (RC)

Anoxic basin

Interbeds of thinly-bedded siliceous mudstone to

local argillite, sandy siltstone to fine sandstone,
with minor silty to muddy limestone.

Devonian Popovich Fm

Ordovician Vinini
Fm.

Upper Mud
Unit (UM)

Anoxic

Fine-grained, finely plane-bedded carbonaceous

calcareous mudstone to muddy limestone, with
minor thin fossil hash beds and debris flows.

Soft Sediment
Deformation
Unit (SD)

Upper
slope/shelf

Thin to thick bedded, finely laminated micritic to

lime mudstone and muddy limestone, locally
bioclastic beds. It is characterized by slump and
slide syn-sedimentary deformational structures.

Transition
oxygenated to
anoxic deepwater (e.g,.
graptolites:
Monograptus
sp.)

Planar bedded carbonaceous muddy limestone and

calcareous mudstone, with minor interbedded thin
fossil-rich layers. The upper zone contains wellpreserved graptolites, an indication of slow to
non-deposition due to the rapid sea level rise and
basin starvation.

Oxygenated
conditions
(e.g. Wispy
laminations)

Wispy (burrowed-bioturbated laminations)

laminated muddy to silty limestone, locally
mudstone with debris flows and fossiliferous
limestone beds

Planar Unit
(PL)

Wispy Unit.
(WS)

Progressively
deepingbasin, from
foreslope to
basin euxinic
conditions.

Silurian-Devonian
Roberts Mountains
Fm. (LL)

Anoxic, deep water shelf or

slope to basin, in a tectonically
stable environment

Finely laminated sandy limestone to calcareous

siltstone, grading to carbonate packstone to
mudstone, locally dolomitic, with minor
interbedded chert. The upper zone is fossiliferousrich limestone to dolomitic limestone (e.g.
echinoderms and brachiopods)

Ordovician-Silurian
Hanson Creek
(HCD)

Shallow water, as the final

stage of an upward shoaling
sequence

Sandy to massive dolostone, locally interbedded

with minor limestone.

Armstrong et. al. (1998), 2 Zohar (pers. comm.), 3 This study.

27

Table 2.2 Mineralogy and Textures of Least Altered Samples of the Popovich and Roberts Mountains
Formations in the Southern Part of the Goldstrike Property, Northern Nevada

Devonian Popovich Formation

Geological Units

Mineralogy and Textural Relationship

Upper Mud
Unit (UM)

Finely laminated and extremely fine-grained micritic groundmass associated with

carbonaceous-rich material and intraclasts of anhedral and irregular silty-size quartz
grains. Pyrite occurs commonly as subhedral to euhedral (e.g. cubic) isolated grains
along bedding and minor fine-grained anhedral aggregates concentrated in
discontinuous layers. Sphalerite occurs as fine-grained (up to 20 m) anhedral grains
parallel to bedding planes.

Soft
Sediment
Deformation
Unit (SD)

Micritic groundmass is characterized by microcrystalline carbonate aggregates

associated with minor carbonaceous material and minor angular to elongated detrital
quartz and traces of fine-grained white mica. Fine-grained subhedral to euhedral
diagenetic pyrite occurs disseminated in micritic groundmass along bedding planes.
Traces of sphalerite are commonly associated with carbonaceous-rich discontinuous
lenses.

Planar
Unit(PL)

Thick carbonaceous-rich layers alternate with thin layers of coarser-grained

subhedral carbonate crystals, minor sub-angular quartz and traces of fine-grained
white mica. Micritic groundmass commonly exhibits diagenetic dissolution features
(e.g. micro-vugs), which are usually lined with extremely fine-grained carbonate.
Carbonaceous material is concentrated along bedding in discontinuous lenses and
commonly fills stylolite structures. Diagenetic euhedral to subhedral pyrite occurs as
isolated grains disseminated along bedding planes and in the micritic groundmass.

Wispy Unit.
(WS)

Alternating layers of coarse-grained carbonates and carbonaceous-rich laminations.

Trace amounts of angular to rounded quartz grains and fine-grained white mica
along bedding and disseminated in carbonaceous laminations. Diagenetic pyrite
occurs as subhedral to euhedral grains along bedding planes, commonly associated
with the carbonaceous laminations. Traces of anhedral chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite
are included in subhedral pyrite grains.

Silurian-Devonian
Roberts Mountains
Fm. (LL)

Anhedral silt-sized quartz grains, minor euhedral carbonate crystals (up to 50 m)

and traces of fine-grained white mica along bedding planes in a fine-grained micritic
groundmass. Trace of fine-grained diagenetic euhedral to subhedral pyrite and traces
of sphalerite along bedding planes.

28

Intrusive rocks. The area has been affected by two major episodes of magmatism during
the Jurassic and Eocene. The late Jurassic (158-157 Ma: Arehart et al. 1993; Mortensen et al,
2000; Ressel et al., 2000; Ressel and Henry, 2006) magmatic event includes the massive sill-like
Goldstrike intrusion and diorite to granodiorite, rhyodacite, and lamprophyre dikes. The
Goldstrike intrusion is located in the southern part of the property and ranges in composition from
gabbro-diorite to granodiorite. The diorite, granodiorite and rhyodacite dikes are controlled by
several fault systems throughout the property and are commonly altered to quartz-muscovitepyrite arsenopyrite and locally host auriferous polymetallic veins, interpreted to be formed
during the Jurassic by Emsbo et al., (2000). The lamprophyre dikes occur mainly along NNWstriking high-angle faults or as sills along bedding and formation contacts (Bettles, 2002). The
carbonate and siliciclastic rocks in contact mainly with the Goldstrike intrusion and, to a smaller
degree along the dikes, are metamorphosed to marble and calc-silicate hornfels, respectively.
Locally, high-grade Au mineralization (up to 27.02 g/t Au: this study) is hosted in some of the
Jurassic sills and dikes, representing a minor volume of the Goldstrike ore. However, gold
mineralization is widespread in the sedimentary units at the margins of the altered and brecciated
Goldstrike intrusion. The rhyodacite dikes host low to moderate Au mineralization adjacent to the
Post fault, between the Griffin and Banshee deposits. Jurassic lamprophyre dikes are locally
mineralized throughout the property and are an important Au-host in the Meikle (Emsbo et al.,
2003), South Meikle and Banshee deposits.
The late Eocene (40.1-37.3 Ma: Ressel et al., 2000; Ressel and Henry, 2006) porphyritic
dacite, basaltic andesite, and rhyolite dikes occur along the Post fault zone and are coeval with the
mineralization. Locally, in the Deep-Post deposit these dikes are strongly fractured and host some
Au mineralization.

29

2.4 Methodology
2.4.1 Sampling and Analytical Methods
About 450 drill core and pit samples were collected for this study during three field
seasons in the southern part of the Goldstrike property, and include the Screamer, Betze-Post and
Rodeo deposits. Drill hole sampling was concentrated along six major section lines (e.g.,
Leonardson, Annick 1 to Annick 5) (Figures 2.1, and 2.2A, B), and samples were collected at a
maximum of 100 m spacing from these sections. Samples of the four units of the Popovich
Formation (e.g., Upper Mud, Soft Sediment Deformation, Planar and Wispy) were also collected
in the Betze-Post open pit. The selection of the sections was done in collaboration with Barrick
Goldstrike geologists and was based on lithological boundaries, major structures, ore contours,
and their spatial distribution. Samples comprise rocks from each of the autochthonous
sedimentary units with various degrees of alteration and gold grades (waste to high-grade ore).
Petrographic descriptions of representative samples from the lower plate sedimentary units, with
several degrees of alteration and ore-grades, were carried out. Key samples were characterized
further using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron microprobe (EMP). The EMP
methodology and detection limits are summarized in Appendices A, A.1 and A.2. The
classification of Au-barren pyrite is based on the electron microprobe detection limit for analyses
performed at McGill University (70 ppm Au). The characterization of early-, syn-ore and late- to
post-ore mineral assemblages (i.e., paragenetic sequence) was conducted based on the
identification of Au-bearing iron sulfide using electron micropobe analyses and textural
relationships.
Whole rock geochemical analyses were carried out on 176 samples by Acme Analytical
Laboratories Ltd. in Canada. Major, minor, and trace elements, and precious metal contents were
analyzed in all sets. Platinum and Pd were analyzed only in a few samples and F was analyzed in
30

selected samples. Descriptions of the analytical methods and detection limits are in Appendix B
and selected whole-rock data in Appendix C.

2.4.2 Data Analysis

Lithogeochemical data were evaluated using a combination of statistical, spatial, and
factor analyses. Intervals for statistical and spatial purposes were determined using the Natural
Breaks classification method (9.1 ArcView GIS: Environmental Systems Research Institute:
ESRI) which has most successfully characterized the Goldstrike dataset. Intervals for ore-grade
were determined using the cut-off (1 g/t Au) and high-grade Au mineralization (10 g/t Au) values
established by the Barrick Goldstrike mine staff.
Isocon diagrams were constructed using the method described by Grant (1986, 2005) to
quantify the changes in mass and concentration of selected elements in altered rocks relative to
their fresh protoliths (or the least altered sample, when fresh samples are not available).
Factor analysis was conducted using 1.8 Statistical Power (2007) for MS EXCEL to
identify element associations in the whole-rock data, based on their mutual linear correlation
coefficients. These correlation coefficients may be explained by a specific geological process
(e.g., influence of host rock signature and/or the various hydrothermal events). The elements that
were below or at the detection limit (e.g., Ag, Be, Bi, Cr2O3, MnO, Na2O, P2O5 and Te), as well
as REE and F were not used in the factor analysis.
The isocon diagrams and factor analyses in this study were conducted using the same
approach as Hofstra and Cline (2000), Cail and Cline (2001), Emsbo et al. (2003), and Yigit and
Hofstra (2003) to allow for comparison with their results.

31

2.5 Mineral Paragenesis

The mineralogical composition and textural relationships in the sedimentary rocks of the
Goldstrike property reflect the long and complex tectonic evolution of the area, including their
diagenesis, metasomatic metamorphism during the emplacement of the Jurassic Goldstrike
intrusion and associated dikes, and hydrothermal activity prior to, during and after deposition of
auriferous pyrite in the Eocene. To establish the paragenetic sequence (Figure 2.4) and
understand the multiple alteration processes that took place in the southern part of the Goldstrike
property, selected samples from the lower plate sedimentary rocks with various degrees of
alteration and ore-grades were investigated. The relevant textural relationships are shown in
Figures 2.5A-P and summarized below.

2.5.1 Paleozoic diagenesis and Jurrassic metasomatism

In the least altered rocks, thickly laminated to massive carbonate rocks comprise
carbonate rhombs intergrown with minor sub-angular to rounded silt-sized detrital quartz grains
and detrital mica flakes and a diagenetic K-bearing clay mineral along bedding planes, in an
extremely fine grained micritic groundmass (Figure 2.5A). Carbonaceous material is associated
with the micritic groundmass and is concentrated along bedding planes in the Popovich
Formation (Figure 2.5A). Dissolution features, probably related to diagenesis of the sedimentary
rocks, are also observed either as micro vugs in the micritic groundmass (Figure 2.5A) that are
commonly rimmed by fine-grained euhedral carbonate crystals, or as stylolite structures parallel
to laminations (Figure 2.5B). The latter contain high proportions of organic and detrital material.
In general, diagenetic pyrite occurs as fine-grained framboidal grains and fine to coarse-grained
subhedral to euhedral (e.g., cubic) crystals (Figure 2.5B). It is found mostly as disseminated
grains along bedding planes and less commonly as aggregates in discontinuous layers in the
32

Figure 2.4 Paragenetic sequence for the sedimentary rocks from the Goldstrike property, including
diagenesis, metassomatism, and Carlin to post-Carlin hydrothermal events. The bold and thin lines
represent the major and minor phases, respectively. The discontinuous lines indicates uncertainty in the
determination of the paragenetic sequence due to lack of clear textural relationship.

33

micritic groundmass. It exhibits various degrees of dissolution, including pits, etches and
corroded edges. In the Wispy Unit, diagenetic pyrite is also associated with the carbon-rich
layers. Diagenetic pyrite is generally trace-element poor, but locally is enriched in As, Ni and Se
(up to 0.159 wt %, 0.068 wt %, and 0.069 wt %, respectively; Chouinard et al., 2006). Traces of
fine-grained (up to 30 m) anhedral diagenetic sphalerite occur as disseminated grains parallel to
bedding, commonly associated with the carbon-rich layers, and more commonly in samples from
the Upper Mud unit. Its chemical composition is near stoichiometric, with minor Cd (up to 1.31
wt %), Hg (up to 0.863 wt %), Fe (up to 0.233 wt %), and trace amounts of Se (up to 220 ppm); a
few grains have some Cu, Ga, Sb, and Tl.
The metasomatized sedimentary rocks surrounding the Jurassic Goldstrike intrusion and
associated dikes are characterized by the recrystallization of granular calcite (Figure 2.5C) and
formation of fine- to coarse-grained (up to 2 mm), commonly euhedral (e.g., cubic) Au-barren
pyrite with minor quartz and muscovite. The metasomatic pyrite contains high As content (up to
3.43 wt %), but it is commonly trace-element poor, with low amounts of Ni and Ti (up to 0.189
wt % and 0.029 wt %, respectively; Chouinard et al., 2006).

2.5.2 Eocene Carlin hydrothermal to post-Carlin events

Integrated petrography and electron microprobe analyses in this study show three major
alteration episodes related to the Carlin hydrothermal event: early -, syn- and late- to post-ore
Carlin.
The early-ore event is characterized by partial to strong dissolution of the carbonate
minerals, bioclastic fragments and fine-grained micritic groundmass, leading to the development
of collapse breccias in the upper Roberts Mountains and lower Popovich formations, particularly
in the Betze-Post deposit. This was locally accompanied by weak to moderate silicification and
34

precipitation of disseminated pyrite. Replacement quartz is characterized by microcrystalline

murky grains commonly with carbonate inclusions. It replaces the micritic groundmass of slightly
to strongly decarbonated sedimentary rocks, preserving the original bedding planes. In places,
this quartz forms pseudomorphs of bioclastic fragments. Some stratigraphic units are
preferentially silicified, i.e. most samples from the Roberts Mountains Formation, the Upper
Mud, the Wispy units, the Rodeo Creek Formation and some samples from the Planar Unit. In
contrast, most samples from the Soft Sediment Deformation Unit and some samples from the
Wispy and Planar units are weakly to moderately silicified.

______________________________________________________________________________
Figure 2.5 Photomicrographs and back-scattered electron (BSE) images from the Paleozoic sedimentary
rocks and Jurassic intrusive rocks. (A) Least altered sample from Wispy Unit showing coarse-grained
wispy laminations, carbonaceous material, anhedral detrital quartz grains and diagenetic micro-vugs along
bedding planes in a fine-grained micritic groundmass (SJ449C-1174; plane polar, transmitted light
photomicrograph). (B) Euhedral diagenetic pyrite along bedding plane, overgrown by early hydrothermal
Au-barren pyrite in a carbonate-bearing micritic matrix (SJ449C-987; plane polar, reflected light
photomicrograph). (C) Recrystallized coarse-grained calcite associated with minor pyrite in contact
metamorphic halo of Jurassic Goldstrike intrusion (BZ968C-1309; plane polar, transmitted light
photomicrograph). (D) Early hydrothermal anhedral pyrite associated with early hydrothermal sphalerite
which is overgrown by fine-grained porous auriferous hydrothermal pyrite (SJ232C-981; plane polar,
reflected light photomicrograph). (E) Au-barren early hydrothermal pyrite along cleavage planes of clayaltered hornblende in Jurassic diorite (PNC364-933; plane polar, transmitted light photomicrograph). (F)
Fine-grained auriferous hydrothermal pyrite associated with coarse-grained syn-ore sphalerite in a silicified
limestone. A fine-grained syn-ore tetrahedrite-tennantite anhedral crystal is adjacent to the sphalerite grain
(SJ232-786; plane polar, reflected light photomicrograph). (G) Coarse-grained subhedral diagenetic pyrite
overgrown by a thin rim of auriferous arsenian pyrite associated with fine-grained porous Au-barren
hydrothermal pyrite in a silicified limestone (GB704-1502 Ore I; plane polar, reflected light
photomicrograph). (H) BSE image showing the thin auriferous arsenian pyrite rim in Figure 5G. (I)
Subhedral to anhedral zoned early hydrothermal pyrite, with a thin rim of auriferous pyrite, along bedding
planes and wispy laminations in a micritic groundmass (SJ281C-1127 Ore II; plane polar, transmitted light
photomicrograph). (J) BSE image of thin rim of auriferous arsenian pyrite in Figure 5I. (K) Euhedral zoned
auriferous hydrothermal arsenian pyrite inclusions in a late quartz-stibnite vein with minor illite (SJ475C854; plane polar, reflected light photomicrograph). (L) BSE image of the area delineated in figure 5K,
showing the zoned auriferous pyrite. (M) Hydrothermal quartz and illite within late stibnite vein (SJ475C854; crossed polar; transmitted light photomicrograph). (N) Elongated cinnabar crystals associated with
minor anhedral realgar in a late calcite vein (PN600-1158; plane polar, transmitted light photomicrograph).
(O) Coarse-grained barite filling open-space in silicified Wispy Unit rock. (P420C-786, plane polar,
transmitted light photomicrograph). (P) Coarse-grained barite associated with minor fine-grained illite in a
late vein cutting the silicified Wispy Unit rock (P502C-685; plane polar, transmitted light,
photomicrograph). (Abbreviations: Au-gold, Brt-barite, Cal-calcite, Cbn-carbonate, Cnb-cinnabar, Ddiagenetic, EH-early hydrothermal, H-hydrothermal, Ill-illite, Kln-kaolinite, M-metasomatic, Py-pyrite,
Qtz-quartz, Rlg-realgar, Sp-sphalerite, Stb-stibnite).

35

36

37

Early Au-barren hydrothermal pyrite is the most abundant Fe-bearing sulfide in this stage
and occurs as anhedral to euhedral grains in aggregates, pods or veins, commonly associated with
sphalerite (Figure 2.5D) or overgrowing diagenetic pyrite (Figure 2.5B) and rare chalcopyrite and
galena. In the intrusive rocks, pyrite replaces mafic minerals along cleavage planes, commonly
associated with clay minerals (e.g., illite and kaolinite) (Figure 2.5E). The early hydrothermal
pyrite usually shows low concentrations of minor and trace elements, mainly As, Ni and Se (up to
7.17 wt %, 1.42 wt %, and 520 ppm, respectively, Chouinard et al., 2006). Early-ore Au-barren
and trace element-poor hydrothermal marcasite occurs either as euhedral elongated aggregates or
as intergrowths with early hydrothermal pyrite. Some grains contain minor amounts of As (up to
0.493 wt %) and Ni (up to 0.208 wt %). Early-ore Fe-rich (up to 6.48 wt %) and trace elementrich (up to 1.34 wt % Hg, 1.76 wt % Cd, 0.171 wt % Mn, 210 ppm Se, and 670 ppm Ga)
sphalerite occurs as fine to coarse-grained (up to 100 m) crystals, commonly intergrown with
early hydrothermal pyrite aggregates (Figure 2.5D). Few early-ore sphalerite grains contain some
As, Co, Cu, Ni, and Sb. Rare early-ore arsenopyrite commonly forms tabular euhedral crystals or
anhedral aggregates coating early hydrothermal pyrite and marcasite or as disseminated anhedral
grains in the sedimentary rocks, locally associated with early hydrothermal pyrite.
The main auriferous stage is characterized by intense replacement of carbonate-bearing
rocks by hydrothermal quartz, localized argillization of detrital feldspar and mica and
precipitation of auriferous arsenian pyrite in most of the mineralized samples (Ore I type: Table
2.3). However, there are ore samples (Ore II type) that show distinctive petrographic and
geochemical characteristics which are summarized in Table 2.3. In most of the ore samples, Aubearing arsenian pyrite occurs as thin rims of microcrystalline to fine-grained aggregates on
diagenetic to early hydrothermal anhedral to euhedral pyrite (Figures 2.5F-J) along stylolites and
massive alteration fronts along bedding planes. It is usually very porous, commonly trace38

Au
ore
Host
rocks

Represents the majority of the studied mineralized

samples (78%), including all samples from upper LL,
RC, and UM, and most from the WS (76%) and PL
(70%).

Comprises 22% of the studied Au-bearing samples

Au, which is hosted by all samples from SD, and
some from WS (24%) and PL (30%).

Hydrothermal
alteration

It is characterized by intense to pervasive carbonate

dissolution, moderate to strong silicification, and
commonly strong sulfidation and/or pyritization (up
to 19 wt % of calculated pyrite)

The host rocks have undergone weak carbonate

dissolution, weak to slightly moderate silicification,
and variable degree of sulfidation and/or pyritization
(up to 6 wt % of calculated pyrite)

Au-Py occurs as fine-grained disseminated,

replacement fronts (e.g., as discontinuous layers), and
thin rims along subhedral to euhedral (e.g. cubic)
diagenetic to early-ore pyrite along bedding planes
(Fig. 5G-H), associated mainly with Qtz and clay
minerals, and minor Sp.

Au- Py occurs mainly as thin rims overgrowing

diagenetic euhedral to subhedral diagenetic to earlyore pyrite (Fig. 5I-J) along bedding planes.

Ore II: atypical Carlin-type Au ore (18)1

Early to syn-ore: Micritic groundmass is replaced by

minor microcrystalline Qtz.

Late to post-ore: Coarse-grained Qtz (eg., druzy),

coarse to fine-grained euhedral Cal, coarse-grained
euhedral to anhedral Brt, fine-grained Stb, Rlg, Orp,
and Cnb, and extremely fine-grained clay minerals
filling open-spaces, veins and veinlets.

Late to post-ore: rare coarse-grained Sp, euhedral

coarse-grained Cal (e.g., druzy), and anhedral quartz
occur as open-space filling phases. Late veinlets and
veins filled with clay minerals, Cbn, Qtz, Cnb, Orp
and Rlg are observed.

Higher median concentrations of Fe2O3, SiO2, Au,

Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, S, Sb, Se, Te, Tl
and Zn

Higher median concentrations of Al2O3,, C, CaO,

K2O, LOI, MgO, organic C, As, F, V, U, W

Au:
whole
rock2

From 1.03 to 102.01 ppm; average of 13.84 ppm

From 2.51 to 154.7 ppm; average of 19.10 ppm

Higher Au, Ag, As, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Tl and Zn

Higher Cu and W

From 0.007 to 0.309 wt %; average of 0.046 wt %

From 0.007 to 0.156 Wt %, average of 0.043 wt %

Whole rock
signature2

Early to syn-ore: microcrystalline Qtz is commonly

replacing micritic groundmass and carbonate rhombs,
intergrowing mainly with extremely fine-grained clay
minerals and minor fine-grained white mica.

Au-Py
signature3

Pre-Carlin: Carbonaceous-rich micritic groundmass with discontinuous medium-grained carbonaceous-rich

lenses along bedding and minor Qtz disseminated parallel to bedding planes. Diagenetic Py forms subhedral to
euhedral disseminated grains along bedding planes. Minor anhedral fine-grained diagenetic Sp occurs along
bedding planes.

Au:
Py3

Textural relationship

Ore I: typical Carlin-type Au ore (66)1

Auriferous
pyrite

Table 2.3 Major Characteristics of Carlin-type Au Mineralization: Ore I and Ore II.

Total of analyzed samples. 2Based on total analyzed samples. 3Chouinard et al. (2006), values based on average
compositions of 167 and 45 analyses, respectively. Rock units: LL-Roberts Mountains Fm, PL: Planar Unit, RC-Rodeo
Creek Fm, SD-Soft Sediment Deformation Unit, UM-Upper Mud Unit, and WS-Wispy Unit. Minerals: Au-gold, Brtbarite, Cal-calcite, Cbn-carbonate, Orp-orpiment, Py-pyrite, Qtz-quartz, Rlg-realgar, Sp-sphalerite, and Stb-stibnite,

39

element rich (up to 25.38 wt % As, 10.80 wt % Sb, 8.32 wt % Ni, 1.69 wt % Cu, 1.68 wt % Tl;
0.919 wt % Hg, and 0.626 wt % Se: Chouinard et al., 2006), and are spatially associated with
diagenetic and early-ore pyrite, arsenopyrite, and syn-ore sphalerite (Figure 2.5F). Syn-ore
sphalerite occurs intergrown with fine-grained auriferous hydrothermal pyrite as euhedral to
subhedral coarse-grained (up to 100 m) aggregates (Figure 2.5F). Syn-ore sphalerite is Fe and
Cu-rich (up to 8.67 wt % and 1.91 wt %, respectively) with minor amounts of Cd (up to 0.788 wt
%), Mn (0.167 wt %), Se (0.156 wt %) and rare concentrations of Hg, Ga, Tl, and V. Tetrahedrite
[(Cu,Fe,Ag,Zn)12Sb4S13] tennantite [(Cu,Ag,Fe,Zn)12As4S13] series minerals occur locally
adjacent to syn-ore sphalerite (Figure 2.5F). Tetrahedrite-tennantite and sphalarite were
interpreted by Emsbo et al. (2003) as sedimentary-exhalative in origin and commonly
associated with stratiform barite. However, the textures and mineral compositions that were
observed during re-logging, petrographic, and mineral chemistry investigations of the studied
samples indicate that these minerals post-date diagenetic and earlier hydrothermal assemblages
and are not associated with barite.
The late-ore stage is characterized by veinlets, veins, vugs, cavities, and open spaces
partially filled with coarse-grained euhedral crystals of calcite, fine to coarse-grained quartz,
barite, clay minerals, pyrite, stibnite (Figure 2.5K), and coarse-grained anhedral sphalerite
crystals. Late-ore pyrite occurs as either fine-grained aggregates overgrowing auriferous arsenian
pyrite or as coarse-grained brassy pyrite in open spaces and fractures. The former is characterized
by high amounts of As and Sb (up to 9.47 wt % and 2.87 wt %, respectively) and minor
concentrations of Hg, Ni, Se and Tl, (up to 0.275 wt %, 0.692 wt %, 0.178 wt %, and 0.215 wt %,
respectively). On the other hand, the brassy pyrite is usually trace-element poor and locally
enriched in As (up to 5.80 wt %; Chouinard et al., 2006). Rare euhedral zoned auriferous pyrite
crystals occur included in late stibnite veins (Figures 2.5K, L) that cut across mineralized
40

sedimentary units. Late-ore, Au-barren, and Fe-, Hg-, Cd -rich (up to 8.51 wt %, 5.12 wt %, and
1.30 wt %, respectively) coarse-grained (up to 200 m) anhedral sphalerite aggregates commonly
occur in late hydrothermal quartz and carbonate veins, occupying the core or at the contact of
these veins with partially silicified carbonate-bearing rocks. Late-ore sphalerite also contains
minor amounts of Mn, Ga and Se (up to 0.247 wt %, 500 ppm, and 280 ppm, respectively) and
rare concentrations of As, Co, Cu, Sb and V. Stibnite is found both as coarse-grained needleshaped aggregates (Figure 2.5K), commonly associated with illite and quartz (Figure 2.5M) or
irregular grains associated with orpiment and realgar in late veinlets. Orpiment, realgar, and
cinnabar occur in cavities and veins, commonly associated with clay minerals and coarse-grained
calcite (Figure 2.5N).
Post-ore barite represents the major sulfate in the studied samples and occurs either as
isolated grains or associated with quartz and clay minerals in open spaces (Figure 2.5O), fractures
(Figure 2.5P) and massive brecciated zones. Barite, which post-dates the assemblages formed
during the main mineralized gold event, was also documented filling open fractures at the Meikle
deposit and was interpreted to be formed during the Pliocene hydrothermal event (Emsbo and
Hofstra, 2003).

2.6 Lithogeochemistry Investigation

Major oxide, minor, trace and precious element concentrations were measured to identify
the lithogeochemical signatures of the protolith (least altered samples) and altered samples (waste
to high-grade ore) of the lower plate sedimentary rocks (Appendix C). The results were evaluated
using various statistical methods (i.e., box and whisker plots, correlation matrix, binary diagrams,
and R-mode factor analysis) to identify the metal associations and outline possible signatures
related to the different mineralizing events, as well as isocon diagrams to determine the chemical
41

gains and losses related to the main auriferous event. The identification of the least altered
samples was based on petrographic investigation, pyrite mineral chemistry and whole-rock
composition (i.e., samples that did not exhibit alteration typical of the Carlin hydrothermal event,
did not include pyrite with a geochemical signature typical of the auriferous pyrite and in which
gold was not detected in whole-rock analyses).
Overall, altered samples of the Roberts Mountains and lower Popovich (Wispy and
Planar units) formations represent the major sedimentary rock hosts for Au mineralization in the
studied samples, followed by the Upper Mud and Soft Sediment Deformation units and the Rodeo
Creek Formation, respectively (Figure 2.6A, Appendix C). The box and whisker plot shows that
Au grades vary significantly in these rocks, being highest in samples from the Roberts Mountains
Formation and the Soft Sediment Deformation Unit (Figure 2.6A). High concentrations of As, Hg
and Ni are found in all altered sedimentary rocks, yielding the highest amounts in samples of the
Planar and Upper Mud units (Figures 2.6B-D) whereas high values of Sb and Tl are mainly
associated with altered samples of the Roberts Mountains Formation and Wispy Unit (Figures
2.6E, F). Although the highest concentrations of Cd, Cu, U, V, Mo, Se and Zn are found in
altered samples of the Upper Mud Unit (Figures 2.6G-M), anomalously high values of Cd, Cu, U,
and V are also associated with altered samples of the Soft Sediment Deformation and Planar units
(Figures 2.6G-J), Mo in altered samples of the Planar unit (Figure 2.6K), and Se in altered
samples of the Soft Sediment Deformation, Planar and Wispy units (Figure 2.6L). Barium varies
quite significantly among the studied samples, yielding its highest concentration in altered
samples from the Wispy and Soft Sediment Deformation units (Figure 2.6N). Although most of
the least altered samples of the sedimentary rocks exhibit high concentrations of Ba (e.g., 230710 ppm, Figure 2.6.N), these values are within the range commonly found in limestone and
shale rocks (e.g., 100-700 ppm, p. 43 Levinson, 1980). Moreover, some elements are enriched in
42

Figure 2.6 Box and whisker plots of whole-rock data showing the whole-rock composition for minor and
trace elements in least altered, Au-barren altered, Ore I and Ore II samples for each sedimentary unit in the
southern part of the Goldstrike property, including Roberts Mountains (LL), Popovich (e.g., Wispy: WS,
Planar: PL, Soft Sediment Deformation: SD, Upper Mud: UM units) and Rodeo Creek formations. (A) Au,
(B) As, (C) Hg, (D) Ni, (E) Sb, (F) Tl, (G) Cd, (H) Cu, (I) U, (J) V, (K) Mo, (L) Se, (M) Zn, and (N) Ba.
Total number of samples=142 (LL: 24, WS:49, PL:27, SD:15, UM:15, RC:12).

43

the least altered samples from the Upper Mud and Planar units, including As, Ni, Cd, Cu, U, V,
Mo, Se and Zn (Figure 2.6)

2.6.1 Mass Balance: Isocon Diagrams

Mass balance studies using isocon diagrams (Grant 1986, 2005) have been successfully
applied to several Carlin-type gold deposits (e.g., Hofstra, 1994; Cail and Cline, 2001; Hofstra
and Cline, 2000; Emsbo et al., 2003; Kesler et al., 2003; Yigit and Hofstra, 2003; among others)
to characterize the major element gains and losses during the hydrothermal alteration when
comparing barren unaltered samples with their mineralized altered counterparts. The same
approach was applied to samples of the Roberts Mountains, lower Popovich (e.g., Wispy and
Planar units) and Rodeo Creek formations. Due to the fact that our least altered sample of the
Wispy unit has been altered to some degree and contained gold (up to 0.21 g/t Au: Appendix C),
we have used the barren unaltered Wispy sample (WB-3C-1147) reported by Kesler et al. (2003).
This sample is located outside of the Screamer ore zone and correlated to the studied stratigraphic
sequence in the ore zone of the Goldstrike property. Mass balance studies for the Roberts
Mountains and Rodeo Creek formations and Planar Unit were conducted using the least altered
samples from our database (BZ 960C-1384, RM96-10C-65, and BZ 940C-1086, respectively:
Appendix C). Although the least altered samples are located in the area of the Screamer deposit
(Figure 2.1), they contain Au concentrations below or at the detection limit (0.01 g/t) and lack the
usual Carlin-type hydrothermal alteration (e.g., carbonate dissolution, silicification, and
precipitation of hydrothermal pyrite). The least altered sample of the Planar Unit (BZ 940C-1086)
contains anomalous values of Cd, Cu, Mo, Ni, Se, U and V (Figure 2.6, Appendix C), which are
interpreted to be introduced in this unit during diagenesis, pre-dating the Carlin hydrothermal
44

event, as discussed in the following sections. None of the samples of the upper Popovich
Formation (e.g., Upper Mud and Soft Sediment Deformation units) from our database (Appendix
C) met the criteria for the selection of the least altered samples; therefore, their element gains and
losses during the Carlin hydrothermal alteration were not evaluated.
Once the least altered samples had been selected, the next step in determining which
elements were gained or lost during alteration and mineralizing processes was to identify the most
immobile elements in the system. In this study, these elements were identified using regression
coefficients (Appendix D) and binary plots. Immobile elements are incompatible in solution and
define a regression line that passes through the origin in a binary diagram and are characterized
by the highest regression coefficients in the correlation matrix. The results show that Al2O3 has a
strong positive correlation with TiO2 (R2=0.89) (Figure 2.7), Th (R2=0.94), Ga and Nb (R2=0.93)
and Ta (R2=0.89) (Appendix D). The strong positive correlation among these elements suggest
they may have been immobile during the hydrothermal event, in agreement with the findings of
Hofstra and Cline (2000, and references therein) for other Carlin-type gold deposits. Furthermore,
all samples of the sedimentary units are aligned along a single straight line passing through the
origin in the Al2O3 vs TiO2 diagram (Figure 2.7), suggesting that these units might have had a
single and homogenous source for the detrital particles. Therefore, Al2O3 and TiO2 were
considered the most immobile pair for the mass balance calculations using the isocon diagrams,
according to the method of Grant (1986, 2005). In all cases, the chemical composition of the
barren least altered host rock samples is plotted along the X-axis and the chemical composition
range of the different ore types is plotted along the Y-axis.

45

Figure 2.7 Al2O3 (wt %) versus TiO2 (wt %) binary diagram for the Goldstrike sedimentary rocks. (LL:
Roberts Mountains Fm., WS: Wispy Unit, PL: Planar Unit, SD: Soft Sediment Deformation Unit, UM:
Upper Mud Unit, RC: Rodeo Creek Fm, OV: Vinini Fm). The least altered samples for each unit are
indicated with an arrow.

The logarithmic isocon diagrams (Figures 2.8A-F) show that Au, As, and Hg are added in
all mineralized samples, and Tl, Sb, Mo and Cu in most of them. Addition of S is observed in ore
samples of the Roberts Mountains and Rodeo Creek formations and Wispy Unit, but is immobile
in samples of the Planar Unit. Silica as SiO2 is added and C, CaO, LOI, MgO and Sr are lost to
constant in all Ore I samples. However, SiO2 is slightly added to constant and C, CaO, LOI, MgO
and Sr are constant in Ore II samples. This finding is also supported by petrographic observations
in which Ore I samples are seen to be moderately to strongly silicified whereas Ore II samples are
weakly to moderately altered. Potassium as K2O is immobile or lost in most of the ore samples.
Iron as Fe2O3 exhibits a variable behavior, being added in ore samples of the Roberts Mountains
Fm and Wispy Unit, introduced or immobile in Ore I samples of the Planar Unit and Rodeo Creek
Formation and immobile in Ore II samples of the Planar unit. Barium, Cd, Se, Zn and W are
either added or lost, Mo and Cu are added, and U is immobile in most of the ore samples.

46

47

48

Figure 2.8 Logarithmic isocon diagrams that plot the concentration (ppm) of elements in the least altered
sample versus the range of concentrations of elements in mineralized samples (> 1 g/t Au) of the Roberts
Mountains, Popovich (e.g., Wispy and Planar units) and Rodeo Creek formations (see Appendic C). (LL:
Roberts Mountains Fm., WS: Wispy Unit, PL: Planar Unit, and RC: Rodeo Creek Fm). Mercury and Tl
concentrations are not provided in the least altered sample of the Wispy Unit (WB-3C-1174) reported by
Kesler et al. (2003).

49

The mass changes for the ore samples from the sedimentary units were calculated based
on the slope of the immobility isocon (mass change (%) = [(1/m)-1] * 100, where m is the slope
of the immobility isocon for each sample: Hofstra, 1994, Cail and Cline, 2001). Mass has been
lost (e.g., carbonate dissolution) if the slope of the immobility line is greater than the constant
mass (slope equal to 1), and the rock has gained mass (e.g., silicification, precipitation of pyrite)
if the isocon line is lower than the constant mass one. The results, plotted as an XY diagram
(Figure 2.9), show a wide range of mass change and no correlation with Au concentration.
However, high-grade (> 10 ppm Au) samples from the Roberts Mountains Formation (up to
64.85 %) and most of the samples from the Wispy Unit (up to 81.72 %) exhibit mass gain,
whereas samples from the Planar Unit have either gained (up to 77.50 %) or lost (up to -27.43 %)
mass. This finding is consistent with the petrographic observations that the ore samples from the
Roberts Mountains Formation and Wispy Unit are commonly more silicified than those from the
Planar Unit. Similar ranges in mass changes were documented for the Getchell deposit by Cail
and Cline (2001).

Figure 2.9 Gold grade (g/t) versus change in mass (wt %) of all sedimentary rock samples (LL: Roberts
Mountains Fm., WS: Wispy Unit, PL: Planar Unit, SD: Soft Sediment Deformation Unit, UM: Upper Mud
Unit). (Bold symbols represent Ore II samples). ( mass (%) = [(1/m)-1] * 100, where m is the slope of the
immobility isocon for each sample: Hofstra, 1994; Cail and Cline, 2001).

50

2.6.2 Element Association: R-Mode Factor Analysis

Although the isocon diagrams provide useful information about the elements that were
immobile, added or depleted in the system, it does not allow for discrimination of the element
associations produced by the various events of alteration. Therefore, R-Mode Factor Analysis was
performed using 176 whole rock analyses for all the lower plate units using 39 variables (Table
2.4) to help in discriminating the various metal associations that might be related to the
hydrothermal events identified during the petrographic investigation. A similar approach was
applied in other Carlin-type gold deposits by Hofstra and Cline (2000), Emsbo et al. (2003), and
Yigit and Hofstra (2003), among others. Five factors were identified which account for a
significant portion of the total data variation (67.52 %), as quantified by the eigenvalues, and
explain most of the variation in each element, as quantified by their communalities (Tables 2.4,
2.5). The element association for each factor is determined using their factor loading values (>
0.3: Kline, 1993), which represents the correlation coefficient between variable (row) and factors
(column).
Factor 1 comprises TiO2, Al2O3, Ga, Th, Nb, Sc, Ta, Rb, K2O, Co, Cs, Y, Hf, Zr, and
Fe2O3 and may represent the composition of the detrital particles of the impure carbonate rocks.
Factor 2 shows high loading for V, Cd, Zn, Ni, Mo, Se, U, Cu, Y, and Hg. As most of these
elements were found in diagenetic minerals (Zn, Cd, Cu, Hg, and Se in sphalerite; Ni and Se in
pyrite), and in the least altered samples from the Upper Mud and Planar units (Figure 2.6), they
are interpreted to reveal a metalliferous black shale signature (Hubert et al., 1992; Emsbo et al.,
1999, 2003; Orberger et al., 2003) related to the diagenesis of the organic C-rich sediments during
the Paleozoic. Factor 3 consists of positive SiO2, and negative loadings of LOI, CaO, organic C,
Sr, and MgO and are interpreted to represent the carbonate dissolution and silicification

51

Table 2.4 Rotated Factor Loading Determined by Five-Factor Model for Lower Plate Carbonate Rocks
Data from the Southern Part of the Goldstrike Property, Nevada
Variables
Factor 1
Factor 2
Factor 3
Factor 4
Factor 5
Communalities
Al2O3 - wt%
-0.080
0.081
-0.032
0.081
0.955
0.951
CaO
-0.225
-0.165
-0.178
-0.082
0.901
-0.858
-0.008
0.242
0.045
0.711
Fe2O3
0.320
0.727
Graphitic C
-0.108
-0.022
-0.111
-0.127
-0.022
0.816
-0.059
-0.075
-0.010
-0.148
0.826
K 2O
0.785
LOI
-0.094
-0.006
0.081
-0.086
0.923
-0.944
MgO
0.185
-0.080
-0.231
-0.073
0.595
-0.612
Organic C
-0.110
0.250
-0.239
-0.089
0.945
-0.788
S
0.081
0.055
-0.021
0.042
0.744
0.851
SiO2
-0.062
0.104
0.036
0.046
0.986
0.980
TiO2
-0.059
0.074
-0.013
0.094
0.953
0.951
Au - ppm
-0.033
0.037
0.034
0.074
0.850
0.328
As
-0.009
0.065
0.060
-0.038
0.645
0.776
Ba
0.003
-0.038
-0.010
0.000
0.811
0.883
Cd
-0.089
0.023
0.002
0.012
0.884
0.928
Co
0.017
0.267
0.276
0.010
0.647
0.633
Cs
0.023
0.262
0.240
-0.165
0.650
0.629
Cu
0.057
0.075
0.115
0.154
0.742
0.713
Ga
0.030
0.100
0.026
0.016
0.895
0.930
Hf
-0.028
0.106
-0.064
0.109
0.922
0.564
Hg
-0.041
0.054
-0.045
0.673
0.319
0.550
Mo
-0.108
0.037
-0.108
0.001
0.764
0.820
Nb
-0.045
-0.071
-0.069
0.083
0.874
0.912
Ni
0.077
0.122
0.136
0.006
0.793
0.849
Pb
0.109
0.132
0.193
0.076
0.717
0.778
Rb
-0.008
0.053
0.075
-0.184
0.859
0.794
Sb
-0.185
-0.059
0.152
0.050
0.562
0.683
Sc
0.075
-0.065
-0.015
-0.079
0.762
0.859
Se
-0.042
0.071
0.117
0.044
0.729
0.819
Sr
-0.163
-0.148
-0.151
0.147
0.790
-0.757
Ta
-0.074
-0.037
-0.076
0.916
0.847
0.408
Th
-0.070
0.051
0.017
0.049
0.916
0.915
Tl
-0.061
-0.063
0.140
-0.015
0.819
0.661
U
0.052
-0.029
-0.123
-0.035
0.738
0.806
V
0.035
-0.013
-0.035
-0.030
0.890
0.938
W
0.103
-0.053
-0.024
0.120
-0.078
0.718
Y
0.002
-0.004
0.007
0.541
0.577
0.384
Zn
-0.037
0.043
0.096
0.003
0.883
0.918
Zr
0.011
0.113
-0.068
0.082
0.916
0.563
Extraction: principal components; Rotation: varimax raw, N=177

52

Table 2.5 Elements in each Factor of the Five-Factor Model for Barren to Mineralized Lower Plate
Sedimentary Rocks in the Southern Part of the Goldstrike Property, Nevada
Factor 1
Factor 2
Factor 3
Factor 4
Factor 5
TiO2
V
SiO2
S
Ba
Al2O3
Cd
- LOI
As
Pb
Ta
Ga
Zn
- CaO
Fe2O3
Th
Ni
- Org C
Sb
Nb
Mo
- Sr
Tl
Sc
Se
- MgO
Hg
Ta
U
Au
Rb
Cu
K 2O
Y
Co
Hg
Cs
Y
Hf
Zr
Fe2O3
Total variance accounted by each factor
24.93
17.17
12.73
8.05
4.68
Major contributing elements and major element oxides to each factor are listed in the order of decreasing
factor loading. Extraction: principal components, Rotation: varimax raw, N=177.

associated to the Carlin hydrothermal event. Factor 4 is characterized by high loading values of S,
As, Fe2O3, Sb, Tl, Hg and the highest loading values for Au. These elements are postulated to
have been introduced along with Au by hydrothermal fluids as they are also enriched in the
Goldstrike auriferous pyrite (Chouinard et al., 2006), and are reported as typical elements
associated with the auriferous event in several Carlin-type gold deposits (Hofstra and Cline, 2000;
references therein). Factor 5 is characterized by high loading values of Ba, Pb and Ta and might
be related to the late deposition of barite in veins and open spaces. Some amount of Pb may be
replacing Ba in the structure of barite (e.g., Plumbian barite: Momoshima et al., 1997). This
finding is consistent with our petrographic and mineralogical data (Figure 2.5O, P) and also with
Tosdal et al. (2003) data; however, it is distinct from the interpretation of the results of the factor
analysis reported by Emsbo et al. (1999) on 12-meter composite drill core samples from the
Goldstrike property. They proposed that gold was associated with two distinct groups of
53

elements. The first group was characterized by the association of As, Hg, Sb, Ag, Tl, Te and W
and the second group by Zn, Pb, Ag, Cd, Ba, Hg, Sb, As and Cu, and were interpreted to be
related to the main hydrothermal Carlin and sedex events, respectively. As the specific locations
of samples, individual analyses, analytical methods, rock types, and the approach used in factor
analyses are not reported in Emsbo et al. (1999), it was not possible to thoroughly compare their
results with ours.

2.6.3 Relationship between gold grade and degree of alteration

To evaluate quantitatively the relationship between gold grade and the various types of
alteration, we calculated the degree of silicification and sulfidation using the whole rock analyses.
In addition we assessed the relationship between organic C content and gold grade.
The degree of silicification was determined by taking into consideration the calculated
excess of SiO2 using the methodology applied to Carlin-type deposits by Kuehn and Rose (1992)
and Ye et al. (2003). In this method, the excess of SiO2 is calculated based on the difference
between the total SiO2 in the whole rock analyses minus the amount of SiO2 that would be
necessary to consume the total amount of Al2O3 in whole rock analyses to form the layered
silicates (e.g., clay minerals and micas) [Excess SiO2 = total SiO2(wt %) ((2*SiO2(mole wt) *Al2O3(wt
%))/Al2O3(mole wt))]

. The degree of silicification is then calculated by normalizing the excess of

SiO2 (wt %) by the amount of Al2O3 (wt %), since Al2O3 is considered immobile in the
sedimentary rocks. The degree of silicification against gold grade is plotted in Figure 2.10,
showing no correlation (R2 = 0.10) between them (Appendix D), similar to the findings of Ye et
al. (2003) for the Screamer deposit.

54

Figure 2.10 Gold grade (g/t) versus degree of silicification (excess SiO2(wt %)/ Al2O3(wt %)) for all
sedimentary rocks samples. (LL: Roberts Mountains Fm., WS: Wispy Unit, PL: Planar Unit, SD: Soft
Sediment Deformation Unit, UM: Upper Mud Unit, RC: Rodeo Creek Fm, OV: Vinini Fm). (Bold symbols
represent Ore II samples). (Excess SiO2 = total SiO2(wt %) ((2*SiO2(mole wt) *Al2O3(wt %))/Al2O3(mole wt)):
Kuehn and Rose (1992), Ye et al. (2003)).

The excess of SiO2 is plotted against the sum of CaO, MgO and LOI (Figure 2.11), which
are the major constituents of the protolith of the Au-hosted impure carbonate rocks and the main
depleted compounds in most of the ore samples (Figure 2.8) to evaluate their relationships. As
expected from our petrographic and lithogeochemical data, Ore II has higher CaO+MgO+LOI
concentrations and a lesser degree of silicification than Ore I (Figure 2.10); however, rather than
plotting in distinct clusters, they exhibit a progressive trend with a small gap separating the two
types (Figure 2.11), where Ore I and Ore II would represent the end-members.

55

Figure 2.11 Excess SiO2 (wt %) versus CaO+MgO+ LOI (wt %) for mineralized sedimentary rock
samples. (LL: Roberts Mountains Fm., WS: Wispy Unit, PL: Planar Unit, SD: Soft Sediment Deformation
Unit, UM: Upper Mud Unit). (Bold symbols represent Ore II samples). (Excess SiO2 = total SiO2(wt %)
((2*SiO2(mole wt) *Al2O3(wt %))/Al2O3(mole wt)): Kuehn and Rose (1992); Ye et al. (2003)).

The degree of sulfidation was determined using the approach applied by other workers to
several Carlin-type gold deposits (Hofstra and Cline, 2000; Kesler et al., 2003; Yigit and Hofstra,
2003; Ye et al., 2003; and references therein). It was determined based on the amount of
calculated pyrite using the S concentration in the whole rock analyses (e.g., FeS2(wt
%)=S(wt%)*[FeS2(mol wt%)/S2 (mol wt %)]:

Ye et al., 2003). If all the Fe and S are incorporated solely in

the structure of pyrite, then their concentration in weight percent will plot in the Fe (X) versus S
(Y) diagram along a line passing through the origin, and with Fe:S ratio equal to 0.87. However,
most of the Goldstrike samples plot in a trend that is below the pyrite line (Figure 2.12), with an
average Fe:S ratio of 1.34, although it varies widely (0.03 to 8.25). This finding suggests that
most of the S is in the structure of pyrite, but Fe is also found in other minerals. Only one sample
had Fe:S less than 0.87, and it represents a sample of As sulfide-rich late veins.
56

Figure 2.12 Binary diagram showing the relation between Fe (wt %) vs S (wt %) in samples from the
sedimentary units of the southern part of the Goldstrike property. (LL: Roberts Mountains Fm., WS: Wispy
Unit, PL: Planar Unit, SD: Soft Sediment Deformation Unit, UM: Upper Mud Unit, RC: Rodeo Creek Fm,
OV: Vinini Fm).

Based on the data above, and on the fact that other sulfides (e.g., marcasite, sphalerite,
chalcopyrite, stibnite, orpiment, realgar, cinnabar, and galena) occur only in trace concentrations,
the amount of pyrite in Goldstrike studied samples was calculated assuming that all bulk sulfur is
hosted by pyrite. The sample with high amounts of As-rich sulfide phases (e.g., orpiment and
realgar) was excluded from the calculation. The calculated pyrite amounts show no correlation
with Au grade (Figure 2.13A), however most of the rocks with more than 1000 ppb Au contain at
least 1 percent pyrite. Moreover, Cu, Hg and Sb, usually found in auriferous pyrite, do not
correlate with the amount of pyrite (Figures 2.13B-D), and As, which is found in all generations
of pyrite, shows some correlation with the calculated amount of pyrite (R2=0.70) (Appendix D,
Figure 2.13E).

57

Figure 2.13 Logarithmic correlation diagrams showing relations between calculated pyrite (wt %) and the
concentrations of (A) Au, (B) Cu, (C) Hg, (D) Sb, (E) As, and (F) Tl in each sedimentary unit. (LL:
Roberts Mountains Fm., WS: Wispy Unit, PL: Planar Unit, SD: Soft Sediment Deformation Unit, UM:
Upper Mud Unit, RC: Rodeo Creek Fm, OV: Vinini Fm). (% pyrite =S(wt%)*(FeS2(mol wt%)/S2 (mol wt %)): Ye et
al., 2003).

58

Thallium, which is detected in auriferous pyrite and late stage hydrothermal pyrite and is
the element that has the highest correlation with Au in the whole rock (R2=0.69; Appendix D),
shows some relation with the amount of pyrite (R2=0.49, Appendix D, Figure 2.13F). Therefore,
Tl is suggested as the best pathfinder element for gold. It is important to note is that high
concentration of As, Hg, and Tl are found in samples with more than 1 percent pyrite (Figure
2.13). The occurrence of various generations of As-bearing pyrite, and the great variation in the
concentration of the trace metals in the auriferous pyrite (Chouinard et al., 2006) and in the
whole-rock explains the lack of correlation with most of the other ore-forming trace elements and
Au (Appendix D). Gold grades were also plotted against organic C contents (Figure 2.14) and no
correlation was observed.

Figure 2.14 Gold grade (g/t) versus organic C concentration (wt %) for all sedimentary rock samples. (LL:
Roberts Mountains Fm., WS: Wispy Unit, PL: Planar Unit, SD: Soft Sediment Deformation Unit, UM:
Upper Mud Unit, RC: Rodeo Creek Fm)

59

2.7 Spatial Distribution of Gold, Associated Elements, and Alteration Indexes

Statistical and spatial analyses integrated with petrographic observations and
lithogeochemical data were carried out to identify a possible metal zoning and to evaluate what
has, most likely, controlled the variation of the most significant trace elements in the southern
part of the Goldstrike property. Their spatial evaluation was performed using 2D geological
surface maps and cross sections which were generated using ArcGIS 9.1 by ESRI. In addition,
the spatial distribution of different types of Au ore, degree of silicification and calculated amount
of pyrite were also displayed.
Overall, Ore I is more widespread throughout the property than Ore II which is more
concentrated in the central to north-northwest portion of the Screamer deposit (Figure 2.1). The
degree of silicification (excess of SiO2:Al2O3 ratio) is, to some extent, zoned throughout the
property, being high in the Betze-Post deposit, especially along the high-angle NNW-trending JB3 fault, variable to low in the Screamer deposit and low in the Rodeo deposit (Figure 2.15A). Of
note, Ore II corresponds to the samples with lower degrees of silicification (Figure 2.10).
The spatial distribution of the amount of gold, calculated pyrite and trace elements in
specific deposit (e.g., Betze-Post, Screamer and Rodeo deposits) projected vertically to the
surface are represented in Figures 2.15B-P and discussed below.
The Betze-Post deposit is characterized by high amounts of Au in whole rock (Figure
2.15B), calculated pyrite (Figure 2.15C), and Au concentration in auriferous pyrite (this study,
Chouinard et al., 2006). It contains variable to high concentrations of As, Hg, Sb, and Tl (Figures
2.15D-G), and variable to lower concentrations of Se, U, Zn, W, Mo, Cd, V, Cu, and Ni (Figures
2.15H-P). Some high values of As and Hg occur near the Jurassic Goldstrike intrusion and
associated dikes (Figures 2.15D, E).

60

61

62

63

Figure 2.15 Spatial distribution of degree of silicification (excess SiO2(wt %)/ Al2O3(wt %)), calculated amount
of pyrite and concentration of Au and select trace elements for samples from various depths projected to the
surface. Intervals were calculated using the Natural Breaks Statistical Method by ArView GIS. (A) Degree
of silicification. (B) Au, (C) Amount of calculated pyrite, (D) As, (E) Hg, (F) Sb, (G) Tl, (H) Se, (I) U, (J)
Zn. (K) W, (L) Mo, (M) Cd, (N) V, (O) Cu, and (P) Ni. (Dashed lines present the sampling sections, and
bold lines the major fault systems)

64

The Screamer deposit shows a relatively high concentration of Au in whole rock (Figure
2.15B), moderate to low amounts of calculated pyrite (Figure 2.15C), and high Au amounts in
auriferous pyrite (this study; Chouinard et al., 2006). It is also characterized by variable to high
concentrations of Mo (Figure 2.15L), U (Figure 2.15I) and W (Figure 2.15K), variable to low
amounts of As, Hg, Sb, Tl, Se, Zn, Cd (Figures 2.15D-H, J, M, respectively), and erratic
distributions of Cu (Figure 2.15O) and Ni (Figure 2.15P). Arsenic, Hg, Sb and Tl yielded high
concentrations only locally, along high-angle NNW-trending faults (e.g., East Long Lac) in the
proximity of the apophyses of the Goldstrike intrusion (Figures 2.15D-G).
Overall, the Rodeo deposit exhibits high Au concentrations in whole rock (Figure 2.15B),
moderate to high amounts of calculated pyrite (Figure 2.15C) and low Au concentrations in
auriferous pyrite (this study; Chouinard et al., 2006). It is also characterized by the highest
concentrations of Hg (Figure 2.15E), and commonly has low values for As (Figure 2.15D) and W
(Figure 2.15K). Hg-rich samples are commonly Au-bearing and are mainly from the Upper Mud
Units with a few from the Wispy Unit. The areas located east of the high-angle NNW- trending
JB fault in the Rodeo deposit comprise mainly samples from the upper units (e.g., Upper Mud
Unit and Rodeo Creek Formation) which are characterized by higher concentrations of calculated
pyrite, Tl, Se, U, Zn, Mo, Cd, V, Cu and Ni (Figures 2.15G, I-J, L-P, respectively) than the
western part of the deposit. The latter consists mainly of samples from lower units (Wispy, Planar
and Soft Sediment Deformation).

2.8 Discussion
Our study based on petrographic observations, lithogeochemical data, statistical
evaluation and spatial distribution in the southern part of the Goldstrike property, including the
65

Betze-Post, Screamer and Rodeo deposits, demonstrated that there is no outstanding correlation
between Au grade and type of alteration, calculated mass losses and gains, amount of calculated
pyrite, major oxide, minor and trace element concentrations in whole-rock analyses, and
composition of pyrite. Gold mineralization, especially high-grade ore (> 10 g/t Au), is mainly
hosted by the upper Roberts Mountains and lower Popovich (e.g., Wispy and Planar units)
formations, with minor mineralization in the Upper Mud Unit and locally in the Soft Sediment
Deformation Unit and Rodeo Creek Formation. Gold-barren and Au-bearing samples exhibit
various degrees of alteration and erratic distributions of trace elements, which seems to have been
mainly controlled by the composition of the host rock, and locally by major structures or
proximity to intrusive rocks as described in previous sections. These observations suggest that the
processes related to precipitation of gold, associated metals and hydrothermal alteration were
complex and probably controlled in part by local conditions as discussed below.

2.8.1 Metal source and zonation throughout the southern part of the Goldstrike property
The factors that may have controlled the degree and style of alteration, as well as the
zonation observed in the Goldstrike property either in whole rock or in auriferous pyrite include:
(i) the composition and nature of the protolith (mainly sedimentary rocks), (ii) the proximity of
intrusions, both of which may be the local source for some of the elements, and (iii) the proximity
of major structures that may have been served as conduits for the mineralizing fluids.
To assess these factors, the possible sources of the various elements found in the
auriferous pyrite are evaluated considering their abundance in the least altered rocks (which are
interpreted to represent the composition of the protolith: Figure 2.6, Appendix C) and their spatial
zonation in the whole rock and auriferous pyrite throughout the property (Figures 2.1, 2.15A-P).

66

Anomalous concentrations of Ni are observed in all sedimentary units (Figure 2.6D) and
it occurs in all generations of pyrite (e.g., from early diagenetic to late hydrothermal; Chouinard
et al., 2006), and in the early hydrothermal sphalerite. However, the highest Ni values for whole
rock in the least altered samples are from the Upper Mud and Planar units (Figure 2.6D,
Appendix C). This result would explain, in part, the higher amount of Ni in the auriferous pyrite
from these units, and therefore, these units might be the major local source for Ni during the main
mineralizing event.
Zinc is particularly enriched in the least altered samples from the Upper Mud Unit
(Figure 2.6M, Appendix C) which have a high proportion of diagenetic sphalerite (Table 2.2) and
the highest values are found in a few samples in the Bestze-Post, Rodeo and Screamer deposits
(Figure 2.15J). Significantly, this unit hosts the auriferous pyrite with the highest Zn contents
(Chouinard et al., 2006) indicating that the Upper Mud unit is probably a major local source of Zn
during the main auriferous event. An alternative explanation is that Zn was introduced in the
Upper Mud unit during the Late Devonian sedimentary exhalative event, along with Ba, Au and
Ag, as proposed by Emsbo et al. (1999, 2003). However, our petrographic and geochemical data
do not support this interpretation, as the samples with high Zn are not enriched in barite, Ag or
Au; rather they are commonly enriched in organic matter, and metals association typical of black
shales (Table 2.5).
Molybdenum, which is commonly high in the least altered samples of the Planar and
Upper Mud units (Figure 2.6K, Appendix C), shows particular zonation at the property where
higher values are found in samples at the Screamer and Rodeo deposits (Figure 2.15L). This
finding along with its association with Ni and Zn in the factor analysis (Table 2.5) suggests that
Mo was probably provided by the local sedimentary units (e.g., Planar and Upper Mud).

67

Selenium shows a peculiar spatial distribution, being anomalous in the central portion of
the Betze-Post deposit, and the eastern part of the Screamer and Rodeo deposits (Figure 2.15H).
With the exception of Betze-Post, high concentrations of Se occur in samples from the Upper
Mud Unit along with Cu, Ni, Mo, Zn and other elements interpreted to be part of a metalliferousrich black shale signature (Table 2.5). Selenium was detected in all generations of pyrite and in
early Carlin to syn-ore stage sphalerite (this study) and yields its highest concentration in
auriferous pyrite from the Wispy Unit (Chouinard et al., 2006). In addition, an anomalous
concentration of Se is detected in the least altered sample of the Planar Unit (Figure 2.6L,
Appendix C). These data indicate that some amount of Se was already available during diagenesis
of the sedimentary units. However, Se might have been also introduced by hydrothermal fluids
during the main mineralizing event, as its content in the least altered samples is usually low.
Antimony and Tl show quite similar spatial distributions (Figures 2.15F, G) and
favorable host rocks (Figures 2.6E, F: Roberts Mountains Formation and Wispy Unit), but they
occur in distinct mineral phases. The highest concentration of Tl is found mainly in the auriferous
pyrite and late pyrite I (Chouinard et al., 2006), and Sb occurs in diagenetic, early- and late-ore
sphalerite, syn- to late-ore pyrite, and as well as late stibnite. These observations suggest that the
greatest amount of Tl might have been introduced during the auriferous and late Carlin
hydrothermal events as attested in previous sections (Figure 2.8, Table 2.5, Appendix D), and its
precipitation was favored in the lower units (Figures 2.6E, F). Part of the Sb was available during
diagenesis and it seems to have been continuously supplied by hydrothermal fluids until the lateAu stage, as indicated by the occurrence of stibnite in the late veins.
In general, Hg exhibits a similar spatial distribution and favored host rocks as for Sb and
Tl in the Betze-Post and Screamer deposits (Figures 2.6C, E, F, and 2.15E-G), but has a distinct
distribution in the Rodeo deposit, where it yields high concentrations in most of the samples. The
68

Upper Mud Unit represents the most favorable Hg host followed by the Wispy and Planar units
and Roberts Mountains Formation (Figure 2.6C, Appendix C). A significant amount of Hg was
detected in all generations of hydrothermal pyrite and sphalerite, yielding peak concentrations in
the auriferous pyrite (Chouinard et al., 2006) and in the late hydrothermal sphalerite (this study).
In addition, Hg is also hosted in late cinnabar, commonly associated with orpiment and realgar in
veins (Figure 2.5N). These observations suggest that although some amount of Hg was available
in the sedimentary rocks during diagenesis, the majority of the Hg was probably introduced
during the main auriferous and late Carlin events.
The spatial distribution of As is relatively variable (Figure 2.15D) and may reflect its
precipitation in various mineral phases during successive events from diagenesis to the late
hydrothermal stage. Part of the As may have been supplied by the sedimentary units since it was
identified in diagenetic pyrite and sphalerite. However, some As has also been remobilized from
the intrusive rocks or introduced by magmatic fluids as attested by its high concentration in the
Roberts Mountains and lower Popovich formations adjacent to the Goldstrike intrusion and
associated dikes (Figure 2.15D), as well as by its occurrence in igneous and metasomatic pyrite
(Chouinard et a., 2006). As it shows the highest concentrations in the auriferous pyrite
(Chouinard et al., 2006), it was also probably added to the system during the main mineralizing
stage.
Copper shows one of the most erratic distributions, occurring in variable concentrations
in all rocks (Figure 2.6H) throughout the property (Figure 2.15O). It occurs in chalcopyrite,
tetrahedrite-tennantite, as trace amounts in igneous pyrite, early to ore pyrite (Chouinard et al.,
2006), as well as in sphalerite (this study). Therefore, Cu was available locally since the earliest
hydrothermal event.

69

As for Au, its source is probably one of the most intriguing questions as it occurs
dominantly associated with one generation of the pyrite (Chouinard et al., 2006), with the
exception of two grains found in the late stibnite veinlet (e.g., Figures 2.5K, L). As gold was not
detected in any diagenetic or early hydrothermal mineral phases, it is suggested that the bulk of
gold may have been supplied from an external distal source. Previous studies by Emsbo et al.
(1999, 2003) and Emsbo (2000) reported the occurrence of Au-bearing barite and base metal
mineralization hosted by the Upper Mud Unit of the Popovich Formation in the Rodeo deposit,
which was interpreted to be exhalative and formed during the Devonian. In addition, aurifeous
veins with quartz and base metal sulfides were documented to occur hosted in the Jurassic
Goldstrike intrusion and related dikes (Emsbo et al., 2000). Although during our investigation we
have not identified any zones that have similarities to those described in these previous studies,
we cannot exclude the possibility that gold was pre-concentrated locally prior to the main Carlin
auriferous event.

2.8.2 Mechanisms for metal transport and precipitation, and formation of Ore I and Ore II
Up to now, the sulfidation process is the most widely proposed mechanism for Au
precipitation in most of the Carlin-type gold deposits (Jerritt Canyon: Hofstra et al., 1991; Twin
Creeks: Stenger et al., 1998; Getchell: Cail and Cline, 2001; Gold Bar: Yigit et al., 2003). In this
process, ore precipitation results from the reaction of Au-bearing, H2S-rich hydrothermal fluids
with Fe-bearing impure carbonate rocks. However, our results also show that both Fe (Figures
2.8A-D, F) and S (Figures 2.8A-C, F) were weakly to significantly added to the system by
hydrothermal fluids, suggesting that precipitation of pyrite occurs also by pyritization, in
agreement with the interpretations of Cail and Cline (2001), Kesler et al. (2003) and Ye et al.
(2003) for the Getchell and Screamer deposits, respectively. This brings the question of whether
70

or not one or more fluids were entailed to transport Au, Fe, and S and under what conditions these
elements were transported and precipitated.
Attempts were made to investigate the auriferous fluids in this study, but no mineral
phase coeval with the auriferous pyrite was found to host visible fluid inclusions. However, fluid
inclusion studies in several Carlin-type deposits (Hofstra and Cline, 2000; Cline et al., 2005; and
references therein) suggest that ore-stage fluids were low- to moderate temperature (180-240oC),
low salinity (2-3 wt % NaCl equiv), and CO2- (< 4 mol %), and CH4- (< 0.4 mol % and H2S- (10-1
10-2 mol %) bearing aqueous solutions.
In low temperature (up to 200oC) solutions with significant amounts of H2S, low
concentration of Cl-, and low fO2 (reducing conditions), Au and trace elements (e.g., As, Hg, Sb
and Tl) are likely to be transported as bisulfide complexes (Seward, 1973; Rytuba, 1985; Krupp,
1988; Hofstra et al., 1991; Gilbert et al., 1998; Stenger et al., 1998; Wood and Samson, 1998;
Simon et al., 1999; Hofstra and Cline, 2000; Stefansson and Seward, 2004; Xiong, 2007;
Obolensky et al., 2007). Because under these conditions (i.e., low Cl- H2S-bearing reducing
fluids), pyrite would be barely soluble (Rytuba, 1985; Wood and Samson; 1998) and our results
(Figure 2.8) indicate that Fe was added to most of the auriferous samples (e.g., Roberts
Mountains Formation and Wispy Unit), leads us to suggest that the precipitation of pyrite in the
Carlin-type setting was more likely caused by fluid mixing, i.e. a reaction between an Fe-bearing
fluid and an external hydrothermal fluid enriched in reduced S, Au, As and some of the associated
trace elements. The sources of these two fluids remain unknown and their identification might
provide important insights to further understand the genesis of Carlin-type gold deposits and
therefore establish valuable exploration guidelines for this type of deposit. As for some Ore I
samples (e.g., Planar Unit and Rodeo Creek Formation) and most of the Ore II samples (e.g.,

71

Planar Unit) where Fe is generally immobile (Figure 2.8), auriferous pyrite may have formed by
sulfidation of the Fe-bearing host rocks.
The co-precipitation or absorption of Au and other bisulfide-complexed metals (e.g., As,
Hg, Sb and Tl) in the structure of pyrite has been interpreted to be caused by the decrease of the
a(H2S) (Hofstra and Cline, 2000; Cline et al., 2005; and references therein) resulting in the
formation of metastable iron sulfides with higher concentrations of Au, As and other trace
elements (Rimstidt, 1997; Fleet and Mumin, 1997; Kozerenko et al., 1987). Furthermore, changes
in the surface chemistry of the host pyrite caused by replacement of Fe and S by minor elements
(Abraitis et al., 2004) may have also been important in the incorporation of gold. The solubility of
trace elements (e.g., Hg, Sb, Tl) in the mineralizing fluids is also pH and temperature dependent
(Rytuba, 1985; Wood and Samson, 1998; Xiong, 2007; Obolensky et al., 2007; Appendix E). As
the acidic ore fluids interacted with the carbonate rocks, they became less acidic and cooler,
thereby decreasing the mineral solubility and possibly generating favorable conditions for their
entrapment in the structure of pyrite. These fluids were probably undersaturated with respect to
Au and trace elements (e.g., As, Hg, Sb and Tl) as attested by the lack of free gold, orpiment,
realgar, and cinnabar, among others during the Carlin auriferous event.
The distinct features of Ore I and Ore II (Table 2.3, Figures 2.8A-F, and 2.11) may be
explained by the fact that the nature and composition of the hydrothermal fluids that formed the
Ore I and Ore II would have been different, the fluid/rock ratio would have varied significantly at
their site of deposition and/or they represent distal and proximal ore types. Based on our findings
and on thermodynamic data for SiO2 and trace elements in acidic, nearly neutral to alkaline,
reducing and low temperature (200oC-250oC) solutions (Fournier, 1985; Rytuba, 1985; Wood and
Samson, 1998; Xiong, 2007; Obolensky et al., 2007), we suggest that the source of the auriferous
hydrothermal fluids that formed the different types of Au mineralization was similar. However, as
72

the hydrothermal fluid interacted with the impure carbonate host rocks and/or mixed with Febearing fluids it became neutralized and cooler, changing its composition due to the alteration and
precipitation of trace element-rich auriferous arsenian pyrite close to the major conduits, forming
Ore I. As the hydrothermal fluid moved laterally throughout the favorable host rocks it became
depleted in trace elements (except Au and As) and precipitated Ore II as the pH increased and the
temperature decreased. Significantly, the gold concentrations in whole rock and in pyrite are very
similar in both ore types (Table 2.3), suggesting that cooler and less acidic conditions were still
favorable for the incorporation of gold in the structure of pyrite, even at lower concentrations of
other trace elements. The lower trace element content in Ore II (Table 2.3) can also be explained
by the fact that most of its auriferous pyrite formed by sulfidation due to interaction of the
auriferous fluids with Fe-bearing host rocks (as Fe was not added to those rocks; Figure 2.8)
rather than by mixing with Fe-bearing fluids. This model would imply that Fe-bearing fluids have
probably carried out some of the ore-related elements that are enriched in Ore I type. The
deposition of stibnite, realgar, orpiment and cinnabar after the auriferous hydrothermal event is
probably due to the saturation of these minerals in the hydrothermal fluids caused by decreasing
temperatures during the waning of the hydrothermal system.

2.9 Conclusion
This study reveals the presence of two types of Carlin-type gold mineralization. Although
both ore types contain considerable whole-rock concentrations of Au, Ore I, the most abundant
and widespread throughout the property, is intensely altered and contains higher amounts of trace
elements compared to Ore II which is less altered and more constrained to the central to
northwestern portion of the southern part of the Goldstrike property.

73

The two most immobile compounds are Al2O3 and TiO2 and their distribution in the
sedimentary rocks suggests that the source for the detrital constituents was homogeneous (ie.
constant Al2O3/TiO2). The isocon diagrams allow us to identify that Au, As, Cu, Hg, S, Sb, SiO2,
and Tl are added to the system in most of the ore samples; however, C, CaO, LOI, MgO and Sr
were strongly to moderately lost in most samples of Ore I and constant or slightly depleted in Ore
II. Iron as Fe2O3 is added in mineralized samples from the Roberts Mountains Formation and
Wispy Unit, but immobile in ore samples of the Planar Unit and Rodeo Creek Formation.
Potassium as K2O is either lost or immobile in all mineralized samples, U is immobile, and Ba,
Cd, Mo, Se, Zn and W are either added or lost in most of the studied mineralized samples.
The composition of the least altered samples and the chemical composition of all
generations of sulfides as well as the spatial distribution of the trace elements in the altered barren
to high-grade Au samples suggest that the local sedimentary rocks were the major providers for
Cd, Mo, Ni, U, V and Zn and to a lesser extent for As, Cu, Hg and Se. On the other hand, most of
As, Hg, and Se, as well as Au, Sb, Tl, and W were provided by unknown, probably external, fluid
sources.
The spatial distribution of the degree of silicification (excess SiO2/Al2O3) and calculated
pyrite relative to element concentrations reveal a deposit-scale zoning with high amounts of As,
Hg, Sb, Tl, and W being found in altered samples of the upper Roberts Mountains and lower
Popovich formations at the Betze-Post deposit, as well as along the high-angle NNW-trending
East Long Lac fault close to the apophyses of the Goldstrike intrusion at the Screamer deposit.
Anomalous values of Mo occur in samples from the Planar and Upper Mud units at the Screamer
and Rodeo deposits, respectively, and high amounts of Hg occur in samples of the Upper Mud
Unit at the Rodeo deposit. Thallium in whole rock correlates with Au-grade (R2=0.69) and

74

somewhat with the calculated amount of pyrite (R2=0.49), leading us to suggest that Tl would be
the best tracer for high-grade Carlin-type Au mineralization.
The lack of outstanding correlations of Au grade with degree of alteration, mass change
and trace element distribution suggests that the processes related to the precipitation of Au and
associated metals were complex and may have involved mixing of two fluids.
The integration of our results with available thermodynamic data for Au and associated
metals leads us to suggest that the formation of Ore I occurred more proximal to the major
mineralizing conduits as the hotter trace element-rich Au-bearing hydrothermal fluids interacted
with an Fe-rich fluid and impure carbonate host rocks. This interaction caused pervasive
dissolution of the carbonates, followed by precipitation of quartz and trace element-rich arsenian
Au-bearing pyrite, as the fluids were neutralized and cooled. Subsequently, the hydrothermal
fluids that moved towards the less permeable, less reactive, more distal zones was cooler, less
acidic and poorer in trace metals, favoring the formation of Ore II characterized by auriferous
pyrite with lower contents of trace elements.

2.10 References
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and electrical properties of natural pyrite: a review: International Journal of Mineral
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Arehart, G.B., Foland, K.A., Naeser, C.W., and Kesler, S.,E., 1993, 40Ar/39Ar, K/Ar, and fissiontrack geochronology of sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits at Post-Betze, Carlin
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Arehart, G.B., Chakurian, A.M., Tretbar, D.R., Christensen, J.N., McInnes, B.A., and Donelick,
R.A., 2003, Evaluation of radioisotope dating of Carlin-type gold deposits in the Great Basin,
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235-248.
Armstrong, A.K., Theodore, T.G., Oscarson, B.B., Kotlyar, R.L., Harris, A.G., Bettles, K.H.,
Lauha, E.A., Hipsley, R.A., Griffin, G.L., Abbott, E.W., and Cluer, J.K., 1998, Preliminary
facies analysis of Silurian and Devonian authochthonous rocks that host gol along the Carlin
Trend, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 98-338, p. 38-68.
Bettles, K., 2002, Exploration and geology, 1962 to 2002, at the Goldstrike property, Carlin
Trend, Nevada: Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication, v. 9, p. 275-298.
Cail, T.L. and Cline, J.S., 2001, Alteration associated with gold deposition at the Getchell Carlintype gold deposit, north-central Nevada: Economic Geology, v. 96, p. 1343-1359.

Chouinard, A., Olivo, G., and Poirier, G., 2006, Chemistry and spatial distribution of
trace elements in the auriferous pyrite of the Goldstrike property, Barrick Goldstrike
Mines Inc., unpublished internal report, 77p.
Cline, J.S., Hofstra, A.H., Muntean, J.L., Tosdal, R.M., Hickey, K.A., 2005, Carlin-type gold
deposits in Nevada: Critical geologic characteristics and viable models: Economic Geology,
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Cunningham, C.G., 1988, The relationship between some disseminated gold deposits, the
western edge of the Precambrian craton, and paleothermal anomalies in Nevada:
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Emsbo, P., 2000, Gold in Sedex deposits: Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 13, p. 427-437.

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Emsbo, P., and Hofstra, A.H., 2003, Origin and significance of postore dissolution collapse
breccias cemented with calcite and barite at the Meikle gold deposit, northern Carlin trend,
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Emsbo, P., Hofstra, A.H., Park, D., Zimmerman, J.M., and Snee, L.W., 1996, A mid-Tertiary age
constraint on alteration and mineralization in igneous dikes on the Goldstrike property, Carlin
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A476.
Emsbo, P., Hutchinson, R.W., Hofstra, A.H., Volk, J.A., Bettles, K.H., Baschuk, G.J., and
Johnson, C.A., 1999, Syngenetic Au on the Carlin trend: implications for Carlin-type
deposits: Geology, v. 27, p. 59-62.
Emsbo, P., Hofstra, A.H., and Lauha, E.A., 2000, Jurassic auriferous polymetallic mineralization
at the Goldstrike mine, Carlin trend, Nevada, in Cluer, J.K., Price, J.G., Struhsacker, E.M.,
Hardyman, R.F., and Morris, C.L., eds., Geology and Ore Deposits 2000: The Great Basin
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Momoshima, N., Nita, J., Maeda, Y., Sugihara, S., Shinno, I., Matsuoka,N., and Huang, C. W.,
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83

Chapter 3
PETROGENESIS OF THE JURASSIC AND EOCENE
SHOSHONITIC INTRUSIVE ROCKS FROM THE SOUTHERN
PART OF THE GOLDSTRIKE PROPERTY, NEVADA AND THEIR
METALLOGENETIC IMPLICATIONS TO CARLIN-TYPE GOLD
DEPOSITS

3.1 Abstract
This study documents detailed petrography, mineral chemistry, whole-rock and 40Ar-39Ar
geochronology investigations of Jurassic and Eocene intrusive rocks spatially and/or temporally
associated with Carlin-type gold deposits in the southern part of the Goldstrike property, Nevada.
Three major shoshonitic, arc-related intrusive rocks were identified: late Jurassic (163-162 Ma,
Ar-Ar age) porphyritic phlogopite lamprophyre, late Jurassic (163-158 Ma, Ar-Ar age)
equigranular hornblende-biotite gabbro-diorite-granodiorite of the Goldstrike intrusion and
related-dikes, and late Eocene biotite-plagioclase porphyry dikes.
Trace element abundances (e.g., Cr, Ni, LILE: large ion lithophile element, LREE: light
rare earth element, and HFSE: high field strength element) and ratios (e.g., Ba/Nb, Ce/Pb, Th/Yb)
of the Jurassic rocks indicate that they were generated by partial melting of metasomatized
mantle-derived rocks associated with subduction and foundering of the Mezcalera plate beneath
North America, olivine-pyroxene-plagioclase fractionation, and minor to significant crustal
contamination. In contrast, high SiO2, low Mg #, Cr and Ni contents, small negative Eu anomaly,
and Ce/Pb, Ba/Nb and Th/Yb ratios close to crustal values indicate that the Eocene dikes are
considerably more evolved and contaminated than the Jurassic rocks in the property. Mass
84

balance studies confirm that Al2O3, TiO2, SiO2, HFSE and REE were immobile, Au, As, Cu, Hg,
S, Sb, Tl and W were introduced, CaO, K2O, Na2O, MgO and Sr were depleted, Ba, Mo, Ni, U
and Zn are immobile, lost or added and Fe2O3 is immobile or lost during the Carlin hydrothermal
alteration.
Our data suggest that the lamprophyre dikes may be a local source of Au as the least
altered sample has high Au content (40 ppb) in whole-rock analysis and hosts Au-bearing (up to
100 ppm) Se-rich igneous pyrite. However, it might not have provided the bulk Au for the Carlintype gold deposits, as they are not volumetric abundant in the area. Furthermore, this study shows
that the least altered sample of the Eocene dikes lacks igneous pyrite, is Au-barren, and also
depleted in ore-related elements. On the other hand, mineralized Eocene dikes host Au-barren
igneous pyrite which is overgrown by Carlin auriferous pyrite, and is enriched in ore-related
elements. These observations suggest that the the mineralized and least altered dikes might have
been emplaced , respectively, early- and late during the evolution of the Eocene magmatic event
This interpretation favors the hypothesis that Au and some ore-related trace elements may have
been scavenged from the Eocene magma by degassing during its early stage of crystallization at
levels deeper than the site where the studied Eocene porphyry dikes were emplaced.
The 40Ar-39Ar results show that the Jurassic intrusive rocks were negligibly affected by
the Eocene thermal event, despite pervasive hydrothermal alteration, confirming that the
temperature of the Eocene hydrothermal event was below the closure temperature of biotite (e.g.,
300-3500C).

3.2 Introduction
The Goldstrike property is located in the northern Carlin trend, Nevada, United States. It
comprises one of the largest (e.g., Betze-Post mine: 1,250 t Au) and highest-grade (e.g., Meikle:
85

24.7 g/T Au) Carlin-type Au deposits, containing approximately half of the total endowment in
the Carlin trend (Bettles, 2002). Gold mineralization in the southern part of the Goldstrike
property is mainly hosted in Paleozoic impure carbonate rocks and spatially associated with
Jurassic and Eocene intrusive rocks. The latter is interpreted to be related to the onset of the E-W
extension and coeval with the Carlin-type gold mineralization (~42-36 Ma: Hofstra et al., 1999;
Tretbar et al., 2000; Arehart et al., 2003) and may have served as the heat source which has
driven the circulation of the Au-bearing hydrothermal fluids (Ressel and Henry, 2006).
Several conceptual deposit models have been proposed for Carlin-type gold
mineralization, including (i) metal leaching and transport by deep circulation of meteoric water
(Ilchik and Barton; 1997; Emsbo et al., 2003), (ii) heat and/or metals in part provided by a deep
magmatic source (Ressel et al., 2000; Cline and Hofstra, 2000; Kesler et al., 2003; Johnston and
Ressel, 2004; Ressel and Henry, 2006), and (iii) mixing of a deep Au-bearing
metamorphicmagmatic source with meteoric fluids (Hofstra and Cline, 2000; Cline et al., 2005);
however, no single model explains all the available petrographic, lithogeochemical, fluid
inclusion and stable isotope data from each investigated deposit.
The source of metals, the nature of the hydrothermal systems and the role of the Jurassic
and Eocene magmatic events are still subject of debate. Some studies suggest that Au along with
some trace elements (e.g., As, Cu, Hg, Sb, S and Tl) might have been scavenged from preexisting Au mineralization, including auriferous Neoproterozoic basement rocks (Seedorff, 1991),
Paleozoic Au-rich sedimentary-exhalative horizons (Emsbo et al., 1999, 2003) and Au-bearing
veins related to Jurassic intrusions (Emsbo et al., 2000; Nutt and Hofstra, 2007). However, Ressel
et al. (1998), Ressel et al. (2000), and Johnston and Ressel (2004) suggest that the Eocene dikes
may have also contributed to some of the metals and components associated with the Carlin gold
mineralization.
86

Our study includes petrography, whole-rock geochemistry, mineral chemistry, mass

balance, and 40Ar-39Ar geochronology data for the Jurassic and Eocene intrusive rocks of the
southern part of the Goldstrike property, mainly in the Betze-Post deposit. By integrating these
results, we bring new insights into their petrogenesis, the possible source of Au and ore-related
elements, and the effect of the Eocene Carlin hydrothermal event on both Jurassic and Eocene
intrusive rocks and their thermal history. Moreover, to our knowledge the phlogopite
lamprophyre dikes identified in this study and dated as Jurassic by the 40Ar-39Ar method are
distinct from other lamprophyre dikes described in northern Nevada.

3.3 Regional Geological Setting

The southern part of the Goldstrike property is situated in the northern region of the
Carlin trend, Great Basin, northeastern Nevada (Figure 3.1), near the inferred western margin of
the Precambrian North American craton as evidenced by both stratigraphic and isotopic data
(Cunningham, 1988; Tosdal et al., 2000; Grauch et al., 2003; Cline et al., 2005; Emsbo et al.,
2006; Lund, 2008). The area is situated in a complex and long lived (e.g., Proterozoic to present)
tectonic zone, affected by several tectonic, magmatic and hydrothermal events.
In the studied area, the sedimentary Au-hosting impure shallow carbonate rocks were
deposited during the Ordovician to Devonian, and were tectonically overlain by Ordovician to
Devonian deep siliciclastic and minor carbonate sedimentary rocks during the late Devonianearly Mississippian Antler orogeny along the Roberts Mountains thrust (Roberts et al., 1967).
Their characteristics are summarized in Figure 3.2.
Four major magmatic events have been identified in the northern Carlin trend: (i) the Late
Jurassic (163-158 Ma: Mortensen et al., 2000; Ressel and Henry, 2006; and this study)
subduction-related dioritic to granitic intrusions (e.g., Goldstrike intrusion) and related dikes, and
87

Figure 3.1 Simplified geological map of the southern part of the Goldstrike property, Nevada showing the
location of mine, studied samples (projected vertically to the surface), and 40Ar/39Ar ages (indicate by an
arrow). UTM coordinates are given in feet.

88

Figure 3.2 Simplified tectono-stratigraphic column from the Goldstrike Property showing the location of
the Au deposits relative to the stratigraphic units. Modified from Volk et al. (2001)

89

lamprophyre dikes, which occur along high-angle NNW- and NNE-striking faults and low-angle
WNW- (e.g., Dillon) and NNW-striking faults (Emsbo et al., 1996; Mortensen et al., 2000; Ressel
et al., 2000; Volk, et al., 2001; Ressel and Henry, 2006); (ii) the Cretaceous (~ 112 Ma:
Mortensen et al., 2000) granitic intrusions and associated aplitic dikes and pegmatite pods in the
southern part of the northern Carlin trend (e.g., Richmond Hill intrusion) (Figure 2 in Ressel and
Henry, 2006); (iii) the Eocene (40-36 Ma: Ressel and Henry, 2006) porphyritic dacite, rhyodacite,
basaltic-andesite, and rhyolite dikes, which intrude along the Post fault at the Goldstrike property.
The Eocene magmatic event is related to an E-W extension period and reactivation of old
structures and is interpreted to be coeval with the formation of the Carlin mineralization (~ 42 to
36 Ma: Hofstra et al., 1999; Tretbar et al., 2000; Arehart et al., 2003); and (iv) the Miocene (~ 15
Ma: Ressel and Henry, 2006) porphyritic rhyolite lavas along the west edge of the northern Carlin
trend (Figure 2 in Ressel and Henry, 2006). Only the Jurassic and Eocene magmatic rocks were
identified in the Goldstrike property during this study and their major characteristics are
summarized in Table 3.1.

3.4 Sampling and Analytical Methodology

Representative drill core samples of the various igneous rock types, with various degrees
of alteration and ore grade, were collected at the Goldstrike property mainly in the Betze-Post
mine (Figures 3.1, 3.3). A detailed petrographic study was carried out on 33 selected samples of
various rock types. A subset of samples was further investigated by scanning electronic
microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy (PIMA) at the Queens
University facilities, Canada.
Electron microprobe analyses of mica and amphibole of a subset of samples, including
those selected for Ar-Ar geochronology, were conducted using an automatic four wavelength
90

Table 3.1 Major Characteristics of the Jurassic and Eocene Intrusive Rocks at the Goldstrike Property, Nevada.
Petrogenetic indicators+
Structural
Age
Alteration
Ref
Rock unit
Texture/Mineralogy+
control
(Ma)
Goldstrike
gabbro to
diorite to
granodiorite
intrusion and
associated
dikes

Steep NNW(e.g., J and

JB), NNEand shallow
WNW- (e.g.,
Dillon),
NNWstriking
faults

Equigranular
Pl (50-65%), Kfs (010%), Hbl (20-25%),
Bt (10-15%), Qtz
(1-15%)

ChlMs>CarbEp>Rt>Mgt
Kln-Ill>Py

(Al2O3/TiO2: 5.6, 12.8;

[La/Lu]N: 11.5, 24.6;
Ce/Yb: 36.8, 63.4;
Ce/Pb: 11.9, 36.1;
Ba/Nb: 61.6, 50.0;
Th/Yb: 4.1, 6.8; Ta/Yb:
0.4, 0.6)1
(GDI and related-dike1,
respectively)

U-Pb2:
159.1
4.4
Ar-Ar1:
163.1
1.2 to
158.3
1.7

1, 2,
3, 4

Rhyodacite

NA

NA

Qtz -Ill-Py

(Al2O3/TiO2: 50.7
[La/Lu]N: 15.5; Ce/Yb:
41; Ce/Pb: 4.9; Ba/Nb:
53.3; Th/Yb: 10; Ta/Yb:
NA)4

U-Pb2
159.3
4,2

2, 4

Pl-Bt Qtz
Rhyolite

NNWstriking
faults

Finely porphyritic,
aphanitic
Pl (5-8%), Bt (1-3%),
Qtz (0-1%)

Sodic
alteration
assemblage

(Al2O3/TiO2: 72.5;
[La/Lu]N: 18.3; Ce/Yb:
40.4; Ce/Pb: 2.1;
Ba/Nb: 82.5; Th/Yb:
5.6; Ta/Yb: 0.8)3

~ 158

Phllamprophyre

Steep NNWstriking
faults (e.g
JB)

Porphyritic
Phenocrysts: Phl (2540%), Ap (5%)
Groundmass: Kfs,
Phl

Chl > CalDol > Rt

Carb-Py >
Kln
Kln>Py

(Al2O3/TiO2: 7.7;
[La/Lu]N: 35.7; Ce/Yb:
77.7; Ce/Pb: 20.9;
Ba/Nb: 337.6; Th/Yb:
8.5; Ta/Yb: 0.6)1

Ar-Ar1:
163.2
1.2 to
161.3
1.0

Hbllamprophyre

NA

Porphyritic
Phenocrysts: Hbl
Groundmass: Pl or
Kfs

NA

(Al2O3/TiO2: 12.8;
[La/Lu]N: 10.6; Ce/Yb:
83.3; Ce/Pb: 7.9;
Ba/Nb: 88; Th/Yb: 7.2;
Ta/Yb: 0.7)3

Ar-Ar5:
165.7
2.4

3, 5,
6

Bt-Pl Qtz
porphyry

Steep NNWstriking
faults (e.g.
Post, JB)

Moderately to
coarsely porphyritic
Phenocrysts: Pl (3050%), Qtz (0-2%)
Kfs (0-1%), Bt (14%)

Chl>Py>Ep>
Rt
Ms>Py
Ill-Kln>Py

(Al2O3/TiO2: 37.7;
[La/Lu]N: 18.2; Ce/Yb:
51.2; Ce/Pb: 5.5;
Ba/Nb: 56; Th/Yb: 7.7;
Ta/Yb: 0.8)1

Ar-Ar3:
~ 40.3
0.2 to
39.0
0.2

1, 4

Pl-Bt Qtz
rhyolite

Steep NNWstriking
faults (e.g.
Post)

Finely porphyritic,
aphanitic
Phenocrysts: Pl (515%), Bt (1-3%),
Qtz (1-2%)

NA

(Al2O3/TiO2: 49.4;
[La/Lu]N: 18.9; Ce/Yb:
55.3; Ce/Pb: 2.7;
Ba/Nb: 73.4; Th/Yb: 8;
Ta/Yb: 1.2)3

Ar-Ar3:
40.3
0.2 to
39.3
0.1

Pl-Ol-Cpx
basaltic
andesite

N-strinking
faults (e.g.,
Dee fault)

Porphyritic, aphanitic
Pl (0-1%), Cpx (12%), Ol (3%)

NA

(Al2O3/TiO2: 13.1;
[La/Lu]N: 19.6; Ce/Yb:
51.9; Ce/Pb: 3.2;
Ba/Nb: 71.7; Th/Yb:
5.8; Ta/Yb: 0.5)3

Ar-Ar3:
37.8
0.21 to
37.7
0.17

Pl-Bt-Hbl
dacite

Steep NNWstriking
faults (e.g.
Post)

Finely to coarsely
porphyritic, aphanitic
Phenocrysts: Pl
(15%), Bt (2 %), Hbl
(3-5%), Qtz (0-1 %)

Bt-SmectiteCal

(Al2O3/TiO2: 41.9;
[La/Lu]N: 21.3; Ce/Yb:
50; Ce/Pb: 3.6; Ba/Nb:
58.2; Th/Yb: 6.6;
Ta/Yb: 0.8)3

Ar-Ar3:
40.1
0.2 to
39.0
0.2

Based on least altered samples. 1This study, 2Mortensen et al. (2000), 3Ressel and Henry (2006), 4Emsbo et al. (2003) 5Emsbo
et al. (1996), 6Orobona (1996). Ap: apatite, Bt: biotite, Cal: calcite, Carb: carbonate, Chl: chlorite, Cpx: clinopyroxene, Dol:
dolomite, Ep: Epidote, GDI: Goldstrike intrusion, Hbl: hornblende, Ill: illite, Kfs: K-feldspar, Kln: kaolinite, Ms: muscovite,
NA: not available, Ol: Olivine, Phl: phlogopite, Pl: plagioclase, Py: pyrite, Rt: rutile, Sa: sanidine, Qtz: quartz.
+

91

Figure 3.3 Simplified NW-SE geological cross section of the Betze-Post deposit showing lithological
contacts, major faults and location of studied samples. (Geological interpretation was provided by Barrick
Goldstrike mine staff).

92

dispersive spectrometer (WDS) CAMECA MBX microprobe at Carleton University, Canada, to

characterize their chemistry and to assist in the 40Ar-39Ar data interpretation. The operating
conditions were an acceleration voltage of 15 kV, a beam current of 2 x 108 A, and a rastered
beam of 5 to 10 m. Calibrations for the analyses were carried out using natural and synthetic
minerals and compounds, including wollastonite (Si, Ca), spinel (Al), MnTiO2 (Ti, Mn), Cr2O3
(Cr), fayalite (Fe), olivine (Mg), barite (Ba), albite (Na), orthoclase (K), tugtupite (Cl) and LiF
(F). Raw data were converted to elemental weight percentages using the Cameca PAP matrix
correction software. The chemical formulae of the micas and hornblende were calculated based
on 22 and 23 oxygens, respectively.
Electron microprobe analyses of the igneous and hydrothermal pyrite from selected
samples from the phlogopite lamprophyre and biotite-plagioclase porphyry dikes were carried out
at McGill University, Canada, using a JEOL JXA 8900 microprobe equipped with five
wavelength dispersive spectrometers (WDS) and a Johansson-type crystal. The latter improves
the peak:background ratio, allowing low detection limits for Au and trace elements (Appendix
A.1). The operating conditions were an acceleration voltage of 20 kV, a beam current of 50 nA, a
beam of 2-3 m, and a long count time (approximately 30 minutes for each analysis). Appendix
A.1 lists analyzed elements, standards, analytical lines, peak counting times and Appendix G lists
the minimum detection limits for each element. Raw data was corrected using a standard PRZ
correction procedure.
Whole-rock analyses of 24 selected samples were carried out by Acme Analytical
Laboratories Ltd., Canada. Major, minor, trace and precious elements were analyzed in all
samples; however, Pt and Pd were analyzed only in few samples and F in selected samples.
Descriptions of the analytical methods and the analyses are presented in Appendix B.

93

Five key samples of the least altered to slightly altered igneous rocks were selected for
40

Ar-39Ar isotopic analyses at Queens University to determine their ages and characterize better

the tectonic evolution of the area. The analyses were conducted on mineral separates from the
rocks of the Betze-Post deposit, including phlogopite (SJ475C-723.5, SJ475C-821 and SJ305C911), hornblende (SJ409C-846.2) and biotite (P461C-168). Sample locations projected to the
surface are plotted in Figure 3.1. 40Ar-39Ar dating methodology is outlined in Appendix F. The
separation of the hornblende grains from the Goldstrike intrusion (P461C-168) was unfeasible
due their intergrowth with biotite and also due to moderate to intense alteration to chlorite.

3.5 Petrography and Mineral Chemistry

Based on mineralogical and geochemical compositions and 40Ar-39Ar age, our study has
identified three types of igneous rocks at the Goldstrike property: (1) Jurassic (163-162 Ma)
phlogopite lamprophyres, (2) Jurassic (163-158 Ma) hornblende-biotite gabbro-dioritegranodiorite Goldstrike intrusion and related dikes, and (3) Eocene biotite-plagioclase porphyry.
Their mineralogical composition and textural relationships are shown in Figures 3.4 and 3.5,
summarized in Table 3.1, and described below.

3.5.1 Jurassic phlogopite lamprophyre dikes

Jurassic phlogopite lamprophyre dikes occur in the Betze-Post deposit (Figure 3.1) along
the high-angle NNW-trending JB fault system, intruding either the Roberts Mountains Fm
(Figure 3.3) or at the contact between the Wispy, Planar and Soft Sediment Deformation units of
the Popovich Formation.

94

Figure 3.4 Photographs of representative drill-hole samples from the southern part of the Goldstrike
property, mainly Betze-Post area. (A-C) Jurassic phlogopite lamprophyre dikes showing a porphyritic
texture defined by the phlogopite phenocrysts, which is cut by calcite veinlets-2; (D-E) Jurassic dioritegranodiorite Goldstrike intrusion and related dikes showing coarsely to finely equigranular texture of
biotite-hornblende-plagioclase; (F) Eocene biotite-plagioclase porphyry dikes showing phenocrysts of
biotite and plagioclase in a fine-grained glassy groundmass. (Bt-biotite, Cal-calcite, Hbl-hornblende, Phlphlogopite, Pl-plagioclase).

95

The least altered sample of phlogopite lamprophyre (Figure 3.4A) is characterized by its
porphyritic texture with idiomorphic phlogopite phenocrysts (25 to 40 vol. %), and apatite microphenocrysts (5% vol.) in a fine-grained to microcrystalline groundmass of phlogopite laths,
altered alkali feldspar, minor pyrite, and quartz, and rare carbonate, barite, chalcopyrite,
pyrrhotite and galena. The phlogopite phenocrysts (up to 0.2 mm in length) occur either as zoned
castellated (Figure 3.5A) or homogenous elongated tabular pinkish brown crystals. The zoned
crystals yielded high Mg # (84 - 91) pale to medium dark cores and lower Mg # (71 - 80) darker
reddish brown rims (Figure 3.5A, Table 3.2, Appendix G). Their compositions are similar to the
phlogopite-biotite series, commonly reported in shoshonitic lamprophyres (Rock et al., 1991;
Figure 3.6), and are commonly F-bearing (up to 1.34 wt %, Table 3.2, Appendix G). Quartz
aggregates (up to 40 m in diameter) and rare sub-euhedral carbonate crystals (up to 50 m in
diameter) also occur in an ocellar texture, rimmed by fine-grained phlogopite (Figures 3.5B-C),
and commonly associated with euhedral to subhedral brassy pyrite. Apatite micro-phenocrysts
(up to 40 m in length) (5 vol. %) are common constituents of the rocks and form elongated
prisms which are commonly disseminated throughout the rock (Figure 3.5D) or included in the
phlogopite phenocrysts. Apatite also occurs as acicular inclusions in ocellar quartz. Rare calcite
crystals fill veinlets (veinlets-1) perpendicular to the wall which are interrupted at the contact
with phlogopite phenocrysts, and therefore are interpreted to have crystallized during the late
magmatic stage as the rock was still plastic. Based on their mineralogical assemblage and the
criteria of Rock (1984, 1987) and Rock et al. (1991), they are classified as minette lamprophyres.
Igneous euhedral to subhedral pyrite crystals (up to 100 m in diameter) occur randomly
disseminated in the groundmass and/or included in ocellar quartz, and rarely as inclusions in
phlogopite or interlocked with chalcopyrite. Locally, igneous pyrite contains small inclusions of
anhedral chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite or galena. The igneous pyrite is homogenous (i.e. not chemically
96

zoned), and it is commonly enriched in Co (up to 1.81 wt %) and Se (up to 990 ppm), minor in Ti
(up to 570 ppm), Cu (up to 270 ppm), and rare in Ni (up to 620 ppm), Au (70 to 100 ppm, 3
analyses), Zn (up to 220 ppm), W (390 ppm) and As (370 ppm) (Table 3.3, Appendix H). The
Au-bearing igneous pyrite crystals are associated with ocellar quartz (Figure 3.5E) and their
chemical compositions are near stoichiometric, with minor amounts of Se (up to 660 ppm) (Table
3.3, Appendix H).

______________________________________________________________________________
Figure 3.5 Photomicrographs and back-scattered electron (BSE) images of the intrusive rocks, including
(A-H) phlogopite lamprophyre dikes, (I-M) diorite-granodiorite Goldstrike intrusion and related dikes, and
(N-P) biotite-plagioclase porphyry dikes. (A) Zoned castellated phlogopite phenocrysts, locally altered to
ferroan dolomite along cleavage planes (transmitted light, plane view, SJ305C-911). (B) Ocellar quartz
texture associated with tangential phlogopite laths (transmitted light, plane view, SJ475C-723.5). (C)
Ocellar carbonate texture surrounded by phlogopite laths (transmitted light, plane view, SJ475C-723.5).
(D) Euhedral elongate and hexagonal basal section of unaltered apatite disseminated throughout the
groundmass (transmitted light, plane view, SJ475C-821). (E) Au-bearing igneous pyrite as inclusion in
ocellar quartz texture (BSE image, SJ475C-723.5). (F) Alkali feldspar, phlogopite laths and euhedral
unaltered apatite groundmass which is partially replaced by chlorite and kaolinite (transmitted light, plane
view, SJ305C-911). (G) Au-bearing hydrothermal pyrite as thin rims along early-ore pyrite which
overgrown carbonate veinlet-2 (BSE image, SJ475C-821). (H) Au-bearing hydrothermal pyrite as tiny rim
in igneous pyrite in ocellar quartz (BSE image, SJ475C-821). (I) Elongate Mg-rich hornblende phenocrysts
partially replaced by chlorite and remnants of plagioclase altered to epidote and sericite (transmitted light,
plane view, SJ409-846.5). (J) Dark brown biotite phenocryst with inclusions of altered plagioclase
(transmitted light, plane view, P461C-168). (K) Biotite phenocrysts with inclusions of altered plagioclase
partially replaced by chlorite (transmitted light, plane view, P461C-168). (L) Plagioclase with polysynthetic
twinning strongly altered to sericite (transmitted light, crossed polar, P461C-168). (M) Strongly altered
sample showing early-ore pyrite replacing mafic mineral along cleavage planes and groundmass altered to
illite (transmitted light, plane view, SJ475C-612.5). (N) Biotite phenocryst partially replaced by chlorite
with inclusions of unaltered euhedral apatite (transmitted light, plane view, U10-P05-03-926.5). (O)
Igneous core overgrowth by hydrothermal pyrite showing distinct chemical composition zoning (BSE,
SJ475C-612.5) (P) Igneous pyrite overgrowth by hydrothermal pyrite showing distinct chemical
compositional zoning (BSE image, SJ475C-612.5). (Ap-apatite, Bt-biotite, Cal-calcite, Cbn-carbonate,
Ccp-chalcopyrite, Chl-chlorite, Dol-dolomite, Ep-epidote, Hbl-hornblende, Kfs-alkali feldspar, Klnkaolinite, Ill-illite, Mag-magnetite, Phl-phlogopite, Py-pyrite, Qtz-quartz, I-igneous, EH-early hydothermal)

97

98

99

Table 3.2 Range of Composition of Phlogopite, Biotite and Hornblende Electron Microprobe Analyses.
Jurassic lamprophyre dikes
Jurassic gabbro-diorite intrusion
Rock Unit
and related dikes
Sample No.
SJ475C-723.5, SJ475C-821, SJ305-911
P461C-168
SJ409-846.2
Mineral
Phlogopite
Biotite
Hornblende
Core
Intermediate
Rim
Homogenous
No. analyses
8
4
5
13
9
12
SiO2 wt %
39.60-40.01
38.15-40.93
37.54-38.60
38.36-40.11
34.97-37.60
41.84-45.25
TiO2
2.30-3.68
2.46-4.08
2.52-5.19
2.52-4.07
4.16-6.15
2.47-3.68
12.83-13.48
13.00-14.72
13.00-13.68
13.17-13.56
13.49-14.18
10.11-12.46
Al2O3
Cr2O3
n.d.-1.73
0.19-1.40
n.d.-1.52
0.05-2.00
n.d.-0.01
n.d.-0.26
MnO
n.d.-0.09
n.d.-0.07
0.05-0.19
0.03-0.12
0.11-0.27
0.06-0.31
FeO
3.85-6.78
4.10-6.29
8.60-12.45
4.04-7.84
17.27-20.19
9.72-13.83
MgO
21.23-23.09
20.67-23.18
17.16-19.45
20.36-23.11
10.57-12.56
12.05-14.69
CaO
n.d.-0.05
n.d.-0.13
n.d.-0.04
0.04-0.05
n.d.-0.44
11.00-12.09
BaO
0.80-1.45
0.76-1.22
0.83-2.33
0.73-1.46
0.28-3.01
n.d.
K2O
9.00-10.07
9.42-10.06
8.52-9.34
9.31-10.06
7.91-9.35
0.58-0.88
0.12-0.27
0.15-0.30
0.07-0.26
0.16-0.19
0.14-0.35
1.94-2.26
Na2O
F
0.91-1.19
0.76-1.34
0.61-0.86
0.90-1.11
0.18-0.59
0.11-0.31
Cl
0.01-0.05
n.d.-0.04
n.d.-0.04
0.01-0.04
0.03-0.12
n.d.-0.04
O-F, Cl
0.39-0.50
0.32-0.57
0.26-0.36
0.38-0.47
0.09-0.26
0.05-0.14
Total
94.28-96.33
94.76-96.20
94.40-96.40
95.11-96.43
94.10-95.85
97.39-98.32
Formula based on 22 (phlogopite and biotite) and 23 (hornblende) oxygen atoms
Si
5.72-5.77
5.53-5.83
5.58-5.74
5.63-5.74
Al
2.20-2.26
2.18-2.47
2.27-2.36
2.26-2.29
Tetrahedral1
7.94-8.00
7.96-8.00
7.89-8.00
7.91-8.00

5.43-5.65
2.35-2.50
7.89-8.00

6.13-6.59
1.41-1.87
8.00

Al
Ti+4
Cr
Mn
Fe+2
Mg
Octaedral1

0.00-0.08
0.25-0.40
0.00-0.20
0.00-0.01
0.46-0.82
4.59-4.92
5.19-5.85

0.00-0.05
0.27-0.45
0.02-0.16
0.00-0.01
0.49-0.76
4.47-4.96
5.75-5.84

0.00-0.03
0.28-0.58
0.00-0.18
0.01-0.02
1.05-1.57
3.81-4.24
5.75-5.88

0.00-0.04
0.27-0.45
0.01-0.23
0.00-0.02
0.49-0.96
4.45-4.91
5.80-5.89

0.00-0.17
0.48-0.72
0.00
0.01-0.04
2.19-2.63
2.45-2.86
5.64-5.87

0.28-0.39
0.27-0.41
0.00-0.03
0.01-0.04
1.19-1.73
2.66-3.21
5.09-5.23

Ca
Ba
K
Na
Ca:K
Interlayer1

0.00-0.01
0.05-0.08
1.66-1.84
0.04-0.08
0
1.76-1.93

0.00-0.02
0.04-0.07
1.71-1.84
0.04-0.09
0
1.83-1.96

0.00-0.01
0.05-0.14
1.62-1.77
0.02-0.08
0
1.82-1.93

0.00-0.01
0.04-0.08
1.71-1.83
0.04-0.05
0
1.81-1.94

0.00-0.07
0.02-0.18
1.56-1.82
0.04-0.10
0
1.67-1.94

1.72-1.90
n.d.
0.11-0.17
0.55-0.64
11.22-12.72
2.37-2.67

F
Cl

0.42-0.55
0.00-0.01

0.35-0.61
0.00-0.01

0.29-0.40
0.00-0.01

0.41-0.50
0.00-0.01

0.29-0.40
0.01-0.03

0.05-0.14
0.00-0.01

Mg#2
84.80-91.32
85.41-90.77
71.09-90.12
1
Cations. 2Magnesium number (Mg#)=(Mg/Mg/Fe+2).

82.23-90.83

48.27-56.44

63.38-74.78

100

Figure 3.6 Mineral chemistry data of the phlogopite phenocrysts from the phlogopite lamprophyre dikes
plotted in a compositional mica ternary system Al-Mg-Fet+2 (atomic proportion) diagram. (Modified from
Rock et al., 1991). (p.f.u: per formula unit)

The alkali feldspar groundmass of some samples is intensely altered to fine-grained dark
green chlorite which has corroded edges filled with fine-grained carbonate, and both
phyllosilicates are partially replaced by kaolinite (Figure 3.5F). Carbonate crystals (e.g., ferroan
dolomite, Mg-rich calcite) along with rutile replaces both phlogopite phenocrysts (Figure 3.5A)
and laths in the groundmass along cleavage planes. Early-ore hydrothermal Au-barren pyrite (up
to 15 m in diameter) occurs as brassy euhedral-anhedral aggregates disseminated throughout the
rock, replacing phlogopite phenocrysts along cleavage planes, along carbonate veinlet-2 (Figure
3.5G), and rarely as thin rims on igneous pyrite. It is locally overgrown by anhedral chalcopyrite.
Electron-microprobe investigations show that the early-ore pyrite is commonly enriched in As (up
to 3.12 wt %), Ti (390 ppm) and Se (up to 290 ppm), as well as in Co (up to 0.490 wt %) when it
occurs as thin rims along the igneous pyrite (Table 3.3, Appendix H). In addition, a few grains
have a high concentration of Sb (up to 0.564 wt %), Ni (up to 380 ppm) and Cu (up to 0.190 wt
%), and minor Tl (610 ppm), Pb (500 ppm), W (400 ppm) and Zn (230 ppm) (Table 3.3,
Appendix H).The Au-bearing hydrothermal pyrite (up to 160 ppm Au) occurring as thin rims in
101

Table 3.3. Range Composition of Igneous to Hydrothermal Pyrite from the Intrusive Rocks in the Southern Part of the Goldstrike
Property, Nevada
Rock unit
Jurassic Phlogopite Lamprophyre
Eocene Biotite-Plagioclase-Porphyry
Pyrite
Igneous
Hydrothermal
Igneous
Hydrothermal
Stage
Au-barren
Au-bearing
Early
Au-bearing
Au-barren
Early, Late
Au-bearing
N.of analyses
22
3
12
4
3
9
3
Element - wt %
S (124)1
52.82-53.58
53.23-53.33
50.39-53.55
50.91-53.22
53.25-53.47
50.08-53.09
50.58-51.96
Fe (350)
44.89-47.18
46.85-47.13
44.83-46.93
44.63-46.49
46.80-47.02
44.65-46.83
45.11-45.68
2
Au (65)
bdl
0.007-0.010
bdl
0.007-0.016
bdl
bdl
0.008-0.010
As (335)
bdl-0.037 (1)3
bdl
bdl-3.12 (7)
bdl-2.72 (3)
bdl-0.063 (1)
0.113-4.73
0.185-3.41
Se (68)
bdl-0.099 (14)
0.021-0.066
bdl-0.029 (7) bdl-0.019 (2)
bdl bdl-0.016 (5)
bdl
Co (178)
bdl-1.81 (14)
bdl
bdl-0.490 (3) bdl-0.937 (3)
bdl bdl-0.018 (1) bdl-0.311 (1)
Cu (207)
bdl-0.027 (7)
bdl
bdl-0.190 (4)
bdl
bdl bdl-0.197 (5)
0.051-0.073
Ti (105)
bdl-0.057 (9)
bdl
bdl-0.039 (7) bdl-0.026 (2)
bdl bdl-0.251 (1) bdl-0.481 (2)
Ni (159)
bdl-0.062 (3)
bdl
bdl-0.038 (5) bdl-0.319 (2)
bdl bdl-0.027 (1)
bdl
Zn (195)
bdl-0.022 (2) bdl-0.020 (1)
bdl-0.023 (1)
bdl
bdl-0.026 (1) bdl-0.038 (2) bdl-0.087 (1)
Sb (100)
bdl
bdl
bdl-0.564 (2) bdl-0.300 (2)
bdl bdl-0.608 (1)
bdl
Hg (326)
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl-0.041 (1) bdl-0.062 (1) bdl-0.040 (2)
W (336)
bdl-0.039 (2)
bdl
bdl-0.040 (1)
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
Tl (374)
bdl
bdl
bdl-0.061 (1)
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
Pb (220)
bdl
bdl
bdl-0.050 (1)
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
Total
99.1-100.6
100.2-100.5
95.4-100.4
98.8-99.8
100.3-100.5
99.1-101.1
97.9-99.7
S- atm %
66.15-66.60
66.30-66.39
63.55-66.54
64.88-66.23
66.38-66.50
64.06-66.41
64.61-65.95
Fe
32.20-33.66
33.54-33.64
32.59-33.67
32.65-33.48
33.47-33.55
32.06-33.72
32.90-33.45
Au
bdl
0.001-0.002
bdl
0.001-0.003
bdl
bdl
0.002
As
bdl-0.020
bdl
bdl-1.71
bdl-1.48
bdl-0.034
0.061-2.59
0.100-1.86
Se
bdl-0.051
0.011-0.034
bdl-0.019
bdl-0.010
bdl
bdl-0.007
bdl
Co
bdl-1.23
bdl
bdl-0.407
bdl-0.670
bdl
bdl-0.012
bdl-0.215
Cu
bdl-0.017
bdl
bdl-0.129
bdl
bdl
bdl-0.125
0.032-0.407
Ti
bdl-0.048
bdl
bdl-0.231
bdl-0.022
bdl
bdl-0.211
bdl-0.047
Ni
bdl-0.042
bdl
bdl-0.066
bdl-0.222
bdl
bdl-0.018
bdl
Zn
bdl-0.014
bdl-0.012
bdl-0.014
bdl
bdl-0.016
bdl-0.023
bdl-0.054
Sb
bdl
bdl
bdl-0.428
bdl-0.100
bdl
bdl-0.200
bdl
Hg
bdl
bdl
bdl-0.011
bdl
bdl-0.008
bdl-0.012
bdl-0.008
W
bdl-0.009
bdl
bdl-0.009
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
Tl
bdl
bdl
bdl-0.016
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
Pb
bdl
bdl
bdl-0.010
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
Total
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
1
(dl): Detection limit. 2bdl: below detection limit. 3number of analyses which trace element concentration was detected. Ag (dl: 381
ppm) and Sn (dl: 263 ppm) were analyzed, but not detected in any of the analyses.

the earlier hydrothermal pyrite (Figure 3.5G) is enriched in As (up to 2.72 wt %), Sb (up to 0.300
wt %), and Ni (up to 0.319 ppm). However when it is rimming igneous pyrite (Figure 3.5H), it is
enriched in Co (0.973 wt %), Ti (260 ppm) and Se (190 ppm). Late hydrothermal calcite veinlets
(veinlet-2) (Figures 3.4A-B) are characterized by coarse-grained anhedral crystals randomly
oriented with rare inclusions of coarse-grained sub-euhedral pyrite. The interpreted paragenetic

102

sequence based on the textural relationships os this study is described above is summarized in
Figure 3.7.

3.5.2 Jurassic hornblende-biotite gabbro-diorite-granodiorite Goldstrike intrusion and

related dikes
The Goldstrike intrusion is located in the southern part of the Betze-Post deposit and the related
dikes occur throughout the property (Figure 3.1), along various fault systems. These rocks are
characterized by their medium- to fine-grained holocrystalline equigranular texture (Figures 3.4D,
E) and comprise mainly plagioclase, alkali feldspar, biotite, hornblende, minor quartz and trace
amounts of apatite, magnetite and pyrite, and rare zircon, ilmenite, chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite.
Titanium- and Mg-rich hornblende (up to 0.41 p.f.u Ti, and 3.21 p.f.u. Mg: Table 3.2, Appendix
G) comprises 20 to 25 vol. % of the rock and occurs as homogenous greenish-brown elongated
prismatic phenocrysts (up to 0.3 mm in length), as isolated grains or intergrown with biotite
phenocrysts and plagioclase (Figure 3.5I). Titanium-rich (up to 0.72 p.f.u: Table 3.2, Appendix
G) biotite (10 to 15 vol. %) forms dark to pale brown phenocrysts (Figure 3.5J; up to 0.2 mm in
length) also associated with the feldspar groundmass and quartz. Plagioclase is found as prismatic
crystals, inclusions in biotite (Figures 3.5J-K) and as intergrowths with hornblende, biotite and
alkali feldspar. Anhedral quartz, commonly fractured, is disseminated in the feldspathic-mafic
groundmass, and unaltered euhedral elongated apatite micro-phenocrysts occur interstitially in the
groundmass and commonly as inclusions in biotite and hornblende. Rare unaltered euhedral
prismatic zircon crystals are disseminated in the groundmass or included in biotite and quartz,
and rare euhedral titanite occurs as inclusion in hornblende phenocrysts. Brassy euhedral igneous
pyrite (up to 20 m in diameter) commonly exhibits corroded edges and occurs as inclusions in
hornblende, biotite and magnetite or disseminated in the groundmass. Rare fine-grained
103

Figure 3.7 Paragenetic sequence of the intrusive rocks from the southern part of the Goldstrike property.
The bold, thin, and discontinuous lines indicate high, moderate and low amounts, respectively.

104

chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite are included in pyrite. Igneous magnetite with ilmenite exsolutions is
found as euhedral to subhedral grains (up to 10 m in diameter) with rare inclusions of tiny
pyrite.
These rocks have undergone several stages and degrees of alteration. In the earliest stage,
which might be related to their cooling during the late Jurassic, biotite, which is the best
preserved phase, is locally replaced by irregular masses of fine-grained chlorite (Figure 3.5K),
carbonate, yellow to colorless fine-grained rutile and pyrite along cleavage planes. Plagioclase is
commonly altered to muscovite, epidote and rutile; however, some remnants still preserve their
prismatic habit and polysynthetic twinning (Figure 3.5L). Alkali feldspar is partially altered to
muscovite along twinning planes, and hornblende is partially to pervasively replaced by Fe-rich
chlorite (Figure 3.5I), epidote, pyrite and magnetite and rarely by carbonate along cleavage
planes. The alteration minerals described above are overprinted by clay minerals (i.e., kaolinite
and illite) and fine-grained porous pyrite, which in intensely altered rocks completely destroys the
primary magmatic texture (Figure 3.5M). Based on textural relationships of this study, the
paragenetic sequence proposed for the biotite-hornblende gabbro-diorite-granodiorite rocks is
summarized in Figure 3.7.

3.5.3 Eocene biotite-plagioclase porphyry dikes

These dikes occur in the Betze-Post mine, along high-angle NNW-trending faults (e.g.,
Post and JB-3; Figure 3.1) and have been sampled at the contact with the sedimentary units of the
lower plate (e.g., Roberts Mountains Formation and Wispy Unit; Figure 3.3).
They are characterized by a porphyritic texture defined by biotite phenocrysts (up to 0.1 mm in
length), altered plagioclase micro-phenocrysts (30-50 vol. %), and minor altered alkali feldspar (<
1 vol. %) phenocrysts (up to 0.1 mm in length), anhedral quartz (up to 20 m) and fine-grained
105

laths of biotite, and minor euhedral apatite (up to 50 m in length), rare euhedral zircon (up to 30
m in length) and pyrite in an altered glassy groundmass (Figure 3.4F). Biotite occurs as tabular
phenocrysts (1-3 vol. %) randomly disseminated throughout the rock (Figure 3.5N), and
commonly contains inclusions of euhedral apatite. Trace amounts of euhedral brassy pyrite (up to
20 m in diameter) is erratically disseminated in the altered groundmass and is interpreted as
igneous (Figure 3.5O) as evidenced by its textural relationship. The chemical composition of the
igneous pyrite is nearly stoichiometric, yielding trace amounts of As (630 ppm), Hg (410 ppm)
and Zn (260 ppm). The least altered samples lack pyrite. Biotite is partially replaced by chlorite
(Figure 3.5N) and rutile along the cleavage planes. In highly altered samples, chlorite is replaced
by kaolinite-illite, fine-grained porous hydrothermal pyrite (Figure 3.5P), and fine-grained
acicular rutile. The core of altered plagioclase is commonly replaced by epidote and chlorite, and
the outer zone by muscovite which is overprinted by kaolinite-illite. Subhedral to anhedral brassy
pyrite aggregates (up to 40 m in diameter, 1-2 vol. %) occur replacing the mafic phases and are
interpreted as early-ore hydrothermal (Figure 3.5P). Auriferous hydrothermal pyrite occurs as
fine-grained porous pyrite aggregates (approximately of 2 vol. %) or as thin rims overgrowing
igneous brassy pyrite (Figure 3.5O). Electron-microprobe studies reveal that the Au-bearing
hydrothermal pyrite (Figure 3.5O) is commonly enriched in As (up to 3.41 wt %), Cu (up to 730
ppm) and Ti (up to 481 ppm) with minor amounts of Co (0.311 wt %) and Zn (870 ppm) (Table
3.3, Appendix H). Late-ore Au-barren pyrite occurs as thin rims overgrowing auriferous
hydrothermal pyrite (Figure 3.5O) or filling late veinlets cross-cutting the rock. It is commonly
enriched in As (up to 4.73 wt %) and Cu (up to 880 ppm), with minor amounts of Sb (0.608 wt
%), Ni (270 ppm), and Se (140 ppm) (Table 3.3, Appendix H). The interpreted paragenetic
sequence based on the textural relationships of this study is described above and summarized in
Figure 3.7.
106

3.6 Whole-Rock Geochemistry

The major, minor and trace element compositions of the Jurassic and Eocene dikes are
shown in Table 3.4. Considering that most of the igneous rocks are to some degree altered and
that some alkali element loss might have occurred during the argillization of the silicate minerals
during the Carlin hydrothermal event, their petrogenetic classification is mainly based on
relatively immobile elements (e.g., rare earth element-REE and high field strength elementHFSE) of the least altered rocks. The bulk rock composition of the least altered rocks obtained in
this study, integrated with the data from the Goldstrike property published by Emsbo et al. (2003)
and Ressel and Henry (2006), show that Al2O3 and TiO2 are the most immobile pair (Figure 3.8),
in agreement with previous studies for other Carlin-type deposits (Hofstra and Cline, 2000; and
references therein). In addition, HFSE and REE are also interpreted to be relatively immobile
during hydrothermal alteration based on mass balance investigations, as discussed in the
following section. Therefore, the binary Al2O3 versus TiO2 (Figure 3.8), chondrite-normalized
REE (Figure 3.9) and primitive mantle-normalized incompatible elements (Figure 3.10) diagrams
were used to discriminate among the various types of igneous rocks.

107

Table 3.4 Whole-Rock Data of the Jurassic and Eocene Intrusive Rocks of the Southern Part of
the Goldstrike Property, Nevada.
Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Easting
Northing
Elevation
SiO2 (wt %)
Al2O3
Fe2O3
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K 2O
TiO2
P 2O 5
MnO
Cr2O3
TOTAL
LOI
Total C
S

SJ-475C
723.5
JLA
9932.07
11672.29
4162.99

SJ-475C
821
JLA
9928.04
11641.26
4070.64

SJ-305C
911
JLA
9753.76
13211.80
4586.54

48.57
11.67
5.70
6.50
8.22
0.07
4.45
1.52
1.08
0.09
0.045
99.13
11.20
2.25
0.52

51.38
11.85
2.79
2.09
12.54
0.08
4.04
1.56
1.08
0.06
0.047
99.43
11.90
2.54
0.70

Ag (ppm)
As
Au
Ba
Be
Bi
Cd
Ce
Co

0.10
10.90
0.04
5570.80
4.00
0.10
<.1
142.10
25.80
306.02
6.80
74.50
4.47
2.02
2.56
NA
18.70
6.81
21.00
0.07
0.76
66.30

Cr
Cs
Cu
Dy
Er
Eu
F
Ga
Gd
Hf
Hg
Ho
La

51.46
13.89
5.35
5.16
5.84
0.09
4.38
1.82
1.31
0.12
0.053
98.90
9.40
1.70
0.97

P-461C
168
JDi
10226.00
11195.90
4692.90
48.62
19.34
8.76
3.92
7.58
2.05
3.54
1.24
0.32
0.11
<.001
99.78
4.30
0.51
0.14

P-461C
144
JDi
10234.60
11204.20
4713.70
51.91
18.73
6.92
4.50
3.39
0.05
3.36
1.32
0.27
0.08
0.018
99.86
9.30
0.76
0.11

P-461C
173
JDi
10224.20
11194.20
4688.60
53.42
22.08
6.72
2.85
0.83
0.09
3.95
1.39
0.33
0.06
<.001
99.83
8.10
0.03
0.29

P-466C
162
JDi
9262.80
11235.20
4920.90
66.30
17.27
4.01
0.13
0.82
0.02
1.61
1.31
0.57
<.01
0.002
99.95
7.90
0.05
2.86

0.20
44.00
0.04
3566.00
2.00
0.20
0.10
136.90
27.80

0.20
189.40
0.07
6064.70
3.00
<.1
0.10
151.10
34.40

<.1
2.90
0.01
1004.40
2.00
<.1
0.20
88.30
17.10

<.1
19.20
0.03
1063.40
1.00
<.1
0.10
68.50
28.90

<.1
5.90
0.03
1412.70
2.00
<.1
0.10
98.90
20.10

0.20
1419.30
0.50
313.40
2.00
0.10
0.40
116.70
17.80

319.62
8.40
132.40
3.89
1.90
2.41
1680
18.80
6.21
20.70
0.24
0.70
64.00

360.42
7.20
129.70
4.51
2.18
2.83
NA
19.70
7.49
22.90
1.53
0.82
70.50

12.80
6.00
5.70
2.83
2.10
850
21.90
7.25
5.60
0.06
0.99
40.60

122.41
10.20
4.80
3.33
1.62
1.26
860
20.90
4.24
5.30
0.07
0.57
28.70

13.60
7.70
4.42
1.90
1.80
1280
26.10
6.10
5.40
0.11
0.71
47.50

13.60
2.40
15.60
4.34
1.97
2.24
830
18.90
6.82
4.90
3.27
0.70
55.80

108

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Lu
Mo
Nb
Nd
Ni
Pb
Pr
Rb
Sb
Sc
Se
Sm
Sn
Sr
Ta
Tb
Th
Tl
Tm
U
V
W
Y
Yb
Zn
Zr

SJ-475C
723.5
JLA
0.26
6.50
16.50
65.20
68.90
6.80
16.42
118.60
0.70
18.00
1.10
11.00
4
892.60
1.10
0.88
15.60
0.20
0.31
5.20
236.00
3.80
23.90
1.83
68.00
590.50

SJ-475C
821
JLA
0.26
6.50
16.00
62.40
59.30
8.10
15.61
85.50
3.20
18.00
1.60
10.40
4
654.10
0.90
0.83
14.70
0.20
0.28
5.30
241.00
19.10
19.80
1.73
26.00
580.20

SJ-305C
911
JLA
0.31
6.80
18.60
71.80
167.80
6.60
17.76
97.80
4.70
22.00
1.60
12.30
4
671.10
1.20
0.97
17.00
1.10
0.32
7.00
274.00
50.90
25.00
2.00
51.00
652.40

P-461C
168
JDi
0.38
1.50
16.30
47.30
2.20
7.40
11.36
140.70
0.20
19.00
<.5
9.30
2
930.10
0.90
1.12
9.70
0.30
0.37
2.40
207.00
0.90
27.90
2.40
73.00
199.90

P-461C
144
JDi
0.23
1.10
21.20
32.60
44.80
7.40
8.40
138.00
1.20
23.00
<.5
6.40
2
113.70
1.20
0.65
12.00
0.20
0.24
2.60
198.00
37.90
15.80
1.67
81.00
174.00

P-461C
173
JDi
0.21
1.80
19.00
45.20
3.00
4.20
11.80
149.10
1.50
19.00
<.5
8.40
2
169.60
0.90
0.94
10.70
0.40
0.25
1.20
219.00
18.20
20.00
1.51
67.00
205.00

P-466C
162
JDi
0.29
3.70
17.30
60.80
23.10
9.50
15.47
71.20
16.30
7.00
1.50
11.10
1
34.20
0.80
0.94
4.30
2.70
0.30
2.60
456.00
61.40
20.90
1.66
194.00
191.50

73
7.7

64
7.6

69
7.6

51
15.6

60
14.2

50
15.9

7
13.2

35.7
20.90
337.62
0.60
8.52

35.0
16.90
222.88
0.52
8.50

29.7
22.89
326.06
0.60
8.50

11.5
11.93
61.62
0.38
4.04

13.4
9.26
50.16
0.72
7.19

24.2
23.55
74.35
0.60
7.09

20.6
12.28
18.12
0.48
2.59

Mg#
Al2O3/TiO2
[La/Lu]N
Ce/Pb
Ba/Nb
Ta/Yb
Th/Yb

109

Table 3.4 (cont.) Whole-Rock Data of the Jurassic and Eocene Intrusive Rocks of the Southern Part of the
Goldstrike Property, Nevada.
Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Easting
Northing
Elevation
SiO2 (wt %)
Al2O3
Fe2O3
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K 2O
TiO2
P 2O 5
MnO
Cr2O3
TOTAL
LOI
Total C
S
Ag (ppm)
As
Au
Ba
Be
Bi
Cd
Ce
Co
1

Cr
Cs
Cu
Dy
Er
Eu
F
Ga
Gd
Hf
Hg
Ho
La

U12-P06-22
273
JDi
11237.60
12911.60
3952.10
63.80
16.45
6.61
0.17
0.57
0.03
1.35
1.12
0.31
<.01
0.042
99.98
9.50
0.05
4.63

SJ-409C
846.2
JDi-dike1
9095.50
13589.50
4658.50
51.25
13.71
8.33
9.19
7.03
2.54
2.22
1.09
0.35
0.12
0.084
99.64
3.70
0.38
0.08

BZ-962CW
1190
JDi-dike1
6622.70
11695.90
4290.90
58.69
16.72
7.14
1.59
1.66
0.06
4.09
1.11
0.40
0.02
0.007
99.89
8.40
0.44
5.21

P-502C
604
JDi-dike1
11071.10
12879.70
4682.70
67.27
18.61
1.40
0.34
1.02
0.02
0.96
1.40
0.67
<.01
0.038
99.94
8.20
0.05
0.92

PN-581
992
JDi-dike1
10816.50
13638.00
4489.80
46.53
14.18
8.15
4.47
8.12
0.03
3.72
1.07
0.51
0.11
0.030
99.83
12.90
3.11
3.72

PNC-364
933
JDi-dike1
10999.70
13940.50
4476.10
57.41
14.36
7.62
1.36
2.68
0.03
2.24
1.32
0.69
0.03
0.054
98.70
10.90
0.61
5.57

<.1
2615.20
0.18
244.40
1.00
<.1
<.1
81.80
30.20

<.1
2.20
0.02
889.90
2.00
<.1
<.1
119.10
37.40

0.20
222.40
0.49
792.30
2.00
0.20
0.10
138.70
19.00

<.1
148.60
0.03
142.60
2.00
0.10
8.40
170.70
14.10

0.50
>10000
4.15
2580.00
1.00
0.10
0.20
127.80
28.80

0.40
1722.80
21.92
10826.50
1.00
0.20
0.10
202.90
30.20

285.61
3.70
25.60
4.28
2.56
1.53
570
15.70
4.79
5.50
12.51
0.91
40.40

571.23
1.80
95.20
4.29
2.08
2.33
780
16.60
6.21
4.50
0.05
0.76
57.40

47.60
5.50
12.70
5.39
3.21
2.49
1320
21.50
7.50
6.80
7.86
1.03
70.00

258.41
8.50
77.70
7.56
3.47
3.28
1180
18.70
10.94
7.40
4.11
1.27
86.00

204.01
6.00
90.70
4.64
2.31
2.59
1730
16.10
6.76
5.30
12.88
0.86
61.60

367.22
7.60
79.40
6.32
3.08
4.10
1660
14.30
9.29
6.70
25.01
1.23
99.20

110

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Lu
Mo
Nb
Nd
Ni
Pb
Pr
Rb
Sb
Sc
Se
Sm
Sn
Sr
Ta
Tb
Th
Tl
Tm
U
V
W
Y
Yb
Zn
Zr

U12-P06-22
273
JDi
0.35
8.30
16.40
38.70
150.70
7.00
9.87
64.20
4.40
7.00
<.5
6.40
2
33.10
1.00
0.79
7.90
8.60
0.37
3.40
149.00
100.10
29.50
2.44
66.00
214.60

SJ-409C
846.2
JDi-dike1
0.25
2.40
17.80
58.40
155.60
3.30
14.48
47.00
0.10
21.00
<.5
8.90
2
1008.90
1.10
0.99
12.80
<.1
0.26
3.00
159.00
1.00
21.70
1.88
46.00
189.50

BZ-962CW
1190
JDi-dike1
0.49
4.60
23.80
61.50
8.30
7.10
16.18
144.10
12.80
17.00
1.10
10.50
2
96.70
1.50
1.17
16.60
2.70
0.48
6.00
165.00
22.50
33.60
2.88
45.00
272.90

P-502C
604
JDi-dike1
0.44
2.00
27.40
80.20
30.80
12.20
20.51
47.20
11.00
14.00
<.5
14.20
2
97.00
1.70
1.59
16.90
1.10
0.45
81.20
542.00
21.10
41.30
2.71
142.00
281.90

PN-581
992
JDi-dike1
0.26
3.60
18.90
52.50
64.40
25.70
14.08
126.40
12.80
21.00
0.70
9.10
2
213.60
1.30
1.00
11.10
11.60
0.29
8.00
168.00
10.10
24.20
2.07
42.00
205.80

PNC-364
933
JDi-dike1
0.42
3.80
22.90
88.80
81.40
12.50
22.05
91.80
6.40
20.00
0.80
14.90
2
137.10
1.50
1.44
15.00
15.10
0.43
6.10
159.00
212.70
35.60
2.70
180.00
278.10

6
14.7

72
12.6

34
15.1

36
13.3

56
13.3

52
10.9

12.4
11.69
14.90
0.41
3.24

24.6
36.09
49.99
0.59
6.81

15.3
19.54
33.29
0.52
5.76

20.9
13.99
5.20
0.63
6.24

25.4
4.97
136.51
0.63
5.36

25.3
16.23
472.77
0.56
5.56

Mg#
Al2O3/TiO2
[La/Lu]N
Ce/Pb
Ba/Nb
Ta/Yb
Th/Yb

111

Table 3.4 (cont.) Whole-Rock Data of the Jurassic and Eocene Intrusive Rocks of the Southern Part of the
Goldstrike Property, Nevada.
Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Easting
Northing
Elevation
SiO2 (wt %)
Al2O3
Fe2O3
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K 2O
TiO2
P 2O 5
MnO
Cr2O3
TOTAL
LOI
Total C
S

SJ-564C
1012
JDi-dike1
9506.70
12617.90
4049.70
64.51
18.36
2.99
0.48
1.14
0.02
1.10
1.49
0.72
0.01
0.113
99.96
9.00
0.03
2.11

U10-P05-03
594
JDi-dike1
10643.40
14388.90
4370.90
66.28
17.07
3.61
0.39
1.18
0.03
2.47
1.25
0.59
0.01
0.036
99.92
7.00
0.13
2.14

U10-P05-03
597
JDi-dike1
10646.10
14391.00
4371.90
60.22
18.12
5.71
0.43
1.02
0.03
2.11
1.34
0.61
0.01
0.037
99.84
10.20
0.03
3.97

SJ-475C
728
JDi-dike2
9931.87
11670.79
4158.69

Ag (ppm)
As
Au
Ba
Be
Bi
Cd
Ce
Co

0.10
686.70
0.03
42.90
1.00
0.20
0.10
222.20
52.50

<.1
4115.00
21.88
300.30
1.00
0.10
0.30
174.60
34.30

768.44
15.50
74.20
7.10
3.78
3.86
520
22.20
10.78
8.50
0.41
1.31
101.80

244.81
5.50
86.20
6.16
3.35
3.51
1130
18.50
9.97
7.20
16.18
1.19
81.30

Cr
Cs
Cu
Dy
Er
Eu
F
Ga
Gd
Hf
Hg
Ho
La

58.50
16.16
4.89
1.95
4.92
0.07
3.76
0.76
0.24
0.02
0.001
99.87
8.60
1.08
2.29

SJ-584C
1029
JDi-dike2
6709.20
13489.50
4351.50
59.43
18.27
6.32
1.11
0.78
0.07
4.77
0.93
0.34
0.01
0.001
99.73
7.70
0.13
4.25

SJ-584C
1158
JDi-dike2
6697.00
13467.00
4225.00
62.52
17.43
4.88
1.10
1.40
0.09
5.03
0.89
0.32
0.01
0.001
99.67
6.00
0.41
2.53

<.1
880.70
0.96
325.30
2.00
0.10
0.10
185.80
38.40

0.10
159.20
0.02
976.10
2.00
0.20
<.1
118.40
8.00

<.1
13.50
0.03
2155.70
4.00
0.20
0.10
138.40
9.70

0.40
2318.10
27.02
1701.80
2.00
0.10
0.10
137.40
6.80

251.61
9.20
85.30
5.70
2.76
3.72
910
20.90
9.67
7.30
4.97
1.02
86.60

6.80
5.50
11.50
4.12
2.25
1.55
1150
21.20
5.48
6.60
0.01
0.81
59.30

6.80
12.20
11.30
5.09
3.04
1.92
1300
23.70
7.12
7.40
0.25
1.04
67.80

6.80
9.10
7.10
4.57
2.70
1.78
790
21.80
5.43
6.80
10.75
0.91
67.40

112

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Lu
Mo
Nb
Nd
Ni
Pb
Pr
Rb
Sb
Sc
Se
Sm
Sn
Sr
Ta
Tb
Th
Tl
Tm
U
V
W
Y
Yb
Zn
Zr

SJ-564C
1012
JDi-dike1
0.51
2.50
25.90
92.00
148.00
10.80
24.90
97.00
10.10
24.00
<.5
14.70
2
32.90
1.70
1.64
20.10
0.60
0.54
11.00
254.00
45.20
39.20
3.24
129.00
278.50

U10-P05-03
594
JDi-dike1
0.43
6.50
25.90
80.30
69.80
12.40
20.69
93.10
17.40
15.00
0.60
12.90
2
148.10
1.60
1.36
17.10
10.30
0.52
37.90
273.00
74.10
43.90
3.14
86.00
256.30

U10-P05-03
597
JDi-dike1
0.36
5.90
27.50
77.60
77.00
14.50
20.81
82.30
2.50
22.00
<.5
13.10
2
118.00
1.70
1.34
16.40
1.30
0.44
51.00
216.00
49.00
34.60
2.41
100.00
267.10

SJ-475C
728
JDi-dike2
0.32
1.30
18.70
48.10
6.50
9.10
12.91
142.10
4.50
11.00
0.50
8.00
1
79.90
1.30
0.83
13.70
0.10
0.31
3.60
97.00
3.30
22.60
1.92
16.00
219.40

SJ-584C
1029
JDi-dike2
0.44
2.70
26.40
60.50
2.80
3.50
15.70
153.60
1.20
13.00
<.5
9.10
2
45.40
1.70
1.11
20.20
0.30
0.51
8.80
112.00
3.20
31.00
2.87
8.00
256.20

SJ-584C
1158
JDi-dike2
0.39
2.80
23.40
53.10
3.10
6.10
15.00
178.60
24.90
11.00
1.10
8.20
3
67.00
1.60
0.88
18.50
10.50
0.43
6.20
97.00
70.20
28.40
2.55
52.00
234.90

27
12.3

20
13.7

15
13.5

48
21.3

29
19.6

34
19.6

21.4
20.57
1.66
0.52
6.20

20.3
14.08
11.59
0.51
5.45

25.8
12.81
11.83
0.71
6.80

19.9
13.01
52.20
0.68
7.14

16.5
39.54
81.66
0.59
7.04

18.5
22.52
72.73
0.63
7.25

Mg#
Al2O3/TiO2
[La/Lu]N
Ce/Pb
Ba/Nb
Ta/Yb
Th/Yb

113

Table 3.4 (cont.) Whole-Rock Data of the Jurassic and Eocene Intrusive Rocks of
the Southern Part of the Goldstrike Property, Nevada.
Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Easting
Northing
Elevation
SiO2 (wt %)
Al2O3
Fe2O3
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K 2O
TiO2
P 2O 5
MnO
Cr2O3
TOTAL
LOI
Total C
S
Ag (ppm)
As
Au
Ba
Be
Bi
Cd
Ce
Co
1

Cr
Cs
Cu
Dy
Er
Eu
F
Ga
Gd
Hf
Hg
Ho
La

P-502C
597.5
JDi-dike2
11070.63
12880.20
4689.10
66.04
15.47
4.72
0.91
0.35
0.05
3.41
0.75
0.21
0.01
0.006
99.72
7.80
0.02
3.67

U10-P05-03
926.5
EBPP
10902.40
14582.90
4449.30
60.33
15.82
3.64
1.73
3.96
0.18
3.37
0.42
0.21
0.09
0.001
99.75
10.00
0.88
0.01

SJ-475C
304.5
EBPP
9950.21
11812.42
4557.37

SJ-475C
227
EBPP
9953.04
11839.48
4630.00

SJ-475C
612.3
EBPP
9936.52
11708.50
4268.00

66.20
15.39
2.63
1.01
2.58
3.61
5.10
0.41
0.11
0.02
0.001
99.86
2.80
0.35
1.28

74.66
13.49
2.13
0.46
0.32
0.03
3.54
0.45
0.14
0.01
0.001
99.83
4.60
0.03
1.55

71.49
14.42
3.12
0.56
0.89
0.03
4.50
0.46
0.12
0.01
0.001
99.99
4.40
0.15
2.39

0.10
170.40
1.84
507.20
2.00
0.20
8.00
105.80
14.60

<.1
5.70
0.01
997.20
3.00
<.1
0.10
79.40
3.50

0.20
28.10
0.11
983.70
2.00
0.10
0.10
140.90
3.50

0.70
539.60
0.20
299.10
1.00
0.10
0.10
123.20
4.30

1.30
582.70
0.83
238.10
2.00
0.10
0.10
94.70
5.10

40.80
5.80
13.80
4.17
2.80
1.30
NA
19.20
4.77
6.30
1.51
0.89
52.40

6.80
10.70
2.00
2.96
1.67
1.32
580
19.50
4.05
6.20
0.18
0.60
39.00

6.80
3.10
4.30
3.65
2.03
1.30
NA
18.10
3.76
6.90
0.17
0.68
84.90

6.80
10.10
4.00
2.81
1.53
1.25
NA
14.90
4.00
6.20
2.59
0.50
61.30

6.80
12.10
7.90
1.96
0.92
1.01
NA
17.20
2.65
5.20
0.66
0.34
53.50

114

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Lu
Mo
Nb
Nd
Ni
Pb
Pr
Rb
Sb
Sc
Se
Sm
Sn
Sr
Ta
Tb
Th
Tl
Tm
U
V
W
Y
Yb
Zn
Zr

P-502C
597.5
JDi-dike2
0.44
1.50
17.60
40.80
33.80
8.00
11.19
124.00
0.70
10.00
20.90
6.60
2
39.00
1.40
0.71
17.20
0.40
0.39
10.20
271.00
7.60
31.20
2.79
75.00
233.90

U10-P05-03
926.5
EBPP
0.23
0.90
17.80
31.70
6.70
14.30
8.94
107.80
0.10
4.00
<.5
5.20
2
212.90
1.20
0.65
12.00
0.20
0.27
5.10
31.00
1.00
19.50
1.55
76.00
207.50

SJ-475C
304.5
EBPP
0.34
5.90
19.60
40.10
1.90
11.10
12.86
149.50
1.20
6.00
0.80
6.10
1
386.70
1.40
0.66
25.50
0.20
0.36
5.90
37.00
2.40
21.20
2.23
14.00
228.60

SJ-475C
227
EBPP
0.27
1.90
16.50
45.40
3.70
12.10
13.19
117.60
3.70
7.00
0.70
7.20
1
21.20
1.80
0.59
15.60
3.60
0.24
4.70
55.00
14.20
16.00
1.53
17.00
196.00

SJ-475C
612.3
EBPP
0.16
6.80
14.20
32.10
4.50
13.50
9.32
184.70
3.70
5.00
<.5
4.80
1
18.10
1.30
0.39
20.10
0.80
0.17
5.80
68.00
20.60
9.80
1.04
42.00
159.60

31
20.6

53
37.7

33
37.5

47
30.0

29
31.3

[La/Lu]N
12.8
18.2
26.8
24.3
Ce/Pb
13.23
5.55
12.69
10.18
Ba/Nb
28.82
56.02
50.19
18.13
Ta/Yb
0.50
0.77
0.63
1.18
Th/Yb
6.16
7.74
11.43
10.20
1
Calculated based on Cr2O3 (wt %) in whole-rock analyses.
2
(Mg/Mg+Fe+2)
3
Normalized to chondrite values (Sun and McDonough, 1989)
NA: not analyzed

35.8
7.01
16.77
1.25
19.33

Mg#
Al2O3/TiO2
3

115

Figure 3.8 TiO2 (wt %) versus Al2O3 (wt %) binary diagram for the intrusive rocks in the Goldstrike
property, showing their signature and alteration trend for each rock unit.

116

Figure 3.9 Chondrite-normalized REE diagrams for the intrusive rocks in the southern part of the
Goldstrike property. Normalized values from Sun and McDonough 1989.

117

Figure 3.10 Primitive mantle-normalized trace element spider diagrams of the intrusive rocks from the
southern part of the Goldstrike property. Normalized values from Sun and McDonough 1989.

118

3.6.1 Jurassic phlogopite lamprophyre dikes

The least altered sample (SJ 475C-723.5) is characterized by high Mg # (73), K2O (4.45
wt %), CaO (8.22 wt %), and Fe2O3 (5.70 wt %) and low SiO2 (48.58 wt %) and Na2O (0.07 wt
%) contents (Table 3.4). Its composition is consistent with ultrapotassic rocks according to the
criteria of Foley et al. (1987) (e.g., K2O/Na2O > 2) and equivalent to basalts in the total alkali
versus silica (TAS) classification diagram (Le Bas et al., 1986; Le Maitre et al., 1989). The
lamprophyre dikes plot in the shoshonitic field in the Ce/Yb versus Ta/Yb diagram (Figure 3.11;
Pearce, 1982), and the composition of their phlogopite phenocrysts is compatible with those
found in shoshonitic lamprophyres (Figure 3.6; Rock et al., 1991). They exhibit a low Al2O3:TiO2
ratio (7.6-7.7; Figure 3.8, Table 3.4), a steep concave-upward REE pattern, which is characterized
by high LREE:HREE ratio ([La/Lu]N=29.7-35.7) and no Eu anomaly (Figures 3.9A, B). These
samples contain high abundances (100 to 1000 times primitive mantle) of LILE (e.g., Cs, Rb, Ba,
Th, U and K) and LREE, but near basaltic level (< 20 times primitive mantle) of Ti, Y, and
HREE (Figures 3.9A, B and 3.10A, B). Furthermore, they are enriched in LILE (e.g., Cs, Rb, Ba,
Th, and K) and LREE (e.g., La and Ce) relative to HFSE (e.g., Ta, Nb, P, Hf, Zr, Ti, and Y), and
show a negative Ta-Nb, Sr and positive P-Hf-Zr anomalies and no Ti anomaly (Figures 3.10A,
B).

3.6.2 Jurassic Goldstrike intrusion and related dikes

Three major groups of the gabbro-diorite intrusive rocks were identified based on the
Al2O3/TiO2 ratios (Figure 3.8, Table 3.4) and chondrite-normalized REE profiles (Figures 3.9A,
C-E): (i) the Goldstrike intrusion (Al2O3/TiO2=13.2-15.9 and [La/Lu]N=11.5-24.2), (ii) mafic
dike-1 (Al2O3/TiO2=10.9-15.1 and [La/Lu]N=15.3-25.8), and (ii) highly altered dike-2
(Al2O3/TiO2=19.6-21.3 and [La/Lu]N=12.8-19.9). Some lamprophyre dikes reported by Emsbo et
119

Figure 3.11 Ce/Yb ratio versus Ta/Yb ratio plot (Pearce, 1982) of the samples from the intrusive rocks
from the Goldstrike property.

120

al. (2003) and Ressel and Henry (2006) have Al2O3/TiO2 ratios similar to dike-1 (Figure 3.8). The
least altered samples of Goldstrike intrusion and dike-1 are characterized by similar CaO (7.58 wt
% and 7.03 wt %, respectively), Fe2O3 (8.76 wt % and 8.33 wt %, respectively), Na2O (2.05 wt %
and 2.54 wt %, respectively) and TiO2 (1.24 wt % and 1.09 wt %, respectively). However, the
Goldstrike intrusion sample contains higher Al2O3 (19.34 wt %) and K2O (3.54 wt %), whreas
higher MgO (9.19 wt %) and SiO2 (51.25 wt %) are found in the least altered dike-1 sample
(Table 3.4). The K2O/Na2O ratios of these rocks discriminate them as potassic (i.e., 1.72) and
sodic rocks (i.e., 0.87), respectively (Le Bas et al., 1986; Le Maitre et al., 2002). The binary TAS
diagram (Le Bas et al., 1986; Le Maitre et al., 1989) places them in the gabbro-diorite field,
consistent with the mineralogy of the least altered samples. Furthermore, these studied rocks and
the Jurassic samples reported in Emsbo et al. (2003) and Ressel and Henry (2006) fall in the
shoshonitic field in the Ce/Yb versus Ta/Yb diagram (Figure 3.11; Pearce, 1982). The intense
degree of hydrothermal alteration observed in samples of the dike-2 does not allow the
characterization of the composition of the least altered sample nor its classification using TAS
diagrams (Table 3.4).
The least altered rocks of the Goldstrike Intrusion and related dike-1 show steep
chondrite-normalized REE profiles with highly enriched LREE and depleted HREE, along with
small to no negative Eu anomaly (Figure 3.9A). Their chondrite-normalized La:Lu ratios vary
from 11.5 to 25.8. They have similar HFSE and REE patterns in the primitive mantle-normalized
incompatible element spider diagram, as both exhibit strong negative Ta-Nb and Ti anomalies
(Figure 3.10A). They also yield high concentrations of LILE (e.g., Ba, Th, U, K) and LREE (e.g.,
La and Ce) relative to HFSE (P, Hf, Zr, Ti, Y) and HREE (e.g., Sm and Tb ) (Figures 3.10A, CD). Small positive Ba-Th-U and negative Rb anomalies in the least altered sample of the dike-1
(SJ 409C-846.5) and high concentration of Cs (2000 times primitive mantle) in the least altered
121

sample of the Goldstrike intrusion (P461C-168) are similar to values found in the phlogopite
lamprophyre (SJ 475C-723.5) and Eocene biotite-plagioclase porphyry (U10-P05-03-926.3) dikes
(Figure 3.10A).
The altered samples of the Goldstrike intrusion and related dike-1 show primitive mantlenormalized REE (e.g., La, Ce, Sm, Nd, and Tb) and HFSE (e.g., Hf, Zr, Ti and Y) patterns and
strong negative Ta-Nb and Ti anomalies that are similar to their least altered samples (Figures
3.10C, D, respectively). All altered samples from these dikes show a positive U peak, whereas
most of them show a negative Ba anomaly (Figure 3.10D). Altered samples of the Goldstrike
intrusion-related dikes-2 display a similar primitive mantle-normalized pattern which is
characterized by strong negative Ta-Nb, Sr and Ti anomalies (Figure 3.10E). The advanced
degree of alteration in these rocks is marked by strong depletion in Cs, K, Rb and Sr along with
Na (Figures 3.10D, E). These elements are commonly found in the structure of plagioclase and
alkali feldspar, and therefore their depletion might represent loss of these elements during
hydrothermal alteration of these minerals, which are barely preserved in the altered samples
studied (Figure 3.5M).

3.6.3 Eocene biotite-plagioclase porphyry dikes

The least altered samples of these dikes are characterized by higher K2O (up to 5.1 wt %),
Na2O (up to 3.61 wt %) and SiO2 (up to 66.20 wt %) and lower CaO (up to 3.96 wt %), MgO (up
to 1.73 wt %) and TiO2 (up to 0.42 wt %) concentrations compared to the Jurassic intrusive rocks
(Table 3.4). The K2O/Na2O ratio (i.e., 1.4) of the BFP samples discriminate them as potassic
rocks (Le Bas et al., 1986; Le Maitre et al., 2002), and they plot in the diorite-granodiorite field in
the binary TAS (Le Bas et al., 1986; Le Maitre et al., 1989). The Eocene dikes from this study
and most of those reported in Emsbo et al. (2003) and Ressel and Henry (2006) also plot in the
122

shoshonitic field in the Ce/Yb versus Ta/Yb diagram (Figure 3.11; Pearce, 1982). They exhibit
high Al2O3:TiO2 ratio (30.0-37.7) (Figure 3.8, Table 3.4), a steep concave-upward REE pattern
which is characterized by variable LREE:HREE ratio ([La/Lu]N=18.2-35.8) and a minor to nonexistent Eu anomaly (Figures 3.9A, F). The BFP samples are enriched in LILE (e.g., Cs, Rb, Ba,
Th, U, and K and LREE (e.g., La and Ce) relative to HFSE (e.g., Ta, Nb, P, Hf, Zr, Ti, and Y)
(Figures 3.10A, F), and show strong negative Ta-Nb, Sr, P and Ti anomalies. The altered samples
are depleted in Na2O (0.03-0.18 wt %: Table 3.4), Ba, Sr and P (Figure 3.10F).

3.7 Mass Change: Isocon Diagrams

To evaluate the overprinting of the hydrothermal alteration in Goldstrike intrusions
chemical gains and losses were investigated using logarithmic isocon diagrams (Grant 1986,
2005). The chemical composition of the barren least altered rock is plotted along the X-axis and
the chemical composition of the equivalent altered Au-bearing rock is plotted along the Y-axis. In
this study, Al2O3 and TiO2 are interpreted to be most immobile pair (Figure 3.8) and therefore
they are used to build the isocon diagrams (Figures 3.12A-D).

3.7.1 Jurassic Phlogopite lamprophyre dikes

Potassium as K2O, LOI, Na2O, P2O5, SiO2, Mo, Ni, V, and U along with Al2O3, TiO2,
HFSE, and REE are immobile in all samples of these dikes, as shown in the isocon diagram
(Figure 3.12A). Arsenic, Cu, Hg, Sb, and W are gained in all samples whereas Au, S, and Tl are
either added or immobile, CaO added or lost, and Ba, C, Fe2O3, and MgO lost or immobile
(Figure 3.12A). Strontium and Zn are depleted in both altered samples (Figure 3.12A). These
results reflect the fact that the studied samples are not significantly overprinted by the Carlin
hydrothermal event, which allowed for their recognition during sampling.
123

124

Figure 3.12 Logarithm isocon diagrams showing the relation between least altered and altered intrusive
rocks composition, including Au-bearing samples. (A) Jurassic Phlogopite lamprophyre dikes. (B) Jurassic
Goldstrike intrusion. (C) Goldstrike intrusion related-dike 1. (D) Eocene biotite-plagioclase porphyry dikes.

125

3.7.2 Jurassic Goldstrike intrusion and related dike-1:

In all altered samples of the Goldstrike intrusion (Figure 3.12B), Au, Sb, W, and As are
the major elements introduced to the system whereas CaO, Na2O, and Sr represent the main
depleted assemblage. Copper, Hg, LOI, Mo, Ni, S, and Tl are either added or immobile, and Ba,
C, K2O, MgO, and U are immobile or lost (Figure 3.12B). Fe2O3, P2O5, SiO2, V, and Zn are
immobile along with Al2O3, TiO2, HFSE, and REE (Figure 3.12B). All mineralized samples of
dike-1 show enrichment in Au, As, Hg, LOI, S, Sb, Tl, U, and W and depletion in MgO, Na2O,
Ni, and Sr (Figure 3.12C). Barium and C are either added or lost, Mo and Zn added or immobile,
and CaO and Fe2O3 lost or immobile (Figure 3.12C). Copper, K2O, P2O5, SiO2, and V is the major
immobile assemblage along with Al2O3, TiO2, HFSE, and REE in dike-1 (Figure 3.12C).

3.7.3 Eocene Biotite-Plagioclase Porphyry dikes:

Gold, As, Hg, Mo, S, Sb, Tl, and W are the main elements added to these dikes during
the Carlin hydrothermal alteration (Figure 3.12D). On the other hand, Ba, C, CaO, Fe2O3, LOI,
Na2O, Ni, Sr, and Zn represent the main depleted elements/compounds (Figure 3.12D). K2O,
P2O5 SiO2, and V are immobile along with Al2O3, TiO2, HFSE, and REE (Figure 3.12D).

In general, the depletion in CaO, K2O, Na2O, MgO, and Sr, especially in the Goldstrike
intrusion and related dikes and BFP dikes reflects the pervasive alteration of plagioclase, Kfeldspar, hornblende, and biotite to clay minerals as observed in heavily altered samples of these
units. The immobility of Fe2O3 in some samples is well explained by petrographic observations
that Fe-bearing mafic minerals were partially to completely replaced by pyrite during the Carlin
hydrothermal event (Figures 3.12A-C). On the other hand, the depletion of Fe2O3 observed in
126

some samples may be due to the fact that Fe might have been locally remobilized from the
igneous rocks to be precipitated as pyrite in the hydrothermally altered Paleozoic sedimentary
units.
The altered lamprophyre dikes and Goldstrike intrusion related dikes-1 have experienced
mass loss up to 16 % and 27 % (Figures 3.12A, C, respectively), which is consistent with their
higher Al2O3, TiO2 and REE contents than their least altered counterparts (Figures 3.8, 3.9).
However, the Goldstrike intrusion and the Eocene dikes underwent minor to no mass change
(Figures 3.12B, D).

3.8 40Ar-39Ar Geochronology

Samples from the phlogopite lamprophyre dikes were selected for 40Ar-39Ar dating
because of their distinct mineralogy and geochemical signature, and the relative freshness of the
phlogopite phenocrysts, in order to constrain their age and assess their thermal history. Moreover,
samples from the hornblende-biotite diorite Goldstrike intrusion and related dikes were also
chosen to compare with published data in the area (Ressel and Henry 2006; references therein), as
well as to evaluate the thermal effects of Eocene hydrothermal alteration.
The phlogopite of lamprophyre dikes and biotite of the Goldstrike intrusion and related
dikes yield similar well-defined plateau ages between 161.3 1.0 and 163.2 1.2 Ma ( 2,
95.5-99.0 % evolved 39Ar) and 163.1 1.2 Ma ( 2, 94.2 % evolved 39Ar), respectively (Tables
3.5, 3.6, Figures 3.13A-D). A slightly younger plateau age from 54.6 % evolved 39Ar of 158.3
1.7 Ma ( 2) was obtained from the hornblende grains from the hornblende-diorite (Tables 3.5,
3.6, Figure 3.13E), which is consistent with previous U-Pb titanite and zircon ages from the
diorite Goldstrike intrusion and related dikes in the Goldstrike property (159.1 4.4 Ma and
157.7 0.4 Ma, respectively: Mortensen et al., 2000). The plateau ages of the five studied
127

samples are, within errors, the same as the isotope correlation ages, which suggests no excess of
Ar was incorporated during emplacement or cooling. Moreover, the Ca/K ratios (12.78-14.39,
Figure 3.13E, Table 3.5) calculated from 37Ar/39Ar ratios are very consistent with the electron
microprobe analyses (11.22-12.72, Table 3.2, Appendix G). The younger dates at low
temperature release (Figures 3.13A-E, Table 3.5) may reflect the presence of minor intergrowth
alteration minerals. The new 40Ar-39Ar results may represent the age of emplacement of these
intrusions, and indicate that both the micas and the hornblende grains were negligibly affected by
the Eocene hydrothermal event, despite pervasive hydrothermal alteration in the Goldstrike
property. This finding confirms that the temperature of the Carlin hydrothermal event was below
the closure temperature of biotite (e.g., 300-350oC: McDougall and Harrison, 1988, p. 25).

Table 3.5 40Ar/39Ar Geochronology Results of the Igneous Rocks from the Southern Part of the Goldstrike Property, Nevada.
Mineral: hornblende
Sample SJ409C-846.5: hornblende-diorite dike
J value2:0.0036960.000032
36
39
40
Power1
Ar/40Ar
Ar/40Ar
r
Ca/K
% 40Ar
% 39Ar
Ar*/39Ar*
Age (Ma2)
0.50
0.0031760.000269 0.0049050.000396 0.294
7.978
93.83
0.28
12.5614.80
81.894.3
1.00
0.002730 0.000063 0.009465 0.000135 0.167
9.417
80.64
3.62
20.43 1.87
131.3 11.6
1.50
0.001559 0.000062 0.024684 0.000228 0.030
2.486
46.02
5.06
21.86 0.76
140.1 4.7
2.00
0.000974 0.000068 0.032409 0.000333 0.027
6.245
28.74
6.03
21.98 0.65
140.9 4.0
2.50
0.000811 0.000055 0.032573 0.000297 0.065 10.919
23.93
6.60
23.35 0.51
149.3 3.1
3.00
0.000513 0.000037 0.035150 0.000284 0.051 11.121
15.13
10.60
24.14 0.35
154.2 2.1
3.30
0.000299 0.000037 0.037472 0.000254 0.060 11.116
8.81
13.25
24.33 0.32
155.4 2.0
<3.60>3 0.000256 0.000047 0.037386 0.000361 0.043 11.782
7.54
8.11
24.73 0.42
157.8 2.6
<4.00>
0.000286 0.000046 0.036924 0.000307 0.048 12.218
8.43
10.54
24.80 0.40
158.2 2.4
<4.50>
0.000255 0.000040 0.037119 0.000260 0.066 12.814
7.50
11.11
24.92 0.34
158.9 2.1
<5.00>
0.000296 0.000052 0.036902 0.000278 0.065 12.865
8.72
9.23
24.73 0.43
157.8 2.6
<7.00>
0.000548 0.000031 0.033736 0.000239 0.073 14.392
16.16
15.57
24.85 0.30
158.5 1.8
Sample P461C-168: hornblende-biotite-diorite Goldstrike intrusion
J value: 0.0036960.000026
Mineral: biotite
36
39
40
Power
Ar/40Ar
Ar/40Ar
R
Ca/K
% 40Ar
% 39Ar
Ar*/39Ar*
Age (Ma2)
0.25
0.0028550.000562 0.0140040.001088 0.069
0.280
84.32
0.12
11.1711.65
73.074.6
0.50
0.002044 0.000448 0.033220 0.001524 0.025
0.912
60.32
0.36
11.93 4.00
77.8 25.5
0.75
0.001505 0.000123 0.029137 0.000505 0.020
1.672
44.44
2.12
19.06 1.28
122.8 8.0
1.00
0.000391 0.000051 0.035619 0.000527 0.008
0.217
11.54
3.21
24.83 0.56
158.4 3.4
<1.25>
0.000179 0.000040 0.036748 0.000482 0.004
0.046
5.28
5.04
25.77 0.47
164.2 2.8
<1.50>
0.000155 0.000034 0.037130 0.000311 0.003
0.016
4.56
5.68
25.70 0.35
163.7 2.1
<1.80>
0.000063 0.000019 0.038148 0.000387 0.002
0.029
1.84
9.65
25.73 0.30
163.9 1.8
<2.00>
0.000041 0.000044 0.038157 0.000452 0.001
0.013
1.21
5.52
25.89 0.46
164.9 2.8
<2.30>
0.000048 0.000028 0.038216 0.000369 0.002
0.036
1.41
5.84
25.80 0.33
164.3 2.0
<2.70>
0.000041 0.000023 0.038438 0.000413 0.002
0.051
1.21
7.24
25.70 0.33
163.7 2.0
<3.20>
0.000054 0.000022 0.038548 0.000299 0.002
0.036
1.59
7.89
25.53 0.26
162.7 1.6
<3.70>
0.000027 0.000035 0.038360 0.000482 0.002
0.022
0.79
4.68
25.86 0.42
164.7 2.6
<4.20>
0.000042 0.000020 0.038716 0.000363 0.002
0.032
1.24
9.00
25.51 0.29
162.5 1.7
<4.70>
0.000034 0.000019 0.039022 0.000314 0.001
0.012
0.99
9.08
25.37 0.25
161.7 1.5
<5.20>
0.000032 0.000020 0.039226 0.000317 0.002
0.011
0.92
8.28
25.26 0.26
161.0 1.6
<5.70>
0.000031 0.000031 0.038878 0.000420 0.003
0.000
0.90
5.32
25.49 0.36
162.4 2.2
<7.00>
0.000041 0.000020 0.038670 0.000272 0.002
0.008
1.20
10.98
25.55 0.24
162.8 1.4

128

Sample SJ475C-723.5: phlogopite lamprophyre dike

J value: 0.0036980.000024
Mineral: phlogopite
36
39
40
Power
Ar/40Ar
Ar/40Ar
R
Ca/K
% 40Ar
% 39Ar
Ar*/39Ar*
Age (Ma2)
0.25
0.0028590.000509 0.0123610.001364 0.064
0.023
84.44
0.06
12.5611.97
81.976.3
0.50
0.002248 0.000358 0.036794 0.001140 0.025
1.402
66.34
0.26
9.13 2.97
59.9 18.3
0.75
0.001280 0.000117 0.040539 0.000727 0.024
3.453
37.77
1.06
15.34 0.89
99.5 5.6
1.00
0.000531 0.000115 0.036338 0.000735 0.014
1.475
15.69
0.88
23.20 1.84
148.5 6.4
1.25
0.000305 0.000060 0.036848 0.000545 0.016 0.687
9.01
1.43
24.69 0.60
157.6 3.7
<1.50>
0.000325 0.000051 0.035805 0.000381 0.022
1.165
9.60
2.29
25.25 0.49
161.0 3.0
<1.80>
0.000115 0.000018 0.037750 0.000291 0.008
0.159
3.38
6.00
25.59 0.24
163.1 1.5
<2.00>
0.000050 0.000018 0.038159 0.000263 0.002
0.009
1.47
4.97
25.82 0.23
164.5 1.4
<2.25>
0.000075 0.000016 0.037997 0.000314 0.003
0.006
2.21
6.03
25.73 0.25
164.0 1.5
<2.50>
0.000039 0.000014 0.038452 0.000337 0.001
0.004
1.14
6.52
25.71 0.25
163.9 1.5
<2.75>
0.000028 0.000016 0.038621 0.000301 0.002
0.001
0.82
6.71
25.68 0.24
163.7 1.4
<3.10>
0.000026 0.000016 0.038674 0.000278 0.002
0.000
0.77
10.15
25.66 0.22
163.5 1.3
<3.40>
0.000018 0.000014 0.038841 0.000270 0.002
0.000
0.52
7.63
25.61 0.21
163.3 1.3
<3.70>
0.000020 0.000015 0.038844 0.000307 0.001
0.000
0.59
5.57
25.59 0.23
163.1 1.4
<4.30>
0.000024 0.000014 0.038948 0.000229 0.002
0.000
0.70
9.26
25.50 0.22
162.5 1.4
<4.90>
0.000013 0.000016 0.038944 0.000371 0.001
0.007
0.37
5.92
25.58 0.27
163.1 1.7
<7.00>
0.000019 0.000016 0.038918 0.000371 0.001
0.003
0.57
25.25
25.55 0.27
162.9 1.7
Sample SJ475C-821: phlogopite lamprophyre dike
J value: 0.0036970.000024
Mineral: phlogopite
36
39
40
Power
Ar/40Ar
Ar/40Ar
R
Ca/K
% 40Ar
% 39Ar
Ar*/39Ar*
Age (Ma2)
0.25
0.0031240.000407 0.0087580.000749 0.093
0.294
92.29
0.07
8.7713.35
57.686.3
0.50
0.002855 0.000179 0.019513 0.000534 0.030
2.111
84.30
0.49
8.02 2.70
52.7 17.5
0.75
0.001502 0.000236 0.029400 0.000751 0.066
8.885
44.34
0.40
18.92 2.34
122.0 14.6
<1.00>
0.001965 0.000163 0.017210 0.000514 0.030
0.355
58.02
0.41
24.37 2.88
155.7 17.6
<1.25>
0.000675 0.000122 0.031344 0.000539 0.008
0.037
19.91
0.83
25.54 1.23
162.8 7.5
<1.50>
0.001750 0.000060 0.019374 0.000261 0.010
0.023
51.68
1.66
24.92 0.98
159.0 6.0
<1.80>
0.000389 0.000027 0.034581 0.000279 0.005
0.003
11.49
5.60
25.59 0.31
163.1 1.9
<2.00>
0.000295 0.000029 0.035425 0.000263 0.004
0.008
8.69
6.58
25.77 0.31
164.2 1.9
<2.25>
0.000088 0.000017 0.038090 0.000350 0.002
0.009
2.59
7.94
25.57 0.27
163.0 1.7
<2.50>
0.000085 0.000017 0.038167 0.000319 0.002
0.000
2.52
9.34
25.54 0.25
162.8 1.5
<2.75>
0.000070 0.000015 0.038339 0.000288 0.002
0.000
2.06
8.98
25.54 0.23
162.8 1.4
<3.00>
0.000073 0.000017 0.038279 0.000310 0.002
0.005
2.14
8.02
25.56 0.25
162.9 1.5
<3.25>
0.000071 0.000017 0.038274 0.000357 0.002
0.003
2.11
9.78
25.58 0.27
163.0 1.7
<3.50>
0.000070 0.000019 0.038530 0.000338 0.002
0.001
2.08
7.01
25.41 0.27
162.0 1.6
<3.75>
0.000075 0.000022 0.038449 0.000312 0.001
0.000
2.22
5.25
25.43 0.27
162.1 1.6
<4.25>
0.000065 0.000018 0.038517 0.000321 0.003
0.000
1.91
6.55
25.47 0.26
162.3 1.6
<4.75>
0.000071 0.000019 0.038538 0.000293 0.002
0.000
2.10
5.18
25.40 0.24
161.9 1.5
<5.25>
0.000078 0.000023 0.038358 0.000350 0.002
0.004
2.30
4.11
25.47 0.29
162.4 1.8
<7.00>
0.000047 0.000015 0.038778 0.000306 0.002
0.003
1.39
11.82
25.43 0.23
162.1 1.4
Sample
SJ305C-911: phlogopite lamprophyre dike
J value: 0.0036990.000022
Mineral: phlogopite
#
36
39
40
Power
Ar/40Ar
Ar/40Ar
R
Ca/K
% 40Ar
% 39Ar
Ar*/39Ar*
Age (Ma2)
0.25
0.0031560.000440 0.0039760.000776 0.443
0.000
93.18
0.03
17.1227.48
110.8172.5
0.50
0.003256 0.000260 0.007141 0.000465 0.157
1.465
96.16
0.11
5.35 10.19
35.3 66.7
0.75
0.002108 0.000215 0.024052 0.000559 0.032
1.679
62.20
0.36
15.70 2.63
101.8 16.6
1.00
0.001001 0.000138 0.028360 0.000743 0.013
0.370
29.53
0.49
24.84 1.57
158.6 9.6
1.25
0.000412 0.000059 0.033999 0.000411 0.005
0.022
12.15
1.45
25.83 0.60
164.7 3.7
1.50
0.000205 0.000037 0.036310 0.000496 0.002
0.008
6.04
2.05
25.87 0.47
164.9 2.9
<1.80>
0.000290 0.000030 0.035836 0.000331 0.004
0.010
8.56
5.41
25.51 0.35
162.7 2.1
<2.10>
0.000068 0.000018 0.038499 0.000351 0.002
0.011
2.01
7.59
25.45 0.27
162.3 1.6
<2.40>
0.000091 0.000019 0.038231 0.000274 0.002
0.004
2.69
7.17
25.45 0.24
162.3 1.5
<2.70>
0.000093 0.000017 0.038268 0.000301 0.003
0.005
2.73
8.87
25.42 0.24
162.1 1.5
<3.00>
0.000051 0.000016 0.038856 0.000266 0.002
0.002
1.50
6.31
25.35 0.21
161.7 1.3
<3.40>
0.000052 0.000013 0.038980 0.000263 0.004
0.002
1.53
10.00
25.26 0.20
161.2 1.2
<3.80>
0.000036 0.000015 0.039149 0.000293 0.002
0.002
1.06
6.89
25.27 0.22
161.2 1.4
<4.20>
0.000041 0.000015 0.039254 0.000281 0.002
0.000
1.20
8.13
25.17 0.21
160.6 1.3
<4.60>
0.000037 0.000014 0.039208 0.000288 0.003
0.000
1.09
8.59
25.23 0.21
160.9 1.3
<5.00>
0.000038 0.000017 0.039308 0.000304 0.002
0.000
1.12
7.46
25.15 0.23
160.5 1.4
<5.50>
0.000032 0.000020 0.039396 0.000311 0.001
0.000
0.96
5.98
25.14 0.25
160.4 1.5
<6.00>
0.000028 0.000016 0.039621 0.000311 0.001
0.001
0.84
6.56
25.03 0.23
159.7 1.4
<6.50>
0.000016 0.000016 0.039499 0.000303 0.001
0.000
0.46
4.62
25.20 0.23
160.8 1.4
<7.00>
0.000027 0.000043 0.039204 0.000435 0.003
0.004
0.79
1.93
25.31 0.43
161.4 2.6
1
Power is given in watts. 2J values are calculated using 2 error. 3<1.0> indicate the step used to calculate the plateau ages.

129

Table 3.6 Summary of 40Ar/39Ar Laser Step-Heating Data of the Igneous Rocks from the Southern Part of the
Goldstrike Property, Nevada.
MSWD
Sample No.
Mineral
Plateau Age
% 39Ar released
Correlation Age
Initial
40
Ar/36Ar
in plateau
(Ma2)
(Ma2)
SJ409C-846.5
hornblende
158.31.7
54.6
158.06.5 300.2112.8
0.20
P461C-168
biotite
163.11.2
94.2
161.21.3 503.4135.7
1.26
SJ475C-723.5
phlogopite
163.21.2
96.3
163.20.6
324.658.2
1.08
SJ475C-821
phlogopite
162.61.1
99.0
162.60.6
299.412.0
0.72
SJ305C-911
phlogopite
161.31.0
95.5
160.30.6
392.146.1
0.82

Figure 3.13 40Ar-39Ar age spectra of the intrusive rocks in the Goldstrike property, Nevada. (A-C)
phlogopite. (D) biotite. (E) hornblende. Ages are plotted using 2 error. Hornblende has a Ca:K ratio of
12.8 calculated from the 37Ar-39Ar ratio, which is in excellent agreement with the microprobe results (Table
3.2).

130

3.9 Discussion: Petrogenesis and Metallogenesis

Previous studies of the Jurassic and Eocene magmatic rocks in the North Carlin trend
interpreted them as typical subduction-related calc-alkaline and high-K calc-alkaline magmas,
respectively (Hosftra and Cline, 2000; Ressel et al., 2000; Bettles, 2002; Emsbo et al., 2003;
Cline et al., 2005; Ressel and Henry, 2006; and references therein). However, our study reveals
that they are instead shoshonitic in composition (Figure 3.11), and formed by relevant crustal
contamination of metasomatized mantle-derived melts. Furthermore, the phlogopite lamprophyre
dikes (161-163 Ma) identified in this study are distinct from any magmatic rock reported in the
Carlin trend.
The phlogopite lamprophyre dikes, which are characterized by high Mg # (73), low SiO2
content (48.6 wt %) and Ce/Pb ratio (21) (Table 3.4) similar to typical mantle-derived rocks (e.g.,
OIB: 25, Sun and McDonough, 1989), represent the least evolved rock among the studied
samples. However, their low concentrations of Cr (306 ppm) and Ni (69 ppm) indicate that they
do not represent primary or even primitive magmas according to the criteria of Wilson (1989; i.e.,
Mg # > 70, Ni > 400-500 ppm, Cr > 1,000 ppm, and SiO2 < 50 wt %). These dikes exhibit a
Ba/Nb ratio (e.g., 338, Table 3.4) much higher than mantle (e.g., 7, Sun and McDonough, 1989)
and crustal rocks (e.g., 57, Rudnick and Gao, 2003), which suggests that their mantle source
might have been enriched in Ba through metasomatic processes. Further evidence for a
metasomatic mantle-source is provided by (i) their whole-rock incompatible element
concentrations (e.g., 5570 ppm Ba, 892 ppm Sr, 142 ppm Ce, 66 ppm La) higher than continental
crust (i.e., 456 ppm Ba, 320 ppm Sr, 43 ppm Ce and 20 ppm La: Rudnick and Gao, 2003) and (ii)
high abundance of phlogopite phenocrysts with high contents of Ba, Ti and F in their cores (Table
3.2, Appendix G; Bailey et al., 1989; Yavuz et al., 2002; Orejana et al., 2008). In addition to their
shoshonitic composition, their whole rock Th/Yb versus Ta/Yb ratios (Figure 3.14A), which are
131

Figure 3.14 (A) Th/Yb ratio versus Ta/Yb ratio diagram (Pearce, 1983; Pearce and Peate, 1995) for the
intrusive rocks from the Goldstrike property. N-MORB and OIB values from Sun and McDonough (1989)
and continental crust (CC) from Rudnick and Gao (2003). Active continental margin field from Wilson
(1989). SZ-subduction zone flux, WPE-within-plate enrichment. (B) Ce/P2O5 ratio versus Zr/TiO2 ratio
tectonic setting diagrams (Muller et al., 1992) for the igneous rocks in the Goldstrike property.

132

similar to those of the average continental crust (Rudnick and Gao, 2003) and compatible with the
continental margin field, attest to significant continental contamination.
Similar to the phlogopite lamprophyres, the compositions of the Jurassic Goldstrike
gabbro-diorite intrusive rocks (158-163 Ma) are also compatible with metasomatized mantle
sources, as they yielded concentrations of incompatible elements higher than the continental crust
(Table 3.4) and host magmatic Ba-, Ti-rich biotite and Ti- rich hornblende. Moreover, their
Ba/Nb (50-62), Th/Yb, and Ta/Yb ratios (Figure 3.14A) are relatively similar to crustal values (
Rudnick and Gao, 2003) and to signatures typical of shoshonitic rocks (Figure 3.11), which
suggests that these rocks also have a significant input of crustal material.
Therefore, our data suggest that these Jurassic shoshonitic magmatic rocks were
generated by the decompression and dehydration of phlogopite-bearing metasomatized sources.
These metasomatized sources are interpreted to have been injected due to the break-off of the
Mezcalera subducted plate under the North American craton (Closs et al., 2005; Dickinson, 2006)
in a typical continental arc setting, as attested by Ce/P2O5 and Zr/TiO2 ratios (Figure 3.14B).
During ascension, these melts underwent moderate degrees of olivine, pyroxene, and plagioclase
fractional crystallization accompanied by crustal assimilation.
The Eocene biotite-plagioclase porphyry dikes represent the most evolved sample of the
studied intrusive rocks which are characterized by high SiO2 (60-66 wt %), low Mg # (33-53),
small negative Eu anomaly (Figures 3.9A, F), higher Zr/TiO2, and Ce/P2O3 ratios which place
them in the continental arc tectonic setting (Figure 3.14B). They yielded Ce/Yb and Ta/Yb ratios
typical of shoshonitic rocks (Figure 3.11), and their Ce/Pb (5-13) and Ba/Nb (50-56) ratios are
similar to continental crustal values (e.g., 4 and 57, respectively, Rudnick and Gao, 2003),
suggesting that the magmas underwent significant crustal assimilation. These findings further our
understanding of their evolution, as previous studies suggested that they are high-K calc-alkaline
133

products of hot asthenospheric material introduced at the base of the North American craton
caused by the break-off of the shallowly dipping subducted Farallon plate underneath the craton
(Humphreys, 1995; Humphreys et al., 2003).

3.9.1 Implications for source of metals and ore-forming processes

The data from this study on the whole rock compositions of the least altered rocks,
mineral chemistry of igneous pyrite and mass balance investigations between barren and
auriferous samples bring new insight into the possible sources of elements associated with the
Carlin auriferous event. Of significance, the phlogopite lamprophyre dikes yielded high gold
amounts (40 ppb; > 10 times normal background for this rock type; Levinson, 1980, p. 43) and
igneous pyrite with up to 100 ppm Au, suggesting that this rock may have been one of the local
sources of gold. However, these rocks are not abundant at the property and would have accounted
for only a very small proportion of the gold enrichment.
Intriguingly, the least altered Eocene dike samples lack igneous pyrite, and are depleted
in trace elements (e.g., As, Hg, Sb and Tl) commonly associated with Carlin-type gold
mineralization (Table 3.4). On the other hand the mineralized Eocene dike samples are
significantly enriched in Au, As, Hg, Mo, S, Sb, Tl and W (Figure 3.12D) similar to most of the
Jurassic intrusive rocks (Figures 3.12A-C), and contain rare igneous pyrite grains (with traces of
As, Hg and Zn, Table 3.3, Appendix H). This finding suggests that the altered dikes are probably
earlier products of the Eocene magmatism and the least altered dikes may have been emplaced
later. However, the studied samples were not suitable for Ar-Ar age-dating methods to confirm
this hypothesis. If this hypothesis is right, the magma chamber that was feeding these shallow
dikes may have degasified shortly after the emplacement of the earlier altered dikes and prior to
the emplacement of the least altered dikes, which would explain the alteration of the earlier dikes,
134

and the very low content of Carlin-related ore elements and igneous sulfide in the (late ?) least
altered dikes. Further studies are necessary to verify this hypothesis, including detailed
geochronological, lithogeochemical, mineral chemistry and melt inclusions investigation of the
various generations of Eocene dikes.
If the Eocene magma is not the main source of Au and some of the relevant ore-forming
elements, one would question why no significant Au mineralization is associated with Jurassic
magmatism, as most of the favorable features were present in the Goldstrike property during the
Jurassic magmatism. These include: (a) possible local source of Au and ore-related metals (e.g.,
As, Cu, Hg, Ni, Se, Zn) as suggested by some previous studies (e.g., Au-bearing SEDEX: Emsbo
et al, 2003; Jurassic Au-bearing lamprophyre dikes: this study, and Jurassic Au-bearing and base
metals quartz veins: Emsbo et al., 2000), (b) most of the major structures, (c) favorable Paleozoic
host rocks, (d) the upper-plate cap rocks, and (e) probable high heat flow, allowing for relevant
crustal contamination to form the shoshonitic magma (Conticelli et al., 2009). However, the
Jurassic intrusive rocks formed during a major regional compressional event and the textures
(e.g., equigranular) of the most abundant rocks (diorite-granodiorite) indicate that they
crystallized at depths greater than the Eocene dikes, therefore not allowing for substantial magma
degassing.
On the other hand, the Eocene magmatism occurred when the tectonic regime changed
from compressional to extensional and the intrusive rocks were emplaced at shallower levels than
the Jurassic intrusions (as they show mainly porphyritic textures and glassy groundmass),
favoring the liberation of their volatiles in the early stages of magma crystallization in the major
magma chamber. This may have allowed for the formation of mineralizing magmatichydrothermal fluids, which explains the spatial and temporal association between Eocene
magmatism and gold mineralization. This interpretation is further supported by data from Ressel
135

et al. (1998) in the Eocene dikes of the Carlin trend, which show carbonate-bearing melt
inclusions with typical magmatic signatures, and an unaltered glassy groundmass enriched in As
and Sb which is interpreted to be magmatic in origin, and may suggest degassing of a deeper
magma chamber.
However, in order to generate a significant magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposit, a large
amount of magma degassing over a long period of time is required (e.g., volcanogenic massive
sulfides, Cu porphyry-related; Shinohara and Kazahaya, 1995; Yang and Scott, 2005). Recent
studies by Ressel and Henry (2006) indicate that the Eocene magmatic rocks of various
compositions (e,g., basaltic, andesitic, dacitic to rhyolitic) were emplaced over a period of 4
million years (e.g., 40.3-36.2 Ma) in the Carlin trend. They interpreted these dikes as minor
apophyses of large plutonic complexes (e.g., ~ 1,000 km2) beneath the northern and central Carlin
trend as attested by large positive aeromagnetic anomalies (Figure 10 in Ressel and Henry, 2006),
supporting the model in which the Carlin-type gold mineralization formed by magmatic
hydrothermal fluids derived from degassing of Eocene magma.

3.10 Conclusion
In this study, detailed petrography, mineral chemistry, whole-rock, and 39Ar/40Ar
geochronology data for the intrusive rocks of the southern part of the Goldstrike property
identified three major shoshonitic suites: (i) Jurassic (163-162 Ma) phlogopite lamprophyre dikes,
which have characteristics distinct from any magmatic rock previously reported in the Carlin
trend, (ii) Jurassic (163-158 Ma) hornblende-biotite gabbro-diorite-granodiorite Goldstrike
intrusion and associated-dikes, and (iii) Eocene biotite-plagioclase porphyry dikes.
Trace element ratios (eg., Ba/Nb, Ce/P2O5, Ce/Pb, Ce/Yb, Ta, Th, Th/Yb, and Zr/TiO2)
along with high LILE (e.g., Ba, K, Sr), and LREE (e.g., La and Ce), and low Cr and Ni
136

concentrations of the Jurassic magmatic rocks indicate that these shoshonitic arc-related rocks
were generated by metasomatized mantle-derived magmas, which was followed by fractional
crystallization, and minor to significant crustal contamination. The Eocene shoshonitic biotiteplagioclase porphyry dikes are the most evolved and crustal contaminated of the studied rocks,
and were emplaced at shallower levels.
Mass balance studies show that Al2O3, TiO2, SiO2, HFSE and REE are immobile, while
Au, As, Cu, Hg, S, Sb, Tl, and W are introduced, CaO, K2O, Na2O, MgO, and Sr are depleted,
Ba, Mo, Ni, U, and Zn are immobile, lost or added, and Fe2O3 is either immobile or lost during
the Carlin hydrothermal event. The depletion of Fe in some rocks suggests that they may be a
local source of Fe during the pyritization processes observed in some Au-hosted sedimentary
rocks. Furthermore, the least altered sample of the phlogopite lamprophyre dikes contains 40 ppb
Au in whole rock analysis and hosts Au-bearing (up to 100 ppm) Se-rich igneous pyrite, being a
possible local source of Au. However, they are not very abundant and could not provide most of
the gold found in the mineralized zones.
Mineralized samples of the Eocene biotite-plagioclase porphyry dikes are significantly
enriched in Au, As, Hg, Mo, S, Sb, Tl, and W similar to most of the Jurassic intrusive rocks, and
contain rare igneous pyrite with traces of As, Hg, and Zn and no detectable Au. Conversely, the
least altered Eocene dike sample is depleted in ore-related elements (e.g., As, Hg, Sb, and Tl) and
lacks igneous pyrite, suggesting that the altered and least altered dikes were emplaced,
respectively, prior to and after the main episode of magma degassing. These findings, coupled
with their spatial and temporal relationship with Carlin-type gold mineralization, favor the
hypothesis that Au and some ore-related trace elements were scavenged from the Eocene magma
by magmatic fluids that exsolved during its early stage of emplacement and/or crystallization at
levels deeper than the site where the studied Eocene dikes were emplaced.
137

The 40Ar-39Ar results show that the Jurassic intrusive rocks were negligibly affected by
the Eocene hydrothermal event despite pervasive hydrothermal alteration, confirming that the
temperature of the hydrothermal system was below the closure temperature of biotite (e.g., 3003500C).

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145

Chapter 4
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF DIAGENETIC TO LATE
HYDROTHERMAL SPHALERITE IN THE HOST ROCKS OF THE
CARLIN-TYPE GOLD MINERALIZATION FROM THE
SOUTHERN PART OF THE GOLDSTRIKE PROPERTY, NEVADA

4.1 Abstract
Detailed petrographic and mineral chemistry investigations of sphalerite from the
Paleozoic Au-hosted impure carbonate sedimentary rocks of the Carlin-type Au deposits,
southern part of the Goldstrike property in Nevada, revealed four generations of sphalerite with
distinct compositions, including diagenetic and hydrothermal (early-, syn- and late-ore).
Diagenetic Cd-rich and Fe-poor sphalerite occurs as disseminated anhedral homogeneous
grains along bedding planes and commonly associated with carbonaceous laminations. The FeHg-Cd-rich early-ore hydrothermal sphalerite is intergrown with As-rich pyrite and commonly
overgrown by auriferous hydrothermal pyrite. Fe-Se-Cu-rich syn-ore sphalerite is found
associated with disseminated fine-grained porous trace element-rich auriferous arsenian pyrite
and tetrahedrite-tennantite. The late hydrothermal stage is characterized by coarse-grained, dark
brown Fe-Hg-Cd-rich sphalerite grains, which are commonly found in late quartz veinlets.
Zinc exhibits a strong negative correlation with Fe (R2=0.94) in the hydrothermal
sphalerite, but lacks any correlation with other metals (e.g., Cd, Cu, Hg, Ga, and Mn), which
suggest that Zn is mainly replaced by Fe during the hydrothermal event. Sulfur exhibits some
negative correlation with Se (R2=0.67) in the syn-ore sphalerite, suggesting that it is replaced by
Se during the main Carlin event.
146

The elements which are found in both sphalerite and pyrite are Fe, Zn, Se, Hg and Cu.
The amounts of Se and Cu are remarkably higher in both syn-ore sphalerite and pyrite; however,
Hg is much higher in late-ore sphalerite and pyrite, which are coeval with cinnabar. These
findings suggest that these elements were available in great concentrations during the syn- to lateore hydrothermal stages and their incorporation in the coeval sulfides was probably mainly
controlled by their relative abundances in the hydrothermal fluids rather than by changes in
temperature, pH or S2. The fact that Fe concentrations vary widely in the hydrothermal
sphalerite also supports this interpretation.

4.2 Introduction
Sphalerite (ZnS) from several deposit types, including low to intermediate-temperature
sediment-hosted Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) and exhalative-type (SEDEX), sediment or
volcanic-hosted Ag-rich epithermal, as well as volcanogenic-hosted massive sulfide (VMS)
deposits, commonly incorporate various minor and trace elements (e.g., Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Co, Cu,
Fe, Ga, Ge, Hg, In, Mn, Pb, Sb, and Tl) (Viets et al., 1992; Hudson et al., 1995; Hannington et al.,
1999; Gmez-Fernndez et al., 2000; Olivo and Gibbs, 2003; Peevler et al., 2003; Chutas and
Sack, 2004; Kelley et al., 2004; Pak et al., 2004; Schaefer et al., 2004; Di Benedetto et al., 2005;
Wilkinson et al., 2005; Melcher et al., 2006; Monteiro et al., 2006; Layton-Matthews et al., 2008;
and references therein). Moreover, some studies of Carlin-type or Carlin-like Au deposits have
also reported trace amounts of Au (up to 1,500 ppm), As (up to 0.65 wt %) and Hg (up to 1,970
ppm) in sphalerite (Wells and Mullens, 1973; Ferdock et al., 1997; Asadi et al., 1999; Theodore
et al., 2003).
Carlin-type Au deposits contain a large proportion of the worlds gold resources (e.g., 8
% of the worlds production: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, 2007) and are mainly found
147

in northern Nevada, United States, with a few Carlin-like Au deposits and occurrences in Utah,
United States, Iran and China (Asadi et al., 1999; Hofstra and Cline, et al., 2000; Asadi et al.,
2000; Cline et al., 2005; Su et al., 2009; and references therein). Carlin-type ore is characterized
by the occurrence of Au in arsenian hydrothermal pyrite, which commonly contains minor to
trace amounts of Cu, Hg, Ni, Sb, Se, Tl, Zn, and W. Although the composition of the Carlin
auriferous Fe-sulfides (mainly pyrite) has been extensively investigated in the last fifteen years
(Simon et al., 1999; Cline, 2001; Emsbo et al.; 2003, Kesler et al.; 2003, Chouinard et al., 2006;
and references therein), little is known about the trace element contents in other sulfides in
Carlin-type Au deposits.
Therefore, this study was undertaken to evaluate the minor and trace element
compositions of diagenetic to hydrothermal (e.g., early-, syn-, late-ore) sphalerite of the Paleozoic
Au-hosted sedimentary rocks of the southern part of the Goldstrike property, Nevada, in order to
understand better the availability of ore-forming elements during the evolution of these deposits.
Moreover, our results are integrated with data on chemical compositions of pyrite in the
Goldstrike property (Chouinard et al., 2006) and on sphalerite from other deposit types (e.g.
MVT, SEDEX, VMS and epithermal) to further our understanding of the processes responsible
for the formation of the Carlin-type Au deposits, and to evaluate the application of the mineral
chemistry of sphalerite as an exploration tool for Carlin-type Au deposits.

4.3 Geological setting

The Goldstrike property (Figure 4.1) is located in the northern Carlin trend, Great Basin,
northeastern Nevada in United States. The tectonic evolution of the area is very complex and
long-lived (e.g., Proterozoic to present), which is characterized by several depositional, tectonic,

148

magmatic and hydrothermal events (Hofstra and Cline, 2000; Emsbo et al., 2003; Cline et al.,
2005; Ressel and Henry, 2006; and references therein).
The Au-hosted impure carbonate sedimentary rocks were deposited during the
Ordovician to Devonian, and were over thrust by Ordovician-Devonian deep siliciclastic
sedimentary rocks along the Roberts Mountains fault (Roberts et al., 1967) during the late
Devonian-early Mississipian Antler orogeny. The Paleozoic impure carbonate sedimentary rocks,
also referred to as lower-plate sedimentary units, are the main host for gold ore and include the
Roberts Mountains, Popovich and Rodeo Creek formations (Figure 4.2). The Popovich Formation
is sub-divided into four major units, from base to top: Wispy, Planar, Soft Sediment Deformation
and Upper Mud. These units are interpreted to have been deposited in oxygenated to anoxic basin
platformal environment (Armstrong et al., 1998).
In the late Jurassic (163-158 Ma: Mortensen et al., 2000, Ressel and Henry, 2006, and
Chapter 3) and Eocene (40-36 Ma: Ressel and Henry, 2006) the area experienced two major
magmatic events, forming intrusive rocks of shoshonitic affinity (Chapter 3). The later is
interpreted to be spatially and temporally associated with the deposition of the Carlin-type Au
mineralization (42-36 Ma: Hofstra et al., 1999, Tretbar et al., 2000, Arehart et al., 2003). Studies
by Volk et al. (2001) reported that the steep NNW- and NNE-striking faults have controlled the
geometry of the Paleozoic basin, emplacement of the Jurassic and Eocene magmatic rocks and
may be the major conduits for the Eocene Au-bearing mineralizing fluids.

149

Figure 4.1 Simplified geological map of the southern part of the Goldstrike property, Nevada, showing the location of
deposits and studied samples (projected to the surface). Samples further investigated by electron microprobe are
indicated by an arrow (P343C: sample at depth of 288 ft, SJ232C: samples at depths of 786, 981, 1151 and 1187 ft, and
SJ535C: sample at depth of 846 ft). UTM coordinates are given in feet.

150

Figure 4.2 Simplified tectono-stratigraphic column for the Goldtrike property showing the position of the
gold deposits (e.g. Betze-Post, Screamer and Rodeo) relative to stratigraphic units. Modified from Volk et
al. (2001).

151

4.4 Methodology: Sampling and analytical methods

A detailed petrographic investigation of over 250 representative samples from the lower
plate sedimentary units (e.g., Roberts Mountains, Popovich and Rodeo Creek formations) was
conducted to establish the mineral paragenesis of the studied area. Six key samples containing
sphalerite from the Roberts Mountains and Popovich formations that showed clear textural
relationships and suitable sizes for analyses were investigated further using electron microprobe
to determine the chemical composition of the various generations of sphalerite identified by
petrographic observations. The sample locations are shown in Figure 4.1.
The quantitative analyses of sphalerite were carried out using the JEOL JXA-8900L
automated wavelength-dispersion electron microprobe also equipped with a Johansson-type
crystal which improves the peak:background ratio, allowing low detection limits. The analyzing
conditions were an acceleration voltage of 20 kV, a beam current of 50 nA, a tightly focused
beam (~ 1 m) and a long counting time (~ 30 minutes for each analysis). The standards used for
calibrations were natural and synthetic minerals, alloys and pure metals, including Au60Ag40 (Au
and Ag), CanMet CoNiAs (As), CdTe (Cd), CanMet pentlandite (Co, Ni), chromite (Cr), CanMet
chalcopyrite (Cu), CanMet pyrite (Fe), GaAs (Ga), Ge metal (Ge), HgS (Hg), InAs (In),
spessartine (Mn), CanMet PbS (Pb), CanMet ZnS (Zn and S), CanMet stibnite (Sb), Se metal
(Se), SnO2 (Sn), TiO2 (Ti), Tl2S (Tl), Vana2 (V), and W metal (W). The minimum detection
limits of the trace elements are shown in Tables 4.1-4.4. Raw data were corrected using a
standard ZAF correction procedure. Electron microprobe data were collected in all four
generations of sphalerite to characterize the variation of their major, minor and trace element
compositions and the representative analyses are displayed in Tables 4.1-4.4. The sphalerite
chemical formulae were calculated based on the range (i.e., minimum-maximum) of composition
for each stage.
152

4.5 Mineral paragenesis of the Au-hosted sedimentary rocks and mode of

occurrence of sphalerite
Detailed petrographic and electron microprobe investigations of the Au- hosted
sedimentary rocks of the Goldstrike property Carlin-type gold mineralization reveal four major
precipitation stages: diagenesis, early-ore, syn-ore and late-ore (Figures 4.3 and 4.4A-H, Chapters
2 and 3). The last three stages are attributed to the Eocene Carlin hydrothermal event.
Traces of diagenetic euhedral to subhedral pyrite and anhedral fine-grained (up to 30 m
in diameter) reddish brown homogeneous sphalerite (Figure 4.4A, B) occur as disseminated
grains along bedding planes, associated with carbonate rhombs, silt-sized quartz, white mica and
a K-bearing clay mineral in a micritic groundmass, associated with minor carbonate dissolution
and carbon-rich layers.
The early-ore stage is characterized by dissolution of the carbonate rocks followed by
precipitation of hydrothermal anhedral fine-grained quartz (e.g., silicification), anhedral to
subhedral pyrite aggregates, minor marcarsite and fine to coarse-grained (up to 100 m) anhedral
yellowish brown to brown sphalerite (Figures 4.4C, D), and rare arsenopyrite and chalcopyrite
crystals.
Fine-grained porous Au-bearing arsenian pyrite, minor marcasite, arsenopyrite, and rare
sphalerite, and tetrahedrite [(Cu,Fe,Ag,Zn)12Sb4S13] tennantite [(Cu,Ag,Fe,Zn)12As4S13] are
typical of the syn-ore stage, which is commonly associated with intense replacement of carbonate
by hydrothermal quartz and argillization of detrital components. The auriferous arsenian pyrite
occurs as thin rims of fine-grained aggregates on diagenetic to early hydrothermal pyrite (Figure
4.4E), as disseminated fine-grained aggregates (Figure 4.4F) or in alteration fronts along bedding
planes. Syn-ore sphalerite occurs as euhedral to subhedral coarse-grained (up to 100 m) dark
153

brownish red aggregates associated with porous fine-grained Au-bearing pyrite and anhedral
tetrahedrite-tennantite (Figure 4.4F).

Figure 4.3 Paragenetic sequence for the Goldstrike property including diagenesis, and Carlin hydrothermal
(early-, syn- and late-ore) events. The bold lines indicate high abundance, the thin lines represent minor
amounts, and the discontinuous lines indicate uncertainty in the determination of the paragenetic sequence
due to the lack of clear textural relationships.

154

The late-ore stage is characterized by veinlets, veins, vugs, cavities, and open spaces
partially filled mainly with euhedral coarse-grained crystals of calcite, fine to coarse-grained
quartz, barite, clay minerals, pyrite (Figure 4.4E), and minor stibnite, anhedral coarse-grained (up
to 200 m) dark brown sphalerite (Figures 4.4G, H), orpiment, realgar, and cinnabar. The late-ore
sphalerite is commonly associated with late-ore pyrite in coarse-grained quartz veinlets usually at
the contact with partially silicified impure carbonate sedimentary rocks (Figure 4.4G). Locally,
sphalerite grains with chalcopyrite inclusions occur associated with euhedral pyrite in a coarsegrained quartz vein (Figure 4.4H).

______________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 4.4 Photomicrographs and back-scattered electron (BSE) images of the various generations of
sphalerite and pyrite. (A) Anhedral reddish brown diagenetic sphalerite (D-Sp) along bedding planes
(photomicrograph, transmitted, plane-polarized light, SJ535C-846, Upper Mud Unit). (B) Detail of
anhedral homogeneous diagenetic sphalerite (D-Sp) (BSE image, P343C-288, Upper Mud Unit). (C) Earlyore sphalerite (EH-Sp) associated with early hydrothermal As-rich pyrite (EH-Py), both overgrown by Aubearing arsenian pyrite (Au-Py) (BSE image, SJ232C-981, Wispy Unit). (D) Close view of previous BSE
image, showing aggregates of early-sphalerite (EH-Sp) and pyrite (EH-Py) overgrown by fine-grained
porous auriferous arsenian pyrite (Au-Py) (photomicrograph, reflected, plane-polarized light, SJ232C-981,
Wispy Unit). (E) Early hydrothermal pyrite rimmed by Au-bearing pyrite, which is overgrown by the late
pyrite I and II (BSE image, BZ922C-709, Planar Unit, from Chouinard et al., 2006). (F) Coarse-grained
euhedral to subhedral syn-ore Se-rich sphalerite (Sp) associated with disseminated aggregates of finegrained Au-bearing arsenian pyrite (Au-Py) and tetrahedrite-tennantite (Td-Tn) (photomicrograph,
reflected, plane-polarized light, SJ232C-786, Planar Unit). (G) Coarse-grained dark-brown, Hg-rich lateore sphalerite (LH-Sp) at the contact between hydrothermal quartz (Qtz)-Illite (Ill) and silicified limestone
(photomicrograph, transmitted, plane-polarized light, SJ232C-981, Wispy Unit). (H) Coarse-grained lateore sphalerite (LH-Sp) with inclusion of anhedral chalcopyrite (Ccp) and associated with late-ore pyrite
(LH-Py) in a late quartz (Qtz) vein (photomicrograph, reflected, plane-polarized light, SJ232C-786, Planar
Unit).

155

156

4.6 Mineral chemistry of sphalerite

The chemical composition of the four generations of sphalerite (i.e., diagenetic, early-,
syn-, and late-ore) are summarized below, and shown in Figures 4.5A-H and Tables 4.1-4.4.
Diagenetic sphalerite is optically homogeneous (Figure 4.4B), shows little compositional
variation (Table 4.1, and Figures 4.5A-H) and its calculated structural formula is (Zn0.920.99Cd0.01)0.93-1.01S0.99-1.02.

It is enriched in Cd (up to 1.31 wt %), and contains minor amounts of Fe

(up to 0.233 wt %), Hg (0.863 wt %), and Se (up to 220 ppm) (Table 4.1). Moreover, a few grains
yielded detectable concentrations of Cu, Ga, Sb and Tl.
The early-ore sphalerite usually contains high amounts of Fe (up to 6.48 wt %), Cd (up to
1.76 wt %), and Hg (up to 1.34 wt %) with minor concentrations of Mn (up to 0.171 wt %), Ga
(up to 670 ppm), and Se (210 ppm) (Table 4.2). A few grains have detectable concentrations of
As, Co, Cu, Ni, and Sb. Its calculated structural formula is (Zn0.88-0.95Fe0.02-0.11Cu0-0.03Cd0-0.02Hg00.02)0.98-1.01S0.99-1.02.

Syn-ore sphalerite has high concentrations of Fe (up to 8.67 wt %) and Cu (1.91 wt %),
minor amounts of Cd (up to 0.788 wt %) and Mn (0.167 wt %) and the highest concentrations of
Se (0.156 wt %) (Table 4.3, Figure 4.5G). A few grains have detectable concentrations of Ga, Hg,
V, and Tl, with a calculated structural formula of (Zn0.84-0.93Fe0.05-0.15Cu0-0.03Cd0-0.01)0.98-1.01S0.99-1.02.
The late-ore sphalerite is characterized by high amounts of Fe (up to 8.51 wt %), Cd
(1.30 wt %), and Hg (up to 5.12 wt %) and minor concentrations of Mn (0.247 wt %), Ga (0.161
wt %), and Se (up to 280 ppm) (Table 4.4). A few grains have detectable amounts of As, Co, Cu,
Sb, and V. Its calculated structural formula is (Zn0.84-0.96Fe0.03-0.14 Hg0-0.03Cd0-0.01)0.98-1.03S0.97-1.02.
Overall, diagenetic sphalerite contains higher Zn and Cd than the hydrothermal phases
(Figures 4.5A, B). On the other hand, hydrothermal sphalerite has higher Fe and Mn (Figures
4.5C, D), with variable concentrations of Cd, Cu, Hg, and Se (Figures 4.5B, E-G). Copper and Se
157

Sample No.
Element (dl)1
Zn-wt % (195)
Fe (175)
Cd (338)
Mn (164)
Ga (125)
Hg (326)
Cu (207)
Co (178)
V (78)
Sb (100)
Tl (374)
Ni (159)
S (124)
Se (68)
As (335)
Total

Table 4.1 Composition of Diagenetic Sphalerite from the the Goldstrike Property, Nevada.
SJ535C-846 (UM)
P343C-288 (UM)
66.22
0.127
1.26
bdl
bdl
0.034
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
32.67
0.017
bdl
100.32

64.50
0.118
1.16
bdl
0.050
0.863
0.071
bdl
bdl
0.042
bdl
bdl
31.92
bdl
bdl
98.72

66.38
0.119
1.27
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
32.51
bdl
bdl
100.27

65.73
0.078
1.21
bdl
0.014
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
33.04
bdl
bdl
100.06

66.43
0.233
1.26
bdl
bdl
0.054
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.042
bdl
32.92
0.022
bdl
100.97

66.63
0.176
1.18
bdl
bdl
0.046
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
32.70
bdl
bdl
100.74

66.45
0.219
1.25
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.044
bdl
32.50
0.010
bdl
100.47

66.37
0.100
1.19
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.021
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
32.57
0.015
bdl
100.26

S232C786 (PL)
66.29
0.224
1.31
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
32.77
0.012
bdl
100.60

Zn- at %
49.47
49.30
49.65
49.09
49.34
49.61
49.63
49.65
49.33
Fe
0.111
0.106
0.104
0.068
0.202
0.154
0.191
0.087
0.195
Cd
0.547
0.518
0.550
0.523
0.545
0.513
0.542
0.517
0.566
Mn
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
Ga
bdl
0.036
bdl
0.010
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
Hg
0.008
0.215
bdl
bdl
0.013
0.011
bdl
bdl
bdl
Cu
bdl
0.056
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.016
bdl
Co
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
V
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
Sb
bdl
0.017
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
Tl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.010
bdl
0.010
bdl
bdl
Ni
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
S
49.76
49.75
49.59
50.31
49.85
49.64
49.49
49.68
49.73
Se
0.011
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.013
bdl
0.006
0.009
0.008
As
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
Total
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Ag (381), Au (70), Cr (150), Ge (38), In (38), Sn (263), Ti (85), and W (336) were also analyzed and were below detection limit (bdl).
1
Detection limits (dl) are given in ppm. Rock Units: PL- Planar Unit and UM- Upper Mud Unit

158

Sample No.
Element (dl)1
Zn-wt % (195)
Fe (175)
Cd (338)
Mn (164)
Ga (125)
Hg (326)
Cu (207)
Co (178)
V (78)
Sb (100)
Tl (374)
Ni (159)
S (124)
Se (68)
As (335)
Total

Table 4.2 Composition of Early-Ore Sphalerite from the Goldstrike Property, Nevada.
SJ232C-981 (WS)

59.83
4.60
0.610
0.143
0.038
1.34
0.038
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
32.22
bdl
bdl
98.81

60.03
4.80
0.693
0.134
0.037
0.064
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
33.14
0.018
bdl
98.91

63.05
2.03
1.76
0.132
0.038
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
32.40
bdl
bdl
99.41

59.14
6.43
0.888
0.133
0.035
0.085
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
32.90
0.020
bdl
99.63

59.60
5.96
0.804
0.150
0.039
0.077
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
32.55
0.021
bdl
99.20

61.27
3.78
0.508
0.126
0.067
0.337
0.059
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
32.56
bdl
bdl
98.70

59.06
6.48
0.863
0.147
0.031
0.033
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
33.15
0.018
bdl
99.78

59.41
6.00
0.886
0.171
0.039
bdl
0.042
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
32.71
0.016
bdl
99.27

59.44
6.09
0.875
0.149
0.033
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
32.74
0.021
bdl
99.34

59.38
5.21
0.831
0.141
0.029
0.635
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
32.60
0.013
bdl
98.84

SJ232C1151
(LL)
62.08
2.64
0.673
0.135
0.024
0.236
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.015
bdl
0.065
32.05
bdl
0.129
98.06

SJ232C1187
(LL)
63.22
1.27
0.644
0.149
0.035
0.180
bdl
0.069
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
32.86
0.009
bdl
98.44

Zn- at %
47.51 43.96 44.58 46.15 43.76 44.35 44.33 44.69 45.33
44.84
47.25
47.72
Fe
1.79
5.60
5.22
3.33
5.62
5.24
5.31
4.59
4.08
4.20
2.36
1.12
Cd
0.772 0.384 0.350 0.222 0.372 0.385 0.380 0.364 0.269
0.301
0.298
0.283
Mn
0.118 0.117 0.134 0.113 0.130 0.152 0.133 0.126 0.129
0.119
0.122
0.134
Ga
0.027 0.024 0.027 0.048 0.022 0.027 0.023 0.021 0.027
0.026
0.017
0.025
Hg
bdl 0.021 0.019 0.083 0.008
bdl
bdl 0.156 0.331
0.016
0.059
0.044
Cu
bdl
bdl
bdl 0.046
bdl 0.032
bdl
bdl 0.030
bdl
bdl
bdl
Co
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.058
V
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
Sb
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.006
bdl
Tl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
Ni
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.055
bdl
S
49.78 49.86 49.64 50.00 50.07 49.79 49.79 50.03 49.78
50.47
49.74
50.58
Se
bdl 0.012 0.013
bdl 0.011 0.010 0.013 0.008
bdl
0.011
bdl
0.005
As
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.086
bdl
Total
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Ag (381), Au (70), Cr (150), Ge (38), In (38), Sn (263), Ti (85), and W (336) were also analyzed and were below detection limit (bdl).
1
Detection limits (dl) are given in ppm. Rock Unit: LL: Roberts Mountains Formation and WS: Wispy Unit.

159

Sample No.
Element (dl)1
Zn-wt % (195)
Fe (175)
Cd (338)
Mn (164)
Ga (125)
Hg (326)
Cu (207)
Co (178)
V (78)
Sb (100)
Tl (374)
Ni (159)
S (124)
Se (68)
As (335)
Total

Table 4.3 Composition of Syn-Ore Sphalerite from the Goldstrike Property, Nevada.
SJ232C-786 (PL)
59.31
5.16
0.747
0.143
0.036
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
32.68
0.146
bdl
98.23

58.47
6.18
0.737
0.149
0.040
bdl
0.048
bdl
0.021
bdl
0.046
bdl
32.93
0.155
bdl
98.78

56.18
8.59
0.706
0.167
0.041
bdl
0.143
bdl
0.008
bdl
bdl
bdl
32.95
0.156
bdl
98.94

58.14
4.94
0.719
0.101
0.037
bdl
0.098
bdl
0.035
bdl
bdl
bdl
34.47
0.111
bdl
98.65

60.99
4.04
0.499
bdl
bdl
0.196
1.91
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
32.72
0.150
bdl
100.51

56.73
8.67
0.661
0.039
bdl
bdl
0.265
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
32.91
0.139
bdl
99.41

57.87
6.48
0.760
0.017
bdl
0.033
0.036
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
33.06
0.142
bdl
98.40

62.66
3.38
0.788
0.024
bdl
bdl
0.031
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
32.74
0.146
bdl
99.78

62.42
3.03
0.731
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.076
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
33.14
0.118
bdl
99.51

61.88
3.51
0.753
0.021
bdl
bdl
0.137
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
32.82
0.146
bdl
99.27

57.64
6.91
0.763
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.051
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
32.96
0.154
bdl
98.47

Zn- at %
44.68
43.73
41.81
43.06
45.10
42.07
43.34
46.74
46.46
46.29
43.14
Fe
4.55
5.41
7.48
4.28
3.50
7.53
5.68
2.95
2.64
3.08
6.06
Cd
0.327
0.320
0.306
0.310
0.215
0.285
0.331
0.342
0.317
0.328
0.332
Mn
0.128
0.132
0.148
0.089
bdl
0.034
0.015
0.021
bdl
0.019
bdl
Ga
0.026
0.028
0.029
0.026
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
Hg
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.047
bdl
0.008
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
Cu
bdl
0.037
0.109
0.074
1.451
0.202
0.028
0.024
0.058
0.105
0.039
Co
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
V
bdl
0.020
0.007
0.033
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
Sb
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
Tl
bdl
0.011
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
Ni
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
S
50.19
50.21
50.00
52.05
49.33
49.77
50.49
49.80
50.30
50.05
50.30
Se
0.091
0.096
0.096
0.068
0.092
0.085
0.088
0.090
0.073
0.090
0.095
As
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
Total
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Ag (381), Au (70), Cr (150), Ge (38), In (38), Sn (263), Ti (85), and W (336) were also analyzed and were below detection limit (bdl).
1
Detection limits (dl) are given in ppm. Rock Unit: PL- Planar Unit.

160

Sample #
Element (dl)1
Zn-wt % (195)
Fe (175)
Cd (338)
Mn (164)
Ga (125)
Hg (326)
Cu (207)
Co (178)
V (78)
Sb (100)
Tl (374)
Ni (159)
S (124)
Se (68)
As (335)
Total

Table 4.4 Composition of Late-Ore Sphalerite from the Goldstrike Property, Nevada
SJ232C-981 (WS)
56.65
8.19
1.15
0.237
0.030
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
33.06
0.014
bdl
99.33

56.34
8.51
1.10
0.247
0.032
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
33.03
0.014
bdl
99.27

56.80
7.83
1.22
0.211
0.039
0.034
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
32.77
0.019
bdl
98.92

59.19
5.77
0.99
0.148
0.039
0.050
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
32.60
0.013
bdl
98.80

57.97
6.73
1.12
0.205
0.029
0.082
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
32.70
0.012
bdl
98.84

59.08
5.39
0.955
0.142
0.035
0.179
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
32.49
0.021
bdl
98.30

59.09
5.38
0.718
0.105
0.050
1.33
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
32.36
0.028
bdl
99.06

57.69
7.19
1.14
0.201
0.032
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
32.94
0.008
bdl
99.21

Zn- at %
42.07
41.84
42.45
44.42
43.43
44.59
44.60
42.97
Fe
7.12
7.40
6.84
5.07
5.90
4.77
4.75
6.27
Cd
0.498
0.476
0.530
0.432
0.486
0.419
0.315
0.496
Mn
0.209
0.219
0.188
0.132
0.183
0.128
0.095
0.178
Ga
0.021
0.022
0.027
0.027
0.021
0.025
0.035
0.022
Hg
bdl
bdl
0.008
0.012
0.020
0.044
0.327
bdl
Cu
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
Co
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
V
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
Sb
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
Tl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
Ni
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
S
50.05
50.02
49.93
49.88
49.95
50.00
49.80
50.03
Se
0.009
0.009
0.012
0.008
0.007
0.013
0.017
0.005
As
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
Total
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Ag (381), Au (70), Cr (150), Ge (38), In (38), Sn (263), Ti (85), and W (336) were also analyzed and were below detection limit (bdl).
1
Detection limits (dl) are given in ppm. Rock Unit: WS- Wispy Unit.

161

Sample #
Element (dl)1
Zn-wt % (195)
Fe (175)
Cd (338)
Mn (164)
Ga (125)
Hg (326)
Cu (207)
Co (178)
V (78)
Sb (100)
Tl (374)
Ni (159)
S (124)
Se (68)
As (335)
Total

TABLE 4.4 (cont.)Composition of Late-Ore Sphalerite from the Goldstrike Property, Nevada
SJ232C-981 (WS)
SJ232C-786 (PL)
60.07
1.95
0.943
0.127
0.032
3.50
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
32.00
bdl
bdl
98.61

63.07
1.66
0.305
0.12
0.033
0.560
0.031
bdl
bdl
0.011
bdl
bdl
33.51
bdl
bdl
99.30

58.82
5.49
0.945
0.141
0.038
0.248
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
32.67
0.017
bdl
98.37

55.90
4.13
1.30
0.176
0.027
5.12
0.078
0.022
0.014
bdl
bdl
bdl
32.04
0.013
0.159
98.97

59.42
3.67
0.972
bdl
0.161
3.696
0.079
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
32.33
0.015
bdl
100.35

59.07
7.01
1.15
0.041
bdl
0.041
0.040
0.019
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
33.27
0.019
bdl
100.66

59.41
5.92
1.11
0.022
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.018
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
32.98
0.012
bdl
99.47

57.99
6.89
1.28
0.050
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
32.98
0.016
bdl
99.20

Zn- at %
46.38
47.09
44.30
43.33
45.10
43.46
44.23
43.22
Fe
1.76
1.45
4.84
3.74
3.26
6.04
5.16
6.01
Cd
0.424
0.132
0.414
0.587
0.429
0.490
0.481
0.555
Mn
0.116
0.106
0.126
0.163
bdl
0.036
0.020
0.045
Ga
0.024
0.023
0.027
0.020
0.115
bdl
bdl
bdl
Hg
0.880
0.136
0.061
1.295
0.914
0.010
bdl
bdl
Cu
bdl
0.024
bdl
0.062
0.062
0.030
bdl
bdl
Co
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.019
bdl
0.016
0.015
bdl
V
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.014
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
Sb
bdl
0.004
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
Tl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
Ni
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
S
50.38
51.02
50.18
50.64
50.03
49.90
50.07
50.13
Se
bdl
bdl
0.011
0.009
0.009
0.011
0.008
0.010
As
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.108
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
Total
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Ag (381), Au (70), Cr (150), Ge (38), In (38), Sn (263), Ti (85), and W (336) were also analyzed and were below detection limit (bdl).
1
Detection limits (dl) are given in ppm. Rock Unit: PL- Planar Unit and WS: Wispy Unit.

162

Figure 4.5 Box and whisker plot of major, minor and trace elements (in atomic percent) obtained by
electron microprobe analyses showing their variation in diagenetic, early-ore, syn-ore, and late-ore
sphalerite. (A) Zn, (B) Cd, (C) Fe, (D) Mn, (E) Cu, (F) Hg, (G) Se, and (H) Ga. Total of analyses = 48
(Diagenetic: 9, Early-ore: 12, Syn-ore: 11, Late-ore: 16, Table 4.1-4.4).

163

contents are higher in the syn-ore sphalerite (Figures 4.5E, G) and high amounts of Hg are
commonly associated with late-ore sphalerite (Figure 4.5F). High amounts of Hg and Cd (up to
28 and 4 at %, respectively) in minute anhedral sphalerite inclusions in the tetrahedrite-tennantite
in the mineralized zones of the Popovich Formation were also reported by Theodore et al. (2003).
Gallium varies quite significantly, yielding its highest concentration in the late-ore sphalerite;
however, in syn-ore sphalerite it is fairly constant (Figure 4.5H).
No correlation among any elements was observed for the diagenetic sphalerite (Figures
4.6A-H). However, in the hydrothermal sphalerite, Zn correlates negatively with Fe (R2 = 0.97,
Figure 4.6A), and has no outstanding correlation with any other metal (e.g., Cd, Cu, Hg, Ga, Mn,
Figures 4.6B-F) or metal sums (Figure 4.6G), which indicates that Zn is mainly replaced by Fe
during the Carlin hydrothermal event. Furthermore, Se exhibits a negative correlation trend with
S in the syn-ore sphalerite (Figure 4.6H), suggesting it replaces S, but no trend was observed in
the other generations of sphalerite.

164

Figure 4.6 Binary diagrams of major, minor and trace elements (in atomic percent) obtained by electron
microprobe analyses for the four generations of sphalerite. (A) Zn versus Fe, (B) Zn versus Cd, (C) Zn
versus Cu, (D) Zn versus Hg, (E) Zn versus Ga, (F) Zn versus Mn, (G) Zn versus (Cd+Cu+Ga+Hg+Mn),
and (H) S versus Se.

4.7 Discussion
The incorporation and chemical variation of trace elements in sphalerite through time
may be attributed to the primary composition of the host rocks and/or changes in the physicochemical conditions, including the metal concentrations in the mineralizing fluids, temperature,
pH, and sulfur fugacity, as well as, in part, to the partitioning of trace elements in other minerals
coeval with sphalerite precipitation (Scott, 1983, Viets et al., 1992, Schroll, 1996, Vaughan and
Craig, 1997, Kelley et al., 2004, Schaefer et al., 2004, Wilkinson et al., 2005, Monteiro et al.,
2006, and references therein). Therefore, in order to understand the relevance of these processes,
we evaluated the composition of the least altered Paleozoic sedimentary host rocks and also

165

compared the composition of sphalerite with the various generations of pyrite (Figures 4.7A, B;
Chouinard et al., 2006) from the same studied samples from the Goldstrike property.

Figure 4.7 Chemical variation of major, minor and trace elements of the various generations of pyrite (e.g.,
diagenetic, early-ore, syn-ore, and late-ore) in the southern part of the Goldstrike property, Nevada.
(Modified from Chouinard et al., 2006).

166

Besides Fe and Zn, the trace elements that occur in both sphalerite and pyrite are Se, Hg,
and Cu. Although Se is found in all generations of pyrite and sphalerite (Figures 4.5G, 4.7B,
respectively), it is remarkably higher in the syn- and late-ore pyrite, and in the syn-ore sphalerite.
Mercury shows a similar trend to Se in pyrite (Figure 4.7B); however, Hg is more enriched in the
late-ore stage grains of pyrite (LPI) and sphalerite (Figure 4.5F), which are coeval with the
precipitation of cinnabar (Figure 4.3). Copper concentrations are significantly higher in syn-ore
sphalerite and pyrite than in the other generations (Figures 4.5E, 4.7b). These results suggest that
Cu, Hg and Se were relatively abundant during the syn- to late-ore stages, and their partitioning
among coeval sulfides (i.e., sphalerite and pyrite) was not relevant in determining their
compositional variation. Futhermore, Fe is more enriched in the hydrothermal sphalerite, which
co-precipitated with a high percentage of pyrite (Figure 4.3), further suggesting that the amount
of trace elements that were incorporated in these sulfides is mainly a function of their abundance
in the fluids, rather than changes in temperature, pH, and S2.
The fact that diagenetic sphalerite contains Se (as well as pyrite, Figures 4.5G, 7B) and
Cd (Figure 4.5B), and that the least altered samples of the Paleozoic sedimentary host rocks are
commonly enriched in these elements (Chapter 2), leads us to suggest that these elements were
scavenged from the sedimentary rocks due to maturation of the organic matter by interaction with
hot mineralizing fluid during the Eocene syn-ore stage. A similar process was also proposed for
VMS deposits of the Finlayson Lake district, Canada (Layton-Matthews et al., 2008). However,
we cannot exclude the possibility that Se, and mainly Cu and Hg, may have been introduced in
significant amounts by an external mineralizing fluid as they are particularly enriched in the
hydrothermal generations of sulfides. High concentrations of Hg may have stayed in solution up
to the late-ore stage as attested by the precipitation of Hg-rich sphalerite and pyrite coeval with
cinnabar as the fluid temperature decreased (Figure 4.3). On the other hand, the solubility of Cu
167

and Se might have been more susceptible to changes in temperature as they were mainly
incorporated in the syn-ore pyrite and sphalerite (Figures 4.5E, G).
We compared our results with those published for SEDEX (Kelley et al., 2004), MVT
(Gmez-Fernndez et al., 2000, Peevler et al., 2003, Schaefer et al., 2004, Wilkinson et al., 2005,
and Monteiro et al., 2006), epithermal (Olivo and Gibbs, 2003, Chutas and Sack, 2004, and Pak et
al., 2004), and VMS (Grammatikopoulos et al., 2006 and Layton-Matthews et al., 2008), as
shown in Figures 4.8A-E. The database is limited as the majority of the studies do not report a
wide range of trace elements for sphalerite. Although the hydrothermal sphalerite associated with
Carlin-type Au deposits is commonly more enriched in Hg (up to 5.12 wt %) than most of other
deposits (Figure 4.8C), studies by Grammatikopoulos et al. (2006) shows that the sphalerite
associated with the Eskay Creek Au-rich VMS hosts much higher Hg amounts (up to 16.35 wt %;
Figure 4.8C) than the Carlin hydrothermal sphalerite.

168

Figure 4.8 Whisker plot of (A) Fe, (B) Cd, (C) Hg, (D) Cu, and (E) Se in weight percent, showing their
variation in the Carlin diagenetic and hydrothermal sphalerite (this study), Mississippi-valley type (MVT),
sedimentary-exhalative (SEDEX), epithermal and volcanogenic-massive sulfides (VMS) deposits. (MVT 1:
Picos de Europa, Spain, Gmez-Fernndez et al., 2000, MVT 2: Lisheen, Ireland,Wilkinson et al., 2005,
MVT 3: Mascot-Jefferson, USA, Peevler et al., 2003, MVT 4-7: Bushy Park, Kalkfontein, Balloch and
Pering, respectively, South Africa, Schaefer et al., 2004, MVT 8-10: Fagundes, Vazante and Ambrosia,
respectively, Brazil, Monteiro et al., 2006, SEDEX: Red Dog, USA, Kelley et al., 2004, Epithermal 1:
Taebaeksan, Korea, Pak et al., 2004, Epithermal 2: Santo Toribio, Peru, Olivo and Gibbs, 2003, Epithermal
3: La Colorada, Mexico, Chutas and Sack, 2004, VMS 1-3: GP4F, KZK and Wolverine, respectively,
Canada, Layton-Matthews et al., 2008, VMS-5: Grammatikopoulos et al., 2006)

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sulfide minerals in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, Brooks Range, Alaska: implications for
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Kesler, S.E., Fortuna, J., Ye, Z., Alt, J.C., Core, D.P., Zohar, P., Borhauer, J., and Chryssoulis, S,
2003, Evaluation of the role of sulfidation in deposition of gold, Screamer section of the
Betze-Post Carlin-type deposit, Nevada: Economic Geology, v. 98, p. 1137-1157.
Layton-Matthews, D., Peter, J.M., Scott, S.D., and Leybourne, M.I., 2008, Distribution,
mineralogy, and geochemistry of selenium in felsic volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits
of the Finlayson Lake District, Yukon Territory, Canada: Economic Geology, v. 103, p. 6188.
Melcher, F., Oberthr, T., Rammlmair, D., 2006, Geochemical and mineralogical distribution of
germanium in the Khusib Springs Cu-Zn-Pb-Ag sulfide deposit, Otavi Mountain Land,
Namibia: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 28, p. 32-56.
Monteiro, L.V.S., Bettencourt, J.S., Juliani, C., and Oliveira, T.F., 2006, Geology, petrography,
and mineral chemistry of the Vazante non-sulfide and Ambrsia and Fagundes sulfide-rich
carbonate-hosted Zn-(Pb) deposits, Minas Gerais, Brasil: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 28, p.
201-234.
Mortensen, J.K., Thompson, J.F.H., and Tosdal, R.M., 2000, U-Pb age constraints on magmatism
and mineralization in the northern Great Basin.: Geological Society of Nevada, Geology and
Ore Deposits 2000: The Great Basin and Beyond Symposium, Reno/Sparks, Nevada, May
15-18, 2000, Proceeding, p. 419-438.
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of Mines and Geology Special Publication MI-2007, 182p.
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Olivo, G.R. and Gibbs, K., 2003, Paragenesis and mineral chemistry of alabanite (MnS) from the
Ag-rich Santo Toribo epithermal deposit, northern Peru: Mineralogical Magazine, v. 67, p.
95-102.
Pak, S.J., Choi, S.G., Choi, S.H., 2004, Systematic mineralogy and chemistry of gold-silver vein
deposits in the Taebaeksan district, Korea: distal relatives of a porphyry system:
Mineralogical Magazine, v. 68, p. 467-487.
Peevler, J., Fayek, M, Misra, K.C., and Riciputi, L.R., 2003, Sulfur isotope microanalysis of
sphalerite be SIMS: constraints on the genesis of Mississipi valley-type mineralization, from
the Mascot-Jefferson City district, East Tennessee: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v.
80, p. 277-296.
Ressel, M.W. and Henry, C.D., 2006, Igneous geology of the Carlin trend, Nevada: Development
of the Eocene plutonic complex and significance for Carlin-type gold deposits: Economic
Geology, v. 101, p. 347-383.
Roberts, R.J., Montgomery, K.M., and Lehner, R.E., 1967, Geology and mineral resources of
Eureka County, Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Bulletin, v. 64, 52p.
Schaefer, M.O., Gutzmer, J., Beukes, N.J., and Greyling, L.N., 2004, Mineral chemistry of
sphalerite and galena from Pb-Zn mineralization hosted by the Transvaal Supergroup in
Griqualand West, South Africa: South African Journal of Geology, v. 107, p. 341-354.
Schroll, E., 1996, The Triassic carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn mineralization in the Alps (Europe): the
genesis position of Bleiberg type deposits. Pp. 182-194 in: Carbonate-hosted lead-zinc
deposits (D.F. Sangster, editor). Special Publication 4, Society of Economic Geology.
Scott, S.D., 1983, Chemical behavior of sphalerite and arsenopyrite in hydrothermal and
metamorphic environments: Mineralogical Magazine, v. 47, p. 427-435.

173

Simon, G., Kesler, S.E., and Chryssoulis, S., 1999, Geochemistry and textures of gold-bearing
arsenian pyrite, Twin Creek, Nevada: Implications for deposition of gold in Carlin-type
deposits: Economic Geology, v. 94, p. 405-422.
Su, W., Heinrich, C.a., Pettke, T., Zhang, X., Hu, R., Xia, B., 2009, Sediment-hosted gold
deposits in guizhou, china: products of wall-rock sulfidation by deep crustal fluids: Economic
Geology, v. 104, p. 73-93.
Theodore, T.G., Kotlyar, B.B., Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Abbott, E.W., 2003, Applied
geochemistry, geology and mineralogy of the northernmost Carlin trend, Nevada: Economic
Geology, v. 98, p. 287-316
Tretbar, D, Arehart, G.B., and Christensen, J.N., 2000, Dating gold deposition in a Carlin-type
gold deposit, using Rb/Sr methods on the mineral galkahaite: Geology, v. 28, p. 947-950.
Vaughan, D.J. and Craig, J.R., 1997, Sulfide mineral stabilities, morphologies, and intergrowth
textures. Pp. 367-434 in: Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits (H.L. Barnes, editor). 3rd
edition, New York, John Willey.
Viets, J., Hopkins, R.T., and Miller, B.M., 1992, Variations in minor and trace metals in
sphalerite from Mississipi valley-type deposits of the Ozark region: genetic implications:
Economic Geology, v. 87, p. 1897-1905.
Volk, J., Weakley, C., Penick, M., Lander, A., 2001, Structural geology of the Goldstrike
property, north-central Nevada. Geological Society of Nevada Special Publication, v. 33, p.
361-379.
Wells, J.D. and Mullens, T.E., 1973, Gold-bearing arsenian pyrite determined by microprobe
analysis, Cortez and Carlin gold mines, Nevada: Economic Geology, v. 68, p. 187-201.

174

Wilkinson, J.J., Eyre, S.L., and Boyce, A.J., 2005, Ore-forming processes in Irish-type carbonatehosted Zn-Pb deposits: evidence from mineralogy, chemistry, and isotopic composition of
sulfides at the Lisheen Mine: Economic Geology, v. 100, p. 63-86.

175

Chapter 5
DISCUSSION

The results presented in this thesis have contributed significantly to a better

understanding of the genesis of Carlin-type gold deposits, including the possible source of fluids,
Au and ore-related elements, mechanisms responsible for ore pyrite precipitation, and the role of
Jurassic and Eocene magmatic events during the formation of these deposits. Furthermore, the
results are integrated with the tectonic evolution of the region, and a comprehensive genetic
model is proposed which is summarized in Figure 5.1 and discussed below.

5.1 Tectonic evolution

The Goldstrike property is located in the Great Basin, Carlin trend, northern Nevada, near
the inferred western margin of the Precambrian North American craton, as defined by both
stratigraphic and isotopic data (Cunningham, 1998, Tosdal et al., 2000, Grauch et al., 2003, Cline
et al., 2005, Emsbo et al., 2006, and Lund, 2008). The superimposition of several sedimentary,
tectonic, magmatic and hydrothermal events, coupled with reactivation of deep long-lived crustal
structures through time, may have created an ideal setting for the formation of the Carlin-type
gold deposits and are discussed below. Moreover, Carlin-type gold deposits are larger and more
abundant in areas underlain by attenuated Archean crust or oceanic crust and small or absent in
areas underlain by thick Proterozoic crust (DePaolo and Farmer, 1984, Wooden et al., 1998,
Tosdal et al., 2000, Hofstra and Cline, 2000, and references therein).

176

Figure 5.1 Schematic genetic model for Carlin-type Au deposits at the southern part of the Goldstrike
property, Nevada, illustrating the Paleozoic sedimentary rocks as the major source of Cd, Ni, Mo, U, V,
and Zn and minor As, Ba, Cu, Hg, and Se, the Jurassic phlogopite lamprophyre dikes as a significant source
of Co and Se and minor Au, and the Eocene deep magmatic intrusion and related shallow dikes as the
major source of Au, As, Hg, Sb, Tl, and W, heat and magmatic-hydrothermal fluid components (e.g., CO2,
H2O, and S2). It also shows the location of Ore I and Ore II respectively proximal and distal from the main
mineralizing fluid conduits. Rock Units: LL-Roberts Mountains Formation, PL: Planar Unit, RC-Rodeo
Creek Formation, SD-Soft Deformation Sediments Unit, UM-Upper Mud Unit, and WS-Wispy Unit.

177

5.1.1 Paleozoic: sediment deposition and the Antler orogeny

The deposition of the shallow marine impure carbonate rocks (e.g., Roberts Mountains,
Popovich and Rodeo Creek formations) and deep siliciclastic sediments with minor carbonate
contribution (e.g., Vinini Fm.) took place in the Ordovician to Devonian (Figure 2.3). The
Popovich Formation is sub-divided into four major units, from base to top: Wispy, Planar, Soft
Sediment Deformation, and Upper Mud. (Figure 2.3). These units are interpreted to be deposited
in an oxygenated to anoxic basin platformal environment (Armstrong et al., 1998). Throughout
the diagenesis of these organic C-rich sediments (e.g., Planar and Upper Mud units of the
Popovich Fm.), significant amounts of Cd, Mo, Ni, V, U, and Zn and minor As, Cu, Hg, and Se
were probably introduced to the system and are interpreted to represent a metalliferous blackshale signature, as attested by the whole-rock composition of their least altered samples (Figure
2.6, Appendix C), chemical composition of diagenetic pyrite (e.g., trace amounts of Ni and Se,
Figure 4.7, Chouinard et al., 2006) and sphalerite (e.g., trace amounts of Cu, Hg and Se, Figure
4.4), and R-mode factor analysis (Tables 2.4, 2.5). On the other hand, Emsbo et al. (1999, 2003)
proposed that sediment-exhalative (SEDEX) Au-bearing stratiform barite and associated metals
mineralization formed during the Paleozoic sedimentation and lithification of the Upper Mud
Unit of the Popovich Fm. However, the data obtained in this study do not support their
interpretation.
In the late Devonian-early Mississippian, the Antler orogeny placed the eugeoclinal
sedimentary rocks eastward onto miogeoclinal sedimentary rocks along the Roberts Mountains
thrust (Roberts et al., 1967). The emplacement of the relatively impermeable siliciclastic rocks
over the more permeable and chemically reactive impure carbonate rocks created optimal
conditions for the concentration of gold in the lower-plate rocks during the Eocene Carlin
hydrothermal event (Hofstra and Cline, 2000; Cline et al., 2005; and references therein).
178

5.1.2 Jurassic: emplacement of the shoshonitic Goldstrike intrusion and related-dikes and
Au-bearing lamprophyre dikes.
During middle Triassic to middle-late Jurassic, an east-dipping subduction zone was
established in the area along the western margin of the North American craton (Cline et al.,
2005), culminating with the Elko orogeny (Thorman et al., 1992; Thorman and Peterson, 2003)
and the emplacement of the late Jurassic (158-163 Ma, this study, Mortensen et al., 2000; Ressel
and Henry, 2006), shoshonitic (Figure 3.10), arc-related (Figure 3.14B) intrusive rocks. Wholerock composition (Table 3.4), minor and trace element ratios (e.g., Ba/Nb, Ce/Pb, Th/Yb, Ta/Yb;
Figure 3.14A), silicate mineral chemistry (e.g., phlogopite, biotite, hornblende; Table 3.2),
chondrite-normalized REE (Figure 3.8), and primitive mantle-normalized incompatible elements
(Figure 3.9) patterns indicate that the Jurassic intrusive rocks were formed due to the
decompression and dehydration of a phlogopite-bearing metasomatic source, which may have
been injected during the break-off of the Mezcalera subducted plate under the North American
craton (Closs, et al., 2005; Dickinson, 2006). During their ascension, these melts underwent
moderate degrees of olivine, pyroxene, and plagioclase fractional crystallization associated with
crustal contamination.
Gold concentrations in whole-rock analyses (Table 3.4) and the presence of Au-bearing
igneous pyrite (up to 100 ppm Au; Figure 3.4E, Table 3.3) in the least altered phlogopite
lamprophyre sample suggest that these dikes may have been a local source of Au; however, they
probably have not significantly contributed to the bulk Au endowment of the Carlin-type Au
deposits as they are not abundant in the area. In addition, these dikes might also be a local source
of Co and Se as these elements are commonly found in magmatic pyrite (Table 3.3). Although
179

Emsbo et al. (2000) reported the occurrence of Au-base metal-bearing quartz veins hosted in the
Goldstrike intrusion and related-dikes, which could also be a local source for Au and ore-related
trace elements, our data, including re-logging, petrographic and lithogeochemical investigations
of the Jurassic intrusive rocks, do not support their interpretation.
The formation of metamorphic hornfels aureoles around the Goldstrike intrusion favored
the concentration of Au along the Goldstrike batholith due to the rheological contrast between it
and the unmetamorphosed country rocks (Heitt et al., 2003).

5.1.3 Eocene: shoshonitic magmatism and Au-bearing Carlin hydrothermal event

During the Middle to Late Eocene, the tectonic regime changed from shallow subduction
of the Farallon plate underneath the North American craton to E-W crustal extension, which has
been attributed to the removal of the Farallon plate from the North American lithosphere by either
gravity-driven collapse (Jones et al., 1998; Lui and Shen, 1998; Rahl et al., 2002) or shear
stresses of the brittle crust (Westaway, 1999). The onset of this extension is interpreted to be
coeval with the formation of the Carlin-type gold mineralization (~42-36 Ma: Hofstra et al., 1999;
Tretbar et al., 2000; Arehart et al., 2003).
In the Eocene (40-36 Ma; Ressel et al., 2000, Ressel and Henry, 2006, and reference
therein), shoshonitic (Figure 3.10) and subduction-related (Figure 3.14B) dikes were emplaced
along steep NNW-striking faults (e.g., Post and JB-3, Figure 3.1), which are spatially and
temporally (42-36 Ma; Hofstra et al., 1999; Tretbar et al., 2000; Arehart et al., 2003) associated
with Carlin-type gold deposits. Their whole-rock compositions and trace element ratios (e.g.,
Ba/Nb, Ce/Pb, Th/Yb and Ta/Yb; Figure 3.14A, Table 3.4) suggest that these dikes were formed
by fractional crystallization associated with significant input of crustal material.
180

The results from this study support the model in which the mineralizing fluids were
derived from the Eocene magmas, as discussed below.

5.2 Genetic model for the Carlin-type gold deposits

This study, integrated with Barricks database on ore distribution, shows that Carlin-type
gold mineralization is mainly hosted by upper the Roberts Mountains and Popovich (e.g., Wispy
and Planar units) formations and to a lesser extend by the Upper Mud Unit and locally by the Soft
Sediment Deformation Unit, Rodeo Creek Fm., and the Jurassic and Eocene intrusive rocks. This
research reveals that there is no outstanding correlation between Au grade and types of alteration,
element losses or gains, amount of calculated pyrite, major oxide, minor and trace elements
concentrations in whole-rock analyses and composition of pyrite. These observations suggest that
the processes related to precipitation of Au, ore-related elements and hydrothermal alteration
were complex and probably controlled, in part, by local conditions.
The fact that the least altered Eocene dikes lack igneous pyrite and are depleted in orerelated elements (e.g., As, Hg, Sb, Tl, and W), the Eocene altered dikes contain Au-barren, trace
element-poor igneous pyrite, and that these Eocene dikes are spatially and temporally associated
with Carlin-type gold mineralization, favors the hypothesis that Au and most of the ore-related
elements were scavenged from the Eocene magma by degassing during its early stage of
crystallization at levels deeper than the site where the studied Eocene dikes were emplaced. These
Eocene large plutonic complexes (e.g., ~ 1,000 km2: Ressel and Henry, 2006) might have also
provided the heat source (Ressel and Henry, 2006), which has driven the circulation of these
magmatic-hydrothermal solutions upward along the major crustal high-angle NNW-trending
faults (e.g., Post). As these fluids interacted with the reactive and permeable Paleozoic carbonate
181

sedimentary, and Jurassic and pre-Carlin Eocene intrusive rocks, they may have scavenged As,
Ba, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Mo, Se, U, V, and Zn from the Paleozoic impure carbonate rocks,
especially from the Planar and Upper Mud units of the Popovich Formation, Au, Ba, Co, and
Se from the Jurassic phlogopite lamprophyre dikes, and Fe from the Jurassic intrusive rocks,
and they were incorporated in mineral phases (e.g., pyrite, sphalerite, and barite) that were
precipitated during the early-, syn- and late to post-ore Carlin hydrothermal events.
The data acquired in this study suggest that the source of the Au-bearing hydrothermal
fluids that formed Ore I and Ore II was similar. However, as the fluids interacted with the Febearing carbonate rocks (e.g., sulfidation) and/or mixed with Fe-bearing fluids (e.g., pyritization),
they became neutralized (e.g., carbonate dissolution) and cooler, and their composition changed
due to the precipitation of hydrothermal silica (e.g., silicification) and porous fine-grained trace
element-rich pyrite close to the major conduits, forming Ore I. As the fluids moved laterally
along the favorable host rocks, they became depleted in trace elements (except Au and As) and
precipitated Ore II, due to increasing pH and decreasing temperature. The amounts of Au in the
whole-rock and pyrite are very similar in both ore types (Table 2.3), which suggests that cooler
and less acidic conditions were still favorable for the incorporation of Au in the structure of
pyrite, even at lower concentrations of other trace elements. The deposition of Fe-, Hg-rich
sphalerite, stibnite, realgar, orpiment, cinnabar, and barite after the auriferous event is probably
due to the saturation of As, Ba, Hg, Sb, and Zn in the hydrothermal fluids caused by decreasing
temperature during the waning of the Carlin hydrothermal system.
The interpretation that the mineralizing fluids are derived from the Eocene magmas is in
agreement with studies by Ressel et al. (1998), Ressel et al., (2000), Johnston and Ressel (2004),
and Ressel and Henry (2006).

182

5.3 Implications for mineral exploration

Relevant findings from this research can be applied as important tools during exploration
for Carlin-type gold deposits in order to vector high-grade mineralization, as described below.

Among all the ore-related elements (e.g., As, Cu, Hg, Ni, Sb, Se, Tl, Zn and W),
Tl exhibits the best correlation with Au grade (R2= 0.69, Appendix D) and has
some relationship with the amount of calculated pyrite (R2= 0.49), which lead us
to suggest Tl as the best element to vector towards high-grade Carlin-type gold
mineralization.

Although the typical Carlin-type gold mineralization (Ore I) is volumetrically

more abundant than the weakly altered Ore II, this study showed that Ore II also
hosts a significant amount of Au mineralization (up to 160 g/t, Appendix C) and
must be more carefully evaluated during mineral exploration and drill-hole
logging descriptions and assays.

The genetic association of gold mineralization with degassing of Eocene

magmas should be considered when evaluating selection of targets on a regional
scale.

5.4 References
Arehart, G.B., Chakurian, A.M., Tretbar, D.R., Christensen, J.N., McInnes, B.A., and Donelick,
R.A., 2003, Evaluation of radioisotope dating of Carlin-type gold deposits in the Great Basin,
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183

Armstrong, A.K., Theodore, T.G., Oscarson, B.B., Kotlyar, R.L., Harris, A.G., Bettles, K.H.,
Lauha, E.A., Hipsley, R.A., Griffin, G.L., Abbott, E.W., and Cluer, J.K., 1998, Preliminary
facies analysis of Silurian and Devonian authochthonous rocks that host gol along the Carlin
Trend, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 98-338, p. 38-68.
Asadi, H.H., Voncken, J.H.L., and Hale, M., 1999, Invisible gold at Zarshuran, Iran: Economic
Geology, v. 94, p. 1367-1374.
Cline, J.S., Hofstra, A.H., Muntean, J.L., Tosdal, R.M., Hickey, K.A., 2005, Carlin-type gold
deposits in Nevada: Critical geologic characteristics and viable models: Economic Geology,
100th Anniversary Volume, p. 451-484.
Closs, M., Sapiie, B., Quarles van Ufford, A., Weiland, R.J., Warren, P.Q., McMahon, and T.R.,
2005, Collisional delamination I New Guinea: the geotectonics of subducting slab breakoff,
Geological Society of America Special Paper, v. 400, 51p.

Cunningham, C.G., 1988, The relationship between some disseminated gold deposits, the
western edge of the Precambrian craton, and paleothermal anomalies in Nevada:
Mineable precious metal deposits of the western United States, Geological Society of
Nevada, Reno/Sparks, Nevada, 6-8 April 1997, Proceedings, p. 35-48.
De Paolo, D.J., and Farmer, G.L., 1984, Isotopic data bearing on the origin of Mesozoic and
Tertiary granitic rocks in the Western United States: Philosophical Transactions of the
Royal Society of London, Series A, v. 310, p.743-753.
Dickinson, W.T., 2006, Geotectonic evolution of the Great Basin: Geosphere, V.2, p. 353-368.
Emsbo, P., Hutchinson, R.W., Hofstra, A.H., Volk, J.A., Bettles, K.H., Baschuk, G.J., and
Johnson, C.A., 1999, Syngenetic Au on the Carlin trend: implications for Carlin-type
deposits: Geology, v. 27, p. 59-62.

184

Emsbo, P., Hofstra, A.H., and Lauha, E.A., 2000, Jurassic auriferous polymetallic mineralization
a the Goldstrike mine, Carlin trend, Nevada [abs.], in Cluer, J.K., Price, j.g., Struhsacker,
E.M., Hardyman, R.F., Morris, C.L., eds., Geology and ore deposits 2000: The Great basin
and beyong. Symposium proceedings: Reno, Geological Society of Nevada, p. 46.
Emsbo, P., Hofstra, A.H., Lauha, E.A., Griffin, G.L., and Hutchinson, R.W., 2003, Origin of
high-grade gold ore, source of ore fluid components, and genesis of the Meikle and
neighboring Carlin-type deposits, northern Carlin trend, Nevada: Economic Geology, v. 98,
p. 1069-1105.
Emsbo, P., Groves, D.I., Hofstra, A.H., and Bierlein, F.P., 2006, The giant Carlin gold province:
a protracted interplay of orogenic, basinal, and hydrothermal processes above the lithospheric
boundary: Mineralium Deposita, v. 41, p. 517-526.
Grauch, V.J.S, Rodriguez, B.D., and Wooden, J.L., 2003, Geophysical and isotopic constraints on
crustal structure related to mineral trends in North-Central Nevada and implications for
tectonic history: Economic Geology, v.98, p. 269-286.
Heitt, D.G., Dunbar, W.G., Thompson, T.B., and Jackson, R.G., 2003, Geology and geochemistry
of the Deep Star gold deposit, Carlin trend, Nevada: Economic Geology, v. 98, p. 1107-1135.
Hofstra, A.H. and Cline, J.S., 2000, Characteristics and models for Carlin-type gold deposits:
Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 13, p. 163-220.
Hofstra, A.H., Snee, L.W., Rye, R.O., Folger, H.W., Phinisey, J.D., Loranger, R.J., Dahl, A.R.,
Naeser, C.W., Stein, H.J., and Lewchuk, M.T., 1999, Age constraints on Jerritt Canyon and
other Carlin-type gold deposits in the western United States; relationship to mid-Tertiary
extension and magmatism: Economic Geology, v. 94, p. 769-802.
Johnston, M.K., and Ressel, M.W., 2004, Controversies on the origin of world-class gold
deposits, Pt. I: Carlin-type gold deposits in Nevada, II. Carlin-type and distal disseminated
185

Au-Ag deposits: Related distal expressions of Eocene intrusive centers in north-central

Nevada: Society of Economic Geologists Newsletter 59, p. 12-14.
Jones, C., Sonder, L., and Unruh, J.R., 1998, Lithospheric gravitational potential energy and past
orogenesis: Implications for conditions of initial Basin and Range and Laramide
deformation: Geology, v. 26, p. 639-642.
Lui, M., and Shen, Y., 1998, Crustal collapse, mantle upwelling, and Cenozoic extension in the
North American Cordillera: Tectonics, v. 17, p. 311-321.
Lund, K, 2008, Geometry of the Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic rift margin of western Laurentia:
implications for mineral deposits setting: Geosphere, v. 5, p. 429-444.
Mortensen, J.K., Thompson, J.F.H., and Tosdal, R.M., 2000, U-Pb age constraints on magmatism
and mineralization in the northern Great Basin.: Geological Society of Nevada, Geology and
Ore Deposits 2000: The Great Basin and Beyond Symposium, Reno/Sparks, Nevada, May
15-18, 2000, Proceeding, p. 419-438.
Rahl, J.M., McGrew, A.J., and Foland, K.A., 2002, Transition from contraction to extension in
the northeastern Basin and Range: New evidence from the Copper Mountains, Nevada:
Journal of Geology, v. 110, p. 179-194.
Ressel, M.W. and Henry, C.D., 2006, Igneous geology of the Carlin trend, Nevada: Development
of the Eocene plutonic complex and significance for Carlin-type gold deposits: Economic
Geology, v. 101, p. 347-383.
Ressel, M.W., Noble, D.C., and Connors, K.A., 1998, Eocene dikes of the Carlin trend, Nevada:
Magmatic As, Sb, Cs, Tl, CO2 and excess of Ar suggest a deep degassing model for gold
mineralization [abs]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 30, p. A188.

186

Ressel, M.W., Noble, D.C., Henry, C.D., and Trudel, W.S., 2000, Dike-nested ores of the Beast
deposit and the importance of Eocene magmatism in gold mineralization of the Carlin Trend,
Nevada: Economic Geology, v. 95, p. 1417-1444.
Roberts, R. J., Montgomery, K. M., and Lehner, R. E., 1967, Geology and mineral resources of
Eureka County, Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Bulletin 64, 152 p.
Thorman, C.H., and Peterson, F., 2003, The middle Jurassic Elko Orogeny: A major tectonic
event in Nevada-Utah: American Association of Petroleum Geologists and Society of
Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Annual Meeting, May 11-14, 2003, Abstract, p.
169.
Thorman, C.H., Brooks, W.E., and Snee, L.W., 1992, Moderate to low relief late Eocene
landscape in central and eastern Elko country, Nevada during Elko Formation deposition
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Tosdal, R.M., Wooden, J.L., and Kistler, R.W., 2000, Geometry of the Neoproterozoic
continental break-up and implications for location of Nevada mineral belts: Geology and Ore
Deposits 2000: The Great Basin and Beyond Symposium, Geological Society of Nevada,
Reno-Sparks, Nevada, May 15-18, 2000, Proceedings, p. 451-466.
Tretbar, D., Arehart, G.B., and Christensen, J.N., 2000, Dating gold deposition in a Carlin-type
gold deposit, using Rb/Sr methods on the mineral galkahaite: Geology, v. 28, p. 947-950.
Westaway, R., 1999, The mechanical feasibility of low-angle normal faulting: Tectonophysics, v.
308, p. 407-443.
Wooden, J.L, Kistler, R.W., and Tosdal, R.M., 1998, Pb isotopic mapping of crustal structure in
the northern Great Basin and relationships to Au deposit trends: U.S. Geological Survey
Open-File Report 98-338, p. 20-33.
187

Chapter 6
FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

6.1 Major conclusions

The major contributions of this research to further our understanding of the evolution, source
of metals and processes related to the formation of Carlin-type gold deposits are:

Characterization of two types of hypogene Carlin-type gold mineralization: Ore I

and Ore II. The former is more abundant and widespread on the property, intensely
altered, with higher concentrations of ore-related elements. On the other hand, Ore II
is less altered, restricted to the central-northwestern portion of the property, and
trace element-poor.

Identification of the possible source of ore-related element: Paleozoic impure

carbonate rocks are interpreted to be the major sources of Cd, Mo, Ni, U, V, and Zn
and minor sources of As, Cu, Hg, and Se. On the other hand, the Jurassic phlogopite
lamprophyre dikes are a significant source of Co and Se, and minor Au. These
observations are attested by the whole-rock composition of the least altered samples
and mineral chemistry of diagenetic sphalerite and pyrite and igneous pyrite.
Moreover, the Eocene magmas are interpreted to be the source of the hydrothermal
mineralizing fluids and ore-related elements (e.g., As, Hg, Tl, Sb, and W). This
interpretation is based on petrographic evidence, mineral chemistry of magmatic and
hydrothermal pyrite, and whole-rock composition.

188

Thorough characterization of the intrusive rocks using petrography, mineral

chemistry, whole-rock geochemistry, and 40Ar/39Ar dating data. Three major suites
of shoshonitic intrusive rocks were recognized: the Jurassic phlogopite lamprophyre
dikes, the Jurassic hornblende-biotite gabbro-diorite-granodiorite Goldstrike
intrusion and related-dikes, and the Eocene biotite-plagioclase porphyry dikes. Trace
element ratios (e.g., Ba/Nb, Ce/P2O5, Ce/Pb, Ce/Yb, Ta/Yb, Th/Yb , and Zr/TiO2)
along with high LILE (e.g., Ba, K, and Sr) and LREE (e.g., La and Ce), and low Cr
and Ni concentrations in the Jurassic intrusive rocks also indicate that these intrusive
rocks may have been generated by metasomatized mantle-derived magmas, which
was followed by fractional crystallization, and minor to significant crustal
contamination. The Eocene shoshonitic biotite-plagioclase porphyry dikes are the
most evolved and crustally contaminated of the studied rocks and were emplaced at
shallower levels.

Identification of Al2O3 and TiO2 as the most immobile compounds in both

sedimentary and intrusive rocks. Their distribution in the sedimentary rocks suggests
that the source of the detrital components was homogenous (Figure 2.7).

Identification of Au, As, Cu, Hg, S, Sb, Tl, and W as the major element assemblage
introduced, and CaO, MgO, and Sr as the most depleted elements in most of the
mineralized samples in both sedimentary and intrusive rocks. However, SiO2 is
either added or immobile in the sedimentary and intrusive rocks, respectively. Iron
as Fe2O3 is added in samples of the Roberts Mountains Formation and Wispy Unit,
immobile in samples of the Planar Unit or immobile or lost in both Jurassic and
Eocene intrusive rocks. This finding suggests that although sulfidation of the Febearing host rocks played an important role during the precipitation of auriferous
189

pyrite, Fe was also locally remobilized from the intrusive rocks during hydrothermal
alteration and precipitated pyrite in the sedimentary rocks by pyritization process.

Proposal of an intrusion-related genetic model for the formation of the Carlin-type

deposits in the southern part of the Goldstrike property. In this model, Au and orerelated metals (e.g., As, Hg, Sb, Tl, and W) were exsolved along with volatiles (H2S,
CO2, H2O) by degassing of a deeper and large plutonic complex during its early
stage of crystallization. As these magmatic-hydrothermal fluids moved upward
along the major crustal steep NNW-striking crustal faults, they interacted with a Ferich fluid and/or impure carbonate host rocks. This interaction caused pervasive
dissolution of the impure carbonate rocks, followed by precipitation of hydrothermal
quartz and trace element-rich auriferous pyrite, forming the Ore I. Subsequently,
these fluids moved towards less permeable and less reactive distal zones, becoming
cooler, less acidic and trace element-depleted, favoring the formation of Ore II. The
40

Ar/39Ar results of the Jurassic intrusive rocks shows that they were negligibly

affected by the Eocene thermal event, despite pervasive hydrothermal alteration,

confirming that the temperature of the hydrothermal system was below the closure
temperature of biotite (e.g., 300-3500C).

Demonstration by mass balance studies that both Fe and S were added to most of the
Au-hosted sedimentary rocks, which suggests that the precipitation of auriferous
pyrite was probably caused by fluid mixing, since pyrite is quite insoluble in the
low-temperature, acidic hydrothermal fluids. The depletion of Fe observed in some
of the intrusive rocks suggests that they might be a local source of Fe.

190

6.2 Future studies

Although this study has contributed significantly to a better understanding of the source of
Au and ore-related trace elements and the processes responsible for the formation of the Carlintype gold deposits, there are still several questions that remain to be answered that could be
investigated in future studies, including:

Investigation of the various generations of the Eocene dikes in order to constrain

better the proposed genetic model. This would involve searching for evidence of
magma degassing during the emplacement of these dikes, using detailed field work
cross-cutting relationships, geochronology, lithogeochemistry, mineral chemistry,
and melt inclusion studies.

Evaluation of mechanisms of Au and ore-related element incorporation in the

structure of pyrite. This could be achieved by carrying out very detailed analyses of
trace element-rich auriferous hydrothermal pyrite using advanced technologies such
as transmitted electron microprobe and x-ray synchrotron.

Assessment of pyrite precipitation mechanisms other than sulfidation in other

Carlin-type gold deposits, and also evaluation of potential sources for Fe. This could
be performed using isocon diagrams (e.g., comparing the whole-rock composition of
fresh/least altered and mineralized samples from the same sedimentary unit or cogenetic igneous rocks).

Identification of the source(s) of the mineralizing fluid(s). This could be

accomplished by investigating the S isotopic composition of the several generations
of sulfides (mainly pyrite and sphalerite) using in situ techniques with good
spatial resolution such as sensitive high resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP).
191

APPENDIX A: ELECTRON MICROPROBE METHODOLOGY FOR PYRITE

AND SPHALERITE ANALYSES
Chemical analyses of pyrite and sphalerite were carried out using JEOL JXA 8900
EPMA at McGill University equipped with five wavelength-dispersive spectrometers and also a
Johansson-type crystal, which improves the peak:background ratio, allowing low detection limits
for Au (70 ppm) as well as analysis of Au concentration in low grade samples. Tables A1 and A2
list the elements analyzed, standards used, analytical lines, peak counting times and minimum
detection limits. The operating conditions for all analyses and analyzed elements were an
acceleration voltage of 20 kV, a beam current of 50 nA, a tightly focused beam (spot size around
1 m), and a long counting time (around 30 minutes for each analysis). The standards used were
natural and synthetic minerals, alloys and pure metals (Tables A1, A2). The background and peak
positions were selected using synthetic spectra (Reed and Buckley, 1998) to guarantee the precise
quantification of the trace elements. In addition, the X-ray spectra were mainly measured on
mineralized pyrite over a long counting time, which allowed the selection of background
measurement positions that were free of interference from other x-ray peaks, especially for Au,
Hg and Tl. A total of 19 and 24 elements (Tables A1 and A2, respectively) were analyzed in a 30
minutes analysis due to the low concentration of the trace elements in these sulfides (pyrite and
sphalerite, respectively). The detection limits were calculated as the minimum concentration
required to produce count rates three times higher than the square root of the background (3
sigma, 99% degree of confidence on the lowest detection limit value). Raw data was corrected
using a standard ZAF correction procedure.

192

APPENDIX A1. Elements Analyzed by Electron Microprobe, Standards and Detection Limits
for Pyrite Chemical Analyses
Element
Ag
As
Au
Ca
Co
Cu
Fe
Hg
Ni
Pb
S
Sb
Se
Si
Sn
Ti
Tl
W
Zn

Standards
Au60Ag40
CanMetCoNiAs
Au60Ag40
Diopside
CanMetCoNiAs
CanMetChalcopyrite
CanMetPyrite
HgS
CanMetPentlandite
CanMetPbS
CanMetpyrite
CanMetStibnite
Se
Diopside
Sn
TiO2
Tl2S
Wmetal
CanMetZnS

Analytical lines
L
L
M
K
K
K
K
L
K
M
K
L
L
K
L
K
L
M
L

Peak counting time (sec)

50
100
540
50
50
50
150
340
80
150
20
250
150
20
50
60
340
50
40

Detection Limit (ppm)

422
311
70
80
159
209
342
341
141
243
93
112
55
96
227
105
383
363
199

APPENDIX A2. Elements Analyzed by Electron Microprobe, Standards and Detection Limit for
Sphalerite Chemical Analyses
Element
Ag
As
Au
Cd
Co
Cr
Cu
Fe
Ga
Ge
Hg
In
Mn
Ni
Pb
S
Sb
Se
Sn
Ti
Tl
V
W
Zn

Standards
Au60Ag40
CanMetCoNiAs
Au60Ag40
CdTe
CanMetPentlandite
Chromite
CanMetChalcopyrite
CanMetPyrite
GaAs
Ge
HgS
InAs
Spessartine
CanMetPentlandite
CanMetPbS
CanMetZnS
CanMetStibnite
Se
SnO2
TiO2
Tl2S
Vana2
Wmetal
CanMetZnS

Analytical lines
L
L
M
L
K
K
K
K
K
L
L
L
K
K
M
K
L
L
L
K
L
K
M
K

193

Peak counting time (sec)

240
200
540
150
120
150
150
150
150
150
300
340
150
200
150
10
150
150
150
60
300
120
50
10

Detection Limit (ppm)

381
335
70
338
178
150
207
175
125
38
326
38
164
159
220
124
100
68
263
85
374
78
336
195

APPENDIX B: LITHOGEOCHEMISTRY ANALYTICAL METHODS,

DETECTION LIMITS, QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL
Drill core and pit samples collected in the field and selected to lithogeochemistry
analyses were cut in smaller fragments using a rock saw at Queens University and sent to Acme
Labs in Vancouver, Canada (approximately 1/2 to 1/3 of the original size and greater than 30 g
size, the minimum required for the analyses). The samples were jaw crushed, splitted and
pulverized to 150-200 mesh (100-75 m). The concentrations of the major element oxides as well
as Sc and Ni were measured using 0.2 of sample is mixed with 1.5 g of lithium metaborate
(LiBO2)-lithium tetraborate oxide (Li2B4O7) in a graphite crucible at 9800C for 30 minutes, then
dissolved in 0.5 % nitric acid (HNO3) diluted in demineralised water and analyzed by inductively
coupled plasma emission spectrograph (ICP-ES). Fluorine concentrations were determined by the
ion-selective electrode method after samples were fused with sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Barium,
Be, Co, Cs, Ga, Hf, Nb, Rb, Sn, Sr, Ta, Th, U, V, W, Zr, Y, and REE concentrations were
analyzed using 0.2 g of sample by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) via a
high-solids nebulizer following fusion with lithium metaborate (LiBO2)-lithium tetraborate
(Li2B4O7) in a graphite crucible at 9800C for 30 minutes. Mo, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, As, Cd, Sb, Bi, Hg,
Tl, Se, and Te concentrations were measured using 0.5 g leached with 3 ml of modified aqua
regia solution (2-2-2- nitric acid (HNO3), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and demineralised water H2O)
at 950C for one hour, diluted to 10 ml with 5 % chlorine acid (HCl) and analysed by inductively
coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). In this method, Tl is totally dissolved and Hg is
not volatized. Total carbon, sulfur and organic carbon were determined by LECO. In this method,
samples are heated in an induction furnace operating at temperatures greater than 16500C causing
the volatization of all C and S bearing minerals and compounds. Then, the vapor is carried
through an infrared spectrometric cell wherein the concentration of C and S is measured by
absorption of specific infrared wavelengths. Graphitic carbon is determined by subtracting
organic carbon from the total carbon amount. Loss on ignition (LOI) is measured by weight
difference after ignition at 9500C. Gold, Ag, Pt and Pd were analyzed by fire assay (lead-oxide)
concentration and ICP-MS methods on 30 g of sample.

194

In order to evaluate the quality of assurance and quality of control of the analyses carried
out by ACME laboratories, few duplicate samples were included in the set sent and the results are
very consistent among them as attested by their relative standard deviation (RSD).
Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) of duplicate samples
Drill hole
GB-738C GB-738C SJ535C SJ535C P-502C P-502C P-429C P-429C P-429C
Depth (ft) Detection Limit
951
951
846
846
824
824
415
415
RSD
Duplicate RSD1 Duplicate RSD Duplicate RSD Duplicate RSD AVG
SiO2-wt%
0.01
72.75
0.01
25.06
0.77
89.17
0.18
84.86
0.19
0.29
Al2O3
0.01
9.02
1.19
4.95
0.14
3.03
0.47
6.45
0.77
0.64
Fe2O3
0.04
4.80
2.32
1.90
6.40
2.00
1.07
2.19
1.30
2.77
MgO
0.01
0.85
3.25
13.13
0.43
0.22
0.00
0.37
0.00
0.92
CaO
0.01
0.46
7.29
19.85
1.13
0.37
1.94
0.15 10.10
5.11
Na2O
0.01
0.04
15.71
0.03
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.08
9.43
6.29
K2O
0.04
2.64
4.41
1.08
0.66
0.76
0.94
1.69
1.69
1.92
TiO2
0.01
0.43
7.77
0.27
0.00
0.14
0.00
0.34
0.00
1.94
P2O5
0.01
0.19
3.82
0.44
3.29
0.15
4.88
0.02 47.14 14.78
MnO
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.06
0.00
<0.01
DL
0.01
0.00
0.00
Cr2O3
0.002
0.008
0.00
0.009
0.00
0.007 10.88
0.004 38.57 12.36
LOI
0.1
8.6
2.51
33
0.21
3.2
0.00
3.5
1.99
1.18
S
0.02
3.09
1.15
0.88
2.45
1.33
0.53
1.52
2.85
1.75
Total C
0.02
1.66
1.29
11.89
0.00
0.54
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.32
Au-ppm
0.01
0.25
19.28
0.11
6.15
0.76 33.34
51.25
0.29 14.77
Ag
0.1
0.1
DL2
0.4
0.00
0.3 28.29
3.6
0.00
9.43
As
0.5
32.1
0.22
40.7
0.86
159.1
1.15 2527.10
2.61
1.21
Ba
1
431.9
1.51
71.5
0.10 6557.70
2.94
292.7
0.53
1.27
Be
1
2
0.00
1
0.00
1
0.00
1
0.00
0.00
Bi
0.1
0.2
0.00
0.1
0.00
0.1
DL
0.2
0.00
0.00
Cd
0.1
0.6
10.88
1.8
8.32
0.5
0.00
0.3 20.20
9.85
Ce
0.1
51.4
2.66
51.4
4.25
29.8
3.70
42.4
1.65
3.06
Co
0.2
8.8
2.37
5.9
6.26
3.7
1.89
18.3
1.15
2.92
Cs
0.1
3.3
4.16
2.9 10.48
3.6
1.99
5.4
3.82
5.11
Cu
0.1
24.9
2.90
38.5
6.73
11.9
2.42
69.7
0.51
3.14
Dy
0.05
3.34
7.12
5.03
4.65
2.08
4.93
2.87
0.25
4.23
Er
0.03
2.23
2.91
3.09
5.96
1.03
4.00
1.59
3.05
3.98
Eu
0.02
0.73
3.77
1.39
9.21
0.64
1.11
0.83
2.51
4.15
F
0.1
1440
2.41
930
4.12
530 13.31
960
0.74
5.15
Ga
0.5
10.4
0.68
6.3
7.07
4.3
3.21
10.3
1.36
3.08
Gd
0.05
3.55
3.47
6.64
7.75
2.17
7.70
3.67
1.17
5.02
Hf
0.1
10.7
0.00
4.0
3.63
2.2
3.29
4.2
0.00
1.73
Hg
0.01
1.54
2.26
0.83
0.00
8.02
2.97
39
0.00
1.31
Ho
0.02
0.70
6.33
1.05
5.60
0.36
0.00
0.54
2.57
3.63
La
0.1
25
2.77
31.6
7.29
19.4
3.55
21.5
0.65
3.57
Lu
0.01
0.35
3.93
0.40
3.63
0.16
0.00
0.22
9.03
4.15
Mo
0.1
7.5
0.94
2.1
7.07
9.0
3.21
10.9
0.65
2.97
Nb
0.1
10.7
4.08
8.3
0.86
3.1
2.24
4.9
0.00
1.80
Nd
0.3
22.2
3.93
32.8
6.31
16.5
1.30
19.6
2.20
3.43
Ni
0.1
62.2
0.11
48.8
2.70
22.1
5.24
135.4
1.55
2.40
Pb
0.1
11.7
1.79
7.7
1.86
11.4
4.48
8.9
0.80
2.23
Pr
0.02
6.28
4.53
8.45
4.76
4.07
2.39
4.96
0.43
3.03
Rb
0.1
86.3
4.48
42.5
2.71
24.3
0.87
77.7
0.27
2.08

195

Sb
Sc
Se
Sm
Sn
Sr
Ta
Tb
Te
Th
Tl
Tm
U
V
W
Y
Yb
Zn
Zr
1
2

0.1
1
0.5
0.05
1
0.5
0.1
0.01
1
0.2
0.1
0.01
0.1
8
0.5
0.1
0.05
1
0.1

1.9
10
4.3
4.1
1
35
0.7
0.74
<1
10.6
0.8
0.36
5.3
73
1.6
22.7
2.41
43
254.8

0.00
7.44
6.29
0.00
0.00
2.97
0.00
14.78
DL
8.49
9.43
0.00
2.57
1.91
0.00
2.86
6.12
1.63
3.12

4.2
6
2.9
6.3
1
132.9
0.6
1.08
<1
5.5
0.1
0.45
9.5
110
2.6
36.4
2.66
684
129.2

1.66
0.00
2.48
3.45
0.00
5.53
12.86
0.66
DL
3.97
0.00
6.58
2.27
11.84
2.77
4.20
5.24
2.53
0.22

54.8
2
3.0
2.7
1
25.9
0.3
0.36
<1
3.6
4.7
0.15
6.3
81
3.6
12.5
0.98
66
75.5

4.25
0.00
12.86
7.44
0.00
1.10
0.00
1.99
DL
4.04
4.66
4.56
1.13
2.54
1.99
2.77
0.00
0.00
3.29

18.3
5
2.3
3.8
2
20.5
0.4
0.52
2
7.7
41.5
0.25
4.9
140
38.6
19.9
1.57
388
151

1.91
0.00
3.01
1.84
0.00
2.10
0.00
1.35
0.00
0.00
0.86
0.00
4.47
0.50
1.81
1.06
5.62
1.44
0.52

1.96
1.86
6.16
3.18
0.00
2.92
3.21
4.69
0.00
4.12
3.74
2.78
2.61
4.21
1.64
2.72
4.24
1.40
1.79

Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) = 100 *(SD/x), SD = standard deviation, x = average value of the whole rock concentration.
Values below detection limit to calculate RSD.

Futhermore, the QA-QC protocol of the ACME laboratory is very rigorous and
incorporates a sample-prep blank as the first sample in the job which is carried through all stages
of preparation to analysis. An analytical batch comprises 36 client samples, and incorporate
randomly a pulp duplicate to monitor analytical precision, a -10 mesh rejects duplicate to monitor
sub-sampling variation, a reagent blank to measure background and aliquots of in-house
Reference Material to evaluate the results. If any result fails to reproduce, the entire batch is reanalyzed. Data undergoes a final verification by a British Columbia Certified Assayer who then
validates results before it is released to the client. The analytical results of standards and replicate
samples obtained during the whole rock analyses of the studied samples are very satisfactory and
are characterized by a small standard deviation (SD) value, when they are compared to the
official values of standards and duplicate samples.

196

APPENDIX C: LITHOGEOCHEMICAL ANALYSES OF THE PALEOZOIC

LOWER-PLATE SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Rock Type
Easting
Northing
Elevation
SiO2-wt%

BZ-960C
1384
LL
LA
7449.20
11305.60
4176.50

BZ-967C
913
LL
BA
6639.40
10684.60
4537.40

P-420C
986
LL
BA
10355.07
12258.96
4222.13

P-502C
1148
LL
BA
11105.52
12832.66
4141.88

P-507C
490
LL
BA
10689.03
12571.37
4529.66

PN-600C
1468B
LL
BA
9037.30
15138.50
3841.40

PN-600C
1587
LL
BA
9028.00
15130.00
3723.00

SJ-366C
1305.8A
LL
BA
7286.70
12150.80
4208.40

SJ-366C
1305.8B
LL
BA
7286.70
12150.80
4208.40

SJ-429C
1556
LL
BA
8875.60
13351.60
3962.70

43.84

78.53

90.31

75.71

65.13

53.73

45.25

40.49

6.69

7.30

Al2O3

7.68

7.50

4.08

11.51

15.06

4.36

1.75

7.35

0.42

0.28

Fe2O3
MgO
CaO

0.54
2.83
21.27

3.04
0.36
0.77

1.01
0.32
0.26

2.57
1.09
0.37

5.41
1.11
0.69

1.05
4.90
16.19

1.51
0.96
28.49

1.70
6.42
18.39

0.26
0.89
51.07

0.19
0.38
51.45

Na2O

0.06

0.02

0.03

0.03

0.05

0.02

0.01

0.03

0.03

0.01

K2O

2.49

1.83

0.52

1.38

4.43

1.15

0.46

0.32

0.04

<.04

TiO2

0.41

0.45

0.22

0.60

1.10

0.24

0.10

0.50

0.02

0.01

P2O5
MnO

0.25
0.03

0.46
0.01

0.08
0.01

0.16
0.01

0.45
0.01

0.05
0.03

0.04
0.05

0.50
0.01

0.07
0.01

<.01
0.08

0.007
20.40
99.80
0.05
4.70
4.68
0.02
0.01
0.20
15.30
443.60
1.00
0.30
0.10
39.90
4.10
1.30
8.80
2.70
1.75
0.62
940
8.20
2.92
9.20
0.04
0.56
20.30
0.30
1.30

0.010
6.70
99.69
2.24
1.55
1.51
0.04
0.65
1.20
796.90
179.60
1.00
0.10
1.20
71.00
4.20
5.70
21.00
5.70
3.88
1.11
1000
9.20
5.82
11.60
3.89
1.25
35.30
0.52
8.00

0.005
3.10
99.94
0.61
0.78
0.72
0.06
0.18
0.20
206.30
156.80
<1
0.10
2.60
64.10
3.10
1.20
21.90
1.38
0.57
0.84
230
4.30
2.83
3.30
0.72
0.22
33.60
0.08
6.20

0.014
6.40
99.84
0.04
1.61
1.46
0.15
0.06
0.20
70.20
217.60
2.00
0.10
0.80
60.50
6.50
2.60
48.80
3.69
2.42
0.76
na
13.70
3.59
9.40
0.20
0.79
34.30
0.42
1.80

0.001
6.20
99.64
4.22
0.09
0.04
0.05
0.09
0.20
653.90
483.30
2.00
0.10
0.40
204.50
14.40
15.30
13.00
8.07
4.11
3.32
1400
20.20
11.43
6.30
2.38
1.50
101.50
0.56
8.90

0.005
18.10
99.83
0.56
5.42
5.37
0.05
0.01
<.1
80.70
1589.30
1.00
<.1
<.1
22.70
3.00
1.90
10.50
1.78
1.06
0.37
480
4.80
1.76
5.80
0.26
0.36
11.50
0.19
6.00

0.002
21.40
100.03
1.11
6.50
6.44
0.06
0.48
<.1
181.00
73.70
<1
<.1
0.10
13.10
0.80
1.10
4.60
1.26
0.76
0.25
310
1.60
1.17
2.60
3.04
0.25
8.00
0.11
2.30

0.013
24.10
99.83
1.27
7.18
6.94
0.24
0.06
0.30
73.10
96.40
1.00
0.10
0.60
42.10
4.70
2.70
14.20
3.28
2.02
0.47
930
8.80
3.50
11.80
0.43
0.74
20.80
0.36
3.20

<.001
40.40
99.90
0.08
11.08
11.03
0.05
0.10
<.1
14.00
17.90
<1
<.1
0.10
9.30
<.5
0.10
1.20
0.65
0.41
0.22
230
<.5
0.64
<.5
0.27
0.14
7.50
0.06
0.70

<.001
40.20
99.93
0.06
11.37
11.35
0.02
0.08
<.1
11.10
16.20
1.00
<.1
0.10
5.50
<.5
0.10
1.70
0.93
0.62
0.17
60
<.5
0.78
<.5
0.09
0.22
3.30
0.08
0.90

Cr2O3
LOI
SUM
S
Total C
Org C
Gra C
Au-ppm
Ag
As
Ba
Be
Bi
Cd
Ce
Co
Cs
Cu
Dy
Er
Eu
F
Ga
Gd
Hf
Hg
Ho
La
Lu
Mo

197

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Nb
Nd
Ni
Pb
Pr
Rb
Sb
Sc
Se
Sm
Sn
Sr
Ta
Tb
Te
Th
Tl
Tm
U
V
W
Y
Yb
Zn
Zr

BZ-960C
1384
LL
7.70
17.70
15.90
9.30
4.92
58.60
1.00
5.00
<.5
3.50
1
125.40
0.50
0.57
<1
6.80
<.1
0.27
3.20
52.00
14.70
19.20
1.78
33.00
352.50

BZ-967C
913
LL
8.70
35.00
70.90
14.40
9.45
89.80
21.00
7.00
1.60
6.50
2
13.10
0.70
1.10
<1
9.60
9.20
0.54
7.80
186.00
10.10
45.60
3.51
1291.00
404.80

P-420C
986
LL
3.60
28.50
12.40
12.00
7.77
13.00
9.70
1.00
1.30
4.60
2
23.10
0.30
0.34
<1
4.80
0.30
0.08
7.60
228.00
14.00
6.60
0.50
223.00
115.90

P-502C
1148
LL
10.40
27.80
61.10
10.50
7.24
39.00
18.20
6.00
1.50
4.40
2
16.20
0.80
0.54
<1
14.50
<.1
0.38
9.40
180.00
42.60
26.10
2.43
66.00
355.30

P-507C
490
LL
19.00
91.30
30.50
9.70
22.51
121.50
10.00
18.00
2.30
15.60
2
28.50
1.40
1.62
<1
18.80
1.70
0.61
16.00
240.00
15.60
47.20
3.62
122.00
239.70

198

PN-600C
1468B
LL
4.50
10.60
13.60
3.90
2.88
33.90
6.70
7.00
<.5
2.00
1
55.60
0.30
0.30
<1
4.80
0.20
0.18
3.20
77.00
2.00
11.10
1.11
7.00
195.50

PN-600C
1587
LL
2.00
6.40
7.50
6.40
1.57
14.60
85.50
3.00
0.70
1.20
1
37.50
0.20
0.22
<1
1.00
2.30
0.09
3.90
28.00
1.40
9.70
0.63
4.00
84.40

SJ-366C
1305.8A
LL
9.60
24.10
46.30
9.30
6.13
16.80
2.30
5.00
3.00
4.30
1
77.40
0.70
0.61
<1
8.70
0.20
0.32
5.30
191.00
71.50
24.10
2.23
60.00
460.60

SJ-366C
1305.8B
LL
<.5
4.20
<.1
1.40
1.18
1.60
1.90
1.00
<.5
0.70
<1
208.90
0.10
0.11
<1
0.30
0.30
0.06
1.20
8.00
0.80
6.20
0.51
6.00
14.30

SJ-429C
1556
LL
<.5
3.10
1.30
1.70
0.69
0.70
1.70
2.00
<.5
0.60
<1
105.30
<.1
0.16
<1
0.10
<.1
0.10
2.10
12.00
0.20
8.80
0.66
5.00
6.20

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Rock Type
Easting
Northing
Elevation
SiO2-wt%

SJ-441C
1099
LL
BA
6964.50
12907.00
4321.30

SJ-453C
1365
LL
BA
9548.00
13851.00
4200.00

SJ-475C
315
LL
BA
9949.81
11808.72
4547.57

SJ-546C
1243A
LL
BA
6823.40
12859.60
4167.90

SJ-546C
1243B
LL
BA
6823.40
12859.60
4167.90

SJ-564C
1007.5
LL
BA
9506.90
12619.02
4053.27

SJ-572C
1198
LL
BA
8277.30
12152.60
4086.70

PN-541
1667
LL
ORE-I
10291.00
14464.00
3740.00

PN-600C
1562
LL
ORE-I
9030.20
15132.00
3747.90

SJ-232C
1151
LL
ORE-I
9671.85
12299.00
4349.08

37.80

89.06

53.12

10.11

40.28

73.15

10.00

85.26

84.72

91.78

Al2O3

4.67

1.80

8.12

0.22

6.53

3.50

2.61

3.62

4.53

2.47

Fe2O3
MgO
CaO

1.56
11.62
16.77

0.82
0.41
3.36

2.15
11.15
16.25

0.15
0.64
50.08

1.58
7.84
17.11

11.23
0.16
1.56

0.29
0.87
47.27

4.10
0.22
0.33

3.00
0.53
0.65

1.94
0.11
0.53

Na2O

0.03

0.02

1.20

0.01

0.04

0.02

0.06

0.01

0.02

0.02

K2O

1.43

0.49

3.28

0.05

2.05

0.93

1.13

0.98

1.33

0.64

TiO2

0.23

0.10

0.43

0.01

0.36

0.25

0.16

0.20

0.24

0.12

P2O5
MnO

0.04
0.03

0.04
0.01

0.09
0.02

0.02
0.01

0.12
0.02

0.62
0.01

0.22
0.03

0.09
<.01

0.12
<.01

0.22
0.01

0.005
25.70
99.88
0.80
7.40
7.36
0.04
0.86
0.20
57.00
167.00
1.00
0.10
0.10
29.50
4.20
2.70
10.40
1.92
1.23
0.44
660
6.10
1.96
3.40
0.52
0.39
14.30
0.19
0.90
4.70
13.90
15.40
12.10
3.72

0.003
3.80
99.91
0.30
1.07
1.01
0.06
0.92
<.1
37.20
52.50
1.00
<.1
0.10
12.90
1.10
3.10
6.50
0.87
0.47
0.26
330
3.10
1.09
2.70
0.42
0.17
7.10
0.06
1.10
1.70
6.90
5.30
5.40
1.79

0.007
4.10
99.92
0.08
0.67
0.07
0.60
0.05
0.10
26.20
622.20
1.00
<.1
<.1
58.10
5.50
3.30
9.40
3.83
2.13
0.91
NA
8.90
3.89
7.40
0.09
0.77
27.50
0.32
3.30
8.20
25.90
16.50
3.00
6.91

0.001
38.70
99.99
0.04
11.89
11.86
0.03
0.03
<.1
4.00
27.60
1.00
<.1
1.20
9.90
<.5
0.10
1.40
0.57
0.40
0.18
50
<.5
0.82
<.5
0.09
0.15
6.60
0.04
0.70
<.5
4.70
1.00
1.10
1.24

0.008
23.90
99.84
0.79
8.06
8.03
0.03
0.03
0.20
19.80
274.20
1.00
0.10
2.00
45.20
4.10
3.70
17.80
2.69
1.87
0.52
970
8.00
3.35
8.00
0.82
0.59
22.60
0.31
16.10
6.90
21.40
45.00
10.50
5.93

0.018
8.30
99.77
8.16
0.42
0.30
0.12
0.40
0.20
5597.00
83.60
<1
0.10
0.40
31.20
26.80
5.50
20.70
3.19
1.63
0.96

0.003
37.30
99.94
0.09
10.69
10.67
0.02
0.01
<.1
25.80
375.50
<1
<.1
0.10
54.40
2.10
1.20
9.30
3.30
1.96
0.67
960
3.60
3.89
5.70
0.06
0.72
30.60
0.24
2.50
3.50
24.20
9.10
3.30
6.47

0.005
5.00
99.82
2.32
0.64
0.57
0.07
1.73
0.30
411.70
161.50
1.00
<.1
0.70
13.90
9.00
2.00
19.50
0.84
0.48
0.19
480
4.00
0.96
5.00
3.83
0.14
8.40
0.09
6.80
3.70
6.50
35.30
19.40
1.82

0.006
4.70
99.85
1.86
0.46
0.41
0.05
3.78
0.20
424.40
183.10
1.00
<.1
1.20
32.10
3.10
2.90
22.90
1.50
0.75
0.48
770
5.20
2.04
5.30
6.94
0.26
18.80
0.13
8.30
4.40
15.60
16.90
40.80
4.16

0.003
2.10
99.97
1.01
0.37
0.26
0.11
8.57
0.10
877.90
153.40
<1
<.1
1.20
46.30
13.60
1.40
13.40
1.42
0.82
0.56
340
3.40
1.95
2.30
12.69
0.27
26.70
0.13
9.10
2.20
22.50
233.00
6.70
5.55

Cr2O3
LOI
SUM
S
Total C
Org C
Gra C
Au-ppm
Ag
As
Ba
Be
Bi
Cd
Ce
Co
Cs
Cu
Dy
Er
Eu
F
Ga
Gd
Hf
Hg
Ho
La
Lu
Mo
Nb
Nd
Ni
Pb
Pr

199

5.00
3.37
1.90
12.82
0.61
15.20
0.16
5.30
3.10
15.30
223.80
12.90
3.59

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Rb
Sb
Sc
Se
Sm
Sn
Sr
Ta
Tb
Te
Th
Tl
Tm
U
V
W
Y
Yb
Zn
Zr

SJ-441C
1099
LL
50.60
7.00
4.00
0.90
2.20
1
78.00
0.40
0.32
<1
5.70
0.20
0.18
2.50
43.00
6.30
12.90
1.28
15.00
132.40

SJ-453C
1365
LL
16.50
9.40
1.00
<.5
1.30
1
10.50
0.10
0.17
<1
1.70
0.30
0.07
2.60
25.00
2.40
5.40
0.47
9.00
90.10

SJ-475C
315
LL
95.70
0.50
6.00
0.70
4.70
1
221.30
0.60
0.66
<1
9.80
0.20
0.32
3.50
83.00
2.40
21.20
2.02
13.00
240.10

SJ-546C
1243A
LL
1.60
0.90
1.00
<.5
0.90
<1
298.10
<.1
0.13
<1
0.30
<.1
<.05
1.80
18.00
0.40
6.30
0.33
51.00
13.80

SJ-546C
1243B
LL
57.90
2.30
4.00
1.60
3.90
1
127.50
0.50
0.59
<1
7.80
0.10
0.28
5.80
403.00
3.70
19.10
1.93
88.00
267.10

200

SJ-564C
1007.5
LL
33.50
372.20
3.00
2.20
3.30
1
36.00
0.20
0.57
<1
3.50
7.40
0.23
5.40
75.00
4.80
22.10
1.13
1388.00
67.00

SJ-572C
1198
LL
36.80
2.40
3.00
0.70
4.00
1
263.40
0.20
0.66
<1
7.50
0.10
0.26
3.40
26.00
13.90
26.20
1.50
12.00
190.70

PN-541
1667
LL
31.70
58.80
2.00
1.50
1.10
2
9.80
0.30
0.16
<1
4.00
3.50
0.08
3.00
68.00
25.10
4.60
0.49
390.00
170.00

PN-600C
1562
LL
36.80
135.20
2.00
1.80
2.80
3
16.80
0.30
0.28
<1
4.40
4.90
0.10
6.30
79.00
5.70
7.90
0.68
151.00
185.30

SJ-232C
1151
LL
18.30
105.90
2.00
0.80
3.20
2
18.40
0.20
0.29
<1
3.70
24.60
0.11
2.40
64.00
25.10
10.60
0.74
333.00
80.10

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Rock Type
Easting
Northing
Elevation

SJ-232C
1187
LL
ORE-I
9672.25
12298.60
4313.08

SJ-263C
1037.5
LL
ORE-I
9725.15
13308.05
4449.11

SJ-263C
1044
LL
ORE-I
9725.25
13307.65
4442.61

SJ-281CR
1281
LL
ORE-I
6950.00
12108.00
4225.00

SJ-359C
1374
LL
ORE-I
8249.60
11906.80
4260.30

SJ-464C
1551
LL
ORE-I
9140.00
13772.00
3939.00

SJ-475C
453.5
LL
ORE-I
9943.68
11761.54
4417.53

SJ-475C
855
LL
ORE-I
9926.36
11630.55
4038.42

SJ-565C
897
LL
ORE-I
9421.41
12907.19
4105.49

U12-P06-22
265
LL
ORE-I
11230.30
12909.70
3954.70

84.41

84.70

82.41

65.82

75.54

45.81

86.70

69.40

82.79

88.65

Al2O3

6.45

3.88

2.22

16.11

2.27

6.02

4.61

6.55

4.43

4.11

Fe2O3
MgO
CaO

2.75
0.28
0.72

3.53
0.62
0.97

7.20
0.36
1.01

4.49
0.81
0.68

12.58
0.28
0.54

1.61
8.69
14.66

2.89
0.41
0.92

1.64
3.76
6.21

5.56
0.59
0.52

2.12
0.33
0.37

Na2O

0.01

0.02

0.01

0.12

0.01

0.03

0.04

0.02

0.03

0.02

K2O

1.39

1.29

0.66

4.53

0.47

1.60

1.02

2.04

1.34

1.19

TiO2

0.34

0.20

0.12

0.81

0.11

0.30

0.20

0.29

0.23

0.22

P2O5
MnO

0.39
0.01

0.34
0.01

0.15
0.01

0.29
0.01

0.14
0.01

0.12
0.03

0.07
0.01

0.01
0.03

0.07
0.01

0.09
0.01

0.007
3.20
99.95
1.61
0.12
<.03
1.61
5.05
0.40
934.60
171.50
1.00
0.10
0.10
51.80
9.90
5.00
13.00
3.95
2.47
0.99
NA
7.60
4.58
7.20
7.04
0.84
25.10
0.42
12.10
5.30
24.50
63.60
9.40
6.25

0.011
4.40
99.98
2.13
1.16
0.96
0.20
83.98
87.10
1101.40
240.10
1.00
<.1
0.40
43.60
3.20
2.80
79.30
2.72
1.88
0.65
1290
7.60
2.78
3.80
18.37
0.60
27.90
0.28
10.50
3.00
23.90
50.00
81.50
6.25

0.003
5.80
99.95
4.95
0.77
0.48
0.29
102.01
23.00
3825.60
360.10
1.00
0.20
0.60
42.90
1.90
2.00
65.00
1.16
0.72
0.39
760
3.20
1.29
2.10
77.39
0.24
31.70
0.13
32.70
1.90
17.40
40.80
36.50
5.11

0.001
6.00
99.67
2.80
0.11
0.11
<.02
5.61
0.40
179.90
1419.10
1.00
0.40
0.10
123.60
8.20
7.00
10.50
4.23
2.84
1.82
1190
19.90
5.91
5.70
2.58
0.97
64.50
0.42
5.80
21.10
54.20
1.70
5.50
14.62

0.006
8.30
100.26
8.73
0.76
0.24
0.52
19.14
5.50
2793.00
99.10
1.00
<.1
1.20
53.80
3.30
5.30
57.00
2.34
0.82
0.99
420
3.00
4.00
1.70
42.16
0.37
35.00
0.08
6.90
1.30
27.30
28.30
5.80
6.93

0.006
21.00
99.88
0.89
6.12
6.06
0.06
5.33
0.20
373.70
145.10
1.00
0.10
0.20
39.50
3.30
3.30
9.50
2.13
1.16
0.49
810
7.80
2.05
5.90
6.67
0.42
20.20
0.21
4.50
5.90
20.20
18.50
9.00
4.90

0.003
3.00
99.87
1.81
0.15
0.04
0.11
29.55
0.40
1508.80
183.50
1.00
<.1
1.10
33.90
3.70
6.80
8.70
1.67
0.61
0.60
670
4.00
2.38
2.90
37.54
0.27
19.70
0.07
9.70
3.50
16.70
25.80
6.10
4.23

0.002
9.90
99.85
1.27
2.39
0.26
2.13
4.17
0.70
1503.10
293.50
1.00
<.1
0.30
25.40
3.40
3.80
27.70
2.51
1.68
0.47
NA
5.20
2.32
9.50
0.46
0.55
12.60
0.28
8.50
5.90
11.40
20.30
4.80
2.96

0.007
4.30
99.87
3.96
1.09
0.96
0.13
1.66
0.60
491.00
121.20
1.00
0.10
10.50
31.30
6.70
4.30
21.00
1.66
1.10
0.49

0.006
2.90
100.01
1.22
0.62
0.56
0.06
1.87
0.20
204.70
176.60
1.00
0.10
0.50
20.40
4.60
4.40
9.50
1.31
0.89
0.34
480
5.10
1.50
4.70
3.17
0.28
11.00
0.12
89.30
4.30
9.60
47.60
13.70
2.57

SiO2-wt%

Cr2O3
LOI
SUM
S
Total C
Org C
Gra C
Au-ppm
Ag
As
Ba
Be
Bi
Cd
Ce
Co
Cs
Cu
Dy
Er
Eu
F
Ga
Gd
Hf
Hg
Ho
La
Lu
Mo
Nb
Nd
Ni
Pb
Pr

201

7.40
1.83
2.40
13.09
0.38
17.20
0.17
18.20
4.00
15.60
38.10
15.40
4.10

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Rb
Sb
Sc
Se
Sm
Sn
Sr
Ta
Tb
Te
Th
Tl
Tm
U
V
W
Y
Yb
Zn
Zr

SJ-232C
1187
LL
78.30
7.20
4.00
1.30
4.90
1
81.10
0.30
0.69
<1
7.80
9.10
0.36
2.90
96.00
61.30
38.80
2.26
353.00
240.80

SJ-263C
1037.5
LL
45.90
167.80
3.00
6.00
3.40
3
18.30
0.30
0.47
15.00
4.80
17.80
0.30
7.40
119.00
11.70
24.30
1.64
55.00
122.60

SJ-263C
1044
LL
23.90
657.50
1.00
19.00
2.30
4
15.40
0.10
0.22
9.00
2.60
>100
0.12
3.90
45.00
9.50
9.90
0.83
54.00
71.50

SJ-281CR
1281
LL
170.00
5.60
9.00
<.5
8.30
3
55.40
1.40
0.96
<1
16.20
2.80
0.44
6.10
123.00
39.20
30.70
2.91
32.00
215.40

SJ-359C
1374
LL
21.60
1220.90
1.00
4.90
4.80
3
11.40
0.10
0.56
3.00
2.60
23.50
0.10
4.60
52.00
42.00
12.70
0.55
51.00
72.40

202

SJ-464C
1551
LL
65.80
18.80
6.00
1.60
2.90
2
62.60
0.40
0.35
<1
6.00
3.20
0.20
3.10
94.00
11.10
12.40
1.29
16.00
210.20

SJ-475C
453.5
LL
52.20
138.00
1.00
1.20
2.80
1
11.70
0.30
0.35
2.00
4.70
28.80
0.10
4.30
89.00
82.00
7.10
0.60
169.00
101.40

SJ-475C
855
LL
76.10
50.70
4.00
0.50
2.20
<1
75.70
0.50
0.43
<1
4.00
0.40
0.24
4.50
127.00
35.90
19.90
1.64
31.00
358.50

SJ-565C
897
LL
45.70
122.30
2.00
3.10
2.60
3
8.40
0.30
0.30
<1
4.40
4.90
0.17
5.70
469.00
2.50
12.30
0.98
560.00
80.50

U12-P06-22
265
LL
49.10
49.70
3.00
5.10
1.60
2
11.30
0.30
0.26
<1
5.10
4.80
0.15
4.20
121.00
4.80
10.50
0.91
37.00
162.50

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Rock Type
Easting
Northing
Elevation

U12-P06-22
282.7
LL
ORE-I
11246.50
12913.90
3948.80

U12-P06-22
725
LL
ORE-I
11643.40
13020.10
3785.30

U12-P06-22
775
LL
ORE-I
11687.60
13031.70
3765.00

RM96-11C
106.3
OV
BA
8530.10
12269.50
5372.30

RM96-11C
177
OV
BA
8530.20
12269.10
5301.60

BZ-940C
1086
PL
LA
7588.00
11658.90
4556.90

AC-2005 #2
Pit sample
PL
BA
n.a
n.a
n.a

BZ-915C
813
PL
BA
9757.79
11592.16
4870.16

BZ-942C
1103
PL
BA
7575.00
11368.60
4518.50

86.02

82.55

60.81

70.29

78.09

22.81

83.55

86.62

31.82

Al2O3

6.49

8.43

5.53

14.38

2.06

4.48

4.41

5.41

2.82

Fe2O3
MgO
CaO

1.46
0.21
0.21

1.94
0.47
0.19

1.68
5.80
9.50

3.04
2.77
0.37

1.79
0.21
5.35

1.98
9.79
27.40

1.04
0.56
0.56

2.65
0.19
0.25

0.82
0.81
32.92

SiO2-wt%

Na2O

0.02

0.02

0.03

0.06

0.01

0.03

0.03

0.02

0.04

K2O

1.18

2.27

1.73

3.68

0.60

1.81

1.78

1.03

1.24

TiO2

0.24

0.38

0.29

0.67

0.11

0.22

0.21

0.29

0.14

P2O5
MnO

0.06
<.01

0.07
0.01

0.08
0.03

0.25
0.01

4.07
0.01

0.06
0.04

0.12
0.01

0.12
0.01

0.10
0.06

0.005
4.10
100.00
0.86
0.32
0.29
0.03
27.62
0.60
651.20
215.00
1.00
0.10
0.20
19.10
3.00
4.10
19.10
1.55
1.01
0.38
470
8.70
1.82
4.80
12.20
0.36
9.20
0.16
94.30
5.00
10.00
16.20
13.70
2.48

0.007
3.50
99.84
1.07
0.32
0.32
<.02
7.38
0.30
311.90
216.80
2.00
0.10
0.20
45.80
4.40
7.80
15.20
1.14
0.92
0.44
1050
10.30
1.51
8.50
36.97
0.26
21.80
0.20
4.20
7.10
19.70
19.10
13.00
5.43

0.006
14.50
99.98
0.89
4.13
4.11
0.02
12.16
0.10
324.30
188.50
1.00
0.10
0.10
51.20
3.90
2.70
21.30
2.62
1.30
0.77
940
9.00
3.24
6.80
24.12
0.48
25.10
0.20
3.20
5.70
24.30
15.50
10.90
6.33

0.010
4.20
99.74
0.02
0.04
0.04
<.02
0.01
<.1
98.60
1777.60
3.00
0.10
0.20
61.80
3.80
4.70
15.30
2.87
1.64
0.85
1100
18.30
3.48
6.00
0.81
0.54
31.10
0.27
0.60
15.90
28.30
68.40
7.40
7.73

0.015
7.50
99.82
0.08
6.54
5.83
0.71
0.01
1.00
330.10
210.20
1.00
<.1
2.70
21.30
2.20
1.90
95.80
5.40
3.24
1.28
3390
3.40
6.16
1.80
2.06
1.10
23.70
0.50
15.90
3.30
25.60
34.00
8.60
5.75

0.005
31.20
99.84
1.52
10.41
10.38
0.03
<.01
0.90
26.10
341.70
2.00
0.10
3.00
25.70
4.20
2.80
33.70
2.81
1.96
0.56
630
6.20
2.80
2.90
0.08
0.60
16.70
0.29
48.00
5.40
14.60
60.30
9.10
3.84

0.005
7.60
99.88
0.64
5.20
4.64
0.56
0.03
0.10
10.90
194.00
1.00
0.10
3.80
35.40
1.80
2.70
34.80
2.58
1.65
0.67
480
4.40
3.18
2.20
3.08
0.57
26.60
0.18
44.80
3.90
18.10
44.30
6.00
5.06

0.006
3.20
99.79
1.96
0.69
0.17
0.52
0.26
0.20
3162.80
341.40
1.00
0.10
0.30
40.50
5.50
4.60
9.80
1.73
0.82
0.73
NA
7.40
2.76
1.50
5.37
0.31
19.80
0.11
1.20
6.40
17.30
18.00
12.60
4.55

0.003
29.10
99.88
0.50
9.61
9.57
0.04
0.07
0.10
23.70
144.40
1.00
<.1
3.30
21.00
2.80
0.60
23.30
2.07
1.50
0.43
230
3.10
2.15
1.80
0.20
0.50
16.60
0.21
36.80
3.50
11.80
73.40
5.10
3.30

Cr2O3
LOI
SUM
S
Total C
Org C
Gra C
Au-ppm
Ag
As
Ba
Be
Bi
Cd
Ce
Co
Cs
Cu
Dy
Er
Eu
F
Ga
Gd
Hf
Hg
Ho
La
Lu
Mo
Nb
Nd
Ni
Pb
Pr

203

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Rb
Sb
Sc
Se
Sm
Sn
Sr
Ta
Tb
Te
Th
Tl
Tm
U
V
W
Y
Yb
Zn
Zr

U12-P06-22
282.7
LL
66.10
19.70
3.00
0.70
1.70
7
16.00
0.40
0.29
1.00
4.90
18.90
0.15
4.60
97.00
5.00
12.00
0.99
46.00
171.80

U12-P06-22
725
LL
76.40
11.00
4.00
<.5
2.60
2
22.40
0.50
0.25
<1
6.60
17.60
0.17
4.90
95.00
8.30
8.20
1.17
12.00
302.40

U12-P06-22
775
LL
66.20
13.40
4.00
0.50
3.80
3
52.90
0.40
0.55
<1
5.50
14.20
0.18
3.30
67.00
11.90
16.10
1.14
10.00
243.50

RM96-11C
106.3
OV
103.70
0.90
11.00
<.5
5.00
3
73.90
1.20
0.51
<1
13.20
0.40
0.27
2.10
66.00
1.70
14.50
1.85
477.00
188.70

204

RM96-11C
177
OV
29.90
5.20
4.00
13.40
5.60
2
83.20
0.20
1.00
<1
2.40
0.10
0.47
13.50
1530.00
9.80
45.50
2.98
222.00
72.50

BZ-940C
1086
PL
47.60
15.90
4.00
5.60
2.60
<1
107.90
0.30
0.48
<1
4.30
0.60
0.30
22.20
750.00
7.90
26.70
1.73
237.00
109.50

AC-2005 #2
Pit sample
PL
36.10
0.70
5.00
2.50
3.10
<1
27.60
0.30
0.53
<1
3.60
0.10
0.22
14.40
407.00
2.00
22.20
1.40
25.00
86.80

BZ-915C
813
PL
33.30
15.90
4.00
1.30
3.40
<1
18.90
0.40
0.38
<1
4.40
5.10
0.11
1.50
74.00
62.80
11.10
0.75
44.00
48.50

BZ-942C
1103
PL
20.40
3.60
3.00
1.90
2.10
1
196.80
0.20
0.36
<1
3.30
0.10
0.21
16.30
157.00
5.70
23.80
1.37
104.00
66.10

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Rock Type
Easting
Northing
Elevation

BZ-968C
1309
PL
BA
7598.30
10946.70
4247.00

BZ-962CW
955.3
PL
BA
6639.30
11705.00
4525.40

P-507C
252
PL
BA
10608.37
12506.54
4744.47

PN-600C
1053
PL
BA
9065.60
15168.10
4254.40

SJ-441C
928.5
PL
BA
6976.60
12930.30
4489.70

SJ-506C
1131
PL
BA
8302.10
13012.10
4358.50

U10-P05-03
613
PL
BA
10658.40
14400.20
4376.20

SJ-366C
937
PL
ORE-I
7305.70
12173.10
4576.10

BZ-915C
931
PL
ORE-I
9756.24
11590.60
4804.19

31.25

32.50

51.75

24.51

56.19

93.45

80.84

58.47

14.22

Al2O3

0.58

5.34

4.89

1.21

1.49

1.16

4.28

3.89

1.93

Fe2O3
MgO
CaO

0.29
0.36
38.69

2.40
9.92
17.87

2.35
8.22
11.35

0.50
4.21
36.17

0.59
5.90
15.30

0.85
0.09
0.29

1.98
0.16
0.33

1.85
5.83
8.70

1.23
0.06
0.17

Na2O

0.01

0.05

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.03

0.02

0.01

K2O

0.14

0.29

1.56

0.46

0.62

0.16

1.84

1.07

0.45

TiO2

0.03

0.26

0.24

0.06

0.08

0.06

0.21

0.21

0.09

P2O5
MnO

0.07
0.12

0.17
0.04

0.09
0.01

0.04
0.01

0.09
0.01

0.17
<.01

0.20
0.01

0.12
0.01

0.09
0.01

0.001
28.60
100.14
0.14
8.53
0.26
8.27
0.35
<.1
148.60
35.60
1.00
0.10
0.20
21.80
2.80
0.50
20.30
2.15
1.26
0.51
230
0.80
1.78
0.70
0.44
0.44
12.60
0.17
0.40
0.50
11.10
11.10
3.40
2.62

0.007
31.00
99.87
1.83
13.29
13.26
0.03
0.36
0.50
86.90
44.90
2.00
0.10
3.60
37.40
5.50
0.90
52.50
3.79
2.69
0.78
380
7.10
3.82
3.60
0.59
0.81
30.30
0.36
83.20
6.70
21.70
127.30
8.70
5.84

0.004
19.40
99.90
1.90
7.26
2.94
4.32
0.16
0.50
119.30
204.20
1.00
0.10
4.10
57.80
5.00
3.90
49.30
3.64
1.89
1.02
740
6.70
4.38
2.80
0.32
0.68
38.90
0.25
50.60
5.30
33.70
75.20
8.10
8.33

0.001
32.70
99.90
0.36
9.98
9.92
0.06
0.04
<.1
4.90
139.20
1.00
<.1
0.70
12.70
1.10
0.30
5.20
1.13
0.75
0.24
280
1.20
1.20
1.10
0.22
0.27
9.80
0.13
10.90
1.50
7.10
18.90
2.70
1.86

0.003
19.60
99.90
0.48
6.89
6.29
0.60
0.02
<.1
7.40
90.50
1.00
<.1
1.80
12.10
2.10
0.80
11.60
1.18
0.70
0.25
270
2.20
1.24
1.20
0.13
0.25
9.60
0.08
13.60
2.20
7.40
28.70
2.60
1.83

0.004
3.80
100.05
0.39
3.18
2.67
0.51
0.07
0.20
34.20
32.10
1.00
0.10
3.10
16.10
2.00
1.30
10.50
1.14
0.64
0.30
120
1.30
1.42
0.80
0.55
0.20
15.80
0.07
48.40
2.00
11.40
37.70
12.90
2.73

0.005
10.10
99.99
1.42
6.80
6.72
0.08
0.07
0.20
82.70
153.70
1.00
0.10
2.90
32.50
3.80
2.10
40.50
2.77
1.57
0.71
710
6.30
3.16
3.20
2.40
0.55
25.20
0.19
74.70
5.90
19.30
97.60
7.00
4.96

0.006
19.80
100.01
1.80
10.52
10.39
0.13
7.92
0.50
3857.20
69.50
1.00
0.10
11.50
34.40
5.10
1.60
58.30
2.35
1.50
0.59
380
6.70
2.69
2.40
7.54
0.48
26.10
0.18
149.30
5.90
20.50
190.40
14.00
5.55

0.003
81.60
99.87
26.49
0.03
0.23
-0.20
33.90
2.70
>10000
379.10
<1
0.20
2.30
43.00
2.00
2.30
59.40
2.99
0.99
0.95
340
3.90
4.50
0.80
78.87
0.46
27.80
0.08
0.50
2.40
23.00
40.20
6.90
5.70

SiO2-wt%

Cr2O3
LOI
SUM
S
Total C
Org C
Gra C
Au-ppm
Ag
As
Ba
Be
Bi
Cd
Ce
Co
Cs
Cu
Dy
Er
Eu
F
Ga
Gd
Hf
Hg
Ho
La
Lu
Mo
Nb
Nd
Ni
Pb
Pr

205

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Rb
Sb
Sc
Se
Sm
Sn
Sr
Ta
Tb
Te
Th
Tl
Tm
U
V
W
Y
Yb
Zn
Zr

BZ-968C
1309
PL
6.90
4.40
3.00
<.5
2.20
<1
196.70
<.1
0.34
<1
0.50
0.30
0.16
1.00
13.00
9.30
17.90
1.25
10.00
30.00

BZ-962CW
955.3
PL
8.90
17.40
5.00
5.60
3.90
1
72.70
0.40
0.76
<1
5.40
0.60
0.37
27.70
535.00
22.20
33.30
2.48
218.00
123.10

P-507C
252
PL
46.30
19.20
5.00
5.10
5.80
<1
76.60
0.40
0.65
<1
5.30
0.40
0.28
12.00
535.00
6.70
23.70
1.74
13.00
116.50

PN-600C
1053
PL
11.80
2.10
1.00
0.60
1.40
<1
296.10
0.10
0.19
<1
1.50
0.20
0.11
6.80
50.00
0.50
11.20
0.81
20.00
39.00

206

SJ-441C
928.5
PL
15.80
1.80
2.00
1.10
1.30
<1
156.50
0.10
0.19
<1
1.50
0.10
0.11
6.50
123.00
0.60
9.90
0.63
74.00
39.60

SJ-506C
1131
PL
5.80
9.20
1.00
1.50
1.50
<1
8.80
0.10
0.23
<1
1.40
0.20
0.08
9.00
103.00
5.10
9.70
0.52
85.00
30.80

U10-P05-03
613
PL
44.30
11.00
2.00
3.80
3.20
1
32.70
0.40
0.52
<1
4.50
0.40
0.22
29.10
288.00
2.60
24.20
1.26
151.00
114.20

SJ-366C
937
PL
46.90
30.90
2.00
9.70
3.10
10
53.20
0.40
0.45
<1
4.50
1.90
0.21
43.90
590.00
29.80
18.00
1.41
768.00
101.70

BZ-915C
931
PL
20.20
53.20
1.00
8.60
4.40
2
6.30
0.10
0.62
37.00
5.10
39.80
0.11
10.30
339.00
26.00
17.10
0.50
385.00
15.70

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Rock Type
Easting
Northing
Elevation

BZ-964C
988
PL
ORE-I
6353.00
11561.00
4494.00

BZ-999C
1208
PL
ORE-I
7054.30
11013.20
4300.60

P-461C
66
PL
ORE-I
10262.79
11231.62
4781.06

PN-541
1106
PL
ORE-I
10445.00
14530.00
4275.00

PN-598
1221
PL
ORE-I
9380.00
15305.00
4094.00

RM01-03C
663
PL
ORE-I
7314.20
11850.70
4576.60

SJ-232C
786
PL
ORE-I
9668.68
12301.19
4714.06

SJ-441C
955
PL
ORE-I
6974.60
12926.60
4463.60

SJ-449C
987
PL
ORE-I
6962.00
13233.00
4434.00

SJ-524C
1112
PL
ORE-I
7116.00
13845.00
4321.00

67.00

63.66

61.98

92.25

70.84

72.10

80.17

65.44

58.12

64.21

Al2O3

3.71

7.69

6.21

1.99

2.55

3.01

3.25

2.01

2.94

3.48

Fe2O3
MgO
CaO

2.98
2.75
4.05

0.99
0.14
1.07

2.79
4.91
8.37

1.30
0.09
0.16

1.61
4.48
6.52

1.44
4.74
6.78

3.77
0.06
1.66

0.90
5.79
9.88

1.16
7.93
10.94

1.71
5.36
7.65
0.02

SiO2-wt%

Na2O

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.01

0.02

0.03

K2O

0.37

0.49

1.44

0.50

0.67

0.86

0.07

0.25

0.81

0.86

TiO2

0.19

0.37

0.34

0.11

0.15

0.16

0.18

0.10

0.15

0.19

P2O5
MnO

0.08
0.01

0.20
0.01

0.21
0.04

0.09
<.01

0.13
0.01

0.09
0.01

0.22
0.01

0.09
0.01

0.10
0.01

0.13
0.01

0.005
11.70
92.91
2.36
5.75
5.71
0.04
9.30
0.40
1347.60
122.00
1.00
0.10
4.20
24.20
4.00
1.60
51.60
1.60
1.02
0.30
240
4.80
1.51
2.20
9.27
0.31
20.60
0.17
75.90
5.20
11.30
126.10
19.80
3.49

0.010
12.80
87.49
0.75
8.68
8.09
0.59
3.37
1.10
1287.80
110.90
<1
0.10
16.80
44.50
6.70
2.60
201.90
4.55
3.30
0.90
300
10.00
4.65
3.80
22.27
1.03
29.20
0.44
123.50
6.40
25.00
192.00
25.20
6.43

0.008
13.50
99.83
1.58
3.45
0.24
3.21
23.56
0.50
3340.60
212.60
1.00
0.20
4.60
64.20
7.40
7.50
38.00
3.94
2.46
0.99
950
7.70
4.57
4.00
11.49
0.82
39.90
0.36
47.00
7.20
31.20
94.90
37.90
8.38

0.005
3.50
100.02
0.72
2.42
2.28
0.14
7.85
<.1
63.40
168.10
1.00
<.1
1.00
20.50
2.50
1.20
14.60
1.64
0.69
0.38
370
2.70
1.80
1.90
5.29
0.26
14.10
0.09
23.70
2.90
12.00
42.10
3.90
3.01

0.003
12.90
99.89
1.17
6.05
5.95
0.10
15.83
0.20
165.00
83.10
1.00
<.1
2.50
35.90
2.70
2.00
40.70
1.48
0.83
0.40
660
4.10
1.83
2.20
35.77
0.26
28.20
0.13
52.00
3.60
20.30
62.50
8.70
5.53

0.003
11.00
100.24
1.11
5.23
2.39
2.84
13.91
1.30
454.90
156.10
1.00
0.50
1.00
26.40
2.90
1.30
28.20
1.21
0.77
0.27
1130
4.40
1.47
2.00
4.90
0.23
20.90
0.13
62.80
3.40
12.20
76.20
26.50
3.57

0.008
9.80
99.23
2.53
5.71
5.64
0.07
21.80
4.00
1754.10
1463.40
<1
0.10
49.10
37.70
3.40
0.80
108.20
3.37
2.18
1.11
140
3.30
4.43
3.30
13.55
0.75
33.50
0.34
107.30
2.90
29.50
165.80
21.70
7.74

0.004
15.40
99.89
0.66
5.67
5.34
0.33
2.12
0.20
74.60
47.80
1.00
<.1
3.50
15.50
2.10
0.80
17.20
1.37
0.81
0.29
210
3.60
1.32
1.40
4.51
0.30
12.00
0.12
14.70
2.60
9.80
32.20
6.30
2.47

0.003
17.70
99.89
0.89
6.00
5.85
0.15
6.23
0.20
62.00
144.90
1.00
0.10
0.70
20.30
3.30
1.10
9.90
1.57
0.95
0.35
580
3.80
1.54
1.70
2.62
0.33
14.00
0.12
22.60
3.30
10.70
42.40
15.30
2.88

0.008
16.00
99.64
1.19
7.87
7.83
0.04
5.70
0.90
373.10
1149.30
1.00
0.10
13.40
31.40
3.50
2.30
54.50
2.48
1.77
0.54
470
6.30
2.55
2.90
21.53
0.54
24.40
0.25
85.50
4.60
17.90
130.00
62.20
4.82

Cr2O3
LOI
SUM
S
Total C
Org C
Gra C
Au-ppm
Ag
As
Ba
Be
Bi
Cd
Ce
Co
Cs
Cu
Dy
Er
Eu
F
Ga
Gd
Hf
Hg
Ho
La
Lu
Mo
Nb
Nd
Ni
Pb
Pr

207

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Rb
Sb
Sc
Se
Sm
Sn
Sr
Ta
Tb
Te
Th
Tl
Tm
U
V
W
Y
Yb
Zn
Zr

BZ-964C
988
PL
18.50
72.30
1.00
3.90
1.80
2
31.80
0.30
0.25
<1
3.70
2.60
0.15
19.10
265.00
27.60
12.70
0.99
244.00
86.80

BZ-999C
1208
PL
27.00
12.40
9.00
4.60
4.90
5
9.20
0.50
0.71
<1
7.00
0.30
0.51
35.30
1412.00
31.20
40.10
3.26
1317.00
159.40

P-461C
66
PL
68.90
4.70
6.00
2.40
5.40
2
44.20
0.60
0.76
<1
7.50
18.60
0.37
20.90
317.00
70.80
32.90
2.39
194.00
136.40

PN-541
1106
PL
16.90
7.20
1.00
1.00
2.30
3
16.20
0.20
0.28
<1
3.40
0.60
0.10
9.80
82.00
1.50
10.30
0.53
53.00
63.60

PN-598
1221
PL
24.10
32.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
4
42.00
0.20
0.27
1.00
3.40
3.40
0.11
14.20
147.00
7.10
11.00
0.73
122.00
76.20

208

RM01-03C
663
PL
32.90
22.30
2.00
3.40
1.70
2
39.30
0.20
0.21
<1
3.20
0.80
0.13
13.80
199.00
6.40
9.70
0.75
66.00
76.60

SJ-232C
786
PL
3.10
63.00
4.00
52.20
4.90
2
33.90
0.30
0.63
<1
2.80
1.00
0.33
24.90
1263.00
24.00
27.90
2.30
3762.00
117.60

SJ-441C
955
PL
10.30
20.00
2.00
1.60
1.60
1
57.90
0.30
0.24
<1
1.90
0.60
0.13
6.40
194.00
3.00
11.20
0.83
144.00
50.40

SJ-449C
987
PL
28.10
27.00
3.00
1.40
1.70
<1
70.80
0.20
0.27
<1
2.90
0.80
0.14
8.00
91.00
2.40
12.60
0.96
37.00
60.10

SJ-524C
1112
PL
39.90
52.50
3.00
5.50
2.70
2
56.70
0.40
0.47
<1
4.50
1.00
0.28
23.80
628.00
4.00
21.70
1.48
1051.00
97.00

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Rock Type
Easting
Northing
Elevation

SJ-564C
652
PL
ORE-I
9530.71
12728.31
4391.97

SJ-588C
1146
PL
ORE-I
7294.80
14060.10
4267.30

BZ-997C
1304
PL
ORE-II
5947.00
11251.00
4196.00

PN-566
1213
PL
ORE-II
10092.00
14510.00
4236.00

SJ-248CR
1012
PL
ORE-II
6836.00
13556.00
4373.00

SJ-281CR
955
PL
ORE-II
6932.00
12088.00
4550.00

SJ-467C
1102
PL
ORE-II
9240.00
13710.00
4405.00

SJ-516C
841
PL
ORE-II
5926.00
12761.00
4513.00

RM96-10C
65
RC
LA
8047.90
12802.50
5417.90

GB-738C
951
RC
BA
10054.60
15784.60
4423.10

92.61

59.97

47.56

49.06

22.45

31.97

22.51

36.21

49.75

72.74

Al2O3

1.43

2.75

4.87

4.26

3.51

2.56

3.87

4.15

8.23

8.87

Fe2O3
MgO
CaO

2.65
0.21
0.43

1.31
7.13
10.41

2.11
8.34
11.42

1.84
8.68
12.52

1.58
14.32
21.12

1.14
11.33
20.96

1.52
11.86
23.81

1.90
11.13
15.51

3.38
1.35
18.47

4.96
0.89
0.51
0.05

SiO2-wt%

Na2O

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.03

0.12

0.06

0.03

0.06

0.05

K2O

0.38

0.62

1.02

1.19

0.54

0.71

1.16

0.85

2.33

2.81

TiO2

0.09

0.13

0.21

0.21

0.19

0.13

0.19

0.21

0.43

0.48

P2O5
MnO

0.06
0.01

0.10
0.01

0.12
0.01

0.16
0.01

0.09
0.05

0.09
0.04

0.07
0.02

0.11
0.02

0.15
0.08

0.18
0.01

0.001
2.10
100.00
1.45
1.50
1.45
0.05
17.75
5.40
693.50
105.90
<1
0.10
0.90
23.80
8.20
0.90
54.50
0.82
0.51
0.19
260
3.00
0.89
1.20
8.24
0.16
17.70
0.09
28.70
1.90
10.90
87.70
76.00
3.05

0.003
17.40
99.87
0.81
6.74
6.68
0.06
4.08
0.10
80.60
205.60
1.00
<.1
2.20
23.80
3.10
1.70
15.20
1.59
0.92
0.37
520
4.00
1.68
1.60
1.98
0.32
19.60
0.12
38.70
3.20
12.50
63.10
9.70
3.56

0.007
23.90
99.62
1.82
10.90
10.87
0.03
2.51
0.60
265.00
188.10
2.00
0.10
16.80
27.20
3.60
1.40
59.10
1.42
1.08
0.37
480
6.80
1.82
3.20
2.98
0.32
17.80
0.16
78.20
5.50
14.80
110.50
7.50
3.84

0.006
21.90
99.88
1.41
6.97
6.90
0.07
6.84
0.20
103.30
105.00
1.00
0.10
1.60
38.60
5.10
2.80
34.10
3.17
1.91
0.69
1140
6.30
3.52
3.20
3.91
0.68
28.70
0.27
12.10
5.30
22.80
41.00
6.00
5.88

0.006
35.90
99.88
1.17
12.36
12.27
0.09
6.45
0.20
212.30
87.80
1.00
0.10
3.10
33.00
4.10
1.60
40.60
2.64
1.64
0.60
540
6.30
2.78
2.50
4.59
0.55
25.00
0.22
53.30
4.70
18.60
78.80
5.30
5.09

0.004
30.90
99.90
0.79
10.23
10.05
0.18
13.09
0.40
713.40
90.80
1.00
0.40
1.40
20.60
2.70
0.80
26.70
1.73
1.21
0.41
530
4.40
2.12
1.50
2.62
0.42
14.90
0.15
52.80
3.20
12.10
63.90
17.10
3.17

0.005
34.80
99.85
1.29
12.25
12.16
0.09
3.31
0.60
211.30
68.60
1.00
<.1
4.00
23.10
3.20
2.30
34.60
2.37
1.49
0.46
610
5.00
2.33
2.40
4.50
0.51
14.30
0.19
48.20
4.40
13.80
71.10
5.70
3.38

0.008
29.60
99.77
1.41
13.29
13.21
0.08
4.99
0.70
237.70
100.00
1.00
0.10
10.10
24.80
4.30
2.00
85.60
2.26
1.51
0.52
300
6.20
2.57
3.00
6.84
0.50
17.30
0.23
78.30
5.70
14.40
112.90
10.70
3.87

0.006
15.70
99.92
0.02
4.23
4.23
<.02
0.01
<.1
40.00
710.70
2.00
0.10
0.20
51.20
5.90
3.10
14.00
3.27
1.91
0.76
730
10.00
3.47
4.80
0.06
0.64
25.80
0.30
1.10
16.80
24.00
16.10
13.40
6.43

0.008
8.30
99.82
3.04
1.63
1.61
0.02
0.19
<.1
32.20
441.20
2.00
0.20
0.70
49.50
9.10
3.50
23.90
3.02
2.14
0.77
1490
10.30
3.38
7.50
1.59
0.64
26.00
0.37
7.60
10.10
21.00
62.30
12.00
5.89

Cr2O3
LOI
SUM
S
Total C
Org C
Gra C
Au-ppm
Ag
As
Ba
Be
Bi
Cd
Ce
Co
Cs
Cu
Dy
Er
Eu
F
Ga
Gd
Hf
Hg
Ho
La
Lu
Mo
Nb
Nd
Ni
Pb
Pr

209

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Rb
Sb
Sc
Se
Sm
Sn
Sr
Ta
Tb
Te
Th
Tl
Tm
U
V
W
Y
Yb
Zn
Zr

SJ-564C
652
PL
12.00
42.30
1.00
3.70
1.40
1
11.10
0.20
0.15
1.00
2.00
8.50
0.08
9.20
75.00
5.70
6.80
0.50
127.00
56.20

SJ-588C
1146
PL
28.80
9.10
3.00
1.60
1.80
1
65.40
0.20
0.27
<1
2.60
0.30
0.14
10.50
166.00
2.50
13.10
0.71
138.00
51.80

BZ-997C
1304
PL
35.10
42.20
4.00
5.30
2.10
2
80.50
0.40
0.31
<1
4.80
0.70
0.17
27.30
603.00
20.30
13.30
1.09
1730.00
97.40

PN-566
1213
PL
45.70
19.10
5.00
2.10
4.30
4
66.30
0.30
0.59
<1
5.10
1.60
0.27
18.30
228.00
3.20
25.00
1.72
81.00
118.70

SJ-248CR
1012
PL
23.20
13.10
4.00
3.50
2.90
7
83.00
0.40
0.46
<1
3.90
0.50
0.24
26.00
404.00
8.40
22.20
1.60
164.00
92.40

210

SJ-281CR
955
PL
26.60
10.00
3.00
2.40
2.10
1
76.10
0.30
0.35
<1
2.80
0.60
0.17
14.90
256.00
4.80
15.70
1.04
83.00
61.00

SJ-467C
1102
PL
39.90
7.50
4.00
3.80
2.50
1
156.00
0.30
0.38
<1
4.00
0.50
0.23
20.20
517.00
2.70
18.90
1.48
375.00
95.10

SJ-516C
841
PL
39.80
20.20
4.00
6.10
2.40
2
94.20
0.40
0.44
<1
4.40
0.80
0.22
25.80
858.00
6.20
18.20
1.32
773.00
99.20

RM96-10C
65
RC
65.40
2.20
6.00
0.70
4.50
1
160.60
1.10
0.60
<1
10.00
0.10
0.30
1.80
43.00
1.00
19.70
2.03
19.00
170.20

GB-738C
951
RC
81.00
1.90
9.00
4.70
4.10
1
36.50
0.70
0.60
<1
9.40
0.70
0.36
5.40
75.00
1.60
21.80
2.21
44.00
243.80

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Rock Type
Easting
Northing
Elevation
SiO2-wt%

RM91-26C RM96-10C RM96-10C RM96-11C RM96-11C SJ-232C SJ-274C SJ-564C SJ-590C

597
397
86
264
558
373
32
30
436
RC
RC
RC
RC
RC
RC
RC
RC
RC
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
8051.10
8048.10
8530.10
8528.70
9665.91
9870.00
9558.50
9101.00
8872.10
12006.40
12800.50
12802.40
12269.00
12265.70 12303.73 12020.00 12946.50 13716.00
5055.10
5085.90
5396.90
5214.60
4920.60
5128.02
5088.00
4973.10
4941.00
79.78
67.82
53.41
88.16
81.63
90.21
85.67
73.03
70.50

Al2O3

7.97

10.70

4.56

4.07

5.59

2.78

6.42

11.86

12.79

Fe2O3

3.11

6.27

3.14

1.82

5.77

1.49

1.58

2.78

3.52

MgO
CaO
Na2O

0.59
1.68
0.02

2.85
0.40
0.09

6.55
12.69
0.04

0.15
0.13
0.01

0.13
0.31
0.01

0.13
1.89
0.01

0.18
0.32
0.04

0.70
0.48
0.06

0.95
0.58
0.06

K2O

2.09

4.11

1.18

0.64

0.66

0.72

1.08

2.62

3.85

TiO2

0.42

0.53

0.30

0.21

0.24

0.13

0.34

0.59

0.62

P2O5

1.12

0.19

0.89

0.10

0.20

0.04

0.27

0.21

0.28

MnO
Cr2O3

0.01
0.006

0.43
0.009

0.06
0.004

<.01
0.007

<.01
0.008

0.01
0.006

0.01
0.005

0.01
0.012

0.05
0.010

3.40
100.19
1.54
0.09
0.03
0.06
0.44
0.30
7892.40
468.20
<1
0.40
0.10
74.80
7.50
10.90
32.90
7.94
5.32
1.47
1420
8.40
6.97
6.50
7.02
1.84
33.10
0.71
1.70
5.90
34.30
25.00
18.30
7.85
113.80
55.90

6.40
99.81
2.14
1.63
1.59
0.04
<.01
<.1
51.90
858.20
2.00
0.20
1.30
60.20
16.10
6.20
16.40
4.88
2.81
1.20
850
12.90
4.87
9.30
0.15
0.93
27.90
0.42
14.20
10.20
28.90
105.80
15.80
7.49
118.30
1.90

17.00
99.82
0.01
3.89
3.87
0.02
0.03
0.40
32.40
601.70
1.00
<.1
0.10
36.40
5.40
2.20
56.70
6.53
3.22
1.22
1100
4.80
6.72
1.40
0.12
1.17
22.10
0.32
0.90
8.80
20.20
11.50
9.40
5.29
28.60
2.60

4.70
100.00
1.07
2.71
2.13
0.58
0.01
0.10
211.70
265.50
1.00
0.10
1.10
20.20
7.30
2.50
15.00
2.02
1.12
0.43
240
5.20
2.02
1.50
0.40
0.38
11.50
0.17
21.80
4.00
10.80
58.40
6.10
2.80
31.10
2.00

5.30
99.86
3.71
0.31
0.25
0.06
0.67
0.40
4244.00
113.40
1.00
0.30
0.10
67.60
5.40
3.70
26.10
2.01
1.34
0.98
670
6.60
2.69
3.50
20.93
0.39
35.00
0.26
6.30
5.00
32.50
49.90
12.50
8.28
33.20
92.70

2.60
100.02
0.57
1.10
0.80
0.30
0.61
0.20
838.70
175.20
1.00
0.20
1.90
19.50
3.80
3.90
17.50
1.87
1.15
0.41
410
4.60
1.74
1.10
0.83
0.39
10.10
0.16
14.30
2.60
9.30
35.90
4.50
2.54
32.40
6.20

4.00
99.91
0.91
1.08
0.71
0.37
0.83
0.60
27.40
722.70
1.00
0.20
1.00
37.50
6.20
1.80
25.20
1.95
1.10
0.58
NA
8.20
2.43
2.50
0.34
0.37
23.10
0.16
26.90
5.20
15.30
70.00
8.20
4.11
32.90
3.40

7.40
99.76
2.15
2.25
2.16
0.09
0.02
0.40
322.00
460.60
1.00
0.20
3.50
61.50
10.30
10.70
12.20
4.69
3.07
1.14

6.60
99.81
2.02
0.96
0.94
0.02
0.46
0.10
193.20
409.70
2.00
0.20
0.20
88.40
14.90
10.70
40.60
6.10
4.19
1.45
1760
17.90
6.15
10.70
3.01
1.32
38.10
0.62
1.40
13.30
37.50
47.80
13.60
10.19
147.60
1.50

LOI
SUM
S
Total C
Org C
Gra C
Au-ppm
Ag
As
Ba
Be
Bi
Cd
Ce
Co
Cs
Cu
Dy
Er
Eu
F
Ga
Gd
Hf
Hg
Ho
La
Lu
Mo
Nb
Nd
Ni
Pb
Pr
Rb
Sb

211

16.10
5.05
5.10
0.54
0.96
30.80
0.45
26.70
10.70
28.40
66.80
17.60
7.32
91.80
3.00

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Sc
Se
Sm
Sn
Sr
Ta
Tb
Te
Th
Tl
Tm
U
V
W
Y
Yb
Zn
Zr

RM91-26C RM96-10C RM96-10C RM96-11C RM96-11C SJ-232C SJ-274C SJ-564C SJ-590C

597
397
86
264
558
373
32
30
436
RC
RC
RC
RC
RC
RC
RC
RC
RC
20.00
10.00
4.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
6.00
9.00
18.00
5.00
1.50
6.70
2.90
1.30
2.10
3.20
8.90
1.00
7.00
6.10
5.00
2.10
5.40
2.00
2.70
5.20
6.70
1
2
1
1
2
<1
<1
1
5
39.70
36.40
94.20
16.80
45.10
16.30
50.50
21.20
53.40
0.40
0.80
0.60
0.30
0.30
0.20
0.40
0.80
0.90
1.27
0.87
1.29
0.32
0.38
0.32
0.39
0.79
1.07
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
7.80
9.50
4.30
4.00
5.70
2.20
6.00
9.70
12.40
8.80
0.30
0.10
0.20
23.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
2.00
0.82
0.45
0.40
0.17
0.22
0.16
0.17
0.50
0.67
2.60
10.90
5.00
8.30
2.90
4.40
10.80
12.50
6.90
75.00
76.00
39.00
457.00
127.00
214.00
103.00
614.00
144.00
34.80
2.90
0.40
2.30
27.00
3.80
8.20
20.80
8.40
60.50
28.60
42.00
15.20
14.30
14.90
13.30
34.10
44.60
5.69
2.80
2.21
1.10
1.30
1.05
1.03
3.06
4.11
42.00
549.00
12.00
109.00
170.00
137.00
90.00
330.00
64.00
243.40
330.20
46.80
46.90
127.20
37.60
82.10
174.30
364.40

212

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Rock Type
Easting
Northing
Elevation
SiO2-wt%

GB-705C GB-734C GB-738C SJ-585C AC-2005 #1 BZ-940C BZ-1019C BZ-1019C GB-660CM GB-745C
931
899
1061
1030
Pit sample
943
826
837
1143
1591
RC
RC
RC
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
ORE-I
ORE-I
ORE-I
LA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
n.a 7611.90
7171.70
7174.00
9639.40
9943.00
10099.00 10250.00 10054.40 7304.90
15918.00 16026.00 15780.20 14075.90
n.a 11672.00 11166.60 11167.80
15595.10 15921.00
4452.00 4483.00 4317.70 4381.30
n.a 4697.20
4623.10
4609.30
4196.80
3789.00
82.62
70.87
87.11
14.70
28.63
71.26
80.89
81.95
24.66
31.98

Al2O3

3.79

10.81

4.99

2.59

5.73

11.23

8.08

7.30

6.60

11.76

Fe2O3

2.00

4.39

2.00

1.01

1.92

3.78

2.83

3.03

1.61

3.20

MgO
CaO
Na2O

1.44
2.17
0.02

0.75
0.20
0.04

0.20
0.43
0.01

4.09
40.73
0.02

12.55
18.37
0.05

4.05
0.72
0.04

0.36
0.36
0.08

0.39
0.52
0.17

5.92
25.95
0.05

9.80
13.91
0.05

K2O

0.82

2.44

1.23

0.80

3.29

0.31

0.35

0.63

3.88

4.50

TiO2

0.18

0.48

0.22

0.13

0.29

0.58

0.42

0.34

0.32

0.57

P2O5

0.17

0.13

0.27

0.03

0.06

0.48

0.13

0.12

0.03

0.04

MnO
Cr2O3

0.01
0.006

0.01
0.009

0.01
0.004

0.03
0.006

0.04
0.009

0.01
0.015

0.01
0.012

0.01
0.012

0.03
0.011

0.02
0.013

6.60
99.83
1.31
3.14
2.94
0.20
3.00
0.10
96.10
331.30
1.00
0.10
3.70
19.70
3.90
2.20
24.30
2.21
1.50
0.63
680
5.50
2.92
1.50
1.38
0.47
13.80
0.22
35.60
4.90
13.20
69.20
10.10
3.14
34.10
0.90

9.80
99.93
3.19
1.30
1.28
0.02
4.79
<.1
113.40
326.40
2.00
0.20
0.40
54.30
10.70
3.60
23.80
3.93
3.04
0.78
1370
15.30
3.80
10.40
11.25
0.88
25.20
0.49
3.30
11.30
24.10
59.40
13.90
6.41
93.90
2.20

3.50
99.97
1.42
0.77
0.74
0.03
1.73
0.30
50.20
128.30
1.00
0.10
0.40
34.90
3.50
1.20
8.50
3.00
2.15
0.69
830
5.10
3.21
9.90
5.76
0.67
18.70
0.38
1.90
6.00
16.50
17.70
11.00
4.33
45.10
1.80

35.80
99.94
0.46
10.69
10.63
0.06
0.06
<.1
8.30
669.30
1.00
<.1
<.1
24.10
1.50
1.50
3.20
1.94
1.14
0.52
440
3.50
2.34
0.90
0.04
0.42
19.90
0.13
0.60
4.40
16.40
6.60
3.60
4.06
22.60
0.70

29.00
99.95
1.27
8.67
1.37
7.30
0.01
0.30
35.30
338.10
1.00
0.10
0.20
36.10
6.80
2.40
24.70
3.13
1.96
0.73
790
6.10
3.62
2.40
0.43
0.70
22.10
0.29
1.30
7.50
18.30
66.80
10.00
4.84
55.70
4.70

7.40
99.88
2.61
1.01
0.95
0.06
<.01
0.30
40.30
70.60
1.00
0.30
0.10
70.50
9.20
0.70
25.60
11.53
8.92
1.58
540
11.70
8.54
4.20
0.10
2.75
48.40
1.15
12.90
15.10
39.20
33.20
29.60
10.46
10.20
15.00

6.50
100.02
1.84
0.61
0.52
0.09
0.13
<.1
411.50
51.60
1.00
0.20
0.40
43.40
5.30
2.00
6.60
2.24
1.10
0.97
350
8.60
3.07
2.90
2.57
0.41
30.10
0.16
1.20
11.90
23.60
21.40
7.60
6.54
15.80
2.80

5.40
99.88
1.64
0.62
0.57
0.05
0.37
<.1
505.40
87.00
<1
0.10
0.30
31.70
6.50
3.10
8.40
2.28
1.07
0.94
320
8.70
3.25
2.20
2.04
0.34
20.00
0.14
1.20
9.80
21.40
17.20
20.50
5.35
29.10
4.70

30.90
99.96
0.73
8.46
8.43
0.03
0.05
<.1
17.10
376.40
1.00
0.10
0.10
39.60
3.40
3.40
5.30
2.79
1.80
0.68
610
7.90
3.01
2.40
0.54
0.62
25.90
0.23
0.70
10.70
21.40
13.20
5.00
5.67
66.40
0.80

24.00
99.85
2.18
6.93
6.85
0.08
0.67
0.20
55.80
393.10
2.00
0.20
0.20
50.70
8.20
7.80
18.10
3.21
2.04
0.68
1200
12.50
3.52
4.00
1.55
0.65
34.40
0.29
1.90
16.40
26.80
30.80
17.40
7.33
99.90
3.90

LOI
SUM
S
Total C
Org C
Gra C
Au-ppm
Ag
As
Ba
Be
Bi
Cd
Ce
Co
Cs
Cu
Dy
Er
Eu
F
Ga
Gd
Hf
Hg
Ho
La
Lu
Mo
Nb
Nd
Ni
Pb
Pr
Rb
Sb

213

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Sc
Se
Sm
Sn
Sr
Ta
Tb
Te
Th
Tl
Tm
U
V
W
Y
Yb
Zn
Zr

GB-705C GB-734C GB-738C SJ-585C AC-2005 #1 BZ-940C BZ-1019C BZ-1019C GB-660CM GB-745C
931
899
1061
1030
Pit sample
943
826
837
1143
1591
RC
RC
RC
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
4.00
9.00
4.00
3.00
6.00
13.00
3.00
3.00
5.00
9.00
6.40
1.90
2.00
0.50
2.40
0.80
<.5
<.5
0.70
1.90
3.10
4.30
3.30
2.30
3.50
7.20
4.20
4.10
3.70
4.30
1
2
1
1
<1
3
1
2
1
2
33.90
34.00
22.70
333.70
72.20
12.20
41.40
27.80
203.20
59.80
0.40
0.80
0.40
0.30
0.60
1.00
0.70
0.70
0.70
1.00
0.47
0.77
0.65
0.39
0.59
1.78
0.48
0.51
0.59
0.57
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
3.10
11.30
6.30
3.40
4.50
9.50
7.70
5.30
6.80
10.90
0.10
3.20
0.70
0.10
0.20
0.10
0.40
0.70
0.10
0.50
0.22
0.46
0.35
0.18
0.31
1.29
0.17
0.15
0.28
0.29
9.60
8.50
8.00
2.00
5.80
7.60
5.60
4.40
2.90
3.60
467.00
63.00
57.00
20.00
63.00
93.00
56.00
61.00
56.00
155.00
9.80
3.70
2.70
1.00
0.90
7.80
14.50
20.90
2.60
5.20
21.10
29.80
26.10
17.20
25.00
115.80
12.90
11.80
21.30
20.40
1.31
3.02
2.23
0.86
1.82
7.87
0.99
0.88
1.61
1.95
258.00
264.00
41.00
5.00
197.00
44.00
108.00
143.00
11.00
31.00
54.70
347.90
372.30
32.00
80.80
148.60
101.10
80.10
78.10
122.40

214

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Rock Type
Easting
Northing
Elevation
SiO2-wt%

P-502C
P-502C RM01-03C RM03-03C RM96-11C SJ-305C SJ-564C SJ-565C SJ-572C SJ-588C
602
606.5
311
868
1010
837
449.5
446
685.5
950
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
7319.80
6426.00
8525.00 9750.09 9542.30 9451.40 8263.30 7311.60
11070.90 11071.20
12879.80 12879.50
11855.10
13356.00
12257.60 13210.94 12795.00 12919.26 12149.30 14087.10
4684.70 4680.20
4929.60
4530.00
4468.80 4658.93 4582.30 4555.36 4599.00 4460.70
85.60
86.36
83.74
33.68
5.31
68.29
40.45
47.06
71.90
32.00

Al2O3

3.86

4.68

6.13

7.83

2.63

1.79

8.09

8.97

13.08

Fe2O3

0.71

0.73

2.81

3.67

0.31

1.12

3.87

1.93

2.83

3.30

MgO
CaO
Na2O

0.29
0.34
0.04

0.18
0.34
0.02

0.38
0.23
0.03

10.99
15.95
0.03

0.30
51.36
0.01

5.43
7.98
0.03

9.26
13.82
0.02

7.88
11.76
0.03

0.31
0.43
0.01

10.42
15.72
0.05

K2O

0.60

0.42

1.50

2.48

0.25

0.59

0.94

1.55

0.74

3.98

TiO2

0.19

0.22

0.30

0.42

0.14

0.09

0.41

0.47

0.66

0.43

P2O5

0.13

0.16

0.10

0.07

0.06

0.19

0.15

0.31

0.23

0.04

MnO
Cr2O3

<.01
0.006

<.01
0.006

0.01
0.006

0.05
0.008

0.03
0.004

0.01
0.008

0.07
0.011

0.02
0.015

0.01
0.022

0.03
0.014

LOI
SUM
S
Total C
Org C
Gra C
Au-ppm
Ag
As
Ba
Be
Bi
Cd
Ce
Co
Cs
Cu
Dy
Er
Eu
F
Ga
Gd
Hf
Hg
Ho
La
Lu
Mo
Nb
Nd
Ni
Pb
Pr
Rb
Sb

8.10
99.88
0.30
6.32
4.56
1.76
0.23
0.10
20.10
88.30
1.00
0.10
0.50
44.10
1.50
4.10
31.90
3.28
1.31
1.09
550
4.80
4.72
2.10
5.40
0.50
33.70
0.18
6.40
5.10
27.30
27.60
4.90
6.90
24.60
7.50

6.90
100.02
0.42
4.31
3.94
0.37
0.05
1.40
14.00
65.30
1.00
0.10
1.90
48.40
2.30
3.50
32.50
3.54
1.55
1.37
450
5.00
5.69
3.30
1.40
0.59
34.10
0.19
29.50
5.50
30.70
14.00
5.80
7.34
17.30
2.70

5.00
100.25
1.91
1.64
1.47
0.17
0.04
0.50
364.10
143.40
1.00
0.10
4.50
27.80
6.90
5.10
16.30
2.65
1.73
0.80
390
6.90
2.95
3.50
1.34
0.58
17.90
0.27
41.10
5.30
16.30
71.20
12.20
3.76
68.30
10.00

24.70
99.87
1.86
7.22
7.10
0.12
0.17
0.50
152.60
237.20
1.00
0.10
0.10
50.60
6.80
5.30
11.40
3.03
1.70
0.86
1100
8.90
3.74
3.00
2.20
0.56
29.80
0.23
2.10
11.40
28.70
22.30
22.40
7.08
65.80
19.10

39.50
99.91
0.19
11.27
11.27
<.02
<.01
<.1
291.70
35.80
<1
0.10
<.1
16.80
1.80
1.10
2.80
1.44
0.78
0.31
260
2.70
1.42
1.10
0.89
0.28
13.60
0.12
0.30
4.00
8.80
5.60
1.20
2.48
11.90
2.30

14.00
99.55
0.74
5.28
2.23
3.05
0.41
1.80
33.00
103.60
<1
<.1
26.70
14.60
1.50
1.80
82.90
3.79
2.81
0.75
380
2.90
3.75
1.80
6.33
0.89
14.90
0.43
69.30
2.50
14.80
134.10
4.00
3.62
19.80
7.10

22.80
99.89
2.06
6.76
6.71
0.05
0.09
0.20
133.30
159.50
1.00
0.10
0.10
53.20
7.10
1.00
14.00
3.26
2.13
0.89
400
9.30
3.90
2.90
0.77
0.70
32.40
0.29
1.10
11.80
27.70
27.50
14.20
7.50
30.70
6.60

19.90
99.90
1.24
5.66
1.10
4.56
0.07
0.10
106.20
101.50
1.00
0.10
<.1
66.80
6.80
3.10
15.70
4.44
2.44
1.32
460
9.20
5.47
3.30
0.28
0.87
40.90
0.30
1.10
13.10
34.70
26.00
13.10
9.19
48.30
2.30

8.60
98.82
2.11
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.30
545.20
8047.70
2.00
3.00
0.10
79.80
8.60
2.80
19.40
4.74
2.34
1.66
370
13.90
6.19
5.00
7.29
0.88
54.40
0.32
1.90
17.70
43.20
51.00
5.20
11.73
24.90
48.00

25.10
99.88
1.56
7.41
7.37
0.04
0.07
0.20
13.80
365.10
2.00
0.10
0.10
55.40
6.80
5.20
13.90
3.77
2.05
0.97
670
9.70
4.35
3.10
0.10
0.73
33.50
0.24
1.60
12.60
28.70
36.80
14.50
7.42
78.80
1.50

215

8.79

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Sc
Se
Sm
Sn
Sr
Ta
Tb
Te
Th
Tl
Tm
U
V
W
Y
Yb
Zn
Zr

P-502C
P-502C RM01-03C RM03-03C RM96-11C SJ-305C SJ-564C SJ-565C SJ-572C SJ-588C
602
606.5
311
868
1010
837
449.5
446
685.5
950
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
5.00
3.00
4.00
8.00
4.00
3.00
8.00
7.00
5.00
7.00
11.40
2.90
9.50
1.00
<.5
17.00
0.90
1.00
2.10
1.20
5.70
6.30
2.90
4.90
1.60
3.00
4.50
6.40
7.80
4.70
1
1
<1
2
<1
<1
1
1
2
1
18.90
15.40
11.10
66.60
242.90
46.40
50.70
59.10
36.30
73.50
0.30
0.40
0.40
0.70
0.30
0.10
0.70
0.90
1.20
0.80
0.67
0.83
0.49
0.58
0.25
0.67
0.67
0.81
1.02
0.73
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
4.70
5.90
5.00
7.70
2.90
2.70
6.90
8.10
11.70
7.70
<.1
0.10
1.00
1.40
0.40
1.30
0.20
0.10
8.10
0.10
0.18
0.20
0.30
0.27
0.12
0.42
0.33
0.30
0.35
0.31
24.80
26.90
11.70
3.10
0.80
24.70
5.00
4.20
5.50
4.00
440.00
283.00
233.00
62.00
16.00 1514.00
63.00
64.00
110.00
74.00
7.60
5.40
7.10
3.60
19.20
3.50
13.20
7.70
98.50
3.20
18.10
21.50
22.00
18.60
10.80
36.80
22.80
28.60
32.10
23.10
1.28
1.28
1.97
1.69
0.82
2.63
1.96
1.99
2.18
1.89
136.00
46.00
347.00
13.00
9.00 2188.00
30.00
32.00
58.00
25.00
82.70
121.30
122.10
104.00
40.10
72.80
96.80
110.50
157.40
101.80

216

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Rock Type
Easting
Northing
Elevation
SiO2-wt%

BZ-965C BZ-990C GB-704 SJ-535C AC-2005 #4 BZ-940C BZ-942C P-343C RM96-10C RM96-11C
1126
1071
1278
846
Pit sample
863.6
861
288
649
705
SD
SD
SD
UM
UM
UM
UM
UM
UM
UM
ORE-II
ORE-II
ORE-II
LA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
6183.00 9714.00 7308.00
n.a 7625.50 7639.30 10035.01
8051.60
8527.30
6020.00
11407.00 11413.00 15699.00 13719.00
n.a 11679.10 11401.30 11597.68
12795.90
12262.90
4348.00
4398.00 4080.00 4596.00
n.a 4775.10 4749.50 4992.01
4833.90
4773.70
27.28
45.56
43.08
24.80
86.02
54.53
36.57
83.54
92.92
86.76

Al2O3

9.64

7.18

7.40

4.94

1.65

15.91

13.36

6.52

1.98

6.54

Fe2O3

2.86

3.67

4.88

2.08

0.89

10.98

4.56

2.29

1.67

1.37

MgO
CaO
Na2O

11.90
17.19
0.04

8.46
12.32
0.02

8.01
12.15
0.03

13.05
20.17
0.03

1.65
2.17
0.02

2.06
0.38
0.04

11.65
10.02
0.05

0.35
0.11
0.04

0.15
0.40
0.01

0.10
0.32
<.01

K2O

2.94

1.97

2.55

1.07

0.71

0.89

2.64

2.03

0.53

0.31

TiO2

0.47

0.36

0.40

0.27

0.10

0.76

0.68

0.31

0.09

0.29

P2O5

0.07

0.05

0.23

0.42

0.08

0.23

0.11

0.05

0.25

0.20

MnO
Cr2O3

0.05
0.011

0.08
0.010

0.03
0.011

0.06
0.009

0.01
0.008

0.66
0.020

0.02
0.017

0.01
0.010

<.01
0.010

<.01
0.006

27.40
99.85
1.23
7.72
7.70
0.02
2.83
0.20
408.30
295.90
1.00
0.10
0.10
43.20
7.60
6.10
16.60
2.58
1.62
0.56
900
11.20
2.79
3.00
1.43
0.53
26.50
0.25
1.50
14.00
19.10
24.70
10.30
5.50
101.70
3.30

20.20
99.88
2.58
5.61
5.59
0.02
9.53
0.30
696.10
237.80
1.00
0.20
0.10
38.50
4.90
4.20
18.70
1.76
1.28
0.51
1020
8.80
2.01
2.70
3.11
0.37
24.80
0.18
1.40
10.00
16.60
38.10
18.20
4.95
64.50
11.40

21.20
99.98
3.42
5.30
5.28
0.02
154.70
1.10
3939.60
212.40
1.00
0.20
0.90
124.00
6.20
4.80
192.80
2.18
1.25
1.37
1160
9.50
4.16
2.80
49.31
0.43
74.20
0.21
2.10
11.50
79.10
21.20
15.70
19.38
74.70
67.90

32.90
99.81
0.85
11.89
11.84
0.05
0.12
0.40
41.20
71.40
1.00
0.10
1.60
48.40
5.40
2.50
35.00
4.71
2.84
1.22
770
5.70
5.95
3.80
0.83
0.97
28.50
0.38
1.90
8.20
30.00
50.70
7.50
7.90
40.90
4.30

6.30
99.61
0.74
3.98
2.62
1.36
0.01
1.60
25.70
200.00
<1
<.1
22.60
8.70
2.20
1.40
126.50
1.49
1.23
0.40
300
2.00
1.67
1.60
0.49
0.38
6.70
0.20
44.10
2.50
7.90
103.40
2.90
1.81
19.10
17.50

13.40
99.88
3.49
1.93
1.90
0.03
0.01
0.90
23.00
63.70
2.00
0.30
0.10
79.70
11.70
2.90
34.60
5.37
3.83
1.19
420
19.00
5.22
5.00
0.12
1.14
50.30
0.60
2.40
22.10
38.50
81.10
34.70
10.68
28.80
2.40

20.20
99.89
2.97
5.07
5.03
0.04
0.05
0.20
133.40
1078.10
1.00
0.20
0.10
98.90
10.80
4.70
18.10
3.98
1.93
1.45
610
17.10
5.57
4.90
1.90
0.67
65.70
0.30
1.30
19.30
51.30
35.40
15.70
13.85
62.10
114.00

4.70
99.96
1.80
2.52
0.70
1.82
0.49
1.70
414.80
264.00
1.00
0.20
2.20
26.30
6.80
3.60
72.10
1.71
1.20
0.23
NA
9.10
1.30
1.80
2.42
0.38
14.00
0.19
25.00
3.00
12.10
108.10
31.00
3.26
70.80
9.80

1.90
99.92
0.83
1.10
0.79
0.31
0.01
0.30
74.30
168.50
<1
0.40
16.70
12.20
2.60
1.50
25.30
3.21
2.07
0.52
360
2.80
3.15
0.80
0.26
0.71
10.70
0.25
8.90
2.30
11.50
47.10
4.40
2.59
21.40
2.40

4.10
100.00
0.85
0.37
0.22
0.15
0.09
<.1
413.30
44.10
<1
0.30
0.30
36.90
5.20
0.60
19.30
2.85
1.96
0.66
370
7.40
3.26
11.30
1.65
0.64
18.50
0.35
3.40
7.10
17.90
16.40
7.10
4.71
18.40
9.30

LOI
SUM
S
Total C
Org C
Gra C
Au-ppm
Ag
As
Ba
Be
Bi
Cd
Ce
Co
Cs
Cu
Dy
Er
Eu
F
Ga
Gd
Hf
Hg
Ho
La
Lu
Mo
Nb
Nd
Ni
Pb
Pr
Rb
Sb

217

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Sc
Se
Sm
Sn
Sr
Ta
Tb
Te
Th
Tl
Tm
U
V
W
Y
Yb
Zn
Zr

BZ-965C BZ-990C GB-704 SJ-535C AC-2005 #4 BZ-940C BZ-942C P-343C RM96-10C RM96-11C
1126
1071
1278
846
Pit sample
863.6
861
288
649
705
SD
SD
SD
UM
UM
UM
UM
UM
UM
UM
9.00
5.00
4.00
6.00
1.00
13.00
14.00
5.00
2.00
3.00
0.90
2.40
6.60
2.80
17.70
2.90
1.20
12.00
13.20
2.10
3.20
2.50
10.50
6.00
1.50
5.90
8.10
1.60
2.40
3.50
2
1
6
1
<1
3
2
3
<1
1
78.70
41.30
70.40
122.90
14.60
9.80
81.90
8.40
25.00
12.00
0.90
0.60
0.80
0.50
0.20
1.40
1.20
0.20
0.20
0.50
0.51
0.37
0.55
1.07
0.34
0.94
0.87
0.27
0.55
0.48
<1
<1
1.00
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
7.80
7.00
8.90
5.20
1.50
15.40
12.70
4.10
2.00
7.90
0.40
1.90
43.10
0.10
1.60
0.10
1.20
2.60
0.10
1.00
0.24
0.21
0.20
0.41
0.21
0.58
0.30
0.18
0.31
0.30
3.10
4.60
2.50
9.20
11.00
7.40
5.30
5.80
7.70
5.20
81.00
89.00
117.00
93.00
1768.00
158.00
122.00
984.00
406.00
66.00
53.00
19.20
8.80
2.50
2.30
9.80
79.70
5.00
1.30
16.30
17.60
14.10
16.20
34.30
14.20
43.40
18.40
13.60
29.60
19.90
1.48
1.28
1.20
2.47
1.16
3.44
1.83
1.19
1.70
2.15
49.00
11.00
19.00
660.00
1855.00
67.00
31.00
296.00
868.00
26.00
113.20
91.60
98.30
129.60
68.10
190.00
181.60
57.40
27.70
385.50

218

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Rock Type
Easting
Northing
Elevation
SiO2-wt%

RM96-13C SJ-305C SJ-564C GB-734C GB-738C GB-738C SJ-235C SJ-274C SJ-564C SJ-449C
639
703
268
1140
1149
1215
846
210
263.5
1174
UM
UM
UM
UM
UM
UM
UM
UM
UM
WS
BA
BA
BA
ORE-I
ORE-I
ORE-I
ORE-I
ORE-I
ORE-I
LA
8006.30 9741.83 9550.90 10258.00 10054.40 10054.30 9529.93 9870.76 9551.18 6961.00
11683.20 13209.39 12858.20 16025.00 15777.10 15774.90 12495.53 12021.36 12860.17 13205.00
4843.70 4794.19 4751.40
4242.00
4230.20
4164.30 4754.79 4910.00 4756.30 4249.00
80.26
91.96
88.03
71.43
87.17
66.60
79.77
84.74
85.16
35.81

Al2O3

2.58

1.81

4.41

7.97

3.37

4.62

6.99

3.07

5.16

Fe2O3

4.17

1.81

2.10

4.03

2.33

2.61

4.70

2.65

3.98

1.79

MgO
CaO
Na2O

0.70
1.05
0.01

0.10
0.15
0.01

0.17
0.33
0.01

0.60
0.30
0.04

0.23
0.49
0.02

1.29
1.56
0.03

0.38
0.30
0.03

0.16
2.47
0.02

0.19
0.28
0.04

11.69
16.97
0.03

K2O

0.72

0.48

0.44

2.29

0.93

1.67

1.94

0.85

0.50

1.65

TiO2

0.16

0.09

0.22

0.43

0.18

0.28

0.38

0.15

0.26

0.27

P2O5

0.13

0.13

0.09

0.22

0.29

0.23

0.17

1.87

0.10

0.09

MnO
Cr2O3

0.01
0.014

0.01
0.005

0.01
0.004

0.01
0.012

0.01
0.006

0.01
0.022

0.01
0.007

0.01
0.005

0.01
0.003

0.02
0.007

9.90
99.74
2.73
6.85
5.80
1.05
0.43
3.20
1847.20
133.00
1.00
1.00
56.50
14.80
5.40
6.50
85.00
3.23
2.63
0.58
380
5.50
2.82
2.70
41.99
0.86
12.20
0.42
83.90
2.80
12.30
270.20
34.40
3.02
43.60
50.80

3.20
99.75
0.68
1.97
1.88
0.09
0.69
0.40
77.70
206.10
1.00
0.10
24.40
13.50
2.70
1.80
27.40
2.20
1.30
0.47
NA
4.30
2.17
0.90
1.95
0.46
11.40
0.16
41.30
1.80
11.90
48.70
26.00
2.72
18.70
8.30

4.20
100.01
1.27
0.52
0.44
0.08
0.31
<.1
309.40
187.70
<1
<.1
0.10
15.10
7.20
1.80
11.00
1.41
1.03
0.35
310
4.40
1.54
1.90
1.28
0.32
8.00
0.17
5.60
6.00
7.80
34.90
4.80
2.01
20.80
14.10

12.40
99.76
3.50
3.83
3.80
0.03
7.56
0.60
643.20
272.70
2.00
0.10
10.00
57.00
8.40
5.00
54.60
4.07
2.62
1.17
2060
20.70
4.93
3.60
63.90
0.86
42.60
0.40
92.10
10.70
36.00
192.20
26.50
9.51
90.90
37.20

4.80
99.84
1.76
1.81
1.77
0.04
8.39
0.30
422.10
107.20
1.00
0.10
4.60
22.50
3.70
5.30
26.20
2.06
1.42
0.52
1020
7.30
2.66
1.80
>100
0.47
18.10
0.17
48.00
4.50
13.00
126.50
10.10
3.60
38.50
43.30

20.30
99.28
2.61
11.83
11.79
0.04
28.13
3.90
407.80
226.50
2.00
0.10
67.80
34.90
4.30
3.40
228.50
7.47
5.92
1.39
1190
8.40
7.47
6.40
73.99
1.79
30.50
0.93
220.40
8.70
31.90
388.10
11.90
8.06
63.30
52.70

5.30
99.98
3.22
0.48
0.46
0.02
3.31
<.1
2246.20
292.40
<1
0.10
0.70
40.00
11.90
4.60
17.80
3.75
2.18
1.04
390
7.30
4.00
2.40
5.68
0.73
17.50
0.31
5.80
5.70
19.70
80.70
7.70
4.75
81.40
20.90

4.00
100.00
1.47
1.81
1.23
0.58
3.20
0.50
504.40
223.10
1.00
0.20
2.60
18.00
10.90
11.50
29.50
4.07
2.85
0.65
NA
4.50
3.61
1.30
5.73
0.97
12.90
0.42
44.10
3.00
11.60
76.60
9.40
2.87
34.00
46.90

4.30
99.99
2.73
0.29
0.25
0.04
4.62
0.20
1778.50
189.80
<1
0.10
0.20
37.40
10.90
1.40
61.50
1.38
0.80
0.49

26.20
99.87
0.95
7.50
7.46
0.04
0.21
0.50
66.70
228.70
1.00
0.10
0.20
34.90
5.20
3.30
11.00
2.41
1.62
0.52
750
6.50
2.41
4.30
0.34
0.56
18.90
0.25
1.50
5.70
18.90
24.20
10.90
4.75
59.00
4.50

LOI
SUM
S
Total C
Org C
Gra C
Au-ppm
Ag
As
Ba
Be
Bi
Cd
Ce
Co
Cs
Cu
Dy
Er
Eu
F
Ga
Gd
Hf
Hg
Ho
La
Lu
Mo
Nb
Nd
Ni
Pb
Pr
Rb
Sb

219

5.50
1.65
1.70
4.17
0.30
20.10
0.12
6.90
4.50
13.20
66.30
8.60
3.71
16.10
81.80

5.34

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Sc
Se
Sm
Sn
Sr
Ta
Tb
Te
Th
Tl
Tm
U
V
W
Y
Yb
Zn
Zr

RM96-13C SJ-305C SJ-564C GB-734C GB-738C GB-738C SJ-235C SJ-274C SJ-564C SJ-449C
639
703
268
1140
1149
1215
846
210
263.5
1174
UM
UM
UM
UM
UM
UM
UM
UM
UM
WS
3.00
1.00
3.00
15.00
2.00
8.00
4.00
6.00
3.00
5.00
87.20
8.20
1.00
14.80
8.00
68.60
1.20
8.70
2.40
1.30
2.60
2.40
1.40
5.90
1.80
6.60
4.10
2.50
2.30
2.90
<1
<1
1
9
6
5
<1
2
1
1
10.90
11.00
13.50
36.60
14.00
28.20
24.20
14.40
23.40
71.60
0.20
0.10
0.50
0.60
0.30
0.50
0.40
0.20
0.40
0.40
0.52
0.36
0.27
0.81
0.45
1.49
0.67
0.64
0.27
0.46
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
2.90
1.60
4.20
7.90
3.50
6.50
4.80
2.60
5.40
6.10
1.20
0.50
1.30
6.10
13.80
9.00
4.00
1.80
4.00
0.20
0.36
0.18
0.18
0.40
0.19
0.94
0.33
0.40
0.11
0.23
24.20
7.10
4.80
23.10
20.90
55.40
4.80
18.90
3.50
3.70
2129.00
557.00
67.00
1277.00
389.00
5127.00
101.00
481.00
45.00
73.00
15.90
10.40
6.70
5.60
3.00
9.00
11.00
5.10
13.00
5.10
29.70
20.40
11.40
31.20
19.90
64.60
26.00
47.70
8.30
17.90
2.78
1.07
1.12
2.75
1.25
6.00
2.11
2.32
0.72
1.55
4418.00 1732.00
44.00
932.00
413.00
5704.00
151.00
93.00
15.00
33.00
109.70
31.50
57.40
135.70
70.00
259.70
81.10
45.90
60.30
145.20

220

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Rock Type
Easting
Northing
Elevation
SiO2-wt%

BZ-940C BZ-999C BZ-962CW P-343C

P-502C
P-507C SJ-391C SJ-405C SJ-409C SJ-507C
1193
1516
1166.6
694
824
543
1112
1187.5
1319
1046A
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
7086.40
6624.40 10036.06 11085.70 10737.55 7161.50 9404.00 8925.00 8185.20
7570.00
11648.90 11038.60
11696.80 11594.67 12861.00 12608.67 13558.20 13894.20 13330.00 11597.20
4451.90
3995.30
4314.80 4586.03 4463.70 4389.37 4298.20 4268.00 5492.00 4438.40
25.91
72.07
59.85
84.39
89.40
85.12
36.06
93.85
59.41
22.91

Al2O3

3.90

7.14

6.74

1.21

3.01

6.58

5.38

0.97

4.88

0.80

Fe2O3

0.77

1.34

1.28

7.21

1.97

2.22

2.34

0.82

1.32

0.59

MgO
CaO
Na2O

1.85
35.38
0.07

0.07
0.17
0.01

6.02
9.39
0.02

0.10
0.24
0.03

0.22
0.36
0.01

0.28
0.21
0.05

11.37
17.13
0.03

0.08
0.24
0.01

7.04
10.06
0.03

9.30
36.44
0.02

K2O

2.40

0.08

0.68

0.24

0.75

1.51

1.10

0.21

0.94

0.13

TiO2

0.19

0.41

0.36

0.05

0.14

0.35

0.29

0.05

0.19

0.04

P2O5

0.06

0.08

0.09

0.07

0.14

0.10

0.06

0.07

0.10

0.05

MnO
Cr2O3

0.03
0.005

0.01
0.011

0.04
0.006

0.01
0.001

<.01
0.006

0.01
0.005

0.03
0.006

<.01
0.006

0.02
0.004

0.01
0.001

29.40
99.97
0.37
7.85
7.83
0.02
0.01
0.10
16.50
203.90
2.00
0.20
0.40
23.40
5.10
1.50
27.00
2.75
1.85
0.55
430
5.40
2.62
2.50
0.03
0.57
11.50
0.30
40.10
4.80
14.30
75.10
3.00
3.69
53.60
3.70

4.20
85.59
2.89
0.10
0.08
0.02
0.10
0.90
226.90
90104.60
<1
1.20
1.00
31.40
5.60
1.60
61.80
3.02
1.38
3.43
240
5.20
3.26
9.30
1.10
0.49
16.60
0.23
5.00
5.90
16.80
25.80
104.60
3.88
3.90
56.10

15.40
99.87
0.57
4.09
4.04
0.05
0.11
0.10
183.50
135.10
2.00
0.10
0.20
56.30
6.00
1.80
4.80
2.41
1.38
1.00
610
9.00
4.00
5.20
0.10
0.45
26.80
0.23
2.80
6.90
27.30
14.40
26.70
7.16
28.10
5.00

6.50
100.05
5.14
0.16
0.06
0.10
0.50
0.60
1599.50
70.00
1.00
<.1
0.20
9.60
0.80
3.50
23.50
0.68
0.27
0.23
NA
1.50
0.85
1.30
15.86
0.12
4.60
0.03
3.10
0.70
4.50
21.90
12.60
1.21
12.70
674.50

3.20
99.21
1.32
0.54
0.49
0.05
0.47
0.20
161.70
6835.90
1.00
<.1
0.50
31.40
3.80
3.50
11.50
1.94
1.09
0.63
500
4.50
2.42
2.10
7.69
0.36
20.40
0.16
8.60
3.20
16.20
23.80
10.70
4.21
24.60
51.60

3.30
99.73
1.58
0.34
0.32
0.02
0.11
0.20
109.10
227.20
1.00
0.10
0.20
43.10
14.10
4.00
20.90
2.82
1.83
0.60
310
8.10
2.77
4.50
1.35
0.61
22.50
0.30
2.00
5.50
20.20
49.90
6.50
4.89
34.40
21.90

26.20
100.00
1.35
7.22
7.17
0.05
0.62
0.20
264.60
96.60
1.00
0.10
0.10
34.10
4.60
3.00
14.00
2.22
1.43
0.52
470
6.40
2.40
4.00
2.19
0.50
16.50
0.21
0.70
5.80
16.20
19.70
7.20
4.25
34.30
44.70

3.60
99.91
0.38
2.70
2.32
0.38
0.16
<.1
18.30
33.10
<1
<.1
0.60
8.40
2.20
2.20
24.30
0.61
0.34
0.17
130
1.40
0.71
<.5
0.57
0.13
7.40
0.03
26.70
1.40
4.70
52.70
2.60
1.24
8.30
4.30

15.90
99.90
0.75
4.48
4.43
0.05
0.02
0.30
86.40
115.90
1.00
0.10
0.10
28.90
3.90
3.10
13.70
1.98
1.14
0.53
460
5.60
1.99
3.00
0.51
0.40
15.00
0.17
1.30
4.50
14.50
15.10
7.50
3.72
32.00
17.90

29.80
100.09
0.05
7.69
0.38
7.31
0.15
<.1
28.90
34.90
<1
<.1
0.20
21.20
1.00
4.20
3.40
1.60
1.26
0.36
90
0.90
1.87
<.5
0.22
0.41
16.80
0.14
2.90
1.00
11.20
6.10
1.40
2.98
3.50
1.50

LOI
SUM
S
Total C
Org C
Gra C
Au-ppm
Ag
As
Ba
Be
Bi
Cd
Ce
Co
Cs
Cu
Dy
Er
Eu
F
Ga
Gd
Hf
Hg
Ho
La
Lu
Mo
Nb
Nd
Ni
Pb
Pr
Rb
Sb

221

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Sc
Se
Sm
Sn
Sr
Ta
Tb
Te
Th
Tl
Tm
U
V
W
Y
Yb
Zn
Zr

BZ-940C BZ-999C BZ-962CW P-343C

P-502C
P-507C SJ-391C SJ-405C SJ-409C SJ-507C
1193
1516
1166.6
694
824
543
1112
1187.5
1319
1046A
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
4.00
2.00
4.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
6.00
<1
5.00
1.00
1.90
6.00
<.5
1.80
2.50
1.50
0.80
0.50
0.90
<.5
2.70
3.70
5.00
1.00
3.00
3.30
2.70
0.90
2.60
2.00
<1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
<1
179.50
221.30
74.30
10.30
25.50
23.10
58.20
12.50
41.70
244.40
0.30
1.80
0.50
<.1
0.30
0.50
0.30
0.10
0.50
<.1
0.46
0.47
0.63
0.15
0.35
0.43
0.43
0.12
0.37
0.25
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
4.10
6.40
7.00
0.90
3.40
7.60
6.00
1.10
6.30
1.00
0.10
0.40
0.10
17.00
4.40
1.00
0.20
0.10
0.40
0.20
0.30
0.24
0.21
<.05
0.16
0.29
0.22
<.05
0.18
0.14
18.30
3.90
4.70
1.20
6.20
13.90
5.00
7.30
3.90
5.70
337.00
74.00
49.00
17.00
84.00
285.00
57.00
38.00
63.00
48.00
32.30
28.10
19.30
10.50
3.50
19.30
3.70
1.10
7.90
0.50
24.30
15.00
16.70
3.10
13.00
19.80
15.00
5.50
12.50
16.70
1.75
1.58
1.36
0.22
0.98
1.91
1.51
0.27
1.23
0.97
48.00
76.00
48.00
7.00
66.00
403.00
10.00
25.00
32.00
9.00
100.50
296.30
186.60
40.80
79.10
179.40
141.50
20.20
109.70
18.60

222

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Rock Type
Easting
Northing
Elevation
SiO2-wt%

SJ-507C SJ-546C SJ-552C SJ-572C SJ-572C SJ-584C SJ-588C AC-2005 #3 BZ-922C BZ-940C
1046B
1109
952
930
943
1024
1313
Pit sample
894
1236
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
ORE-I
ORE-I
ORE-I
n.a
7353.30
7562.70
8185.20 6836.40 7220.80 8269.80 8270.00 6709.60 7279.10
11597.20 12868.60 12304.10 12153.20 12153.30 13490.30 14036.50
n.a 11621.20 11644.90
4438.40 4300.90 4573.50 4354.60 4341.60 4355.90 4102.70
n.a
4435.50
4409.70
4.89
35.97
53.92
69.06
85.23
56.76
42.10
44.46
66.64
70.55

Al2O3

0.03

6.43

3.67

6.63

3.49

3.49

4.71

5.69

1.28

5.21

Fe2O3

0.14

1.80

1.74

2.25

0.95

1.94

1.73

1.80

2.19

3.25

MgO
CaO
Na2O

1.58
54.04
0.01

11.15
16.35
0.03

7.16
13.05
0.13

3.68
6.58
0.01

1.38
2.31
0.01

7.35
10.45
0.03

1.33
25.85
0.02

9.76
13.55
0.05

6.02
10.36
0.01

3.46
5.48
0.01

K2O

0.04

1.47

0.62

0.49

0.31

0.84

0.82

2.80

0.11

1.40

TiO2

0.01

0.35

0.17

0.35

0.17

0.17

0.26

0.32

0.08

0.25

P2O5

0.03

0.08

0.09

0.07

0.12

0.07

0.10

0.10

0.07

0.07

MnO
Cr2O3

0.01
0.001

0.03
0.006

0.02
0.003

0.03
0.007

0.01
0.006

0.02
0.003

0.03
0.013

0.02
0.006

0.10
0.002

0.03
0.006

LOI
SUM
S
Total C
Org C
Gra C
Au-ppm
Ag
As
Ba
Be
Bi
Cd
Ce
Co
Cs
Cu
Dy
Er
Eu
F
Ga
Gd
Hf
Hg
Ho
La
Lu
Mo
Nb
Nd
Ni
Pb
Pr
Rb
Sb

39.20
99.94
0.02
11.27
0.04
11.23
0.19
<.1
8.60
24.00
<1
<.1
0.20
3.60
<.5
0.80
3.40
0.21
0.15
0.07
80
<.5
0.43
<.5
0.18
0.08
3.60
0.04
0.40
<.5
1.70
1.20
2.30
0.47
1.00
1.10

26.20
99.87
0.74
7.52
7.50
0.02
0.32
<.1
106.30
243.20
1.00
<.1
0.10
48.10
5.70
2.50
13.40
2.89
1.84
0.70
570
8.40
3.49
5.50
1.38
0.62
24.20
0.27
1.10
6.90
20.20
18.20
8.50
5.97
53.10
2.90

19.30
99.88
0.86
7.11
6.79
0.32
0.56
<.1
185.50
100.60
1.00
<.1
1.50
27.50
4.30
1.30
25.90
1.57
1.15
0.39
210
4.60
1.82
2.30
1.54
0.39
21.20
0.16
20.40
3.70
13.70
41.40
4.60
3.86
28.90
11.00

10.70
99.87
0.87
2.65
2.61
0.04
0.38
0.10
3997.60
181.80
1.00
0.80
0.10
38.00
7.60
5.00
23.10
1.95
1.52
0.53
290
8.10
2.09
4.50
9.48
0.46
23.30
0.24
7.30
8.10
16.40
30.60
2.60
4.82
22.90
26.20

5.80
99.79
0.31
1.68
1.11
0.57
0.03
0.10
63.10
919.70
1.00
0.10
0.80
29.60
3.30
4.60
21.90
1.98
1.01
0.72
170
5.00
2.79
3.00
0.81
0.39
17.60
0.13
8.20
4.10
16.20
20.00
2.60
4.14
15.90
5.60

18.70
99.82
1.26
7.08
7.01
0.07
0.65
<.1
52.00
610.50
1.00
0.10
1.10
27.30
4.10
1.90
7.50
1.54
0.94
0.53
410
5.30
2.12
2.60
1.27
0.31
21.10
0.12
34.30
4.20
14.40
61.40
10.70
3.83
30.50
11.70

22.90
99.88
1.17
7.42
7.37
0.05
0.03
0.50
108.80
103.80
1.00
0.10
1.70
46.30
3.60
1.30
30.00
2.87
1.69
0.85
400
5.60
3.73
4.60
0.36
0.59
29.50
0.23
9.20
5.40
25.50
53.80
8.60
6.86
27.40
33.50

21.40
99.97
1.14
6.39
0.93
5.46
4.55
0.20
44.50
298.20
1.00
0.10
0.10
48.60
4.60
2.10
19.80
3.64
2.30
0.79
870
6.90
3.56
6.40
0.65
0.76
28.20
0.40
2.30
6.00
22.50
30.20
8.80
6.36
57.20
3.70

13.50
100.37
1.08
4.47
0.72
3.75
8.33
0.30
379.90
53.60
<1
0.10
0.10
11.50
1.70
1.80
17.90
0.88
0.69
0.15
140
1.10
0.88
1.10
3.04
0.27
8.20
0.11
1.20
1.70
5.80
10.30
2.70
1.40
4.30
36.10

10.30
100.02
2.12
2.79
2.67
0.12
27.40
11.60
767.90
88.10
1.00
0.10
0.30
30.10
6.70
11.40
30.70
2.18
1.79
0.43
1420
9.30
1.88
3.20
14.08
0.48
20.10
0.27
2.70
6.60
13.60
19.40
10.30
4.00
67.40
89.30

223

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Sc
Se
Sm
Sn
Sr
Ta
Tb
Te
Th
Tl
Tm
U
V
W
Y
Yb
Zn
Zr

SJ-507C SJ-546C SJ-552C SJ-572C SJ-572C SJ-584C SJ-588C AC-2005 #3 BZ-922C BZ-940C
1046B
1109
952
930
943
1024
1313
Pit sample
894
1236
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
1.00
5.00
4.00
6.00
4.00
3.00
6.00
5.00
2.00
7.00
<.5
0.80
1.60
1.70
1.00
1.70
3.10
1.00
0.60
2.00
0.30
3.70
2.10
2.60
3.30
2.20
4.30
4.80
0.90
2.30
<1
1
1
1
1
<1
1
<1
<1
2
309.50
74.80
81.30
24.40
13.90
88.10
43.00
82.00
36.80
19.40
<.1
0.50
0.30
0.50
0.30
0.20
0.40
0.40
0.10
0.40
0.03
0.62
0.38
0.36
0.49
0.32
0.60
0.56
0.11
0.36
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
1.00
<.1
8.00
3.20
7.70
5.20
3.70
5.90
6.30
1.40
5.80
0.20
<.1
0.30
11.80
0.20
0.20
0.10
0.30
1.40
12.80
<.05
0.29
0.19
0.24
0.15
0.14
0.26
0.35
0.11
0.26
0.60
3.00
8.20
7.80
9.00
10.90
10.20
5.90
4.30
5.80
12.00
48.00
135.00
144.00
84.00
127.00
159.00
53.00
20.00
98.00
0.10
11.00
7.30
83.30
24.90
2.40
9.40
2.40
3.70
36.80
3.60
18.00
13.50
16.80
12.50
12.30
21.40
25.60
8.70
19.10
0.12
1.68
0.98
1.48
0.89
0.78
1.40
2.26
0.70
1.64
3.00
10.00
63.00
51.00
72.00
105.00
191.00
39.00
8.00
27.00
2.90
173.00
80.10
145.00
100.90
80.90
162.30
212.10
46.40
117.00

224

Drill hole BZ-942C BZ-942C GB-660CM GB-704 P-420C P-429C P-502C P-502C P-507C PN-583 PN-583
Depth (ft)
1184
1313
1448
1502
748
415
685
874.5
391
1132
1390
Rock Unit
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
Rock Type ORE-I
ORE-I
ORE-I
ORE-I
ORE-I
ORE-I
ORE-I
ORE-I
ORE-I
ORE-I
ORE-I
9617.80 9697.00 10349.17 10162.56 11076.73 11088.92 10656.49 10369.00 10364.40
Easting
7554.40 7523.00
Northing
11358.10 11342.10
15574.00 15666.00 12286.86 12068.72 12872.80 12856.64 12544.88 13432.10 13441.20
Elevation
4440.90 4316.80
3893.30 3859.00 4458.43 4679.71 4602.15 4413.77 4619.24 4357.00 4099.20
SiO2-wt%
91.17
30.83
69.56
67.02
81.82
85.09
86.37
87.67
77.59
86.35
77.66
Al2O3

2.11

8.52

8.00

4.73

5.59

6.38

5.43

2.86

5.77

4.31

8.97

Fe2O3

2.97

2.88

3.01

13.75

4.32

2.15

2.33

2.41

6.45

2.29

2.59

MgO
CaO
Na2O

0.30
0.50
0.03

3.72
26.59
0.01

3.30
4.13
0.02

0.30
0.38
0.01

0.24
0.86
0.03

0.37
0.13
0.07

0.42
0.25
0.03

0.19
0.20
0.02

0.26
0.17
0.02

0.27
0.28
0.04

0.78
1.14
0.05

K2O

0.44

0.40

2.45

1.35

0.88

1.65

1.62

0.75

0.71

1.11

2.59

TiO2

0.11

0.43

0.41

0.26

0.31

0.34

0.29

0.14

0.32

0.21

0.50

P2O5

0.08

0.10

0.10

0.27

0.51

0.01

0.14

0.10

0.09

0.12

0.63

MnO
Cr2O3

0.01
0.004

0.10
0.008

0.01
0.008

0.01
0.006

0.01
0.008

0.01
0.007

0.01
0.008

0.01
0.004

0.01
0.006

0.01
0.005

0.01
0.016

2.60
100.33
1.74
0.85
0.41
0.44
6.15
2.40
796.30
42.90
<1
0.10
0.70
7.50
11.70
3.70
100.30
0.65
0.54
0.14
310
2.90
0.58
1.30
9.21
0.17
5.00
0.08
7.50
2.00
3.70
49.40
5.20
0.99
21.20
209.00

26.30
99.90
1.93
6.82
6.80
0.02
2.12
0.30
627.30
79.60
1.00
0.50
0.10
43.90
8.80
2.20
23.80
3.14
2.05
0.81
530
6.50
3.56
4.90
9.30
0.62
21.90
0.30
1.00
8.10
20.80
27.70
10.30
5.46
23.20
10.70

9.00
100.01
2.28
2.20
2.16
0.04
3.33
0.60
160.80
154.60
1.00
0.10
0.20
65.60
7.70
2.90
30.50
1.97
1.32
0.70
1860
13.20
2.64
5.60
7.46
0.41
37.60
0.23
3.50
8.30
28.80
27.00
8.60
8.09
85.60
21.70

11.90
99.99
10.30
0.88
0.85
0.03
31.15
6.10
4319.00
166.30
<1
0.10
0.40
70.40
3.50
3.80
31.50
2.28
1.32
1.00
370
8.60
3.91
5.30
51.46
0.47
37.60
0.22
8.20
5.60
43.60
19.40
16.30
10.73
56.80
265.90

5.20
99.79
3.22
0.67
0.62
0.05
3.74
0.20
1267.80
1202.40
1.00
0.10
0.80
42.90
5.50
3.80
24.40
3.28
2.13
0.69
NA
5.80
3.49
6.50
7.86
0.71
22.30
0.31
13.60
4.00
20.10
69.30
10.30
5.13
40.00
85.60

3.60
99.82
1.46
0.03
<.03
1.46
51.04
3.60
2622.30
290.50
1.00
0.20
0.40
43.40
18.60
5.70
70.20
2.86
1.66
0.86
950
10.50
3.61
4.20
39.00
0.56
21.70
0.25
10.80
4.90
19.00
138.40
8.80
4.99
77.40
18.80

3.00
99.89
1.66
0.88
0.89
-0.01
4.18
0.30
205.00
180.00
1.00
0.10
0.70
49.70
5.80
3.10
29.80
3.15
1.97
0.82
NA
7.90
3.66
4.70
31.00
0.64
28.40
0.30
6.00
4.50
25.20
33.90
13.40
6.27
49.10
25.90

5.60
99.96
1.80
3.01
3.04
-0.03
1.92
0.30
337.40
89.90
1.00
0.10
2.40
26.20
4.10
3.20
24.70
1.99
1.29
0.42
NA
3.80
1.66
1.70
15.05
0.42
20.60
0.17
54.80
2.60
14.20
84.70
5.70
3.56
25.50
66.80

8.50
99.90
4.92
0.56
0.53
0.03
8.89
1.00
1193.50
522.10
<1
0.10
0.20
42.20
5.50
1.70
51.00
2.28
1.54
0.54
NA
7.40
2.22
5.50
19.54
0.50
23.40
0.28
32.00
5.00
18.80
61.40
16.70
4.91
26.90
135.80

5.40
100.40
1.56
2.59
2.48
0.11
5.69
0.30
409.20
370.90
1.00
0.10
1.00
35.70
7.50
3.30
58.80
1.96
1.39
0.47
700
5.70
2.18
2.30
25.38
0.53
27.40
0.20
32.00
3.70
16.60
83.40
22.60
4.75
35.20
27.20

5.20
100.13
0.59
2.44
2.27
0.17
1.76
1.70
117.70
652.90
1.00
0.10
0.50
56.20
6.40
6.80
72.30
3.82
2.23
1.16
1700
10.70
4.43
6.50
1.49
0.80
36.80
0.28
5.10
6.80
29.30
70.60
18.90
7.65
80.50
13.60

LOI
SUM
S
Total C
Org C
Gra C
Au-ppm
Ag
As
Ba
Be
Bi
Cd
Ce
Co
Cs
Cu
Dy
Er
Eu
F
Ga
Gd
Hf
Hg
Ho
La
Lu
Mo
Nb
Nd
Ni
Pb
Pr
Rb
Sb

225

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Sc
Se
Sm
Sn
Sr
Ta
Tb
Te
Th
Tl
Tm
U
V
W
Y
Yb
Zn
Zr

BZ-942C BZ-942C GB-660CM GB-704 P-420C P-429C P-502C P-502C P-507C PN-583 PN-583
1184
1313
1448
1502
748
415
685
874.5
391
1132
1390
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
1.00
6.00
5.00
2.00
4.00
5.00
5.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
7.00
2.20
4.50
1.40
7.10
1.80
2.40
1.70
7.00
3.60
2.10
4.90
0.70
4.20
4.30
6.60
3.80
3.90
4.30
2.10
2.90
2.70
5.40
1
2
4
5
6
2
2
<1
2
2
1
6.80
46.50
33.20
26.90
16.50
19.90
17.50
21.10
13.00
24.20
26.60
0.10
0.60
0.60
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.20
0.40
0.30
0.60
0.13
0.64
0.46
0.63
0.56
0.53
0.52
0.29
0.34
0.37
0.78
<1
<1
<1
2.00
<1
2.00
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
2.80
8.20
10.30
7.30
6.40
7.70
7.00
3.30
6.80
4.30
7.60
10.20
4.60
6.30
73.50
6.70
41.00
2.40
4.00
12.50
2.60
0.20
0.06
0.28
0.22
0.23
0.32
0.25
0.29
0.21
0.26
0.22
0.34
3.60
3.10
6.10
6.10
9.70
4.60
11.40
14.00
6.30
11.30
11.90
51.00
68.00
101.00
68.00
146.00
141.00
79.00
152.00
86.00
193.00
267.00
15.70
685.60
9.50
70.70
33.30
39.60
3.30
12.20
9.50
3.70
9.00
5.60
24.00
15.00
17.40
27.90
20.20
22.10
15.50
15.70
19.70
27.80
0.65
1.67
1.29
1.33
1.94
1.45
1.86
1.20
1.66
1.52
1.92
106.00
34.00
36.00
39.00
149.00
396.00
63.00
91.00
60.00
88.00
148.00
52.30
169.30
191.80
184.40
234.50
149.90
162.30
65.00
207.80
86.80
243.10

226

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Rock Type
Easting
Northing
Elevation
SiO2-wt%

PN-599 PNC-364 SJ-197C SJ-232C SJ-235C SJ-274C SJ-274C SJ-281CR SJ-305C SJ-351CR
1259
1592
1108
981
1126
343
474
1127
968
1287
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
ORE-I
ORE-I
ORE-I
ORE-I
ORE-I
ORE-I
ORE-I
ORE-I
ORE-I
ORE-I
9670.01
9540.67
9872.20
9873.71
6941.00
9756.66
9268.30
9199.00 11087.10 10089.40
15359.00 13908.20 13063.50 12301.11 12485.41 12021.94 12021.94 12099.00 13212.41 12696.20
4046.00
3823.80
4537.00
4519.06
4475.20
4777.00
4646.00
4379.00
4529.60
4287.30
55.82
84.02
82.06
78.84
60.23
94.93
91.26
36.89
81.74
81.20

Al2O3

4.47

6.77

7.71

2.29

2.95

1.61

1.31

5.96

6.63

6.75

Fe2O3

1.72

2.34

3.10

10.85

2.10

1.49

2.72

1.95

3.07

4.12

MgO
CaO
Na2O

7.29
11.12
0.02

0.41
0.22
0.02

0.41
0.45
0.03

0.11
0.44
0.01

6.97
10.17
0.02

0.07
0.24
0.01

0.09
0.49
0.01

10.33
17.45
0.04

0.67
0.31
0.03

0.72
0.24
0.03

K2O

1.34

1.99

1.18

0.60

0.44

0.39

0.20

0.50

2.23

1.72

TiO2

0.21

0.43

0.40

0.07

0.16

0.07

0.07

0.33

0.33

0.37

P2O5

0.11

0.11

0.21

0.18

0.06

0.12

0.26

0.08

0.17

0.09

MnO
Cr2O3

0.02
0.005

0.01
0.010

0.01
0.008

0.01
0.004

0.06
0.004

0.01
0.006

0.01
0.002

0.04
0.010

0.01
0.009

0.01
0.008

17.80
99.93
1.26
5.99
5.91
0.08
2.89
0.30
111.40
887.20
1.00
0.10
0.10
35.90
4.10
2.30
16.90
2.05
1.23
0.54
960
6.40
2.33
3.20
5.80
0.40
21.90
0.18
34.20
4.70
17.50
31.20
6.90
4.71
45.90
29.70

3.90
100.23
1.39
0.87
0.84
0.03
29.93
1.20
156.70
291.30
1.00
<.1
0.50
66.80
4.80
2.90
29.30
3.54
1.91
1.05
1150
9.60
3.79
8.00
7.59
0.61
36.30
0.26
15.90
5.90
29.90
26.10
8.70
7.84
61.80
80.40

4.70
100.26
0.30
1.60
1.39
0.21
8.86
0.20
71.80
178.40
1.00
0.10
2.00
59.90
3.30
2.60
64.70
3.75
2.44
0.88
480
8.90
3.77
4.80
16.37
0.81
35.70
0.32
1.80
6.80
28.90
23.50
13.30
7.55
43.00
22.10

6.50
99.91
7.93
0.61
0.61
0.00
9.14
2.00
2848.70
118.00
<1
0.10
2.20
34.60
8.50
2.10
22.40
1.57
0.97
0.44
320
3.60
1.57
0.90
20.40
0.31
24.60
0.14
13.20
1.10
15.40
93.60
10.20
4.22
26.00
227.80

15.40
98.57
1.29
4.52
0.43
4.09
18.07
0.30
296.60
9543.50
<1
0.10
0.20
17.10
2.80
1.20
6.90
2.41
1.31
0.41
290
3.90
2.32
1.30
3.37
0.46
11.10
0.17
1.50
4.30
10.20
31.60
5.30
2.46
19.80
20.30

1.00
99.96
0.48
0.41
0.24
0.17
2.40
0.60
232.40
390.30
<1
<.1
2.50
17.00
3.40
1.00
13.40
0.61
0.47
0.17
190
2.30
0.75
0.90
7.86
0.13
12.20
0.08
4.30
1.80
7.30
37.20
7.90
2.08
11.40
32.80

3.60
100.03
0.92
1.20
0.63
0.57
28.69
0.80
909.60
93.50
1.00
<.1
0.20
21.20
1.10
1.60
33.60
2.41
1.12
0.71
200
1.40
3.12
1.60
31.82
0.42
11.10
0.14
11.00
1.90
11.60
12.10
4.30
2.84
9.10
145.10

26.30
99.89
1.27
7.65
7.60
0.05
11.26
0.30
786.40
87.20
1.00
0.10
0.30
39.90
4.90
0.80
24.50
1.93
1.15
0.58
510
5.30
2.45
4.40
9.22
0.39
20.30
0.19
4.60
7.10
20.00
39.60
12.60
5.31
23.40
29.50

4.80
100.00
2.10
0.85
0.81
0.04
1.99
0.50
137.80
237.30
1.00
0.10
1.20
33.70
5.70
3.40
24.90
2.61
1.73
0.62
NA
14.30
2.27
3.60
4.87
0.54
19.20
0.30
8.60
5.70
16.50
37.00
25.00
4.38
79.80
10.00

4.60
99.86
2.71
0.35
0.30
0.05
4.42
0.30
316.50
121.30
1.00
0.10
0.40
44.50
6.60
5.10
16.80
2.37
1.60
0.72
960
13.20
2.70
5.10
19.07
0.49
21.20
0.28
2.20
7.00
21.30
22.00
8.40
5.68
85.20
57.10

LOI
SUM
S
Total C
Org C
Gra C
Au-ppm
Ag
As
Ba
Be
Bi
Cd
Ce
Co
Cs
Cu
Dy
Er
Eu
F
Ga
Gd
Hf
Hg
Ho
La
Lu
Mo
Nb
Nd
Ni
Pb
Pr
Rb
Sb

227

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Sc
Se
Sm
Sn
Sr
Ta
Tb
Te
Th
Tl
Tm
U
V
W
Y
Yb
Zn
Zr

PN-599 PNC-364 SJ-197C SJ-232C SJ-235C SJ-274C SJ-274C SJ-281CR SJ-305C SJ-351CR
1259
1592
1108
981
1126
343
474
1127
968
1287
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
5.00
4.00
6.00
3.00
5.00
1.00
3.00
5.00
6.00
6.00
1.30
2.30
45.10
2.10
0.80
10.80
1.20
1.40
2.80
1.00
3.30
5.30
4.90
2.30
2.30
1.10
2.80
3.20
2.50
3.80
2
2
4
2
1
<1
2
3
2
2
62.20
21.80
23.50
16.70
39.20
17.30
6.70
54.10
16.70
12.30
0.30
0.40
0.50
<.1
0.40
0.10
<.1
0.50
0.40
0.60
0.41
0.59
0.62
0.28
0.42
0.12
0.48
0.37
0.39
0.48
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
3.00
<1
<1
<1
5.00
7.60
7.10
1.90
3.50
1.70
1.70
6.60
7.60
7.50
2.10
8.70
0.10
34.10
6.30
1.30
19.20
0.40
3.40
23.00
0.18
0.25
0.32
0.14
0.20
0.09
0.16
0.17
0.29
0.27
6.50
5.30
12.60
4.90
1.80
2.70
3.40
5.80
6.80
6.10
131.00
123.00
242.00
88.00
47.00
67.00
32.00
123.00
106.00
97.00
5.10
9.50
21.50
115.80
3.90
11.20
9.30
147.40
4.50
23.00
13.80
23.60
26.80
12.50
17.30
5.50
15.60
13.40
20.20
15.80
1.10
1.84
2.55
0.97
1.22
0.46
1.06
1.33
1.84
2.05
12.00
70.00
45.00
873.00
40.00
171.00
19.00
32.00
109.00
19.00
114.50
291.30
187.30
35.70
45.30
32.50
49.00
160.60
122.20
181.50

228

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Rock Type
Easting
Northing
Elevation
SiO2-wt%

SJ-405C SJ-475C SJ-475C SJ-485C SJ-507C SJ-516C SJ-546C SJ-584C SJ-588C

1159.5
134.5
76
1103
1061
1048
992.5A
1032
1178.5
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
ORE-I
ORE-I
ORE-I
ORE-I
ORE-I
ORE-I
ORE-I
ORE-I
ORE-I
9955.68
9957.18
6539.00
8185.20
5925.00
6847.60
6708.90
7292.00
9406.80
13895.70 11872.46 11893.37 13315.00 11597.20 12754.00 12877.10 13489.00 14055.50
4295.80
4716.39
4771.01
4292.00
4438.40
4307.00
4416.60
4348.50
4235.30
62.82
89.57
89.00
81.68
75.42
50.97
62.17
63.85
75.90

P-502C
797
WS
ORE-II
11084.00
12863.50
4490.80
42.66

Al2O3

2.61

3.48

2.33

1.54

5.00

6.14

2.48

2.23

3.37

6.55

Fe2O3

0.92

2.06

3.80

1.06

4.99

3.89

1.25

1.09

1.96

2.56

MgO
CaO
Na2O

6.37
9.40
0.03

0.11
0.19
0.01

0.14
0.37
0.01

3.07
4.87
0.02

1.66
2.22
0.01

7.80
10.85
0.03

6.92
10.77
0.02

6.04
8.68
0.04

3.21
4.42
0.01

9.33
13.62
0.04

K2O

0.64

0.99

0.41

0.37

1.27

1.96

0.41

0.53

1.03

1.78

TiO2

0.13

0.22

0.22

0.06

0.27

0.33

0.13

0.11

0.16

0.35

P2O5

0.06

0.09

0.20

0.05

0.10

0.08

0.04

0.17

0.08

0.54

MnO
Cr2O3

0.01
0.003

0.01
0.005

0.01
0.002

0.02
0.003

0.05
0.006

0.02
0.007

0.02
0.003

0.01
0.003

0.01
0.005

0.03
0.007

LOI
SUM
S
Total C
Org C
Gra C
Au-ppm
Ag
As
Ba
Be
Bi
Cd
Ce
Co
Cs
Cu
Dy
Er
Eu
F
Ga
Gd
Hf
Hg
Ho
La
Lu
Mo
Nb
Nd
Ni
Pb
Pr
Rb
Sb

16.90
99.90
0.79
6.99
6.56
0.43
2.98
0.10
96.40
94.90
<1
<.1
1.10
17.10
2.40
1.70
18.70
1.49
0.94
0.32
350
3.40
1.61
1.50
4.79
0.28
12.40
0.12
34.10
3.00
11.00
50.50
3.70
2.65
22.40
6.10

2.30
99.03
1.39
0.07
0.03
0.04
10.61
4.70
3805.10
7302.10
1.00
<.1
1.90
17.00
2.50
2.50
23.30
0.72
0.45
<.05
420
4.10
0.81
6.10
17.42
0.14
9.90
0.10
70.40
3.70
6.50
12.60
20.20
1.91
35.60
129.70

3.50
99.99
3.09
0.22
0.09
0.13
12.19
3.90
753.20
139.00
<1
0.10
0.60
71.70
5.40
3.10
52.40
4.41
1.68
1.58
330
2.70
6.12
3.10
17.55
0.71
38.10
0.16
5.10
3.40
36.80
21.60
10.30
9.17
19.80
70.70

7.30
100.04
0.37
2.21
2.17
0.04
1.03
0.20
55.40
82.40
1.00
<.1
0.10
8.00
1.70
1.10
36.80
1.02
0.67
0.18
260
1.80
0.83
1.00
0.84
0.22
5.50
0.10
4.30
1.40
3.60
5.70
3.60
0.95
16.00
17.80

9.40
100.39
3.60
2.05
0.30
1.75
52.10
15.70
1784.90
80.70
<1
0.10
0.50
24.00
4.50
4.20
42.20
2.47
1.66
0.34
1140
7.90
1.72
2.70
53.15
0.61
19.10
0.30
5.40
4.50
11.10
47.90
9.80
3.07
68.20
340.40

17.80
99.88
2.63
5.02
4.99
0.03
9.75
2.00
836.90
156.80
1.00
0.10
0.10
54.50
6.00
3.70
35.40
2.19
1.44
0.59
1100
9.10
2.62
4.70
9.02
0.46
28.80
0.22
11.50
6.90
24.40
22.90
15.40
6.89
66.30
150.30

15.70
99.91
0.66
4.75
4.71
0.04
8.82
<.1
252.00
90.30
<1
<.1
0.20
18.70
2.70
1.00
18.00
1.45
0.94
0.48
410
3.20
1.84
2.10
2.16
0.29
11.10
0.13
3.40
3.20
10.50
10.80
7.90
2.65
17.80
11.60

17.10
99.87
0.68
8.01
7.90
0.11
0.62
<.1
37.40
338.00
1.00
0.10
0.80
19.20
2.80
1.60
12.00
1.17
0.71
0.33
380
3.40
1.62
1.20
0.45
0.27
17.60
0.07
68.30
2.90
10.50
112.70
6.50
2.75
18.70
4.70

9.70
99.86
1.26
4.54
4.48
0.06
3.64
5.40
155.50
102.60
1.00
0.10
2.20
35.40
4.30
1.80
28.90
1.59
1.01
0.51
790
6.00
1.92
1.80
3.91
0.33
26.20
0.12
35.40
3.60
20.10
60.00
22.10
5.20
35.90
57.00

21.50
98.97
1.96
6.27
6.21
0.06
5.22
0.30
209.80
7768.90
1.00
0.10
0.20
62.70
7.10
3.60
26.60
4.83
2.19
1.39
1240
9.80
6.49
4.60
16.48
0.80
35.50
0.28
5.80
8.10
35.10
37.30
20.20
8.49
72.70
37.30

229

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Sc
Se
Sm
Sn
Sr
Ta
Tb
Te
Th
Tl
Tm
U
V
W
Y
Yb
Zn
Zr

SJ-405C SJ-475C SJ-475C SJ-485C SJ-507C SJ-516C SJ-546C SJ-584C SJ-588C

1159.5
134.5
76
1103
1061
1048
992.5A
1032
1178.5
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
3.00
1.00
2.00
2.00
6.00
5.00
2.00
3.00
3.00
1.90
5.80
1.70
0.70
4.50
1.70
1.00
1.30
2.50
1.80
0.90
7.40
0.70
1.40
3.70
2.10
1.40
3.00
1
1
<1
8
<1
1
2
1
2
49.70
13.20
10.50
19.20
12.10
48.50
60.70
67.40
25.60
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.10
0.40
0.50
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.26
0.11
0.90
0.15
0.37
0.47
0.29
0.24
0.29
<1
2.00
2.00
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
1.00
2.60
5.00
7.30
1.60
4.20
7.90
3.70
2.60
2.80
0.40
14.40
11.50
0.90
70.80
5.40
0.40
0.30
0.80
0.14
0.08
0.19
0.10
0.27
0.23
0.15
0.11
0.17
12.50
2.40
6.20
2.30
6.70
6.80
4.50
11.90
8.10
184.00
72.00
45.00
40.00
161.00
81.00
60.00
101.00
284.00
2.40
10.60
66.10
6.30
32.80
22.70
32.40
3.60
2.90
12.00
4.70
23.80
7.20
20.00
15.10
11.80
10.70
14.20
0.93
0.50
1.19
0.71
1.74
1.46
0.84
0.55
0.93
62.00
268.00
57.00
10.00
47.00
9.00
12.00
53.00
215.00
61.20
187.20
96.60
35.50
111.80
136.70
65.80
46.00
65.90

230

P-502C
797
WS
7.00
2.30
7.80
3
81.90
0.60
0.94
<1
6.90
6.20
0.26
8.50
88.00
24.80
27.90
1.74
23.00
162.30

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Rock Type
Easting
Northing
Elevation
SiO2-wt%

PN-600C
1158
WS
ORE-II
9059.00
15160.00
4150.00
29.84

SJ-327CR
1122
WS
ORE-II
7796.00
12679.00
4365.00
49.73

SJ-381C
1114
WS
ORE-II
7611.00
12533.00
4384.00
48.37

SJ-467C
1289
WS
ORE-II
9250.00
13730.00
4219.00
39.61

SJ-483C
1179
WS
ORE-II
6943.00
13669.00
4220.00
48.56

SJ-486C
1059
WS
ORE-II
6211.00
13083.00
4331.00
46.82

SJ-488C
1029
WS
ORE-II
6071.00
13021.00
4350.00
37.79

SJ-546C
992.5B
WS
ORE-II
6847.60
12877.10
4416.60
41.47

Al2O3

4.85

3.53

3.63

5.47

4.07

5.07

4.68

3.05

Fe2O3

2.20

2.88

1.71

3.21

3.26

2.10

2.32

1.25

MgO
CaO
Na2O

11.84
19.86
0.03

8.87
13.64
0.02

9.01
14.53
0.03

10.52
15.13
0.06

8.72
12.48
0.03

8.55
14.54
0.02

11.51
16.29
0.02

10.80
16.02
0.02

K2O

2.01

0.12

0.05

1.57

1.19

1.59

1.47

0.54

TiO2

0.24

0.16

0.15

0.29

0.22

0.27

0.26

0.15

P2O5

0.08

0.10

0.08

0.08

0.14

0.07

0.07

0.07

MnO
Cr2O3

0.03
0.007

0.04
0.005

0.03
0.005

0.05
0.006

0.02
0.006

0.04
0.006

0.07
0.005

0.02
0.004

28.90
99.89
1.83
8.78
8.71
0.07
4.23
0.30
760.60
901.00
1.00
<.1
1.40
39.50
4.30
3.00
31.90
2.99
1.67
0.72
1010
7.50
3.32
4.00
92.79
0.55
23.10
0.24
7.80
5.80
20.50
27.90
9.80
5.40
56.80
35.70

20.80
99.90
2.12
6.05
5.96
0.09
33.17
0.10
637.80
51.40
1.00
<.1
0.50
71.50
3.00
0.60
27.80
2.74
1.16
1.66
210
3.40
5.73
2.00
21.16
0.48
42.20
0.17
17.00
3.50
47.30
18.40
11.50
11.27
4.10
180.00

22.30
99.90
1.04
6.61
6.50
0.11
31.12
<.1
469.90
35.70
1.00
0.10
0.30
10.20
2.70
0.30
21.10
1.77
1.18
0.30
150
4.40
1.33
2.60
12.74
0.42
6.10
0.15
6.70
3.60
6.40
18.90
8.60
1.52
2.10
62.50

24.00
99.99
2.17
6.69
6.65
0.04
27.32
0.20
1569.90
129.50
1.00
0.10
0.20
38.50
5.40
2.40
35.90
2.01
1.41
0.54
1140
9.20
1.92
3.90
20.10
0.44
19.70
0.22
3.00
6.10
18.60
19.60
7.30
4.64
56.60
102.20

21.20
99.90
2.60
5.73
5.67
0.06
8.14
0.30
478.20
129.20
1.00
0.10
0.40
28.70
4.20
2.90
25.30
1.93
1.16
0.44
750
6.50
1.87
2.60
8.21
0.42
17.90
0.16
6.10
4.90
14.30
25.80
15.40
3.85
46.10
164.40

20.80
99.88
1.17
5.82
5.80
0.02
15.50
0.20
1383.90
280.90
1.00
0.10
0.20
35.20
4.60
3.40
22.20
1.60
0.86
0.41
650
6.10
1.47
3.50
11.84
0.30
17.80
0.13
11.00
5.30
15.90
16.70
12.70
4.32
57.30
71.90

25.40
99.89
1.33
7.10
7.06
0.04
9.71
2.80
537.90
95.80
1.00
0.10
0.10
36.10
4.20
2.40
25.10
2.37
1.44
0.51
880
6.30
2.07
4.60
4.73
0.48
20.10
0.20
15.10
5.50
17.40
14.80
7.90
4.30
58.80
83.70

26.50
99.90
0.81
9.27
9.22
0.05
5.13
0.20
771.70
74.00
1.00
<.1
0.80
25.30
3.40
1.10
21.10
1.51
1.06
0.37
480
4.10
1.83
2.20
5.61
0.33
15.40
0.17
23.20
3.50
13.10
41.00
7.20
3.56
23.30
33.30

LOI
SUM
S
Total C
Org C
Gra C
Au-ppm
Ag
As
Ba
Be
Bi
Cd
Ce
Co
Cs
Cu
Dy
Er
Eu
F
Ga
Gd
Hf
Hg
Ho
La
Lu
Mo
Nb
Nd
Ni
Pb
Pr
Rb
Sb

231

Drill hole
Depth (ft)
Rock Unit
Sc
Se
Sm
Sn
Sr
Ta
Tb
Te
Th
Tl
Tm
U
V
W
Y
Yb
Zn
Zr

PN-600C
1158
WS
6.00
0.80
3.80
5
114.00
0.40
0.55
1.00
5.40
1.70
0.24
8.80
223.00
5.10
20.70
1.67
45.00
134.10

SJ-327CR
1122
WS
4.00
2.90
8.20
2
52.60
0.30
0.78
<1
3.90
12.10
0.17
14.50
112.00
13.40
16.20
1.29
32.00
85.80

SJ-381C
1114
WS
3.00
1.30
1.30
2
43.60
0.30
0.33
<1
2.90
1.10
0.17
3.90
77.00
11.30
14.90
1.33
26.00
92.40

SJ-467C
1289
WS
7.00
1.90
3.00
3
64.70
0.40
0.34
1.00
6.90
28.50
0.23
4.20
93.00
38.40
14.20
1.44
14.00
135.80

SJ-483C
1179
WS
4.00
1.60
2.40
8
50.00
0.30
0.32
<1
4.40
1.80
0.17
6.20
78.00
9.60
14.20
1.14
50.00
93.50

SJ-486C
1059
WS
5.00
2.60
2.40
3
50.50
0.40
0.22
<1
5.40
7.60
0.15
3.70
72.00
23.80
10.50
1.06
28.00
134.50

SJ-488C
1029
WS
4.00
1.90
2.60
1
58.60
0.40
0.39
<1
5.50
5.80
0.22
3.90
59.00
16.50
17.00
1.25
9.00
158.40

SJ-546C
992.5B
WS
3.00
1.90
1.90
5
83.10
0.20
0.33
<1
3.70
0.10
0.15
7.20
250.00
73.20
12.00
0.98
43.00
68.70

Rock Unit: LL: Roberts Mountains Fm., OV: Vinini Fm., PL: Planar Unit, RC: Rodeo Creek Fm., SD: Soft Sediment Deformation,
UM: Upper Mud Unit, and WS: Wispy Unit. Rock type: LA: least altered, BA: Au-barren and altered. NA: not analyzed.

232

APPENDIX D: CORRELATION MATRIX OF PALEOZOIC LOWER-PLATE

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Au
1.00

SiO2

Au

excess SiO2

Al2O3

Fe2O3

MgO

CaO

SiO2
excess SiO2

0.08
0.08

1.00
1.00

1.00

Al2O3

-0.07

0.02

-0.05

1.00

Fe2O3
MgO
CaO

0.24
0.00
-0.14

0.24
-0.63
-0.88

0.22
-0.63
-0.86

Na2O

-0.05

-0.08

K2O

0.01

TiO2

0.30
0.07
-0.28

1.00
-0.17
-0.40

1.00
0.37

1.00

-0.10

0.17

-0.02

0.19

0.06

-0.08

-0.13

0.71

0.20

0.15

-0.12

0.25

1.00

-0.07

0.01

-0.06

0.98

0.30

0.06

-0.26

0.16

0.70

1.00

P2O5
MnO

-0.03
-0.03

0.13
-0.18

0.13
-0.21

0.04
0.28

0.08
0.28

-0.13
0.11

-0.13
0.08

-0.03
0.03

0.02
0.12

Cr2O3
Sc
LOI
TOT/C
C/ORG
C/GRA
F
Ba
Pb
Co
U
V
Mo
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ni
Se
As
Hg
Tl
Sb
W
S
% py
Bi
Ag
Te
Cs
Ga
Hf
Nb
Rb

0.01
-0.11
-0.03
-0.12
-0.10
-0.02
0.15
-0.04
0.21
-0.04
-0.03
0.02
0.05
0.46
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.13
0.40
0.51
0.69
0.33
0.07
0.26
0.26
-0.03
0.48
0.32
0.05
-0.02
-0.06
-0.07
0.07

0.06
-0.10
-0.93
-0.82
-0.75
-0.14
0.06
0.04
0.23
0.22
0.04
0.07
0.12
0.14
0.13
0.11
0.19
0.16
0.11
0.14
0.18
0.18
-0.07
0.02
0.02
0.07
0.13
-0.08
0.23
0.06
0.07
-0.11
0.05

0.01
-0.16
-0.92
-0.80
-0.73
-0.13
0.02
0.04
0.22
0.18
0.04
0.07
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.12
0.19
0.17
0.11
0.15
0.19
0.20
-0.08
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.13
-0.08
0.19
-0.01
0.03
-0.18
-0.01

0.58
0.77
-0.18
-0.27
-0.19
-0.21
0.44
0.07
0.12
0.55
-0.05
-0.04
-0.17
0.00
-0.08
-0.13
0.00
-0.07
-0.05
-0.09
-0.07
-0.17
0.15
0.05
0.05
0.32
-0.07
-0.10
0.51
0.93
0.63
0.93
0.71

0.29
0.21
-0.29
-0.40
-0.34
-0.16
0.18
-0.05
0.17
0.46
-0.09
-0.03
-0.09
0.14
0.10
0.01
0.17
0.11
0.40
0.31
0.49
0.63
0.12
0.54
0.54
0.06
0.15
0.03
0.32
0.33
0.11
0.27
0.25

0.04
0.15
0.55
0.62
0.60
0.01
0.05
-0.07
-0.13
-0.11
0.07
-0.05
-0.01
-0.08
-0.12
-0.09
-0.11
-0.15
-0.19
-0.14
-0.19
-0.15
0.01
-0.16
-0.16
-0.10
-0.10
-0.11
-0.12
0.05
-0.03
0.18
0.07

-0.26
-0.12
0.79
0.78
0.67
0.26
-0.20
-0.07
-0.29
-0.37
-0.14
-0.13
-0.16
-0.26
-0.17
-0.13
-0.27
-0.19
-0.24
-0.24
-0.24
-0.20
0.04
-0.28
-0.28
-0.14
-0.11
-0.09
-0.35
-0.33
-0.20
-0.16
-0.24

0.04
0.11
-0.03
-0.03
-0.02
-0.03
0.13
-0.02
-0.07
0.07
-0.01
-0.02
-0.04
-0.06
-0.04
-0.04
-0.04
-0.05
-0.09
-0.08
-0.08
-0.07
-0.05
-0.08
-0.08
-0.05
-0.04
-0.03
0.04
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.22

0.30
0.63
-0.07
-0.13
-0.07
-0.16
0.59
-0.08
0.01
0.42
-0.05
0.00
-0.12
-0.02
-0.05
-0.09
0.00
-0.06
-0.05
-0.01
-0.02
-0.13
-0.08
0.02
0.02
0.01
-0.01
-0.07
0.59
0.73
0.46
0.66
0.92

233

Na2O

K2O

TiO2

P2O5

MnO

0.07
0.25

1.00
-0.02

1.00

0.57
0.77
-0.17
-0.26
-0.18
-0.20
0.46
0.09
0.13
0.56
-0.04
-0.02
-0.17
0.01
-0.06
-0.11
0.01
-0.05
-0.04
-0.08
-0.07
-0.16
0.15
0.06
0.06
0.30
-0.06
-0.10
0.54
0.91
0.65
0.91
0.69

0.24
0.18
-0.14
-0.07
-0.06
-0.03
0.59
-0.02
0.01
0.11
0.09
0.20
-0.01
0.19
0.03
0.01
0.05
0.10
0.09
-0.02
-0.02
-0.02
0.00
-0.01
-0.01
0.01
0.03
-0.01
0.19
0.04
0.07
0.05
0.07

0.20
0.28
0.11
0.06
0.05
0.03
-0.01
-0.02
0.06
0.21
-0.05
-0.07
-0.11
-0.04
-0.05
-0.07
0.01
-0.06
-0.08
-0.09
-0.06
-0.07
0.07
0.01
0.01
0.04
-0.03
-0.04
0.01
0.23
0.10
0.32
0.08

Cr2O3

1.00

1.00
0.45
-0.12
-0.08
-0.02
-0.16
0.36
0.10
0.23
0.40
0.18
0.38
0.09
0.32
0.34
0.28
0.36
0.30
0.01
0.07
-0.07
-0.05
0.10
0.08
0.08
0.39
0.07
-0.06
0.23
0.56
0.38
0.59
0.28

Sr
Ta
Th
Zr
Y
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu

Au
-0.17
-0.06
-0.02
-0.06
-0.06
0.22
0.18
0.24
0.25
0.15
0.04
-0.01
-0.04
-0.08
-0.08
-0.08
-0.07
-0.07
-0.06

SiO2
-0.72
-0.05
0.01
0.07
0.01
0.00
0.01
-0.02
-0.01
0.00
0.06
-0.01
-0.03
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

excess SiO2
-0.70
-0.12
-0.07
0.02
-0.03
-0.04
-0.05
-0.07
-0.06
-0.05
0.01
-0.05
-0.07
-0.05
-0.05
-0.04
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01

Al2O3
-0.20
0.89
0.94
0.62
0.45
0.64
0.73
0.69
0.66
0.66
0.58
0.60
0.61
0.59
0.55
0.56
0.59
0.59
0.61

Fe2O3
-0.35
0.22
0.30
0.10
0.15
0.35
0.37
0.36
0.36
0.33
0.26
0.25
0.24
0.21
0.19
0.18
0.20
0.18
0.20

MgO
0.21
0.12
0.07
-0.03
-0.02
0.05
0.02
0.07
0.06
0.03
-0.07
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
-0.02

234

CaO
0.85
-0.20
-0.26
-0.19
-0.14
-0.22
-0.22
-0.21
-0.21
-0.22
-0.24
-0.20
-0.18
-0.19
-0.16
-0.17
-0.19
-0.19
-0.20

Na2O
0.19
0.14
0.18
0.12
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.10
0.09
0.10
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08

K2O
-0.04
0.59
0.68
0.44
0.25
0.47
0.57
0.52
0.50
0.48
0.36
0.41
0.41
0.39
0.36
0.35
0.39
0.38
0.39

TiO2
-0.19
0.90
0.95
0.64
0.47
0.69
0.78
0.74
0.71
0.72
0.64
0.66
0.65
0.63
0.59
0.58
0.61
0.60
0.62

P2O5
-0.06
0.04
0.05
0.08
0.43
0.12
0.09
0.15
0.18
0.26
0.26
0.38
0.39
0.41
0.40
0.37
0.35
0.34
0.36

MnO
0.01
0.28
0.24
0.10
0.15
0.12
0.13
0.13
0.11
0.11
0.09
0.12
0.16
0.18
0.16
0.18
0.19
0.17
0.20

Cr2O3
-0.22
0.56
0.52
0.37
0.49
0.38
0.32
0.43
0.41
0.44
0.41
0.49
0.53
0.53
0.52
0.54
0.55
0.54
0.57

Sc
LOI
TOT/C
C/ORG
C/GRA
F
Ba
Pb
Co
U
V
Mo
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ni
Se
As
Hg
Tl
Sb
W
S
% py
Bi
Ag
Te
Cs
Ga
Hf
Nb
Rb
Sr
Ta
Th
Zr
Y
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu

Sc
1.00
-0.04
-0.06
-0.02
-0.11
0.51
-0.04
0.04
0.48
0.07
0.11
-0.06
0.07
0.03
-0.01
0.09
0.03
0.01
-0.04
-0.11
-0.18
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.12
-0.06
-0.11
0.57
0.79
0.45
0.73
0.67
-0.12
0.66
0.73
0.44
0.62
0.57
0.63
0.60
0.59
0.63
0.54
0.66
0.69
0.72
0.71
0.71
0.74
0.74
0.72

LOI

TOT/C

C/ORG

C/GRA

1.00
0.79
0.73
0.12
-0.13
-0.08
-0.25
-0.31
0.06
0.01
-0.02
-0.07
-0.05
-0.03
-0.11
-0.08
0.04
-0.01
-0.11
-0.16
0.04
0.19
0.19
-0.09
-0.11
0.34
-0.31
-0.19
-0.18
-0.04
-0.17
0.61
-0.10
-0.14
-0.17
-0.05
-0.08
-0.12
-0.07
-0.07
-0.08
-0.13
-0.05
-0.04
-0.07
-0.06
-0.08
-0.10
-0.11
-0.12

1.00
0.93
0.13
-0.12
-0.11
-0.21
-0.37
0.35
0.24
0.29
0.08
0.13
0.19
0.11
0.07
-0.28
-0.15
-0.31
-0.24
-0.02
-0.28
-0.28
-0.16
-0.12
-0.14
-0.37
-0.26
-0.24
-0.11
-0.23
0.60
-0.18
-0.26
-0.21
-0.02
-0.15
-0.24
-0.15
-0.15
-0.16
-0.21
-0.10
-0.07
-0.09
-0.05
-0.04
-0.06
-0.05
-0.07

1.00
-0.23
-0.06
-0.10
-0.18
-0.30
0.36
0.23
0.29
0.09
0.13
0.18
0.13
0.07
-0.26
-0.12
-0.29
-0.22
0.00
-0.24
-0.24
-0.14
-0.11
-0.12
-0.34
-0.17
-0.15
-0.04
-0.17
0.50
-0.11
-0.17
-0.14
0.00
-0.11
-0.19
-0.10
-0.10
-0.12
-0.17
-0.06
-0.02
-0.05
-0.02
-0.01
-0.02
-0.02
-0.04

1.00
-0.15
-0.02
-0.09
-0.14
-0.05
0.01
-0.04
-0.03
-0.02
0.01
-0.05
-0.01
-0.05
-0.08
-0.02
-0.05
-0.06
-0.11
-0.11
-0.04
-0.01
-0.03
-0.05
-0.22
-0.21
-0.19
-0.16
0.24
-0.19
-0.23
-0.19
-0.04
-0.12
-0.14
-0.14
-0.13
-0.12
-0.10
-0.10
-0.11
-0.08
-0.06
-0.07
-0.10
-0.08
-0.08

Ba

Pb

Co

Mo

Cu

1.00
-0.07
0.09
0.30
0.05
0.18
-0.04
0.20
0.00
-0.03
0.06
0.05
0.03
0.19
0.10
-0.02
-0.02
0.04
0.04
-0.02
0.14
-0.01
0.49
0.56
0.43
0.39
0.66
-0.15
0.34
0.48
0.43
0.37
0.37
0.40
0.41
0.41
0.43
0.32
0.44
0.45
0.44
0.42
0.42
0.43
0.43
0.46

1.00
0.51
0.01
-0.06
-0.03
-0.04
0.06
-0.02
-0.02
-0.04
0.01
-0.02
-0.04
-0.03
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.36
-0.01
-0.01
-0.04
-0.01
0.17
0.03
-0.08
0.15
0.38
0.05
0.14
-0.02
-0.02
-0.01
-0.02
0.00
0.03
0.46
0.04
0.01
0.04
0.00
-0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00

1.00
0.12
0.07
0.08
0.14
0.26
0.12
0.13
0.17
0.17
0.09
0.11
0.11
0.10
-0.02
0.10
0.10
0.20
0.44
0.13
0.05
0.14
0.12
0.07
0.03
-0.15
0.27
0.09
0.11
0.10
0.16
0.11
0.13
0.12
0.08
0.28
0.05
0.06
0.09
0.09
0.11
0.13
0.13
0.14

1.00
-0.01
-0.02
-0.10
0.08
0.06
-0.07
0.35
-0.04
0.19
0.00
0.05
0.02
0.12
0.20
0.20
0.18
-0.05
-0.09
0.50
0.55
0.28
0.45
0.46
-0.30
0.44
0.52
0.27
0.33
0.34
0.43
0.37
0.36
0.39
0.38
0.39
0.39
0.41
0.38
0.38
0.40
0.37
0.40

1.00
0.71
0.82
0.57
0.58
0.61
0.70
0.50
-0.02
0.22
-0.12
-0.11
-0.09
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
-0.01
0.02
0.07
-0.06
-0.01
-0.02
-0.16
-0.03
-0.02
-0.03
0.34
0.15
0.00
0.12
0.12
0.15
0.15
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.30
0.31
0.31
0.32
0.31

1.00
0.72
0.68
0.84
0.86
0.73
0.75
0.00
0.31
-0.06
-0.06
-0.05
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.02
0.00
0.06
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.05
-0.11
-0.03
-0.03
0.03
0.38
0.05
-0.06
0.08
0.09
0.14
0.14
0.27
0.31
0.31
0.37
0.40
0.41
0.43
0.44

1.00
0.55
0.64
0.68
0.74
0.52
0.03
0.24
-0.04
-0.04
-0.09
-0.03
-0.03
-0.02
0.02
-0.05
-0.07
-0.05
-0.12
-0.13
-0.06
-0.15
-0.15
-0.17
-0.09
0.19
-0.03
-0.18
-0.07
-0.07
-0.07
-0.06
0.03
0.06
0.07
0.13
0.17
0.18
0.18
0.17

1.00
0.57
0.58
0.58
0.55
0.24
0.42
0.22
0.14
0.00
0.17
0.17
0.05
0.21
0.13
0.04
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.03
-0.23
0.03
0.04
0.02
0.30
0.23
0.11
0.24
0.26
0.24
0.22
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.29
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.32

235

Zn
Cd
Ni
Se
As
Hg
Tl
Sb
W
S
% py
Bi
Ag
Te
Cs
Ga
Hf
Nb
Rb
Sr
Ta
Th
Zr
Y
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu

Zn
1.00
0.96
0.76
0.82
0.10
0.29
-0.02
0.01
-0.03
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.03
0.00
0.04
0.01
0.01
-0.05
0.01
-0.13
-0.06
-0.06
0.03
0.30
0.00
-0.08
0.03
0.04
0.09
0.10
0.20
0.24
0.24
0.30
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35

Cd

Ni

Se

As

Hg

Tl

Sb

% py

Bi

Ag

Te

1.00
0.70
0.85
0.04
0.27
-0.06
-0.02
-0.04
0.03
0.03
0.10
0.03
-0.02
-0.01
-0.04
-0.05
-0.08
-0.05
-0.11
-0.09
-0.12
-0.03
0.27
-0.02
-0.12
0.00
0.01
0.05
0.07
0.15
0.19
0.19
0.26
0.28
0.29
0.31
0.31

1.00
0.60
0.15
0.32
0.03
0.02
-0.04
0.13
0.13
0.09
0.03
-0.02
0.08
0.12
-0.02
-0.01
0.06
-0.24
-0.03
-0.01
0.00
0.30
0.06
-0.04
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.17
0.20
0.22
0.27
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.32

1.00
0.12
0.35
0.07
0.06
-0.01
0.10
0.10
0.16
0.10
0.06
0.07
0.00
-0.02
-0.06
-0.01
-0.16
-0.06
-0.07
0.01
0.27
0.05
-0.05
0.06
0.07
0.10
0.11
0.18
0.21
0.22
0.27
0.28
0.28
0.32
0.31

1.00
0.45
0.56
0.36
0.14
0.70
0.70
0.10
0.13
0.54
0.23
-0.04
-0.05
-0.11
0.07
-0.22
-0.12
0.00
-0.06
0.04
0.13
0.15
0.13
0.15
0.13
0.10
0.09
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.00

1.00
0.64
0.38
0.04
0.49
0.49
0.01
0.20
0.37
0.15
0.06
-0.04
-0.09
0.08
-0.23
-0.12
-0.03
-0.04
0.03
0.14
0.08
0.14
0.14
0.11
0.06
0.08
0.06
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.05
0.05

1.00
0.54
0.10
0.49
0.49
0.02
0.32
0.35
0.14
0.01
-0.03
-0.11
0.09
-0.22
-0.11
-0.01
-0.03
-0.09
0.15
0.14
0.14
0.15
0.08
0.01
-0.03
-0.05
-0.09
-0.09
-0.10
-0.09
-0.09
-0.07

1.00
0.04
0.42
0.42
-0.04
0.25
0.14
0.08
-0.14
-0.12
-0.20
-0.10
-0.20
-0.20
-0.16
-0.12
-0.14
0.04
0.01
0.00
0.00
-0.03
-0.02
-0.08
-0.10
-0.13
-0.14
-0.16
-0.17
-0.16
-0.17

1.00
0.10
0.10
0.21
-0.01
0.00
0.03
0.04
0.11
0.10
-0.02
-0.08
0.11
0.15
0.11
0.03
0.07
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.04

1.00
1.00
0.07
0.11
0.75
0.16
0.10
-0.02
0.03
0.07
-0.25
0.02
0.11
-0.03
0.05
0.22
0.21
0.21
0.22
0.21
0.20
0.18
0.14
0.10
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.01
0.02

1.00
0.07
0.11
0.75
0.16
0.10
-0.02
0.03
0.07
-0.25
0.02
0.11
-0.03
0.05
0.22
0.21
0.21
0.22
0.21
0.20
0.18
0.14
0.10
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.01
0.02

1.00
-0.03
0.00
0.10
0.24
0.16
0.31
0.03
-0.07
0.39
0.26
0.14
0.18
0.22
0.19
0.21
0.19
0.22
0.34
0.21
0.22
0.21
0.20
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.19

1.00
0.40
0.03
0.00
-0.02
-0.09
0.02
-0.11
-0.07
-0.04
-0.03
0.02
0.05
0.02
0.03
0.02
-0.02
-0.02
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.02

1.00
-0.03
-0.06
-0.09
-0.10
-0.06
-0.09
-0.11
-0.03
-0.10
-0.02
0.05
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.05
0.02
0.00
-0.03
-0.06
-0.07
-0.09
-0.09

236

Cs
Ga
Hf
Nb
Rb
Sr
Ta
Th
Zr
Y
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu

Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu

Cs
1.00
0.55
0.28
0.42
0.69
-0.29
0.39
0.50
0.28
0.32
0.42
0.52
0.45
0.45
0.47
0.41
0.44
0.41
0.41
0.39
0.37
0.39
0.38
0.38

Ga

Hf

Nb

Rb

Sr

Ta

Th

Zr

La

Ce

Pr

Nd

Sm

1.00
0.56
0.86
0.77
-0.25
0.80
0.90
0.55
0.43
0.64
0.70
0.68
0.65
0.63
0.52
0.57
0.57
0.56
0.53
0.54
0.58
0.58
0.60

1.00
0.49
0.51
-0.12
0.56
0.68
0.99
0.32
0.29
0.44
0.39
0.37
0.41
0.36
0.39
0.42
0.42
0.41
0.42
0.46
0.48
0.53

1.00
0.60
-0.11
0.91
0.89
0.48
0.46
0.68
0.70
0.71
0.68
0.67
0.56
0.63
0.63
0.59
0.55
0.55
0.57
0.56
0.58

1.00
-0.16
0.54
0.68
0.50
0.31
0.45
0.57
0.51
0.49
0.49
0.37
0.44
0.45
0.43
0.41
0.41
0.45
0.46
0.46

1.00
-0.07
-0.19
-0.12
-0.10
-0.14
-0.13
-0.13
-0.13
-0.13
-0.05
-0.11
-0.11
-0.11
-0.10
-0.12
-0.13
-0.14
-0.14

1.00
0.86
0.54
0.41
0.62
0.67
0.66
0.64
0.65
0.70
0.60
0.59
0.57
0.51
0.51
0.53
0.53
0.54

1.00
0.66
0.44
0.71
0.81
0.76
0.73
0.73
0.61
0.65
0.64
0.60
0.56
0.55
0.58
0.58
0.60

1.00
0.33
0.29
0.43
0.39
0.37
0.41
0.35
0.40
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.47
0.50
0.54

1.00
0.45
0.42
0.48
0.49
0.58
0.56
0.79
0.87
0.94
0.98
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.93

1.00
0.95
0.97
0.96
0.89
0.73
0.74
0.67
0.59
0.52
0.49
0.48
0.47
0.47

1.00
0.96
0.96
0.91
0.75
0.75
0.67
0.60
0.52
0.49
0.49
0.48
0.49

1.00
0.99
0.95
0.77
0.80
0.73
0.64
0.56
0.53
0.53
0.52
0.53

1.00
0.96
0.79
0.82
0.73
0.65
0.57
0.53
0.53
0.52
0.52

1.00
0.86
0.92
0.84
0.76
0.67
0.62
0.61
0.60
0.60

Eu
1.00
0.85
0.78
0.73
0.63
0.58
0.57
0.56
0.55

Gd
1.00
0.97
0.92
0.85
0.80
0.78
0.76
0.75

Tb

1.00
0.97
0.92
0.89
0.87
0.85
0.84

Dy

1.00
0.98
0.95
0.93
0.92
0.90

237

Ho

1.00
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.95

Er

1.00
0.99
0.98
0.97

Tm

1.00
0.99
0.98

Yb

1.00
0.98

Lu

1.00

APPENDIX E: ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON THE THEMODYNAMICS

OF MERCURY, ANTIMONY, AND THALLIUM
In solutions with significant amount of S, Hg as Hg2+ is likely to be transported as
bisulfide complexes under reducing conditions. The solubility of Hg is dependable of temperature
at high concentration of sulfides and pH i.e. its solubility decrease with decreasing of temperature
and pH (Krupp, 1988; Rytuba, 1985, and reference therein). Although Hg is highly soluble in
alkaline solutions and it decrease as pH declines, it still exhibit some solubility under slightly
alkaline to near-neutral conditions (Rytyba, 1985 and references therein).
The same as Hg, Obolensky et. al. (2007) reported that Sb as Sb+3 tends to form sulfide
complexes when concentration of sulfides is reasonably high in acid to nearly neutral reducing
solutions at temperatures between 200 and 250oC. The solubility of Sb is quite dependable on
temperature, pH, Eh and concentration of sulfides i.e. dropping temperature, concentration of
sulfide or increasing pH causes stibnite to precipitate (Obolensky et al., 2007, Rytyba, 1985).
Studies by Xiong (2007) demonstrated that Tl as Tl+ is highly soluble in acidic (pH up to
5.5) relatively low temperature (100-200 oC) reducing conditions. They also pointed out that
presence of carbonate-bearing host rocks as important attribute due to their capacity to neutralize
acidic fluids and buffer solutions to neutral to nearly alkaline pH which along with decrease of
temperature are the favorable conditions to precipitate Tl. Although, Tl-bearing minerals in the
Goldstrike property are reported by Ferdock et al. (1997) as post-ore mineral phase (e.g.
galkhaite) they are extremely scare in the property and it may be the fact that the hydrothermal
fluids barely reach saturation with respect of Tl-bearing mineral.

238

APPENDIX F: 40AR-39AR GEOCHRNOLOGY METHODOLOGY

The selected samples were broken into small pieces and powdered using a mortar and
pestle, and then the material was subsequently washed to eliminate lighter minerals and
impurities and dried for about 24 hours. The minerals were separated by hand picking using
tweezers under a binocular microscope. The selected grains and flux-monitor (standards) were
wrapped in aluminum foil, enclosed in a container and irradiated with fast neutrons in position 5C
of the McMaster University nuclear reactor, Canada for 10 hours. The samples were placed in an
aluminum sample-holder, below the sapphire view-port of a small, bakeable, stainless-steel
chamber connected to an ultra-high vacuum purification system. The grains were step-heated
using a defocused 8W Lexel 3500 continuous Ar-ion laser beam with increasing power and fused
in the last step using a focused laser beam. The evolved gas, after purification using an SAES
C50 getter (ca. 5 minutes), is admitted to an on-line, MAP 216 mass spectrometer, with a Baur
Signer source and an electron multiplier (set to a gain of 100 over the Faraday) at the 40Ar/39Ar
Geochronology Laboratory, Queens University, Canada. Blanks were measured before each
analysis and values were deducted from the subsequent sample gas-fraction analysis. The
extraction blanks are typically <10 x 10-13, <0.5 x 10-13, <0.5 x 10-13, and <0.5 x 10-13 cm-3 STP
for masses 40, 39, 37, and 36, respectively. The Ar isotope measurements were normalized to
40

Ar/36Ar atmospheric ratio (295.5) and corrected for neutron-induced 40Ar from potassium, 39Ar

and 36Ar from Ca (using production ratios of Onstott and Peacock, 1987), and 36Ar from Cl
(Roddick, 1983). The ages and errors were calculated using decay constants recommended by
Steiger and Jager (1977) and the formulation of Dalrymple et al. (1981). Isotope correlation
analysis used the formulae and error propagation of Hall (1981) and the regression of York
(1969). Errors shown in Tables 5, 6 and Figure 13A-E on the ages and J values represent the
analytical precision at 2, assuming that the errors in the ages of the flux monitors are zero. This
is suitable for comparing within-spectrum variation and determining which steps form a plateau
(McDougall and Harrison, 1988, p. 89). A conservative estimate of this error in the J-value is
0.5% and can be added for inter-sample comparison. The dates and J-values for the intralaboratory standard MAC-83 biotite at 24.36 Ma (Sandeman et al., 1999) are referenced to TCR
sanidine at 28 Ma (Baksi et al., 1996).
239

APPENDIX G: ELECTRON MICROPROBE ANALYSES OF THE

PHLOGOPITE, HORNBLENDE AND BIOTITE IN THE JURASSIC INTRUSIVE
ROCKS
Rock Unit
Sample No.
Mineral
Analysis Spot1
SiO2 (wt %)
Al2O3
TiO2
Cr2O3
MnO
FeO
MgO
CaO
BaO
K2O
Na2O
F
Cl
O-F, Cl
Total-O

C
40.01
13.35
2.53
1.36
nd
4.23
23.09
0.01
0.92
10.07
0.12
1.10
0.01
0.47
96.33

Phlogopite lamprophyre dike

SJ475C-723.5
Phlogopite
H
H
I
39.85
39.43
40.11
13.51
13.44
13.41
2.65
2.78
2.61
1.04
1.08
1.25
0.03
0.02
0.03
4.19
4.26
4.16
22.97
22.67
23.11
0.05
0.01
0.04
0.86
0.82
0.80
10.05
9.81
10.06
0.21
0.28
0.19
0.91
1.03
1.11
0.02
0.04
0.02
0.39
0.44
0.47
95.95
95.23
96.43

C
39.72
13.20
2.62
1.05
0.09
6.53
21.37
nd
0.93
9.77
0.23
0.91
0.03
0.39
96.06

H
40.22
13.00
2.71
0.34
nd
4.51
23.18
0.04
0.86
10.06
0.22
1.06
0.01
0.45
95.76

H
38.15
14.72
4.08
0.19
0.04
6.29
20.67
0.02
1.22
9.65
0.30
0.76
0.01
0.32
95.78

I
38.36
13.17
4.07
0.05
0.12
7.84
20.36
0.04
1.46
9.36
0.19
0.91
0.04
0.39
95.58

I
39.75
13.52
2.57
2.00
0.10
4.04
22.46
0.05
0.73
9.81
0.16
0.90
0.01
0.38
95.72

R
37.54
13.00
2.53
1.14
0.08
12.45
17.17
0.03
0.83
9.05
0.07
0.84
0.03
0.36
94.40

R
38.18
13.68
4.47
0.11
0.05
8.60
19.45
nd
1.84
9.29
0.22
0.78
0.04
0.34
96.37

Formula based on 22 oxygen atoms

Si
5.72
5.74
Al
2.25
2.25
Tetr
7.97
7.99

5.78
2.20
7.98

5.53
2.47
8.00

5.71
2.28
7.99

5.70
2.29
7.98

5.72
2.26
7.98

5.63
2.28
7.91

5.70
2.29
7.99

5.68
2.32
7.99

5.58
2.36
7.94

Al
Ti
Cr
Mn
Fe
Mg
Oct

0.00
0.27
0.15
nd
0.51
4.92
5.85

0.00
0.29
0.12
0.01
0.79
4.60
5.81

0.00
0.29
0.04
nd
0.54
4.96
5.83

0.05
0.45
0.02
0.01
0.76
4.47
5.75

0.00
0.29
0.12
nd
0.50
4.90
5.81

0.00
0.30
0.12
nd
0.51
4.88
5.82

0.00
0.28
0.14
nd
0.50
4.91
5.83

0.00
0.45
0.01
0.02
0.96
4.45
5.89

0.00
0.28
0.23
0.01
0.49
4.80
5.80

0.00
0.29
0.14
0.01
1.57
3.87
5.88

0.00
0.49
0.01
0.01
1.05
4.24
5.80

Ca
Ba
K
Na
Ca:K
Int

nd
0.05
1.84
0.04
nd
1.93

nd
0.05
1.80
0.06
nd
1.92

0.01
0.05
1.84
0.06
nd
1.96

nd
0.07
1.78
0.09
nd
1.94

0.01
0.05
1.84
0.06
nd
1.95

nd
0.05
1.81
0.08
nd
1.93

0.01
0.04
1.83
0.05
nd
1.94

0.01
0.08
1.75
0.05
nd
1.90

0.01
0.04
1.80
0.05
nd
1.89

0.01
0.05
1.75
0.02
nd
1.82

nd
0.11
1.73
0.06
nd
1.90

Cl
F

nd
0.50

0.01
0.42

nd
0.48

nd
0.35

0.01
0.41

0.01
0.47

0.01
0.50

0.01
0.42

nd
0.41

0.01
0.40

0.01
0.36

Mg#2
90.67
85.35
90.15
85.41
90.73
90.47
90.83
82.23
90.83
1
Analyzed spot: C: core, H: Homogeneous, I: Intermediate, R: Rim. 2Mg # = Mg/Mg+Fe+2. nd: not detected.

71.09

80.12

240

Rock Unit
Sample No.
Mineral
Analysis Spot1
SiO2 (wt %)
Al2O3
TiO2
Cr2O3
MnO
FeO
MgO
CaO
BaO
K2O
Na2O
F
Cl
O-F, Cl
Total-O

C
39.89
13.48
2.70
0.89
nd
4.19
22.70
0.02
0.82
9.66
0.26
1.16
0.05
0.50
95.32

Phlogopite lamprophyre dike

SJ475C-821
Phlogopite
C
H
H
H
39.80
39.79
39.82
40.93
13.12
13.15
13.16
13.08
2.75
2.95
2.46
2.77
1.02
1.28
1.02
0.96
0.04
nd
0.02
nd
4.28
4.12
4.68
4.15
22.63
22.74
22.68
22.81
0.03
nd
nd
0.06
0.88
0.83
0.83
0.84
9.64
9.71
9.69
9.77
0.15
0.17
0.15
0.22
1.11
1.06
1.06
1.01
0.03
nd
nd
0.01
0.47
0.45
0.45
0.43
95.01
95.35
95.12
96.18

C
39.83
13.48
2.60
1.01
0.06
4.30
22.31
0.05
0.80
9.00
0.14
1.19
0.01
0.50
94.28

C
39.99
13.11
2.78
0.70
0.05
4.32
22.94
0.05
0.81
9.81
0.22
1.10
0.03
0.47
95.44

H
40.51
13.41
2.64
0.97
nd
4.50
22.81
0.13
0.83
9.42
0.17
1.34
0.04
0.57
96.20

H
39.86
13.30
2.56
1.40
0.05
4.10
22.39
nd
0.79
9.93
0.21
0.86
0.02
0.37
95.10

I
39.85
13.56
2.52
1.05
0.06
4.14
22.88
0.04
0.94
9.31
0.16
1.01
0.02
0.43
95.11

Formula based on 22 oxygen atoms

Si
5.74
5.77
Al
2.26
2.23
Tetr
8.00
8.00

5.76
2.22
7.98

5.76
2.24
7.99

5.73
2.23
7.96

5.76
2.24
8.00

5.83
2.18
8.00

5.78
2.22
8.00

5.75
2.25
8.00

5.74
2.26
8.00

Al
Ti
Cr
Mn
Fe
Mg
Oct

0.03
0.29
0.10
nd
0.50
4.87
5.80

0.08
0.28
0.12
0.01
0.52
4.82
5.83

0.00
0.30
0.08
0.01
0.52
4.92
5.83

0.00
0.30
0.12
0.01
0.52
4.88
5.81

0.00
0.32
0.15
nd
0.50
4.88
5.84

0.00
0.27
0.12
nd
0.57
4.89
5.84

0.02
0.30
0.11
nd
0.49
4.84
5.76

0.03
0.28
0.11
nd
0.54
4.85
5.81

0.02
0.28
0.16
0.01
0.50
4.82
5.77

0.04
0.27
0.12
0.01
0.50
4.91
5.84

Ca
Ba
K
Na
Ca:K
Int

nd
0.05
1.77
0.07
nd
1.90

0.01
0.05
1.66
0.04
nd
1.76

0.01
0.05
1.80
0.06
nd
1.92

nd
0.05
1.78
0.04
nd
1.87

nd
0.05
1.78
0.05
nd
1.88

nd
0.05
1.79
0.04
nd
1.88

0.01
0.05
1.77
0.06
0.01
1.89

0.02
0.05
1.71
0.05
0.01
1.83

nd
0.05
1.83
0.06
nd
1.93

0.01
0.05
1.71
0.04
nd
1.81

Cl
F

0.01
0.53

nd
0.55

0.01
0.50

0.01
0.51

nd
0.48

nd
0.48

nd
0.46

0.01
0.61

0.01
0.39

0.01
0.46

90.03

90.68

90.77

Mg#2
90.62
90.23
90.44
90.40
90.77
89.62
90.74
Analyzed spot: C: core, H: Homogeneous, I: Intermediate. 2Mg # = Mg/Mg+Fe+2. nd: not detected.

241

Rock Unit
Sample No.
Mineral
Analysis Spot1
SiO2 (wt %)
Al2O3
TiO2
Cr2O3
MnO
FeO
MgO
CaO
BaO
K2O
Na2O
F
Cl
O-F, Cl
Total-O

C
39.87
13.26
2.30
1.73
0.01
3.85
22.72
0.02
0.91
9.97
0.17
0.97
0.03
0.42
95.39

Phlogopite lamprophyre dike

SJ305C-911
Phlogopite
H
H
R
39.45
40.36
38.06
13.19
13.13
13.20
2.59
2.77
4.73
1.24
0.64
nd
0.01
0.07
0.10
4.35
4.37
9.66
22.51
22.47
18.70
0.01
0.05
0.04
0.76
0.78
1.89
9.87
9.72
9.25
0.20
0.23
0.26
0.98
1.09
0.86
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.42
0.46
0.36
94.76
95.23
96.40

C
39.60
12.84
3.68
nd
0.07
6.78
21.23
0.01
1.45
9.44
0.27
0.91
0.02
0.39
95.91

H
39.84
13.47
2.85
0.84
nd
4.38
22.82
nd
0.91
9.84
0.23
0.94
nd
0.40
95.72

H
39.89
13.16
2.70
0.96
nd
4.12
22.75
nd
0.76
9.95
0.17
0.92
nd
0.39
94.99

R
38.60
13.10
2.52
1.52
0.19
10.31
18.00
0.01
0.86
9.34
0.23
0.78
nd
0.33
95.13

R
37.56
13.30
5.19
nd
0.06
10.86
17.16
0.02
2.33
8.52
0.21
0.61
0.01
0.26
95.57

R
34.97
13.49
6.15
nd
0.11
17.72
11.56
0.04
3.01
8.09
0.24
0.59
0.05
0.26
95.76

C
37.30
13.57
4.69
0.01
0.11
17.27
12.56
0.03
0.28
9.29
0.35
0.50
0.12
0.24
95.84

Formula based on 22 oxygen atoms

Si
5.75
5.74
Al
2.25
2.20
Tetr
8.00
7.94

5.72
2.28
8.00

5.76
2.24
8.00

5.73
2.26
7.98

5.81
2.19
8.00

5.60
2.29
7.89

5.74
2.27
8.00

5.59
2.33
7.93

5.43
2.47
7.89

5.65
2.35
8.00

Al
Ti
Cr
Mn
Fe
Mg
Oct

0.00
0.25
0.20
nd
0.46
4.88
5.79

0.00
0.40
nd
0.01
0.82
4.59
5.82

0.00
0.31
0.10
nd
0.53
4.88
5.81

0.00
0.29
0.11
nd
0.50
4.89
5.80

0.00
0.28
0.14
nd
0.53
4.87
5.82

0.04
0.30
0.07
0.01
0.53
4.82
5.77

0.00
0.52
nd
0.01
1.19
4.10
5.83

0.03
0.28
0.18
0.02
1.28
3.98
5.78

0.00
0.58
nd
0.01
1.35
3.81
5.75

0.00
0.72
nd
0.01
2.30
2.67
5.70

0.07
0.53
nd
0.01
2.19
2.83
5.64

Ca
Ba
K
Na
Ca:K
Int

nd
0.05
1.83
0.05
nd
1.93

nd
0.08
1.75
0.08
nd
1.91

nd
0.05
1.80
0.06
nd
1.92

nd
0.04
1.83
0.05
nd
1.92

nd
0.04
1.83
0.06
nd
1.93

0.01
0.04
1.78
0.06
nd
1.90

0.01
0.11
1.74
0.08
nd
1.93

nd
0.05
1.77
0.07
nd
1.89

nd
0.14
1.62
0.06
nd
1.82

0.01
0.02
1.79
0.10
nd
1.92

0.01
0.04
1.81
0.04
0.01
1.91

Cl
F

0.01
0.44

0.01
0.42

nd
0.43

nd
0.42

nd
0.45

nd
0.50

nd
0.40

nd
0.37

nd
0.29

0.01
0.29

0.03
0.24

Mg#2
91.32
84.80
90.29
90.76
90.22
90.16
77.54
75.67
73.81
1
Analyzed spot: C: core, H: Homogeneous, I: Intermediate, R: Rim. 2Mg # = Mg/Mg+Fe+2. nd: not detected.

53.77

56.44

242

Rock Unit
Sample No.
Mineral
Analysis Spot1
SiO2
Al2O3
TiO2
Cr2O3
MnO
FeO
MgO
CaO
BaO
K2O
Na2O
F
Cl
O-F, Cl
Total-O

R
35.67
13.58
4.64
nd
0.27
20.19
10.57
0.08
0.67
9.11
0.14
0.18
0.06
0.09
95.07

35.72
13.94
4.16
nd
0.17
18.90
12.43
0.06
0.58
7.91
0.21
0.22
0.05
0.10
94.25

Hornblende-Biotite Diorite Goldstrike Intrusion

P461C-168
Biotite
C
C
R
35.88
36.85
36.36
14.01
13.70
14.18
4.47
4.32
4.53
nd
nd
nd
0.19
0.20
0.18
18.59
18.27
18.50
11.94
12.11
11.89
0.44
0.05
0.01
0.79
0.58
0.79
8.99
9.35
9.04
0.20
0.19
0.20
0.27
0.26
0.25
0.05
0.07
0.03
0.12
0.13
0.11
95.70
95.82
95.85

H
36.57
13.84
4.31
nd
0.17
17.57
11.60
nd
0.86
8.83
0.19
0.24
0.03
0.11
94.10

36.62
13.62
4.35
nd
0.19
18.38
12.09
0.04
0.63
9.34
0.16
0.23
0.06
0.11
95.60

Formula based on 22 oxygen atoms

Si
5.55
Al
2.45
Tetr
8.00

5.52
2.48
8.00

5.50
2.50
8.00

5.62
2.38
8.00

5.55
2.45
8.00

5.65
2.35
8.00

5.60
2.40
8.00

Al
Ti
Cr
Mn
Fe
Mg
Oct

0.04
0.54
nd
0.04
2.63
2.45
5.69

0.06
0.48
nd
0.02
2.44
2.86
5.87

0.04
0.52
nd
0.03
2.38
2.73
5.69

0.08
0.50
nd
0.03
2.33
2.75
5.68

0.10
0.52
nd
0.02
2.36
2.70
5.70

0.17
0.50
nd
0.02
2.27
2.67
5.64

0.06
0.50
nd
0.03
2.35
2.76
5.69

Ca
Ba
K
Na
Ca:K
Int

0.01
0.04
1.56
0.06
0.01
1.67

0.07
0.05
1.76
0.06
0.04
1.94

0.01
0.04
1.82
0.06
nd
1.92

nd
0.05
1.76
0.06
nd
1.87

nd
0.05
1.74
0.06
nd
1.85

0.01
0.04
1.82
0.05
nd
1.91

1.88
0.05
0.01
1.82
268.00
0.04

Cl
F

0.02
0.09

0.01
0.11

0.01
0.13

0.02
0.12

0.01
0.12

0.01
0.12

0.02
0.11

Mg#2
48.27
53.96
53.38
54.16
53.39
Analyzed spot: C: core, H: Homogeneous, R: Rim. 2Mg # = Mg/Mg+Fe+2. n.d.: not detected.

54.06

53.95

243

Rock Unit
Sample No.
Mineral
Analysis Spot1
SiO2
Al2O3
TiO2
Cr2O3
MnO
FeO
MgO
CaO
BaO
K2O
Na2O
F
Cl
O-F, Cl
Total-O

H
42.96
2.91
11.00
0.02
0.24
13.83
12.05
11.45

H
45.26
2.47
10.11
nd
0.25
12.21
14.35
11.00

H
43.47
2.91
11.31
0.02
0.31
13.83
12.09
11.32

Hornblende diorite Goldtrike intrusion-related dike1

SJ409-846.5
Hornblende
H
H
H
H
H
H
42.30
42.46
42.62
42.40
43.05
42.22
3.49
2.82
2.81
3.47
3.29
3.55
12.12
11.92
12.04
12.23
11.80
12.42
0.17
0.10
0.09
0.14
0.15
0.25
0.19
0.06
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.08
9.78
10.59
10.44
9.89
9.85
10.09
14.64
14.49
14.52
14.51
14.69
14.39
12.09
12.00
11.71
11.81
11.50
11.82

0.84
2.01
0.20
nd
0.08
97.51

0.58
1.94
0.24
0.02
0.11
98.43

0.83
1.94
0.31
0.04
0.14
98.38

0.80
2.22
0.22
0.01
0.09
98.03

0.83
2.16
0.21
0.01
0.09
97.65

0.80
2.24
0.11
0.01
0.05
97.53

0.82
2.25
0.25
0.01
0.11
97.91

0.83
2.13
0.22
0.02
0.10
97.65

0.88
2.21
0.25
0.01
0.11
98.17

0.86
2.26
0.19
0.02
0.08
98.33

0.86
2.24
0.25
nd
0.11
97.83

0.80
2.22
0.26
nd
0.11
97.50

Formula based on 23 oxygen atoms

Si
6.41
6.59
Al
1.59
1.41
Tetr
8.00
8.00

6.42
1.58
8.00

6.19
1.81
8.00

6.25
1.75
8.00

6.26
1.74
8.00

6.21
1.80
8.00

6.30
1.70
8.00

6.17
1.83
8.00

6.21
1.80
8.00

6.13
1.87
8.00

6.28
1.72
8.00

Al
Ti
Cr
Mn
Fe
Mg
Oct

0.34
0.33
nd
0.03
1.73
2.68
5.10

0.33
0.27
nd
0.03
1.49
3.11
5.23

0.39
0.32
Nd
0.04
1.71
2.66
5.12

0.28
0.38
0.02
0.02
1.20
3.19
5.09

0.31
0.31
0.01
0.01
1.30
3.18
5.13

0.34
0.31
0.01
0.02
1.28
3.18
5.14

0.31
0.38
0.02
0.02
1.21
3.16
5.10

0.33
0.36
0.02
0.02
1.21
3.20
5.13

0.31
0.39
0.03
0.01
1.23
3.14
5.11

0.30
0.37
0.01
0.01
1.26
3.15
5.10

0.29
0.41
0.03
0.01
1.19
3.17
5.10

0.31
0.29
0.01
0.02
1.31
3.21
5.15

Ca
Ba
K
Na
Ca:K
Int

1.83

1.72

1.79

1.90

1.89

1.84

1.85

1.80

1.85

1.87

1.88

1.86

0.16
0.58
11.43
2.57

0.11
0.55
16.04
2.37

0.16
0.56
11.48
2.50

0.15
0.63
12.72
2.67

0.16
0.62
12.12
2.66

0.15
0.64
12.29
2.63

0.15
0.64
12.10
2.64

0.16
0.60
11.63
2.56

0.17
0.63
11.22
2.64

0.16
0.64
11.71
2.67

0.16
0.64
11.57
2.67

0.15
0.64
12.48
2.64

Cl
nd
nd
0.01
nd
F
0.09
0.11
0.14
0.10
1
Analyzed spot: H: Homogeneous. nd: not detected.

nd
0.10

nd
0.05

nd
0.11

0.01
0.10

nd
0.12

nd
0.09

nd
0.12

nd
0.12

244

H
42.50
3.33
12.17
0.11
0.11
10.34
14.46
11.98

H
41.84
3.68
12.46
0.26
0.06
9.72
14.52
11.94

H
42.62
2.65
11.66
0.12
0.14
10.65
14.61
11.77

APPENDIX H: ELECTRON MICROPROBE ANALYSIS OF IGNEOUS AND

HYDROTHERMAL PYRITE HOSTED BY THE JURASSIC AND EOCENE
INTRUSIVE ROCKS
Rock Unit
Sample No.
Pyrite Stage
Au content
wt % (dl-ppm)1
S (124)
Fe (350)
Au (65)
As (335)
Se (68)
Co (178)
Cu (207)
Ti (105)
Ni (159)
Zn (195)
Sb (100)
Hg (326)
W (336)
Tl (374)
Pb (220)
Total
S at %
Fe
Au
As
Se
Co
Cu
Ti
Ni
Zn
Sb
Hg
W
Tl
Pb

Jurassic phlogopite lamprophyre dike

SJ475C-723.5
Igneous
Au-barren

Au-bearing

53.30
46.60
bdl
bdl
0.017
0.242
bdl
bdl
0.021
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
100.18

53.25
46.92
bdl
bdl
0.049
0.019
0.022
0.016
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
100.27

53.50
45.95
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.025
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
99.48

53.02
45.99
bdl
0.037
0.096
0.639
bdl
bdl
0.016
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
99.80

53.50
46.79
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.050
bdl
0.012
0.000
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
100.35

53.58
46.84
bdl
bdl
0.030
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.039
bdl
bdl
100.49

53.36
47.18
bdl
bdl
0.018
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
100.56

53.47
46.61
bdl
bdl
0.057
0.034
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
100.17

53.14
46.21
bdl
bdl
0.068
0.450
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
99.87

53.22
46.71
bdl
bdl
0.037
0.124
bdl
0.025
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
100.12

53.32
47.13
0.007
bdl
0.045
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
100.50

66.44
33.34
bdl
bdl
0.009
0.164
bdl
bdl
0.014
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

66.33
33.55
bdl
bdl
0.025
0.013
0.014
0.014
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

66.44
32.76
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.021
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

66.41
33.07
bdl
0.020
0.049
0.435
bdl
bdl
0.011
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

66.51
33.39
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.034
bdl
0.010
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

66.55
33.40
bdl
bdl
0.015
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.009
bdl
bdl

66.30
33.66
bdl
bdl
0.009
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

66.60
33.32
bdl
bdl
0.029
0.023
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

66.46
33.17
bdl
bdl
0.035
0.306
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

66.41
33.46
bdl
bdl
0.019
0.084
bdl
0.021
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

66.30
33.64
0.001
bdl
0.023
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

245

Rock Unit
Sample No.
Pyrite Type
Au content
wt % (dl-ppm)1
S (124)
Fe (350)
Au (65)
As (335)
Se (68)
Co (178)
Cu (207)
Ti (105)
Ni (159)
Zn (195)
Sb (100)
Hg (326)
W (336)
Tl (374)
Pb (220)
Total

Jurassic phlogopite lamprophyre dike

SJ475C-821
Igneous
Au-barren
53.07
46.77
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.022
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
99.86

53.20
44.89
bdl
bdl
0.028
1.81
0.022
0.011
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
99.96

52.82
46.20
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.021
0.019
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
99.06

53.10
46.64
bdl
bdl
0.040
0.195
bdl
bdl
0.062
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
100.04

53.03
46.52
bdl
bdl
0.099
0.104
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
99.75

53.05
46.58
bdl
bdl
0.079
0.075
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
99.79

53.29
46.71
bdl
bdl
0.010
bdl
0.023
0.017
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
100.05

53.13
47.03
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.031
bdl
0.057
bdl
0.020
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
100.27

53.23
46.85
0.010
bdl
0.066
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.020
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
100.18

53.33
47.02
0.007
bdl
0.021
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
100.38

S at %
Fe
Au
As
Se
Co
Cu
Ti
Ni
Zn
Sb
Hg
W
Tl
Pb

66.37
33.58
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.014
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

66.48
32.20
bdl
bdl
0.014
1.23
0.014
0.009
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

66.34
33.31
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.013
0.016
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

66.33
33.45
bdl
bdl
0.020
0.132
bdl
bdl
0.042
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

66.40
33.44
bdl
bdl
0.051
0.071
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

66.41
33.47
bdl
bdl
0.040
0.051
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

66.45
33.44
bdl
bdl
0.005
bdl
0.015
0.014
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

66.15
33.62
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.021
bdl
0.048
bdl
0.012
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

66.39
33.54
0.002
bdl
0.034
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.012
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

66.38
33.59
0.001
bdl
0.011
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

246

Au-bearing

Rock Unit
Sample No.
Pyrite Type
Au content
wt % (dl-ppm)1
S (124)
Fe (350)
Au (65)
As (335)
Se (68)
Co (178)
Cu (207)
Ti (105)
Ni (159)
Zn (195)
Sb (100)
Hg (326)
W (336)
Tl (374)
Pb (220)
Total
S at %
Fe
Au
As
Se
Co
Cu
Ti
Ni
Zn
Sb
Hg
W
Tl
Pb

SJ305C-911
Igneous
Au-barren

Jurassic phlogopite lamprophyre dike

SJ475C-821
Hydrothermal
Au-barren, early-ore

53.19
46.94
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.027
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
100.16

53.47
46.95
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.038
0.022
0.010
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
100.50

53.54
46.89
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.020
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
100.45

53.19
46.84
bdl
bdl
0.014
0.051
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.036
bdl
bdl
100.12

53.43
46.78
bdl
bdl
0.029
0.092
bdl
bdl
0.016
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.040
bdl
bdl
100.40

50.39
44.83
bdl
2.80
bdl
0.042
bdl
bdl
0.022
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
98.10

51.52
44.98
bdl
2.29
0.007
bdl
0.190
0.023
0.038
bdl
0.564
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.050
99.66

53.17
46.45
bdl
bdl
0.014
0.490
bdl
0.022
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.061
bdl
99.66

50.71
45.36
bdl
3.120
0.012
bdl
bdl
0.017
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
99.22

51.06
44.94
bdl
2.17
bdl
bdl
0.026
0.039
0.016
bdl
0.040
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
98.28

66.35
33.61
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.017
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

66.43
33.48
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.026
0.014
0.008
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

66.52
33.44
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.013
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

66.34
33.54
bdl
bdl
0.007
0.035
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.008
bdl
bdl

66.43
33.39
bdl
bdl
0.015
0.062
bdl
bdl
0.011
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.009
bdl
bdl

64.54
32.96
bdl
1.532
bdl
0.029
bdl
bdl
0.016
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

65.18
32.66
bdl
1.239
0.003
bdl
0.121
0.019
0.026
bdl
0.188
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.010

66.30
33.25
bdl
bdl
0.007
0.333
bdl
0.019
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.012
bdl

64.83
33.30
bdl
1.707
0.006
bdl
bdl
0.015
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

65.17
32.92
bdl
1.184
bdl
bdl
0.016
0.033
0.011
bdl
0.013
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

247

Rock Unit
Sample No.
Pyrite Type
Au content
wt % (dl-ppm)1
S (124)
Fe (350)
Au (65)
As (335)
Se (68)
Co (178)
Cu (207)
Ti (105)
Ni (159)
Zn (195)
Sb (100)
Hg (326)
W (336)
Tl (374)
Pb (220)
Total

52.40
45.97
bdl
0.857
0.008
bdl
0.024
0.021
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
99.29

52.45
46.44
bdl
1.02
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
99.91

52.96
46.93
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.024
0.012
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
99.92

52.12
45.90
bdl
1.06
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.017
0.024
0.023
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
99.14

53.55
46.88
bdl
bdl
0.007
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
100.44

52.28
46.05
bdl
bdl
0.023
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
98.48

51.83
46.02
0.016
bdl
0.019
0.971
bdl
0.026
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
98.88

50.91
44.63
0.007
2.72
0.010
0.049
bdl
0.019
0.319
bdl
0.267
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
98.94

51.39
45.22
0.008
1.77
bdl
0.053
bdl
bdl
0.097
bdl
0.300
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
98.84

53.22
46.49
0.008
0.037
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
99.75

S at %
Fe
Au
As
Se
Co
Cu
Ti
Ni
Zn
Sb
Hg
W
Tl
Pb

65.81
33.14
bdl
0.460
0.004
bdl
0.015
0.018
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

65.88
33.49
bdl
0.545
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

66.19
33.67
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.015
0.010
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

65.89
33.30
bdl
0.572
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.015
0.017
0.014
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

66.54
33.44
bdl
bdl
0.004
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

66.13
33.43
bdl
bdl
0.012
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

65.70
33.48
bdl
bdl
0.010
bdl
0.670
bdl
bdl
0.003
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

64.88
32.65
bdl
1.484
0.005
0.222
0.034
bdl
bdl
0.001
0.090
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

64.96
32.81
bdl
0.959
bdl
0.067
0.036
bdl
bdl
0.002
0.100
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

66.23
33.21
bdl
0.020
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.002
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

SJ475C-821
Au-barren, early-ore

Jurassic phlogopite lamprophyre dike

SJ305C-911
Hydrothermal
Au-barren, early-ore

248

SJ475C-821
Au-bearing, syn-ore

Rock Unit
Sample #
Pyrite Type
Au content
wt % (dl-ppm)1
S (124)
Fe (350)
Au (65)
As (335)
Se (68)
Co (178)
Cu (207)
Ti (105)
Ni (159)
Zn (195)
Sb (100)
Hg (326)
W (336)
Tl (374)
Pb (220)
Total
S at %
Fe
Au
As
Se
Co
Cu
Ti
Ni
Zn
Sb
Hg
W
Tl
Pb

Igneous
Au-barren

Eocene biotite-plagioclase-porphyry dike

SJ475C-612.5
Hydrothermal
Au-barren, early-ore

53.25
46.89
bdl
0.063
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
100.23

53.47
47.02
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
100.49

53.38
46.80
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.041
bdl
bdl
bdl
100.22

52.51
45.93
Bdl
0.113
Bdl
0.018
0.197
0.251
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
99.05

52.38
46.83
bdl
0.967
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.028
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
100.21

52.10
46.42
bdl
2.53
0.007
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
101.06

51.47
45.87
bdl
2.77
0.016
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
100.12

51.04
45.90
bdl
2.60
0.014
bdl
0.029
bdl
bdl
0.007
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
99.59

50.65
45.86
bdl
3.71
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
100.22

66.38
33.55
bdl
0.034
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.016
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

66.43
33.54
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

66.50
33.47
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.008
bdl
bdl
bdl

65.03
33.27
bdl
1.605
0.007
bdl
0.057
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

65.71
33.72
bdl
0.519
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.017
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

65.25
33.37
bdl
1.357
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

65.15
33.33
bdl
1.502
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

65.00
33.55
bdl
1.415
0.007
bdl
0.019
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

64.46
33.50
bdl
2.020
0.005
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl

249

Rock Unit
Sample #
Pyrite Type
Au content
wt % (dl-ppm)1
S (124)
Fe (350)
Au (65)
As (335)
Se (68)
Co (178)
Cu (207)
Ti (105)
Ni (159)
Zn (195)
Sb (100)
Hg (326)
W (336)
Tl (374)
Pb (220)
Total

Eocene biotite-plagioclase-porphyry dike

SJ475C-612.5
Hydrothermal
Au-bearing, syn-ore
Au-barren, late-ore
51.91
45.11
0.008
0.185
bdl
0.311
0.070
0.262
bdl
0.087
bdl
0.033
bdl
bdl
bdl
97.98

51.96
45.68
0.008
1.13
bdl
bdl
0.051
0.481
bdl
0.017
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
99.32

50.58
45.61
0.010
3.41
Bdl
Bdl
0.073
Bdl
Bdl
0.009
Bdl
0.040
Bdl
Bdl
Bdl
99.74

53.09
44.65
bdl
1.10
0.000
bdl
0.069
bdl
0.027
bdl
0.608
0.062
bdl
bdl
bdl
99.60

50.08
45.38
bdl
4.73
0.009
bdl
0.037
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
100.24

51.27
45.69
bdl
2.96
0.014
bdl
0.088
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
100.01

S at %
66.07
66.41
64.06
65.95
65.65
64.61
Fe
33.18
32.06
33.32
32.90
33.13
33.45
Au
bdl
bdl
bdl
0.002
0.002
0.002
As
0.061
0.587
2.589
0.100
0.609
1.865
Se
bdl
bdl
0.005
bdl
bdl
bdl
Co
0.012
bdl
bdl
0.215
bdl
bdl
Cu
0.125
0.044
0.024
0.045
0.032
0.047
Ti
0.211
bdl
bdl
0.223
0.407
bdl
Ni
bdl
0.018
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
Zn
0.023
bdl
bdl
0.054
bdl
bdl
Sb
bdl
0.200
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
Hg
bdl
0.012
bdl
0.007
bdl
0.008
W
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
Tl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
Pb
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
1
(dl): Detection limit, Ag (dl: 381 ppm) and Sn (dl: 263 ppm) were analyzed, but not detected in any of the analyses.

250